Graph Theory and Applications

Question bank(Module-1 to Module-5)

Refer Book: Narsingh Deo & S . S e r i e s
1. In a transportation network (roads, railways), how might the identification of cut
vertices and cut edges contribute to optimizing the network for efficiency?
Answer-
In a transportation network, identifying cut vertices and cut edges can
contribute significantly to optimizing the network for efficiency in several
ways:

1. **Bottleneck Identification**: Cut vertices and cut edges often represent

critical points or segments in the network where traffic flow is constrained
or interrupted. By identifying these points, transportation planners can
focus on alleviating congestion and improving flow through targeted
interventions such as widening roads, adding lanes, or optimizing traffic
signals.

2. **Route Planning**: Cut vertices and cut edges can indicate areas where
alternative routes are necessary. By understanding these points, planners
can develop alternative routes that bypass congested or inefficient segments
of the network, thus improving overall travel times and reducing delays.

3. **Network Resilience**: Knowing where cut vertices and cut edges are
located can help in designing a more resilient transportation network. By
strategically reinforcing or redesigning these critical points, the network
can better withstand disruptions such as accidents, natural disasters, or
infrastructure failures.

4. **Public Transportation Optimization**: For public transportation

systems like railways or bus networks, identifying cut vertices and cut
edges can help in optimizing routes and schedules. By focusing on these
critical points, operators can adjust service frequencies, add or remove
stops, or redesign routes to improve efficiency and service reliability.

5. **Infrastructure Investment**: Cut vertices and cut edges provide

valuable insights into where investments in infrastructure upgrades or new
construction projects are most needed. This information can guide decision-
makers in allocating resources effectively to maximize the network's
overall performance and efficiency.

6. **Cost Reduction**: By optimizing the transportation network based on

the identification of cut vertices and cut edges, operational costs can be
reduced. This can include savings in fuel costs, maintenance expenses, and
even environmental costs associated with vehicle emissions due to reduced
congestion and smoother traffic flow.

2. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions to determine whether a given
graph has an Euler circuit and Euler trail?
Answer-
 For an Euler circuit: The graph must be connected, and all vertices must
have even degrees.
 For an Euler trail: The graph must be connected, and there must be exactly
two vertices with odd degrees.

3. Can you provide an example where the union of two graphs is useful in modeling
real-world scenarios?
Answer-
Certainly! One example where the union of two graphs is useful in
modeling real-world scenarios is in transportation networks.

Consider a city with two distinct modes of transportation: a road network

for cars and a subway network for trains. Each mode of transportation can
be represented as a graph, where the vertices represent stations and the
edges represent the connections between stations.

1. Road Network Graph:

- Vertices: Represent road intersections or major landmarks (e.g.,
schools, malls).
- Edges: Represent the roads connecting intersections or landmarks.

2. Subway Network Graph:

- Vertices: Represent subway stations.
- Edges: Represent subway lines connecting stations.

Now, to model the overall transportation system of the city, we can take
the union of these two graphs:

- Union Graph:
- Vertices: Represent both road intersections/landmarks and subway
stations.
- Edges: Include both road connections and subway line connections.

By creating this union graph, we can analyze and optimize the entire
transportation network of the city, taking into account both road and
subway connections. This combined model allows us to study various
aspects, such as travel times, accessibility, congestion, and transportation
efficiency, in a more comprehensive manner.
Applications of this combined graph model include:

1. **Multi-Modal Route Planning**: Finding the shortest or fastest routes

for commuters considering both road and subway connections.

2. **Traffic Management**: Analyzing traffic flow patterns and

optimizing signal timings at intersections, considering the influence of
subway stations on road congestion.

3. **Public Transportation Optimization**: Identifying key transfer points

between road and subway networks to improve the overall efficiency and
convenience of public transportation.

4. **Emergency Response Planning**: Understanding the accessibility of

different areas in the city for emergency vehicles, considering both road
and subway connections.

By modeling the transportation network as the union of road and subway

graphs, planners and policymakers can make more informed decisions to
enhance the overall functionality and effectiveness of the city's
transportation system.

4. Euler's formula is often used to analyze planar graphs. Discuss the

computational complexity of applying Euler's formula to determine properties
such as the number of vertices, edges, and faces in a planar graph.
Answer-

5. Prove that every connected graph has at least one spanning tree.
6. Prove that every circuit has an even number of edges in a common with a
cutsets.
7. Explain 2-Isomorphism and prove that the rank and nullity of a graph are
invariant under 2- Isomorphism.
8. Analyze real-world applications where the concept of graph covering,
specifically vertex cover, is crucial. Discuss scenarios in network design,
resource allocation, or optimization problems where finding an optimal or near-
optimal vertex cover is essential.
9. Design and Implement the Gale-Shapley algorithm in your system to
handle the matching process. Discuss the steps involved in the algorithm
and how your system will ensure stability and optimality in the matching
results.
10. What is a clique? State the properties of its vertices and edges.
11. Euler's formula is applicable to both planar graphs and convex
polyhedra. Analyze the similarities and differences in the application of
Euler's formula to these two types of structures. How does Euler's
formula capture the geometric characteristics of polyhedra?
12. Design a bipartite graph to represent a scheduling problem, where nodes on one
side represent tasks and nodes on the other side represent time slots. Discuss the
design choices to facilitate bipartite matching for scheduling.
13. Prove that a complete graph with n vertices contains n(n−1)/2 edges.
14. A simple graph G has 10 vertices and 21 edges. Find total number of edges in its
complement graph G’.
15. Provide examples of real-world situations where understanding walks,
paths, and circuits in a graph is essential. How can these concepts be
applied in various domains?
16.Explain why trees are acyclic graphs. How does the absence of cycles
contribute to the unique structure of trees?
17.Prove that ,the dual graph G∗ of a plane graph G is always connected.
Moreover, (a) Each cut edge of G corresponds to a loop of G∗ . (b)
Each loop of G corresponds to a cut edge of G∗ . (c) If G is connected,
then G∗∗ is isomorphic to G.
18.Show with examples of graphs where Brooks' Theorem can be directly
applied to determine the chromatic number. Are there any known
counterexamples or cases where Brooks' Theorem doesn't apply?
19.Explain how connected components can be applied in the context of
social networks. Can you provide examples where identifying
connected components is useful for understanding social structures?
20.Let G be a connected planar simple graph with 20 vertices and degree of
each vertex is 3. Find the number of regions in G.
21.Explore the role of graphs in recommendation systems. How can user
preferences and item relationships be modeled as a graph, and how do
graph-based algorithms contribute to personalized recommendations?
22.Design and Visualize the complement graph in a clear and
comprehensible manner. Consider using color-coding or different
shapes to distinguish between vertices in the original graph and the
complement. Ensure that users can easily interpret and understand
the relationships. Let G be a simple graph of order n. If the size of G is
56 and the size of G’ is 80. What is n?
23.Consider a scenario where multiple events need to be scheduled in a
shared space, and conflicts must be minimized. Design a case study
illustrating how Vizing's upper bound can guide the scheduling
process, ensuring that events with conflicting requirements are
adequately spaced.
24.Describe the application of graph coloring in scheduling problems. Provide
an example to illustrate its use in task assignments.
25.Explain Kuratowski's theorem regarding non-planar graphs. Discuss its
implications in graph theory and its applications.
26.In a certain city, the council wants to organize a street festival where
streets are closed for traffic and used for various activities. The city’s
map can be represented as a graph where intersections are nodes and
streets are edges. To avoid congestion, no two adjacent streets can host
activities at the same time. The council wants to minimize the number
of time slots required to host activities on all streets while ensuring no
two activities happen simultaneously on adjacent streets.
Determine the chromatic number of the edges of the graph
representing the city’s map. Apply a greedy algorithm to color the
edges of the graph and provide the coloring scheme. Use Brooks’
theorem to discuss the implications of the graph’s maximum degree on
the chromatic number you found. Discuss the lower bounds of the
edge chromatic number in the context of this problem.
Apply Mycielski’s construction to the graph and discuss how it affects
the chromatic number and the solution. Calculate Vizing’s upper
bound for the edge chromatic number of the graph. Implement the
Gale-Shapley algorithm to match streets with time slots in a stable
manner. Discuss a real-world application of this graph coloring
problem in the context of urban planning.
27. You are given a graph G with vertices and edges as follows:
Vertices: {V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V7, V8} Edges: {(V1, V2), (V2, V3),
(V3, V4), (V4, V5), (V5, V6), (V6, V7), (V7, V8), (V8, V1), (V1, V5),
(V2, V6), (V3, V7), (V4, V8)} Determine if graph G is planar. If it is not,
use Kuratowski’s Theorem to explain why. If graph G is planar, draw a
planar representation of the graph. Apply Euler’s Formula to graph G to
verify its planarity. Construct the dual graph G* of the planar graph G.
Describe the properties of the dual graph G* and how it relates to the
original graph G.
28.Explain Hamiltonian path with theorem proof.
29..Prove that the number of vertices of add degree in a graph if always even.
30.Prove that with respect to the given spanning tree T, a branch bi that
determines
a fundamental cut-set S is contained in every fundamental circuit associated
with the chords in S and in no others.
31.Prove: A connected graph G is an Euler graph if and only if all vertices of
G are of even degree.
32.Explain Chromatic number with necessary proof.
33.Prove that every tree with 2 or more vertices is 2-chromatic.
34.Prove Pn(λ)= λ(λ-1)( λ-2)….( λ-n+1).
35.Prove that a covering g of a graph is minimal if g contains no paths of
length three or more.
36.Explain Konigsberg bridge problem?
37.Write the procedure Using the nearest-neighbor method to solve the
travelling salesman problem, for the graph having any vertex as starting
vertex.
38.Prove that any two simple connected graphs with n vertices, all of degree
two, are isometric.
39.Consider the following Case Study: Suppose the social network
platform wants to identify potential user groups that do not have
direct connections. Design a case study outlining how the concept of
the complement graph can help in identifying users who are not
directly friends but might share common interests.
40.Design an expression tree for a mathematical expression like "a + b * c."
Explain how the tree structure captures the precedence and associativity of
operators.(COMPILER SIMILAR)
41.If you have a non-planar graph and want to make it planar, what
modifications could you make to remove the subgraphs identified by
Kuratowski's Theorem?

42. Can you outline a heuristic algorithm for approximating the

chromatic number of a large graph? Write the algorithm
43.Discuss situations where a greedy algorithm might be a suitable choice for
problem-solving.
44.Consider a scenario where a telecommunication company is planning to
optimize its network communication infrastructure. The company aims to
minimize interference between communication channels, enhance the
overall reliability, and efficiently utilize available resources. To optimize
the utilization of the communication spectrum, the company wants to find
an efficient edge coloring strategy for the transformed graph obtained
through Mycielski's construction. showcases how Mycielski's construction
contribute to real-world problem-solving in the field of telecommunication
network optimization.
45.Write about maximal independent sets?