Contents

APA Referencing Summary Contents ...................................................................................................... 1

A guide to referencing based on the Publication Manual of the Some Basic Principles ................................................................................. 2
American Psychological Association (6th ed.). The Reference List .................................................................................. 2
This summary gives examples of the APA referencing style for a number In-text Citations ........................................................................................ 2
of commonly used information sources. If you cannot find a model to cite a
source then choose an example that is close to the source you are using, Page Numbers ......................................................................................... 2
and follow the format provided (APA 2010, p. 193). Otherwise, refer to the Print Resources | Books .............................................................................. 3
APA Publication Manual (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author.
Print Resources | Periodicals: Articles in Print ............................................ 8
If in doubt when citing a paper, err on the side of giving too much Audiovisual Media ..................................................................................... 11
information, rather than too little (APA, 2010, p. 193).
Electronic Media | Basic Principles ........................................................... 13
You should explore using the EndNote software, which you can download
for free from the library website. EndNote helps you to cite your sources Electronic Media | Online Journal Articles ................................................. 14
correctly and to organise your research and notes. Electronic Media | Electronic Books .......................................................... 15
Click the following link for more information: CSU Library Guide to Endnote Electronic Media | Online Reference ......................................................... 17
Webpage
Electronic Media | CSU Curriculum and Course Material ......................... 18
Electronic Media | Technical and Research Reports ................................ 20
Electronic Media | Conference Papers ...................................................... 23
Electronic Media | General Interest Media and Alternative Presses ......... 24
Electronic Media | Websites ...................................................................... 25
Electronic Media | Secondary Sources ..................................................... 26
Personal Communications ........................................................................ 27
Note on assignment layout: ....................................................................... 27
Other Resources ....................................................................................... 27

October 2016 Page 1 of 27 Office for Students

Some Basic Principles
The Reference List In-text Citations Page Numbers
(APA, 2010, p. 180; Perrin, 2012, p. 61, para. (APA, 2010, pp. 174–175, paras. 6.11–6.12; (APA, 2010, pp. 170–172, paras. 6.03–6.05.
4a. Also APA, 2010, p. 184, para. 6.27; Perrin, Perrin, 2012, pp. 66–70, para. 4e)
APA’s guidance on page numbers is clear:
2009, p.88, para. 6b)
Insert citations as you write. If you wait until whether quoting an author directly, or
A reference list is an alphabetically arranged later, you will be likely to forget the details. paraphrasing, you must credit the source.
list of sources used in a paper. It starts on a
1. When a work has two authors, always cite For direct quotations, the author, year, and
new page immediately after the last page of
both names every time the reference page number are given (APA, 2010, p. 170,
the paper. The list has the heading
occurs in the text. para. 6.03).
References (bold, centered, not in italics, and
not underlined). Each item on your list has a 2. When a work has three, four, or five authors, Many electronic sources do not provide page
hanging indent of 1 cm. See the examples on cite all authors the first time; in subsequent numbers. When using direct quotations in such
the following pages. No bullets or numbers. It citations, include only the surname of the cases give a section identifier and/or
is helpful to add extra space (8 pts) after each first author followed by et al. (not italicized) paragraph number instead, like this:
entry. and the year.
(Leech, 2006, para. 13)
Hint: begin your reference list as you start work 3. When a work has six or more authors, cite
(Boland, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 2).
on your assignment, adding items as you only the surname of the first author followed
locate each source. This will save time and by et al. and the year for the first and When paraphrasing, “or referring to an idea
energy later. EndNote will help with this. subsequent citations. contained in another work, you are
encouraged to provide a page or paragraph
1. Names of authors appear in the order listed 4. Within a paragraph, you do not need to
number” (APA, 2010, p. 171, para. 6.04).
on the title page, not alphabetical order. include the year in subsequent references
The names of up to and including seven so long as this does not lead to confusion. Getting into the habit of quoting page numbers
authors are listed, with all of their names will help readers locate material in lengthy
e.g.: McLean (2004, p. 32) has shown that
inverted (e.g. Smith, P. G.). An ampersand texts, and will assist in your revision.
the effect of the drought on rural towns . . .
(&) joins the last two names in the series.
McLean also demonstrated . . . . For a single page, the number is given thus:
2. If a work has eight or more authors, the first p. 27. For a range of pages: pp. 245–246
5. When you use the exact words that an
six are listed in full, followed by an ellipsis,
author has used, you must enclose these in
and then the last author’s name. An ellipsis
inverted commas “. . .” and follow
( . . . ) is three periods with a space before
immediately with an in-text citation,
each and a space after the last.
including page number.

October 2016 Page 2 of 27 Office for Students

Print Resources | Books
One author Reference List In-text Citation
MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: A life. New Haven: APA allows three forms for in-text citations:
Yale University Press. 1. Anne Bolyn died “with dignity” (MacCulloch, 1996, p. 159) on
Note the hanging indent for reference list items. 19 May 1536.
In titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize only 2. MacCulloch (1996, p. 386) has suggested . . .
the first word, the first word after a colon or em dash (—), and
3. MacCulloch (1996) argues that . . . . (p. 231).
proper nouns (APA, 2010, p. 101, para. 4.15).
Where more than one place of publication is given, show only Note the space before page numbers.
the first listed place. When short direct quotations are used, the words used are
enclosed within quotation marks: “. . .”
For the rules of capitalization of titles within the body of the
Quotations of 40 or more words are set off as a block quotation,
paper, see APA, 2010, p. 101, para. 4.15.
indented about 1 cm. Quotation marks and italics are not used in
this case.

Two authors Reference List In-text Citation

Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2005). Principles of biochemistry (Nelson & Cox, 2005, p. 897).
(4th ed.). New York: Freeman.
Nelson and Cox (2005) describe Buchner’s “pioneering
On publishers’ names see APA (2010, p. 186, para. 6.30), or discovery” (p. 45) in biochemistry.
Perrin (2012, p. 63, para. 4c).
Cite both names every time the citation occurs in text.

Three, four, or Reference List In-text Citation

five authors List all authors. First in-text citation: Cite all names
Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (1995). The (Booth, Colomb, & Williams, 1995, p. 25)
craft of research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Second and subsequent citations:
Note the space before a second initial.
(Booth et al., 1995, p. 25)

October 2016 Page 3 of 27 Office for Students

Six or seven Reference List In-text Citation
authors List all authors See page 2.
For six or more authors, cite only the first author, followed by et
al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations.
(Bloggs et al., 2009, p. 23)

Eight or more Reference List In-text Citation

authors Include the first six authors’ names, then insert an ellipsis, and As per six or more authors.
add the last author’s name.
See example given below, p. 9, for Periodicals, Articles in Print.
For six or more authors, cite only the first author, followed by et
al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations

No author or Reference List In-text Citation

editor named United Press International stylebook: The authoritative (United Press International Stylebook, 1992)
handbook for writers, editors, and news directors (3rd
ed.). (1992). Lincolnwood, Il: National. For in-text citations: use a short title in place of the author name,
in italics.
When no author or editor is named, place the title in the author
position (APA, 2010, p. 184, para. 6.27).

Corporate Referencing List In-text Citation

author NSW Board of Studies. (2003). Science years 7–10 syllabus. Stage 6 students can “critically analyse the opinions of others”
Sydney: Author. (NSW Board of Studies, 2003, p. 69).
In this case the author and the publisher are the same.

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Long name – Reference List In-text Citation (APA, 2010, p. 177)
abbreviated New South Wales Department of School Education. (1997). First in-text citation:
title Strategies for assessment and reporting: Primary (New South Wales Department of School Education [DSE],
schools. Ryde: Author. 1997, p. 7).
A cross-reference for an abbreviated title may be included in Subsequent citations: . . . (DSE, 1997, p. 7).
your Reference List:
DSE—see New South Wales Department of School Education.

Edited book Reference List In-text Citation

Burchfield, R. W. (Ed.). (1996). The new Fowler’s modern (Burchfield, 1996, p. 707).
English usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Multi-volume Reference List In-text Citation

work Abrams, M. H., & Stillinger, J. (Eds.). (2001). The Norton (Abrams & Stillinger, 2001, p. 32)
anthology of English literature: Vol. 2A. The romantic
Abrams and Stillinger (2001, p. 4) maintain . . .
period (7th ed). New York: Norton.
Abrams and Stillinger (2001) suggest “. . .” (p. 57).

Item in a Reference List In-text Citation

series Nicholas, P. (Comp. & Ed.). (2004). Soil, irrigation and nutrition. (Nicholas, 2004, p. 17)
In Grape Production Series: No. 2. Adelaide: South
Australian Resource and Development Institute.

October 2016 Page 5 of 27 Office for Students

Edition other Reference List In-text Citation
than the first Findlay, B. (2006). How to write psychology research reports (Findlay, 2006, p. 51)
and essays (4th ed.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson Prentice
Hall.

Article or Reference List In-text Citation

chapter in an Rospond, R. M. (2003). Pain assessment. In R. M. Jones & R. (Rospond, 2003)
edited book M. Rospond (Eds.), Patient assessment in pharmacy
Rospond (2003) writes that “The classic pain pathway consists
practice (pp. 160–170). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &
of a three-neuron chain” (p. 85).
Wilkins.
The full stop comes after the closing parenthesis, because the
If a book is a second edition, you would put (2nd ed., pp. 23 -
citation is a part of the sentence.
45).

Encyclopaedia Reference List In-text Citation

or dictionary Collins, R. F. (1983). Fundamentalism. In A. Richardson & J. (Collins, 1983, p. 223)
article Bowden (Eds.), The Westminster dictionary of Christian
theology (pp. 223–224). Philadelphia: Westminster.
(author known)

Encyclopaedia Referencing List In-text Citation

or dictionary Fluoxetine Hydrochloride [Prozac]. (1995). In Nursing (“Fluoxetine Hydrochloride,” 1995, p. 385)
article 96 drug handbook (pp. 383–384). Springhouse, PA:
Springhouse.
(author not known)
Begin with the subject title, followed by the date in parentheses.
The rest of the entry follows the normal pattern.

October 2016 Page 6 of 27 Office for Students

Preface, Reference List In-text Citation
introduction, 1. Introduction written by someone other than the author of (Fuller, 1971, p. xi)
foreword, the book.
epilogue, or Fuller, R. B. (1971). [Introduction]. In V. Papanek, Design for
afterword the real world (pp. vii–xix). New York: Pantheon.
If nonroutine 2. Epilogue written by the author of the book.
information is
Waldburg, R. (1992). [Epilogue]. A child like that (pp. 170– (Waldburg, 1992, p. 173)
important for
177). New York: Feldheim.
identification, then
provide it in square
brackets
(APA, 2010, p.
186, para. 6.29)

October 2016 Page 7 of 27 Office for Students

Print Resources | Periodicals: Articles in Print
Journals, monthly and weekly magazines, and newspapers.
For journal articles found electronically, see page 14 below.
If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) has been assigned to an article, include it in your reference list entry—for both print and electronic sources (APA, 2010, p,
189, para 6.31). See the third example, below.

One author Reference List In-text Citation

For all journal Crispin, G. (1996). Trial by fire. Pottery in Australia, 35(3), (Crispin, 1996, p. 18)
articles (both print 18–19.
and online) the The volume number is italicized, but the issue number (and its
volume number parentheses) are not. There is no space between the volume
must be included. number and the opening parenthesis.
If the issue number
is available it is
included in
parentheses.

Two authors Reference List In-text Citation

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring (Klimosky & Palmer, 1993)
process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal:
Practice and Research, 45(2), 10–36.

Print article Reference List In-text Citation

with DOI, two Charman, R. E., & Vasey, J. R. (2008). Surgical treatment of (Charman & Vasey, 2008, p. 196)
authors carpal flexural deformity in 72 horses. Australian
Veterinary Journal, 86(5), 195–199. doi:10.1111/j.1751-
0813.2008.00275.x

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Three, four, or Reference List In-text Citation
five authors Corfield, G. S., Read, R. A., Nicholls, P. K., & Lester, N. (2007). First in-text citation: Cite all names
Gall bladder torsion and rupture in a dog. Australian (Corfield, Read, Nicholls, & Lester, 2007)
Veterinary Journal, 85(6), 226–231.
Subsequent citations:
(Corfield et al., 2007)

Six or seven Reference List In-text Citation

authors List all authors See page 2.
For six or more authors, cite only the first author, followed by et
al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations.
(Bloggs et al., 2009, p. 23)

Eight or more Reference List In-text Citation

authors Liu, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, H., Yao, W., Bu, W., Yang, B., . . . As per six or more authors.
Wang, X. (2007). Susceptibility and transmissibility of For six or more authors, cite only the first author, followed by et
pigeons to Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian al. (not italicized, and with a stop after al) for all citations.
influenza virus subtype H5N1. Avian Pathology, 36(6),
461–465. (Liu et al., 2007, p. 462)

Include the first six authors’ names, then insert an ellipsis (three
spaced full stops), and add the last author’s name.

No author Reference List In-text Citation

named Improving ADR reporting. (2002). The Lancet, 360, 1435. (“Improving ADR Reporting,” 2002)
When no author or editor is named, place the title in the author In-text, use a short title. The first and major words are
position. capitalized, and quotation marks are used. No italics. See APA,
2010, p. 176, para. 6.15

October 2016 Page 9 of 27 Office for Students

Monthly Reference List In-text Citation
magazine Reid, T. (2005, January). Caffeine. National Geographic, 207, (Reid, 2005, p. 31)
article 2–33.
The volume number and the following comma are italicized.

Weekly Reference List In-text Citation

magazine Gasparino, C. (2005, July 25). Good news: You’re fired. (Gasparino, 2005)
article Newsweek, 146, 48.

Newspaper Reference List In-text Citation

article Murray, L. (2006, September 26). PM at war with Telstra’s $9m (Murray, 2006)
man. The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 1.

Letter to the Reference List In-text Citation

editor Drennan, G. (2006, September 26). [Letter to the editor]. The (Drennan, 2006)
Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14.

October 2016 Page 10 of 27 Office for Students

Audiovisual Media
(See APA, 2010, pp. 209–210; Perrin, 2012, pp. 99–104).
See also the APA Style Guide to Electronic References at www.csu.edu.au/division/library/ereserve/pdf/apa-style-guide.pdf
Square brackets [ ] are used to describe the type of resource being cited.

Motion picture Reference List In-text Citation

Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (Scorsese, 2000)
(2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United
States: Paramount Pictures.
The picture’s country of origin and the name of the movie studio
are given.

DVD Reference List In-text Citation

For a DVD recording, follow the pattern for a motion picture,
giving details of the recording. Include the notation [DVD]
after the name of the movie.

Video Reference List In-text Citation

American Psychological Association (Producer). (2007). (American Psychological Association, 2007)
Responding therapeutically to patient expression of
sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http://
www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310767.aspx

October 2016 Page 11 of 27 Office for Students

Television Reference List In-text Citation
broadcast Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The (Crystal, 1993)
MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New
York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

Music Reference List In-text Citation

recording Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if
different from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of
recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label.
(Recording date if different from copyright date).
Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveller (Shocked, 1992, track 3)
[CD]. New York: Polygram Music.

Streaming Reference List In-text Citation

video Author, A. A. [User name]. (year, month day). Title of video (Author, year, month day)
(e.g YouTube [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
video) User name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. e.g.: (Brown, 2012, January 23)
Retrieved from http://xxxxx
To make retrieval easier, the person who posted the video is
credited as the author. If the person’s real name and user name
are both available, provide the real name in the format Author,
A. A., followed by the user name inside brackets. Otherwise,
when the real name is not available, include only the user
name, without brackets.

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Electronic Media | Basic Principles
Important note:
If you cannot work out how to cite a particular type of electronic resource from the advice given below, then go to the APA Style Guide to Electronic
References, which is available at www.csu.edu.au/division/library/ereserve/pdf/apa-style-guide.pdf
See especially page 2, How references are constructed. If you cannot find an exact model, then choose one that is close to the source you are using, and
follow the model provided (APA 2010, p. 193).

Digital Object Identifier (DOI) To find an article for which a DOI is given, go Database Name
to: www.crossref.org —and enter the DOI string
Many scholarly publishers now assign a Digital into the Resolver. In general, it is NOT necessary to include a
Object Identifier (DOI) to journal articles and database name in a reference list entry (The last
other documents. The DOI is a unique string of Retrieval Dates example on page 16 is a rare exception.)
numbers that identifies content and provides a
The retrieval date is NOT included when the
lasting link to its location on the Internet.
content is in its final form, and is not likely to be
When a DOI is available, use it instead of the changed.
URL in the reference. No further retrieval
information is needed. Publisher Identity Note

The DOI is usually located on the first page of an If the publisher’s identity is not clear from the Some teachers do not require students to include
article. It may also be listed on the full record author name, database name, or other retrieval statements for journal articles that have
display of the database you used to find the information, then include it as part of the retrieval been located electronically and downloaded as a
article. statement. This may be the case for large and pdf file.
complex websites. (For examples, see the first
The DOI may be in one of these forms: If your lecturer accepts this, then such articles
two examples on page 12, the first example on
should be referenced as if they were from a print
Either: doi: 10.1037/rmh0000008 page 13 or the second example on page 14 of
journal.
Or: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000008 this guide.)

The safest way to include the DOI in your

reference list entry is by copying and pasting
whenever possible

October 2016 Page 13 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | Online Journal Articles
Many journal articles (sometimes called periodicals) are available on the Web. Some have previously been published in print; others are only available
electronically. Peer reviewed journals provide reliable information. In contrast, general websites are often unreliable, and can be difficult to cite.
For these reasons, the following approach is highly recommended that you:
1. use the library’s databases to find reliable, peer-reviewed (academic-quality) articles;
2. select the pdf versions of articles that have already appeared in print;
3. cite the articles as shown below.
Note: If the electronic version of an article you are using is a draft version or not in its final form, then refer to the Publication Manual (6th ed.).

Article with Reference List In-text Citation

DOI assigned McDougall, K. L. (2007). Grazing and fire in two subalpine (McDougall, 2007, p. 43)
See notes above, peatlands. Australian Journal of Botany, 55(1), 42–47.
page 13
doi:10.1071/BT06096
If a DOI is available, simply include it at the end of your
reference list entry.
No further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate
the article.
Always include the issue number, if available, along with the
volume number.

Article with no Reference List In-text Citation

DOI assigned Drury, V., Francis, K., & Chapman, Y. (2009). Mature learners (Drury, Francis, & Chapman, 2009, p. 41)
becoming registered nurses: A grounded theory model.
Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(2), 39–45.
Retrieved from http://www.ajan.com.au/
If a DOI for a journal article retrieved online is not available, give
the URL of the journal home page.
No retrieval date is needed.

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Electronic Media | Electronic Books
Note: “Retrieved from” and “Available from”.
When using the CSU catalogue, most of the electronic books you use are immediately and freely available to you. In these cases use
“Retrieved from” at the start of the retrieval statement.
However, if a source is not immediately available to you for free, then use “Available from” instead.

Entire book Reference List In-text Citation

(Book found Grant, G. (2008). Family wars: Classic conflicts in family (Grant, 2008, p. 45)
through database) business and how to deal with them. Retrieved from
EBook Library.
This book was accessed through an electronic collection, so the
name of the collection, EBook Library, is given. Other
commonly used collections are Safari Books Online, and
PsychBOOKS database. Google Books and Project Gotenberg
are sources of out of print books.
If you locate the eBook using CSU Primo Search, click “View
Online”, and see “Full text available at: ____”. This will give you
the name of the provider of the book — in this case EBL.

Entire book Reference List In-text Citation

(Book found on O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism and the crisis in Western values. (O’Keefe, n.d.)
public website) Available from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.
asp?itemID=135
O’Keefe’s book was found on a publicly accessible website, so
the URL is given.
Note the use of “Available from” in this example, as the whole
text must be purchased.

October 2016 Page 15 of 27 Office for Students

Book chapter Reference List In-text Citation
(Book found Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the alcoholic psychoses. (Mitchell, 1913, p. 290)
through database) In W. A. White & S. E. Jelliffe (Eds.), The modern
treatment of nervous and mental diseases (Vol. 1, pp.
287–330). Retrieved from PsychBOOKS database.

October 2016 Page 16 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | Online Reference

Online Reference List In-text Citation

encyclopaedia Graham, G. (2005). Behaviourism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The (Graham, 2005)
Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu
If the author of the entry is not named, place the title in the
author position. See the following example.

Online Reference List In-text Citation

dictionary Pluperfect. (2009). In Oxford English dictionary online. (“Pluperfect,” 2009)
Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.com/
The author of the entry is not named, so the title is placed in the
author position.

October 2016 Page 17 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | CSU Curriculum and Course Material
(Including subject Outlines and Readings. Not all of these items are mentioned in APA, but the principles are applied here.)

Subject Reference List In-text Citation

Outline Bardos, J. A. (2010). Introduction to nursing [SSS016 201015 (Bardos, 2010, p. 27)
Subject Outline]. Retrieved from Charles Sturt University
website: http://interact.csu.edu.au/portal/site
/SSS016_201015_B_D

Article or Reference List In-text Citation

chapter in a Give only the original citation details for the article or chapter in Author, date, and page number of the original article to be
book of APA style. Page numbers are those of the original article. provided in in-text citation.
Readings Do NOT give details of the book (or CD-ROM) of university
readings.
Similarly, for material found in eReserve in the library, include
only the original citation details for the article or chapter.

Lecture notes Reference List In-text Citation

Brieger, B. (2005). Lecture 3: Recruitment and involvement of (Brieger, 2005, slide 4)
trainees [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Johns
Hopkins Blomberg School of Public Health
OpenCourseWare website: http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses
/TrainingMethodsContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfm

October 2016 Page 18 of 27 Office for Students

CSU Interact 2 Reference List In-text Citation
material Lipu, S. (2009). The information society [INF100 Module 2.3]. (Lipu, 2009)
Retrieved January 20, 2009, from Charles Sturt
University website: http://interact.csu.edu.au/portal/site
/INF100_200910_W_D/page/40e08a17-4b31-45c7-00a7-
e846ca5c7052
The retrieval date is included here because CSU Interact sites
are constantly changing.

Forum posting Reference List In-text Citation

Bardos, J. (2010, January 13). Webmail has been discontinued (Bardos, 2010)
[Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://forums
.csu.edu.au/perl/forums.pl?forum_id=SSS016_201015_B
_D_forum&task=frameset

October 2016 Page 19 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | Technical and Research Reports
Technical and research reports “usually cover original research, but may or may not be peer reviewed” (APA, 2010, p. 205, para. 7.03). Such reports are
produced by a range of organizations including government departments, advocacy groups, trade groups, and corporations. It includes material that is
sometimes known as “gray literature”.
In the following examples a retrieval date is NOT necessary because the documents are dated and are not likely to be changed.

Fact sheet Reference List In-text Citation

Nell, J. (2007, July). Diseases of Sydney rock oysters (Nell, 2007, p. 3)
[Primefact 589]. Retrieved from NSW Department of
Primary Industries website: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
/data/assets/pdf_file/0004/164182/ Diseases-of-Sydney-
rock-oysters.pdf
A description of the work is included in square brackets to aid in
document identification and retrieval.

Fact sheet Reference List In-text Citation

NSW Department of Health. (2007, September 24). Solarium (NSW Department of Health, 2007, Causes of cancer, para. 2)
safety [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.health
.nsw.gov.au/factsheets/general/solarium.html

Information Reference List In-text Citation

card Beyond Blue. (2009). Anxiety disorders [Information card]. (Beyond Blue, 2009)
Retrieved from http://www.beyondblue.org.au/index.aspx
?link_id=7.980 and http://www.beyondblue.org.au
/index.aspx?link_id=6.1068&tmp=FileDownload&fid
=1100

October 2016 Page 20 of 27 Office for Students

Consumer Reference List In-text Citation
brochure California Board of Psychology. (2005). For your peace of mind: (California Board of Psychology, 2005)
A consumer guide to psychological services [Brochure].
Retrieved from http://www.psychboard.ca.gov/formspubs
/consumer-brochure.pdf

Press release Reference List In-text Citation

NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2008, November 14). (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2008, para.5.)
NSW helps Tasmania put the lid on foxes [Press
release]. Retrieved from http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
/aboutus/news/recent-news/forests/put-the-lid-on-foxes

Australian Reference List In-text Citation

Bureau of Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999)
Statistics carers: Summary of findings (No. 4430.0). Canberra:
Bulletin Author.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics is both author and publisher.

Australian Reference List In-text Citation

Bureau of Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Census of population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001).
Statistics from and housing: B) 1 selected characteristics (First release
AusStats processing) postal area 6050. Retrieved November 20,
database 2002, from AusStats Database.

October 2016 Page 21 of 27 Office for Students

Document Reference List In-text Citation
contained Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). (Chou, McClintock, Moretti, & Nix, 1993)
within a large Technology and education: New wine in new bottles:
and complex Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.
website Retrieved from Columbia University, Institute for Learning
Technologies website: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu
(e.g. the CSIRO, /publications/papers/newwine1.html
ABS, Department
Note that the URL is preceded by a colon.
of School
Education, or a
University)
(APA, 2010, p.
206,

October 2016 Page 22 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | Conference Papers
For conference papers and reports relating to meetings and symposia, see also the APA Style Guide to Electronic References, available
at www.csu.edu.au/division/library/ereserve/pdf/apa-style-guide.pdf

Unpublished Reference List In-text Citation

conference Evans, L. (2007, August). Observations on the changing (Evans, 2007)
paper at a language of accounting. Paper submitted to the Fifth
meeting, and Accounting History International Conference, Banff,
retrieved Canada. Retrieved from http://www.commerce.usask.ca
/special/5ahic/papers/5AHIC-62%20final%20paper.pdf
electronically

October 2016 Page 23 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | General Interest Media and Alternative Presses

Newspaper Reference List In-text Citation

Article Mannion, J. (2009, May 25). Military chiefs back Obama on (Mannion, 1999)
Guantanamo. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved
from http://news.smh.com.au/

Audio Podcast Reference List In-text Citation

Rayner, M. (Executive Producer). (2009, May 3). Spooking the (Rayner, 2009)
strategic imagination: Australia’s defence policy.
Hindsight [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://
mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2009/05
/hht_20090503.mp3

October 2016 Page 24 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | Websites
University teachers advise against using websites that are not associated with identifiable and reliable journals, scholars, universities, research
organizations (such as the CSIRO), or government bodies (including the ABS).
All websites should be carefully evaluated. If you cannot find out who is responsible for a site, then you should avoid it.
If page numbers are not given on a website, then include a section identifier and/or paragraph number: (Wilson, 2005, Introduction section, para. 3).

Chapter or Reference List In-text Citation

section in an Ogilvie, D. (n.d.). Why I don’t eat honey. In Why be vegan. (Ogilvie, n.d.)
internet Retrieved from http://www.vegetarianvictoria.org.au
document /Search.aspx?key=why+be+vegan

(author named) (n.d.) means that the date of publication was unavailable.
The name of the site, Why be vegan, is in italics.
The article, or section (Why I don’t eat honey), is not in italics.

Internet Referencing List In-text Citation

document Effects of global warming on whales. (n.d.). Retrieved from (“Effects of Global Warming,” n.d., para. 3).
(no author) http://www.stopwhaling.org/site/c.foJNIZOyEnH
/b.2660179/k.BBA7/Stop_Whaling Effects_ In-text, use a short title. The first and major words are capitalized
of_Global_Warming_on_Whales IFAW_US.htm and quotation marks are used. No italics.
Begin the entry with the title of the document

October 2016 Page 25 of 27 Office for Students

Electronic Media | Secondary Sources

Book Referencing List In-text Citation

Truss, L. (2003). Eats, shoots, and leaves: The zero tolerance According to Paul Robinson (as cited in Truss, 2003, p. 124),
approach to punctuation. London: Profile. semi-colons are often used pretentiously.
Record the book that you actually read.

Journal article Reference List In-text Citation

Bourke, C. A. (2005). A review of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum Peet et al. (as cited in Bourke, 2005, p. 264) examined the
clandestinum) poisoning in cattle. Australian Veterinary stomachs of affected sheep . . .
Journal, 85(7), 261–267. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007
. . . (Peet et al., as cited in Bourke, 2005, p. 264).
.00168.x
Record the journal that you actually read.

October 2016 Page 26 of 27 Office for Students

Personal Communications

Personal Reference List In-text Citation

Communication Not included in the reference list as they cannot be traced by R. Smith reported that 27 mm of rain fell on the paddock last
the reader. week (personal communication, July 11, 2007).

(B. G. Binns, personal communication, June 23, 2007)

Note on assignment layout:

The APA Publication Manual, which offers guidance on many aspects of formatting and presentation, was written to provide guidance for authors preparing
manuscripts to be submitted for publication in journals. Journal editors and typesetters receive copy manuscripts in their preferred style, but the final typeset
product may differ from the original (APA, 2005, p. 321).
However, student assignments are not usually intended for publication; they are a “final” product. Consequently, the requirements for the presentation of
university essays, theses, and reports—particularly in relation to questions of layout and structure—may differ from APA style. In all cases, the rules should
be balanced with good judgement. If in doubt, check your subject outline or ask your lecturer.

Other Resources
• American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author.
Chapter 7 of the sixth edition is available at http://primo.unilinc.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=CSU&docId=aleph001852326
• The APA Style Guide to Electronic References is available at www.csu.edu.au/division/library/ereserve/pdf/apa-style-guide.pdf
• ALLaN highly recommends that you purchase a copy of Robert Perrin’s Pocket Guide to APA Style (4th ed.) from the Co-op Bookshop.
• The official APA Style Blog http://blog.apastyle.org/ is searchable and contains excellent advice for APA users.
• The CSU Learning Support Forum http://student.csu.edu.au/study, which can be searched, provides responses to referencing questions.

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