Unit-II – Exception

Handling &
Multithreading
Contents
• Exception Handling: Handling an exception, Exception
Hierarchy, The Exception Model, Run Time Errors,
try…….except…….else, try-finally-clause, Argument of an
exception, Python standard exceptions and user defined
exceptions, Handling IO Exceptions.
• Multithreading: Starting a new thread, the threading module,
synchronizing threads, race condition, multithreaded priority
queue.
Errors in Python
• Error in Python can be of two types i.e. Syntax errors and
Exceptions. Errors are the problems in a program due to which
the program will stop the execution. On the other hand,
exceptions are raised when some internal events occur which
changes the normal flow of the program.
• The difference between Syntax Error and Exceptions
• Syntax Error: As the name suggest this error is caused by
wrong syntax in the code. It leads to the termination of the
program.
Exceptions
• Exceptions: Exceptions are raised when the program is
syntactically correct but the code resulted in an error. This
error changes the normal flow of the program.
Introduction
• An exception is an error that happens during execution of a
program. When that error occurs, Python generate an
exception that can be handled, which avoids your program to
crash.
• When these exceptions occur, it causes the current process to
stop and passes it to the calling process until it is handled. If
not handled, our program will crash.
• For example, if function A calls function B which in turn calls
function C and an exception occurs in function C. If it is not
handled in C, the exception passes to B and then to A.
• If never handled, an error message is spit out and our program
come to a sudden, unexpected halt.
Python Exception Handling
◉ We can make certain mistakes while writing a program that lead to errors
when we try to run it. A python program terminates as soon as it encounters
an unhandled error. These errors can be broadly classified into two classes:
1. Syntax errors
2. Logical errors (Exceptions)
◉ Python Syntax Errors
◉ Error caused by not following the proper structure (syntax) of the language is
called syntax error or parsing error.
◉ Let's look at one example:
◉ As shown in the example, an arrow indicates where the parser ran into the
syntax error.
◉ We can notice here that a colon : is missing in the if statement.
Why Exception Handling
• Exceptions are convenient in many ways for handling errors
and special conditions in a program. When you think that you
have a code which can produce an error then you can use
exception handling.
Types of Exceptions
• IOError
• If the file cannot be opened.
• ImportError
• If python cannot find the module
• ValueError
• Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an
argument that has the right type but an inappropriate value
• EOFError
• Raised when one of the built-in functions (input() or raw_input())
hits an end-of-file condition (EOF) without reading any data
Syntax to Handle
• except IOError:
• print('An error occurred trying to read the file.')
• except ValueError:
• print('Non-numeric data found in the file.')
• except ImportError:
• print "NO module found"
• except EOFError:
• print('Why did you do an EOF on me?')
• except KeyboardInterrupt:
• print('You cancelled the operation.') except: print('An error
occurred.')
Keyword for Exception Handling

• Try
• Except
• Raise
• Else
• Finally
Handling an Exception (try)
• In Python, exceptions can be handled using a try statement.
• A critical operation which can raise exception is placed inside
the try clause and the code that handles exception is written
in except clause.
• It is up to us, what operations we perform once we have
caught the exception.
Catching Specific Exception (except)
• The code that follows the except statement is the program’s
response to any exceptions in the preceding try clause.
• A try clause can have any number of except clause to handle
them differently but only one will be executed in case an
exception occurs.
Raising an Exception (Raise)
• In Python programming, exceptions are raised when
corresponding errors occur at run time, but we can forcefully
raise it using the keyword raise.
• We can also optionally pass in value to the exception to clarify
why that exception was raised.
Finally Clause
• The try statement in Python can have an
optional finally clause. This clause is executed no matter what,
and is generally used to release external resources.
• For example, we may be connected to a remote data center
through the network or working with a file or working with a
Graphical User Interface (GUI).
• In all these circumstances, we must clean up the resource
once used, whether it was successful or not. These actions
(closing a file, GUI or disconnecting from network) are
performed in the finally clause to guarantee execution.
• Here is an example of file operations to illustrate this.
Example
Else
• A single try statement can have multiple except statements.
This is useful when the try block contains statements that may
throw different types of exceptions.
• You can also provide a generic except clause, which handles
any exception.
• After the except clause(s), you can include an else-clause. The
code in the else-block executes if the code in the try: block
does not raise an exception.
• The else-block is a good place for code that does not need the
try: block's protection.
Syntax
Demonstration-I
Output
Demonstration-II
Output
Demonstration-III
Output
Demonstration-IV
Output
Demonstration-V
Output
Customized Exception
• Python has numerous built-in exceptions that force your
program to output an error when something in the program
goes wrong.
• However, sometimes you may need to create your own
custom exceptions that serve your purpose.
• In Python, users can define custom exceptions by creating a
new class. This exception class has to be derived, either
directly or indirectly, from the built-in Exception class. Most of
the built-in exceptions are also derived from this class.