Module–III:

Disaster Management

Disaster Preparedness refers to the actions taken to minimize the negative impact of disasters
on individuals, communities, and infrastructure. It involves planning, organizing, and
implementing measures to enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability to various types of
disasters. Here are some key points related to disaster preparedness:
A disaster is a serious problem occurring over a short or long period of time that causes
widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are routinely
divided into either "natural disasters" caused by natural hazards or "human-instigated
disasters" caused from anthropogenic hazards. However, in modern times, the divide between
natural, human-made and human-accelerated disasters is difficult to draw.
Examples of natural hazards include avalanches, flooding, cold waves and heat
waves, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, lightning, tsunamis, volcanic
activity, wildfires, and winter precipitation. Examples of anthropogenic hazards
include criminality, civil disorder, terrorism, war, industrial hazards, engineering
hazards, power outages, fire, hazards caused by transportation, and environmental hazards.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hit – more than 95% of all
deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are
20 times greater.

● Understanding Disasters: It is important to have knowledge about the types of

disasters that can occur in your region, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes,
wildfires, or pandemics. Understanding their potential impact and characteristics will
help in developing appropriate preparedness strategies.
● Emergency Planning: Develop an emergency plan for your household, organization,
or community. This plan should include procedures for evacuation, communication,
and meeting points. Assign responsibilities to individuals, establish emergency
contact numbers, and ensure everyone knows the plan.
● Emergency Supplies: Prepare an emergency kit with essential supplies that can
sustain you and your family for at least 72 hours. This may include water, non-
perishable food, a first aid kit, flashlights, batteries, a battery-operated radio,
medications, important documents, and cash.
● Communication: Establish multiple communication channels to stay informed during
a disaster. Have a battery-powered radio or a mobile phone with extra batteries.
Designate an out-of-area contact person whom family members can reach to provide
updates and information.
● Evacuation Planning: If you live in an area prone to evacuation, understand the
evacuation routes and have a plan in place. Identify multiple safe locations to
evacuate to, such as friends or relatives' homes, emergency shelters, or designated
assembly areas.
● Insurance: Review your insurance policies to ensure adequate coverage for potential
disasters. This includes homeowner's or renter's insurance, flood insurance, and
earthquake insurance, depending on the risks in your area.
● Community Involvement: Engage with local emergency management agencies and
community organizations. Participate in drills and exercises conducted by these
organizations to enhance preparedness and familiarize yourself with emergency
procedures.
● Education and Training: Stay informed about the latest disaster preparedness and
response techniques through online resources, community workshops, or first aid
training. Knowledge and skills can be invaluable during times of crisis.
● Mitigation Measures: Take steps to reduce the impact of disasters in your
surroundings. This may involve reinforcing buildings, securing loose objects,
practicing fire safety, planting trees for erosion control, or implementing early
warning systems.
● Regular Review: Regularly review and update your emergency plans, supplies, and
contact information. Test your communication devices, refresh your knowledge of
evacuation routes, and ensure everyone in your household or organization is aware of
the procedures.
Remember, disaster preparedness is a continuous process. By being proactive, informed, and
prepared, individuals and communities can effectively mitigate the risks associated with disasters and
respond in a coordinated manner, ultimately reducing the loss of life and property.

Earthquake
An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of
tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface. It is one of the most destructive natural disasters
and can result in significant damage to buildings, infrastructure, and loss of life. Here are
some key points to consider regarding earthquake preparedness:

● Secure Your Space: Assess your home or workplace for potential hazards and take
steps to secure heavy furniture, bookshelves, and appliances to prevent them from
toppling over during an earthquake. Use flexible fasteners or straps to secure these
items to the walls or floor.
● Create an Emergency Kit: Prepare an earthquake emergency kit that includes essential
supplies such as water, non-perishable food, a first aid kit, flashlight, extra batteries, a
battery-powered radio, sturdy shoes, a whistle, blankets, and a wrench or pliers to turn
off utilities if necessary.
● Develop an Emergency Plan: Establish an emergency plan with your family,
coworkers, or roommates. Identify safe spots in each room, such as under sturdy
furniture or against an interior wall away from windows. Practice "Drop, Cover, and
Hold On" drills regularly to reinforce the appropriate actions during an earthquake.
● Reinforce Building Structures: If you live in a region prone to earthquakes, consider
reinforcing your home or building's structure. Consult with professionals to retrofit
older buildings, reinforce foundations, and secure heavy items, especially if you live
in a high-risk area.
● Know Your Evacuation Routes: Familiarize yourself with the evacuation routes in
your area. Identify safe locations where you can evacuate to if necessary, such as open
spaces away from buildings, bridges, or power lines. Plan multiple routes in case
some are blocked or unsafe.
● Stay Informed: Keep a battery-powered or hand-crank radio to listen to emergency
updates and instructions from local authorities. Follow reputable sources, such as the
National Weather Service or your local emergency management agency, for accurate
information.
● Be Mindful of Aftershocks: After an earthquake, be prepared for aftershocks, which
are smaller earthquakes that can occur in the hours, days, or even weeks following the
initial quake. Take necessary precautions, as aftershocks can cause further damage to
weakened structures.
● Identify Safe and Dangerous Areas: Learn to recognize safe and dangerous areas
within your surroundings. Avoid areas near windows, glass, or tall furniture that could
pose a risk of falling or shattering. Be cautious of potential hazards, such as downed
power lines or gas leaks, and report them to the appropriate authorities.
● Stay Calm and Support Others: During an earthquake, remain as calm as possible and
help others around you, particularly those who may require assistance. Offer
reassurance and provide aid to the injured if you have received proper training.
● Review and Update: Regularly review and update your earthquake preparedness plans
and supplies. Replace expired food and water, update contact information, and refresh
your knowledge of safety procedures.

Earthquake preparedness involves taking proactive measures to minimize the risks and
impact of earthquakes. It is important to secure furniture and heavy objects in our homes or
workplaces to prevent them from toppling over during an earthquake. Creating an emergency
kit with essential supplies like water, food, first aid items, and communication tools is vital.
Developing an emergency plan with family members or coworkers, practicing "Drop, Cover,
and Hold On" drills, and identifying safe spots in each room are crucial steps. Understanding
evacuation routes and knowing safe locations to evacuate to is important for quick and safe
evacuation. Staying informed through reliable sources, recognizing aftershocks, and being
aware of safe and dangerous areas during an earthquake are also important. Regularly
reviewing and updating earthquake preparedness plans and supplies ensures readiness in case
of an earthquake.

Flood
Flooding is a natural disaster that occurs when an area is overwhelmed by an excessive
amount of water, often due to heavy rainfall, melting snow, or dam failures.
Flood preparedness involves taking proactive steps to minimize the risks and damages caused
by flooding. It is important to stay informed about flood-prone areas in your region and be
aware of local weather conditions. Develop an emergency plan that includes evacuation
routes, designated meeting points, and a communication strategy for your family or
community. Create an emergency kit with essential supplies such as food, water, medications,
a first aid kit, flashlights, batteries, and waterproof clothing. Safeguard your property by
elevating important belongings, installing flood-resistant barriers, and regularly maintaining
your drainage systems. Stay tuned to weather forecasts, warnings, and instructions from local
authorities. If flooding is imminent, follow evacuation orders promptly, moving to higher
ground and avoiding flooded areas. After a flood, take precautions when reentering your
home, ensuring it is safe and free from electrical or structural damage. Document any
damages for insurance purposes and seek assistance from relevant organizations or
government agencies for recovery efforts. Regularly reviewing and updating your flood
preparedness plans will help you stay prepared and mitigate potential
Flood Insurance: Consider obtaining flood insurance to protect your property and belongings.
Standard homeowners' insurance typically does not cover flood damage, so a separate flood
insurance policy can provide financial assistance in the event of a flood.
Early Warning Systems: Stay informed about flood warnings and alerts through local news,
weather apps, or emergency notification systems. Familiarize yourself with the different
warning levels and understand the appropriate actions to take for each level.
Secure Important Documents: Keep important documents such as identification papers,
insurance policies, medical records, and financial documents in a waterproof and easily
accessible container. Consider making digital copies as well and store them securely.
Landscaping and Drainage: Ensure that your property has proper landscaping and drainage
systems in place. Clear gutters and downspouts regularly, and consider installing rain barrels
or a French drain system to redirect water away from your home.
Turn Off Utilities: Learn how to safely turn off electricity, gas, and water in your home. In
the event of flooding, it may be necessary to shut off these utilities to prevent further damage
or hazards.
Emergency Contacts: Keep a list of important contact numbers readily available, including
local emergency services, utility companies, insurance providers, and relevant community
resources. Include these numbers in your emergency kit and share them with family
members.
Considerations for Evacuation: If evacuation is necessary, follow the instructions of local
authorities and evacuate early. Plan for the needs of all family members, including pets, and
identify pet-friendly shelters or accommodations in advance.
Communication and Reunion Plans: Establish a communication plan with family members or
loved ones to stay connected during a flood. Designate a meeting point in case of separation
and have a method of communication that does not rely solely on cell phones, as service
disruptions may occur.
Post-Flood Cleanup: After a flood, take precautions when cleaning up your propert y. Wear
protective gear, such as gloves and boots, and be mindful of potential hazards, including
contaminated water or structural damage. Consult professional services for extensive cleanup
and restoration if needed.
Community Support: Engage with local flood response and recovery organizations to
understand resources available in your community. Participate in community preparedness
and mitigation efforts to build resilience collectively.

Cyclone
A cyclone, also known as a hurricane or typhoon, is a powerful tropical storm characterized
by a low-pressure center and strong rotating winds. Here's a paragraph on cyclone
preparedness:
Cyclone preparedness involves taking proactive measures to protect lives, property, and
infrastructure in areas prone to cyclonic activity. Stay informed about cyclone risks in your
region through local meteorological agencies and news updates. Develop an emergency plan
that includes evacuation routes, designated shelters, and communication methods for your
family or community. Create an emergency kit with essential supplies such as food, water,
medications, a first aid kit, flashlights, batteries, and a battery-powered radio. Secure your
home by reinforcing doors, windows, and roofs, and clearing the surrounding area of loose
objects that can become hazardous in strong winds. Trim trees and remove dead branches to
minimize the risk of damage. Stay tuned to weather forecasts, warnings, and evacuation
orders from local authorities. If advised to evacuate, do so promptly, following the designated
routes and taking necessary supplies and important documents. After the cyclone, exercise
caution when returning to your property, as there may be debris, downed power lines, or
other hazards. Document any damages for insurance claims and seek assistance from relevant
organizations or government agencies for recovery efforts. Regularly reviewing and updating
your cyclone preparedness plans will help you stay prepared and respond effectively during
cyclonic events.
Hurricane
A hurricane is a powerful tropical cyclone characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and
storm surge.
Hurricane preparedness involves taking proactive steps to protect lives, property, and ensure
the safety of individuals in areas prone to hurricane activity. Stay informed about hurricane
risks through reliable sources like the National Hurricane Center and local meteorological
agencies. Develop an emergency plan that includes evacuation routes, designated shelters,
and a communication strategy for your family or community. Create an emergency kit with
essential supplies such as non-perishable food, water, medications, a first aid kit, flashlights,
batteries, a battery-powered radio, and cash. Secure your home by reinforcing doors,
windows, and roofs, and consider installing storm shutters or boarding up windows with
plywood. Clear your surroundings of loose objects that can become projectiles in high winds.
Stay tuned to weather forecasts, watches, and warnings issued by local authorities. If
evacuation is advised, follow the instructions promptly, taking necessary supplies and
important documents with you. After the hurricane, exercise caution when returning to your
property, as there may be debris, downed power lines, or other hazards. Document any
damages for insurance claims and seek assistance from relevant organizations or government
agencies for recovery efforts. Regularly reviewing and updating your hurricane preparedness
plans will help you stay prepared and respond effectively during hurricane events.
hurricane preparedness:

● Stay Informed: Stay updated on the progress of the hurricane by monitoring local
news, radio, or weather apps. Pay attention to storm watches and warnings issued by
meteorological agencies. Follow instructions from local authorities and emergency
management officials.
● Evacuation Planning: Familiarize yourself with evacuation routes in your area and
know where the nearest shelters are located. Have a plan in place for evacuating your
home, including arrangements for transportation and accommodations if needed.
Keep in mind any special needs or considerations for family members, such as elderly
individuals, children, or pets.
● Secure Outdoor Items: Bring inside or secure any outdoor furniture, lawn decorations,
or equipment that could be easily picked up by strong winds. These items can become
projectiles during a hurricane, causing damage to your property or posing a threat to
others.
● Protect Important Documents: Store important documents such as identification
papers, insurance policies, medical records, and financial documents in a waterproof
and easily accessible container. Consider making digital copies and store them
securely online or in the cloud.
● Backup Power: Consider having a generator or alternative power source available in
case of extended power outages. Make sure you understand how to safely operate and
maintain the generator, following all manufacturer guidelines.
● Emergency Contacts: Keep a list of important contact numbers readily available,
including local emergency services, utility companies, insurance providers, and
relevant community resources. Include these numbers in your emergency kit and
share them with family members.
● Food and Water: Stock up on non-perishable food items and bottled water to last for
several days. Have a sufficient supply for each family member, including pets. Don't
forget to include a manual can opener and any necessary baby formula or food.
● First Aid and Medications: Ensure you have a well-stocked first aid kit that includes
essential supplies, such as bandages, antiseptic wipes, pain relievers, and any
necessary prescription medications. Check the expiration dates regularly and replace
items as needed.
● Battery Backup and Communication: Have extra batteries or alternative power
sources for your communication devices, such as cell phones and radios. Maintain a
charged external battery pack to keep your devices powered during power outages.
● Post-Hurricane Safety: After the hurricane passes, be cautious of hazards such as
flooded areas, debris, and downed power lines. Avoid wading or driving through
floodwaters, as they can be deeper or more dangerous than they appear. Listen to
authorities for instructions on when it is safe to return to your area.

Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of large ocean waves caused by seismic activity, such as an underwater
earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.
Tsunami preparedness involves taking proactive measures to minimize the risks and potential
devastation caused by these powerful waves. Stay informed about your region's tsunami risk
through local authorities and the National Tsunami Warning Center. Familiarize yourself
with evacuation routes and designated safe zones in your area. Create an emergency kit with
essential supplies, including water, non-perishable food, a first aid kit, flashlights, batteries, a
battery-powered radio, and personal hygiene items. Educate yourself on the signs of a
tsunami, such as rapid ocean water retreat, unusual animal behavior, or a noticeable
earthquake. If you are near the coast and experience a strong earthquake, move quickly to
higher ground or an elevated area. Do not wait for an official tsunami warning to be issued.
Stay tuned to emergency alerts, local news, or NOAA Weather Radio for updates and
instructions. After a tsunami, exercise caution when returning to coastal areas as there may be
debris, structural damage, or residual currents. Follow instructions from local authorities
regarding reentry and recovery efforts. Regularly review and update your tsunami
preparedness plans to ensure readiness and to minimize the potential impact of these
powerful natural disasters.

● Tsunami Education: Educate yourself, your family, and your community about
tsunamis. Understand how they are formed, the warning signs, and the appropriate
actions to take when a tsunami is imminent. Share this knowledge with others to
enhance overall community preparedness.
● Evacuation Routes and Safe Zones: Identify the evacuation routes in your area that
lead to higher ground or designated safe zones away from the coast. Familiarize
yourself with multiple routes in case one is blocked or inaccessible. Ensure that
everyone in your household knows the quickest and safest way to reach higher
ground.
● Community Warning Systems: Stay informed about the tsunami warning systems in
your community. This can include sirens, loudspeakers, or text alerts. Understand the
different warning levels and the appropriate actions to take for each level.
● Communication Plan: Establish a communication plan with your family members or
loved ones. Designate a meeting point in case of separation and ensure that everyone
knows how to contact each other during an emergency. Consider establishing an out-
of-area contact person as well, as local lines of communication may be affected.
● Land Use Planning: Be aware of local land use planning and building codes that may
exist to mitigate the impact of tsunamis. Familiarize yourself with any designated safe
zones or tsunami-resistant buildings in your community.
● Protective Measures: If you live in a coastal area at risk of tsunamis, consider
implementing protective measures for your property. This may include constructing
barriers or seawalls, elevating structures, or relocating valuable items to higher levels.
● Boat Safety: If you are in a coastal area with access to boats, develop a plan for
securing and moving vessels to safer locations well in advance of a tsunami. Consult
with local harbor authorities or marinas for guidance on boat safety during tsunamis.
● Education and Training: Consider taking first aid and emergency response training
courses to enhance your ability to respond effectively during a tsunami. Learn basic
search and rescue techniques, as well as how to administer first aid to those in need.
● Coastal Community Preparedness: Engage with your local community and authorities
in tsunami preparedness initiatives. Participate in drills, community exercises, or
public awareness campaigns to enhance overall readiness and resilience.