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1. Define Constructor. Explain its types with example

Ans:

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 Constructor in JAVA is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object.
 JAVA constructor is invoked at the time of object creation.
 It constructs the values i.e. provides data for the object that is why it is known as constructor.
 A constructor has same name as the class in which it resides.
 Constructor in JAVA cannot be abstract, static, final or synchronized.
 These modifiers are not allowed for constructor.
There are two types of constructors
1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)
2. Parameterized constructor

1. Default Constructor
 A constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.
Syntax of default constructor
<class_name> ( )
{
}
Example of default constructor.
class Bike1
{
Bike1( )
{
System.out.println("Bike is created");
}
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
Bike1 b=new Bike1();
}
}
This will produce the following result Bike is created
Note – If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a default constructor.

2. Parameterized Constructor
 A constructor that have parameters is known as parameterized constructor.
 Parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to the distinct objects.
Example of parameterized constructor.

class Student
{
int id;
String name;
Student(int i, String n)
{
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id = i;
name = n;
}
void display( )
{
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
Student s1 = new Student4(111,"Ram");
Student s2 = new Student4(222,"Shyam");
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}
This will produce the following result
111 Ram
222 Shyam

2. Explain access specifiers in Java with example

Ans:
The access modifiers in Java specifies the accessibility or scope of a field, method, constructor, or class.
We can change the access level of fields, constructors, methods, and class by applying the access
modifier on it. There are four types of Java access modifiers:
1. Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class. It cannot be accessed
from outside the class.
2. Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package. It cannot be
accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any access level, it will be the default.
3. Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and outside the
package through child class. If you do not make the child class, it cannot be accessed from
outside the package.
4. Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be accessed from within the
class, outside the class, within the package and outside the package.

3. Define array. Explain its types with examples.

Ans:
 An array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous memory location.
 Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type.
 We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.
 Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index, 2nd
element is stored on 1st index and so on.
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 Java provides the feature of anonymous arrays which is not available in C/C++.

Type of Array There are two types of array.

 One/ Single Dimensional Array
 Two/Multidimensional Array
1. One/ Single Dimensional Array :
The One dimensional array can be represented as

Example
class Testarray
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[ ]=new int[5]; //declaration and instantiation
a[0]=10;//initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=30;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//traversing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT
10
20
70
40
50
2. Two dimensional Array :
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In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also known as matrix form).
Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in Java
int[ ][ ] arr =new int[3][3]; //3 row and 3 column
Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in Java
arr[0][0]=1;
arr[0][1]=2;
arr[0][2]=3;
arr[1][0]=4;
arr[1][1]=5;
arr[1][2]=6;
arr[2][0]=7;
arr[2][1]=8;
arr[2][2]=9;
Example of Multidimensional Java Array
class Testarray2
{ public static void main(String args[])
{
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}}; //printing 2D array
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
System.out.print(arr[i][j] +" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Output
123
245
445

4. Explain types of inheritance which is supported by java with example

Ans:

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Program for implanting Single Inheritance

class Teacher
{
void Display()
{
System.out.println("This is teacher ");
}
}
class student extends Teacher
{
void show()
{
System.out.println("This is Student");
}
}
class TestInheritance
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s=new student();
s.show();
d.display();
}
}

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Output
This is student
This is teacher

5. Write a java program to implement multilevel inheritance with 4 levels of hierarchy.

Ans:
class emp
{
int empid;
String ename;
emp(int id, String nm)
{
empid=id;
ename=nm;
}
}
class work_profile extends emp
{
String dept;
String job;
work_profile(int id, String nm, String dpt, String j1)
{ super(id,nm);
dept=dpt; job=j1;
}
}
class salary_details extends work_profile
{
int basic_
salary; salary_details(int id, String nm, String dpt, String j1,int bs)
{
super(id,nm,dpt,j1);
basic_salary=bs;
}
double calc()
{
double gs;
gs=basic_salary+(basic_salary*0.4)+(basic_salary*0.1);
return(gs);
}
}
class salary_calc extends salary_details

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{
salary_calc(int id, String nm, String dpt, String j1,int bs)
{
super(id,nm,dpt,j1,bs);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
salary_calc e1=new salary_calc(101,"abc","Sales","clerk",5000);
double gross_salary=e1.calc();
System.out.println("Empid :"+e1.empid);
System.out.println("Emp name :"+e1.ename);
System.out.println("Department :"+e1.dept);
System.out.println("Job :"+e1.job);
System.out.println("BAsic Salary :"+e1.basic_salary);
System.out.println("Gross salary :"+gross_salary);
}
}

6. Explain garbage collection and State use of finalize( ) method with its syntax.
Ans:
Garbage collection
 In JAVA destruction of object from memory is done automatically by the JVM.
 When there is no reference to an object, then that object is assumed to be no longer needed
and the memory occupied by the object are released.
 This technique is called Garbage Collection.
 This is accomplished by the JVM.
 Unlike C++ there is no explicit need to destroy object.

finalize( ) method
 Sometime an object will need to perform some specific task before it is destroyed such as
closing an open connection or releasing any resources held.
 To handle such situation finalize() method is used.
 finalize()method is called by garbage collection thread before collecting object.
 Its the last chance for any object to perform cleanup utility.
Signature of finalize() method
protected void finalize()
{
//finalize-code
}
Some Important Points to Remember

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1. finalize() method is defined in JAVA.lang.Object class, therefore it is available to all the

classes.
2. finalize() method is declare as protected inside Object class.
3. finalize() method gets called only once by GC(Garbage Collector) threads.

6. Explain package & Give syntax to create a package and accessing package in java
Ans:
Packages:
Java provides a mechanism for partitioning the class namespace into more manageable parts called
package (i.e package are container for a classes). The package is both naming and visibility controlled
mechanism. We can define classes inside a package that are not accessible by code outside that
package. We can also define class members that are only exposed to members of the same package.
Creating Packages:- (Defining Packages)
Creation of packages includes following steps:
1) Declare a package at the beginning of the file using the following form.
package package_name
e.g.
package pkg; - name of package
package is the java keyword with the name of package. This must be the first statement in java source
file.
2) Define a class which is to be put in the package and declare it public like following way.
Package first_package;
Public class first_class
{
Body of class;
}
In above example, “first_package” is the package name. The class “first_class” is now considered as a
part of this package.
3) Create a sub-directory under the directory where the main source files are stored.
4) Store the listing of, as classname.java file is the sub-directory created. e.g. from the above package we
can write “first_class.java”
5) Compile the source file. This creates .class file is the sub-directory. The .class file must be located in
the package and this directory should be a sub-directory where classes that will import the package are
located.
Accessing a package:-
To access package In a Java source file, import statements occur immediately. Following the package
statement (if it exists) and before any class definitions.
Syntax:
import pkg1[.pkg2].(classname|*);

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Here, “pkg1” is the name of the top level package. “pkg2” is the name of package is inside the package1
and so on.
“classname”-is explicitly specified statement ends with semicolon.
 Second way to access the package
import packagename.*;

7. Explain the syntax of try-catch-finally blocks with examples.

Ans:
Syntax of try-catch-finally blocks
try {
………..
}
catch(…….) {
…………….
}
catch (…….) {
………..
}
finally {
………..
}
Example:
class finallyEx
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
int[] myNumbers = {1, 2, 3};
System.out.println(myNumbers[10]);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Something went wrong.");
}
finally {
System.out.println("The 'try catch' is finished.");
}
}
}
OUTPUT:
Something went wrong. The 'try catch' is finished.

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8. Define thread. Explain 2 ways to create thread.

Ans:
Definition: “A thread is a lightweight subprocess, the smallest unit of processing.”
 It is a separate path of execution.
 Threads are independent.
 If exception occurs in one thread, it doesn't affect other threads.
 It uses a shared memory area.
 We can increase the speed of application using thread.
Creating thread:
Thread can be implemented through any one of two ways:
1. Extending the Java.lang.Thread class
2. Implementing Java.lang.Runnable interface

Extending Thread class

1. Extending the java.lang.Thread class:
a. Extend Java.lang.Thread class
b. Override run() method in subclass from Thread class
c. Create instance of this subclass. This subclass may call a Thread class constructor by subclass
constructor.
d. Invoke start() method on instance of class to make thread eligible for running.
Example:
class Multi extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Multi t1=new Multi(); t1.start();
}
}
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Output:
thread is running...

Implementing Runnable interface

2. Implementing Java.lang.Runnable interface :
a. An object of this class is Runnable object.
b. Create an object of Thread class by passing a Runnable object as argument.
c. Invoke start() method on the instance of Thread class.
Example:
class Multi3 implements Runnable
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1); // Using the constructor
Thread(Runnable r)
t1.start();
}
}
Output:
thread is running...

9. Define error Enlist any four compile time and Runtime errors.
Ans:
The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that
the normal flow of the application can be maintained.
 Error may produce
 An incorrect output
 may terminate the execution of program abruptly
 may cause the system to crash
 It is important to detect and manage properly all the possible error conditions in program.
Types of Errors
1. Compile time Errors: Detected by javac at the compile time
2. Run time Errors: Detected by java at run time

1. Compile Time Errors(Syntactical errors) :

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 Errors which are detected by javac at the compilation time of program are known as compile
time errors.
 Most of compile time errors are due to typing mistakes, which are detected and displayed by
javac.
 Whenever compiler displays an error, it will not create the .class file.
 Typographical errors are hard to find.
 The most common problems:
 Missing semicolon
 Missing or mismatch of brackets in classes and methods
 Misspelling of identifiers and keywords
 Missing double quotes in strings
 Use of undeclared variables
 Incompatible types in assignments/ Initialization
 Bad references to objects
 Use of = in place of = = operator etc.
 Other errors are related to directory path like command not found

2. Run time Error(Logical Error)

 There is a time when a program may compile successfully and creates a
 .class file but may not run properly.
 It may produce wrong results due to wrong logic or may terminate due to
 errors like stack overflow, such logical errors are known as run time errors.
 Java typically generates an error message and aborts the program.
 It is detected by java (interpreter)
 Run time error causes termination of execution of the program.
 The most common run time errors are:
 Dividing an integer by zero.
 Accessing element that is out of the bounds of an array.
 Trying a store a value into an array of an incompatible class or type.
 Passing a parameter that is not in a valid range or value for a method.
 Attempting to use a negative size of an array
 Converting invalid string to a number.

10. Write a program to check whether the given number is prime or not.
Ans:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 29;
boolean flag = false;
for (int i = 2; i <= num / 2; ++i) {
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// condition for nonprime number

if (num % i == 0) {
flag = true;
break;
}
}

if (!flag)
System.out.println(num + " is a prime number.");
else
System.out.println(num + " is not a prime number.");
}
}

11. Explain logical & Relational operators in Java with example

Ans:
Logical Operators :
Assume Boolean variables A holds true and variable B holds false then the following table lists the logical
operators

The following program Demonstrates the use of logical operators.

public class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
boolean a = true;
boolean b = false;
System.out.println("a && b = " + (a&&b));
System.out.println("a || b = " + (a||b) );
System.out.println("!(a && b) = " + !(a && b));
}

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}
Output from above program will be :
a && b = false
a || b = true
!(a && b) = true

Relational Operators :
The relational operators determine the relationship that one operand has to the other.

Following program demonstrate the use of Relational Operator ==, !=, >,= and <=
class RelOptrDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 10, b = 15, c = 15;
System.out.println("Relational Operators and returned values");
System.out.println(" a > b = " + (a > b));
System.out.println(" a < b = " + (a < b));
System.out.println(" b >= a = " + (b >= a));
System.out.println(" b <= a = " + (b <= a));
System.out.println(" b == c = " + (b == c));
System.out.println(" b != c = " + (b != c));
}
}
Output from above program will be:
a > b = false
a < b = true
b >= a = true
b <= a = false
b == c = true
b != c = false

12.Write a program to find the reverse of a number.

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Ans:
class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num = 1234, reversed = 0;

System.out.println("Original Number: " + num);

// run loop until num becomes 0

while(num != 0) {

// get last digit from num

int digit = num % 10;
reversed = reversed * 10 + digit;

// remove the last digit from num

num /= 10;
}

System.out.println("Reversed Number: " + reversed);

}
}

13.Describe instance Of, dot (.) in Java with suitable example

Ans:
Instanceof :
In Java, instanceof is a keyword used for checking if a reference variable contains a given type of object
reference or not. Following is a Java program to show different behaviors of instanceof. Henceforth it is
known as a comparison operator where the instance is getting compared to type returning boolean true
or false as in Java we do not have 0 and 1 boolean return types.
import java.io.*;

// Main class
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating object of class inside main()
GFG object = new GFG();
// Returning instanceof
System.out.println(object instanceof GFG);

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}
}
OUTPUT
True

Dot operator :
It is just a syntactic element. It denotes the separation of class from a package, separation of method
from the class, and separation of a variable from a reference variable. It is also known as separator or
period or member operator.
o It is used to separate a variable and method from a reference variable.
o It is also used to access classes and sub-packages from a package.
o It is also used to access the member of a package or a class.
public class DotOperatorExample1
{
void display()
{
double d = 67.54;
//casting double type to integer
int i = (int)d;
System.out.println(i);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
DotOperatorExample1 doe = new DotOperatorExample1();
//method calling
doe.display();
}
}
Output
67

14.Differentiate between String and StringBuffer.

Ans:

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15.Differentiate between array and vector.

Ans:

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16.List any four methods of String & StringBuffer class and state the use of each.
Ans:
String :

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StringBuffer:

17.Explain four methods of vector class with examples?

Ans:

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18.Differentiate between class and interfaces

Ans:

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19.Describe interface in Java with suitable example.

Ans:
Interface is also known as kind of a class. Interface also contains methods and variables but with major
difference, the interface consist of only abstract method (i.e. methods are not defined, these are
declared only) and final fields (shared constants). This means that interface do not specify any code to
implement those methods and data fields contains only constants. Therefore, it is the responsibility of
the class that implements an interface to define the code for implementation of these methods. An
interface is defined much like class.
Syntax:
access interface InterfaceName
{
return_type method_name1(parameter list);
….

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return_type method_nameN(parameter list);

type final-variable 1 = value1;
….
type final-variable N = value n;
}
Example :
interface Area // interface defined
{
final static float pi=3.14F;
float Cal(float x, float y);
}
class Rectangle implements Area
{
public float Cal(float x, float y)
{
return(x * y);
}
}
class Circle implements Area
{
public float Cal(float x, float y)
{
return(pi *x * x);
}
}
class InterfaceDemo
{
Public static void main(String args[ ])
{
Rectangle r = new Rectangle( );
Circle c = new Circle( );
Area a ; // interface object
a = r;
System.out.println(“Area of Rectangle=” +a.Cal(10,20));
a = c;
System.out.println(“Area of Circle=” +a.Cal(10, 0));
}}
Output :-
C:\java\jdk1.7.0\bin> javac InterfaceDemo.java
C:\java\jdk1.7.0\bin> java InterfaceDemo
Area of Rectangle=200
Area of Circle=314

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20. Explain the life cycle of thread.

Ans:
During the life time of a thread ,there are many states it can enter, They are:
1. Newborn state
2. Runnable state
3. Running state
4. Blocked state
5. Dead state
A thread is always in one of these five states. It can move from one state to another via a variety of
ways.

1) New born state :

• Whenever a new thread is created, it is always in the new state.
• At this time we can scheduled it for running, using start() method or kill it using stop ()
method.
• If we attempt to use any other method at this stage, an exception will be thrown.
2) Runnable state :
• The thread is ready for execution and is waiting for the availability of the processor.
• The threads has joined waiting queue for execution.
• If all threads have equal priority, then they are given time slots for execution in round robin
fashion. i.e. first-come, first serve manner.
• This process of assigning time to thread is known as time-slicing.

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• If we want a thread to relinquish(leave) control to another thread of equal priority before its
turn comes, then yield( ) method is used.
3) Running state :
 The processor has given its time to the thread for its execution.
 The thread runs until it relinquishes control on its own or it is preempted by a higher priority
thread.
 A running thread may change its state to another state in one of the following situations.
1) When It has been suspended using suspend( ) method.
2) It has been made to sleep( ).
3) When it has been told to wait until some events occurs.
4) Blocked state/ Waiting :
• A thread is waiting for another thread to perform a task. The thread is still alive.
• A blocked thread is considered “not runnable” but not dead and so fully qualified to run again.
5) Dead state/ Terminated :
• Every thread has a life cycle. A running thread ends its life when it has completed executing its
run ( ) method.
• It is natural death. However we can kill it by sending the stop message.
• A thread can be killed as soon it is born or while it is running or even when it is in “blocked”
condition.

21.Explain the command line arguments with suitable example.

Ans:
 The command line argument is the argument passed to a program at the time when it is run.
 To access the command-line argument inside a JAVA program is quite easy, they are stored as
string in String array passed to the args parameter of main() method.
Example
class demo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n1=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int n1=Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
int add=n1+n2;
System.out.println(add);
}
}
C:\>javac demo.java
C:\>java demo
10 20
30

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22.Write a program to check whether the string provided by the user is palindrome or not.
Ans:
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Radar", reverseStr = "";
int strLength = str.length();
for (int i = (strLength - 1); i >=0; --i) {
reverseStr = reverseStr + str.charAt(i);
}
if (str.toLowerCase().equals(reverseStr.toLowerCase())) {
System.out.println(str + " is a Palindrome String.");
}
else {
System.out.println(str + " is not a Palindrome String.");
}
}
}

23.Differentiate between applet and application

Ans:

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24.Applet life Cycle

Ans:

Applets are small applications that are accessed on an Internet server, transported over the Internet,
automatically installed, and run as part of a web document. The applet states include:
Born or initialization state Running state Idle state Dead or destroyed state

a) Born or initialization state:

Applet enters the initialization state when it is first loaded. This is done by calling the init() method of
Applet class. At this stage the following can be done: Create objects needed by the applet Set up initial
values Load images or fonts Set up colors Initialization happens only once in the life time of an applet.
public void init()
{
//implementation
}

b) Running state:
Applet enters the running state when the system calls the start() method of Applet class. This occurs
automatically after the applet is initialized. start() can also be called if the applet is already in idle state.
start() may be called more than once. start() method may be overridden to create a thread to control
the applet.
public void start()
{
//implementation
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c) Idle or stopped state:

An applet becomes idle when it is stopped from running. Stopping occurs automatically when the user
leaves the page containing the currently running applet. stop() method may be overridden to terminate
the thread used to run the applet.
public void stop()
{
//implementation
}

d) Dead state:
An applet is dead when it is removed from memory. This occurs automatically by invoking the destroy
method when we quit the browser. Destroying stage occurs only once in the lifetime of an applet.
destroy() method may be overridden to clean up resources like threads.
Public void destroy()
{
//implementation
}

e) Display state:
Applet is in the display state when it has to perform some output operations on the screen. This
happens after the applet enters the running state. paint() method is called for this. If anything is to be
displayed the paint() method is to be overridden.
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
//implementation
}

25. Explain the Param tag of applet. Write an applet to accept user name in the form of
parameter and print Hello + username
Ans:
To pass parameters to an applet tag is used. Each tag has a name attribute and a value attribute. Inside the
applet code, the applet can refer to that parameter by name to find its value.
The syntax of tag is as follows
<PARAM NAME = name1 VALUE = value1>
Program for an applet to accept user name in the form of parameter and print „Hello‟
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class hellouser extends Applet
{
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String str;
public void init()
{
str = getParameter("username");
str = "Hello "+ str;
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString(str,10,100);
}
}

<HTML>
<Applet code = hellouser.class|| width = 400 height = 400>
<PARAM NAME = “username” VALUE = abc>
</Applet>
</HTML>

26.Write a simple applet program which displays three concentric circles.

Ans:
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class CircleDemo extends Applet
{
public void paint (Graphics g)
{
g.drawOval(100,100,190,190);
g.drawOval(115,115,160,160);
g.drawOval(130,130,130,130);
}
}

<html><applet code=||CircleDemo.class|| height=300 width=200>

</applet>
</html>

27.Explain drawArc( ) , fillOval ( ) , drawOval( ) , drawPolygon( ) , drawRect()

Ans:
drawArc( )
It is used to draw arc

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Syntax:
void drawArc(int x, int y, int w, int h, int start_angle, int sweep_angle);
fillOval ( )
Draws an oval within a bounding rectangle whose upper left corner is specified by top, left. Width and
height of the oval are specified by width and height.
Syntax-
void fillOval(int top, int left, int width, int height)
. drawOval( )
To draw an Ellipses or circles used drawOval() method can be used.
Syntax:
void drawOval( int top, int left, int width, int height)
drawRect( )
The drawRect() method display an outlined rectangle
Syntax:
void drawRect(int top, int left, int width, int height)

28.Explain Font Class & Write method to set font of a text and describe its parameters.
Ans:
Font class A font determines look of the text when it is painted. Font is used while painting text on a
graphics context & is a property of AWT component.
The Font class defines these variables:

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29.What are streams ? Write any five methods of character stream classes
Ans:
Definition: The java. IO package contain a large number of stream classes that provide capabilities for
processing all types of data. These classes may be categorized into two groups based on the data type
on which they operate.

Methods of Reader Class

1) void mark(int numChars) : Places a mark at the current point in the input stream that will
remain valid until numChars characters are read.
2) boolean markSupported( ) : Returns true if mark( ) / reset( ) are supported on this stream.
3) int read( ) : Returns an integer representation of the next available character from the
invoking input stream. –1 is returned when the end of the file is encountered.
4) int read(char buffer[ ]) : Attempts to read up to buffer. Length characters into buffer and
returns the actual number of characters that were successfully read. –1 is returned when the
end of the file is encountered.
5) abstract int read(char buffer[ ],int offset,int numChars): Attempts to read up to numChars
characters into buffer starting at buffer[offset], returning the number of characters successfully
read.–1 is returned when the end of the file is encountered.

Methods of Writer class are listed below: -

1) abstract void close( ) : Closes the output stream. Further write attempts will generate an
IOException.
2) abstract void flush( ) : Finalizes the output state so that any buffers are cleared. That is, it
flushes the output buffers.
3) void write(intch): Writes a single character to the invoking output stream. Note that the
parameter is an int, which allows you to call write with expressions without having to cast them
back to char.
4) void write(char buffer[ ]): Writes a complete array of characters to the invoking output
stream
5) abstract void write(char buffer[ ],int offset, int numChars) :- Writes a subrange of numChars
characters from the array buffer, beginning at buffer[offset] to the invoking output stream.

30.Write any four methods FileReader class

Ans:
1. public int read()throws IOException – Reads a single character.
2. public int read(char[ ] cbuf, int offset, int length) throws IOException – Reads characters into a portion
of an array.
3. public void close()throws IOException – Closes the stream and releases any system resources
associated with it. Once the stream has been closed, further read(), ready(), mark(), reset(), or skip()
invocations will throw an IOException. Closing a previously closed stream has no effect
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4. public boolean ready()throws IOException – Tells whether this stream is ready to be read. An
InputStreamReader is ready if its input buffer is not empty, or if bytes are available to be read from the
underlying byte stream
5. public void mark(int readAheadLimit) throws IOException – Marks the present position in the stream.
Subsequent calls to reset() will attempt to reposition the stream to this point. Not all character-input
streams support the mark() operation.

31.Write any four methods of File and FileInputStream class each.

Ans:
File Class Methods:
1. String getName( ) – returns the name of the file.
2. String getParent( ) – returns the name of the parent directory.
3. boolean exists( ) – returns true if the file exists, false if it does not.
4. void deleteOnExit( ) – Removes the file associated with the invoking object when the Java
Virtual Machine terminates.
5. boolean isHidden( )- Returns true if the invoking file is hidden. Returns false otherwise.

FileInputStream Class Methods:

1. int available( )- Returns the number of bytes of input currently available for reading.
2. void close( )- Closes the input source. Further read attempts will generate an IOException.
3. void mark(int numBytes) – Places a mark at the current point in the inputstream that will
remain valid until numBytes bytes are read.
4. boolean markSupported( ) – Returns true if mark( )/reset( ) are supported by the invoking
stream.
5. int read( )- Returns an integer representation of the next available byte of input. –1 is
returned when the end of the file is encountered.
6. int read(byte buffer[ ])- Attempts to read up to buffer.length bytes into buffer and returns the
actual number of bytes that were successfully read. –1 is returned when the end of the file is
encountered.

32.Write a program to copy contents of one file to another file using character stream class.
Ans:
import java.io.*;
class CopyData
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
//Declare input and output file stream
FileInputStream fis= null; //input stream
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FileOutputStream fos=null; //output Stream

//Declare a variable to hold a byte
byte byteRead;
try
{
// connect fis to in.dat
f is=new FileInputSream(―in.dat‖);
// connect fos to out.dat
fos= new FileOutputStream(―out.dat‖);
//reading bytes from in.dat and write to out.dat
do {
byteRead =(byte)fis.read( );
fos.write(byteRead);
}
while(byteRead != -1);
}
Catch(FileNotFoundException e)
{
System.out.println(―file not found‖);
}
Catch(IOException e)
{
System.out.pritln(e.getMessage( ));
}
finally // close file
{
try
{
fis.close( );
fos.close( );
}
Catch(IOException e)
{}
}
}
}

33.What is the use of ArrayList Class ? State any three methods with their use from ArrayList
Ans:
1. ArrayListsupports dynamic arrays that can grow as needed.

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2. ArrayListis a variable-length array of object references. That is, an ArrayListcan dynamically increase
or decrease in size. Array lists are created with an initial size. When this size is exceeded, the collection is
automatically enlarged. When objects are removed, the array may be shrunk.

Methods of ArrayList class :

1. void add(int index, Object element)
Inserts the specified element at the specified position index in this list. Throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is is out of range (index < 0 || index >size()).
2. boolean add(Object o)
Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
3. booleanaddAll(Collection c)
Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that
they are returned by the specified collection's iterator. Throws NullPointerException if the
specified collection is null.
4. booleanaddAll(int index, Collection c)
Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified
position. Throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null.
5. void clear()
Removes all of the elements from this list.
6. Object clone()
Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList.

34.Write any four mathematical & date functions used in Java

Ans:
1) min() :
Syntax: static int min(int a, int b)
Use: This method returns the smaller of two int values.
2) max() :
Syntax: static int max(int a, int b)
Use: This method returns the greater of two int values.
3) sqrt()
Syntax: static double sqrt(double a)
Use : This method returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a double Values
4) pow(double a, double b)
Use : This method returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.
5) exp()
Syntax: static double exp(double a)
Use : This method returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a double value.
6) round() :
Syntax: static int round(float a)

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Use : This method returns the closest int to the argument.

7) abs()
Syntax: static int abs(int a)
Use : This method returns the absolute value of an int value.
Date class :
i) getTime ( )
ii) getDate ( )
The Date class encapsulates the current date and time.
i. getTime():
Syntax: long getTime( )
Returns the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970.
ii. getDate()
Syntax: public int getDate()
Returns the day of the month. This method assigns days with the values of 1 to 31.
1. setTime():
void setTime(long time)
the parameter time - the number of milliseconds. Sets this Date object to represent a point in time that
is time milliseconds after January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT
2.getDay()
int getDay():
Returns the day of the week represented by this date. The returned value (0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday, 2 =
Tuesday, 3 = Wednesday, 4 = Thursday, 5 = Friday, 6 = Saturday) represents the day of the week that
contains or begins with the instant in time represented by this Date object, as interpreted in the local
time zone.

35. What is use of setclass ? Write a program using setclass.

Ans:
The Set interface defines a set. It extends Collection and declares the behavior of a collection that does
not allow duplicate elements. Therefore, the add( ) method returns false if an attempt is made to add
duplicate elements to a set. The Set interface contains only methods inherited from Collection and adds
the restriction that duplicate elements are prohibited. Set also adds a stronger contract on the behavior
of the equals and hashCode operations, allowing Set instances to be compared meaningfully even if
their implementation types differ.
import java.util.*;
public class SetDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int count[] = {34, 22,10,60,30,22};
Set set = new HashSet();

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Try
{
for(int i = 0;i<5;i++){
set.add(count[i]);
System.out.println(set);
TreeSet sortedSet = new TreeSet(set);
System.out.println("The sorted list is:");
System.out.println(sortedSet);
System.out.println("The First element of the set is: "+ (Integer)sortedSet.first());
System.out.println("The last element of the set is: "+ (Integer)sortedSet.last());
}
catch(Exception e)
{}
}
}
Executing the program.
[34, 22, 10, 30, 60]
The sorted list is:
[10, 22, 30, 34, 60]
The First element of the set is: 10
The last element of the set is: 60

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