IDENTIFYING

THE INQUIRY
AND STATING
THE PROBLEM
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1| MODULE 04
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. design a research project related to daily life;

2. write a research title;
3. describe the justifications/reasons for conducting the
research;
4. state research questions
5. indicate scope and delimitation of research
6. cite benefits and beneficiaries of research; and
7. present written statement of the problem.
CHAPTER 01:

THE PROBLEM
AND ITS
BACKGROUND
THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
• is the introduction chapter of research
• sets the stage for the entire study (Cresswell,
2014, 107)
• sets up the backdrop for the research topic
• locates the study within existing literature on
the topic or field of study
• presents its purpose and significance
THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
KEY SECTIONS:
1. Introduction
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Hypothesis
4. Conceptual Framework
5. Theoretical Framework
6. Scope and Delimitation
7. Significance of the Study
8. Definition of Terms
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
01
Approaches according to Creswell (2014, 111-112)
• the research topic

• studies that have tackled the problem

– other researches done on the topic
– what other authors say about it
– what was discovered about it
• deficiencies in the studies
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
01 It discusses these four (4) relevant ideas:
1. TOPIC or subject matter: define and elaborate
using methods of paragraph development like
classification and giving examples

2. IMPORTANCE of the Topic: cite the role that

the topic plays in your life and the benefits you
derive from it.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
01 It discusses these four (4) relevant ideas:

3. REASONS for choosing the topic: emphasized

what motivated you to choose the topic.

4. PURPOSE of the study: discusses the

objective of the study.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

02
• There should be a general statement of the whole
problem followed by the specific questions or sub
problems into which the general problem is broken
up.

• This attempts to focus on a stated goal, gives

direction to the research process.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

02
• It must be limited enough in scope to
make a definite conclusion possible.

• Three to five specific questions should

be posed for a research study.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

HYPOTHESIS
03
• is a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily
adopted to explain the observed facts covered by
the study.

• is a tentative explanation for certain behaviors,

phenomena, or events which have occurred or will
occur
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

HYPOTHESIS
03
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD HYPOTHESIS

1. It should be reasonable. It should also state in

definite terms, the relationship between variables.

2. It should be testable.

3. It should follow the findings of previous studies.

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

HYPOTHESIS
03
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS

1. It introduces the researcher’s thinking at the start

of the study
2. It structures the next stages or procedures of the
study
3. It helps the researchers to provide the format for
the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of
the data.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

HYPOTHESIS
03
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

1. Null Hypothesis – stated in a negative, declarative

sentence form which states a denial of an existence
of an attribute, a relationship, a difference or effect.

2. Alternative Hypothesis – stated in a positive

declarative form which states an affirmation of the
existence of an observed phenomenon.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

HYPOTHESIS
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
04
• becomes the central theme, the focus, the main
thrust of the study.
• serves as a guide in conducting investigation.

PARADIGM
• is a diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework.

• depicts in a more vivid way what the conceptual framework

wants to convey.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
04
PARADIGM
• illustrates concepts and process of the research

• presents all variables under investigation

• Some disciplines require the presentation of a

paradigm in order to explain how the
theory/theories are going to be operationalized in
the study.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
04 PARADIGM
• can take in the form of Independent-Dependent
variable format

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Color of the Room Mood of the Students
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
04 PARADIGM
• can take in the form of System Approach format

GRADE 11 STEM
STUDENTS OF THE
MABINI ACADEMY

Course Experience: Correlation analysis

Proposed course of
Facilities between course
action for Grade 11
Curriculum experiences and
STEM Program
Stakeholders internship skills
Enhancement
performance
Internship Skills:
Conceptual
Technical
Interpersonal
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
05
• is the foundation of the research
study
• refers to highly related theories
and principles that were established
and proven by authorities
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
05 CONTENTS OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Provides a theoretical basis for the research

2. The theories presented will explain the relationship of

variables being studied

3. It shapes the justification of the research problem in

order to provide parameters of the research
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
05 CONTENTS OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
4. A symbolic construction which uses abstract
concepts, facts or laws, variables and their
relations that explains and predicts how an
observed phenomenon exists and operates
5. Present existing theories which link the study since it is a
useful device to interpret, criticize, unify and establish new
facts or laws that guide in discovering new generalizations.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

06
The scope and delimitations should include the
following:
✓ A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.

✓ The subject matter and topics studied and discussed.

✓ The locale of the study, where the data were gathered or

the entity to which the data belong.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

06
The scope and delimitations should include the
following:
✓ The population from which the respondents were
selected. This must be large enough to make
generalizations significant.

✓ The period of the study. This is the time, either months or

years, during which the data were gathered.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

07 • The rationale, timeliness and/or relevance of the
study.

– The rationale, timeliness and/or relevance of the study

to existing conditions must be explained or discussed.

• Possible solutions to existing problems or improvement

to unsatisfactory conditions
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

07 • Who are to benefit and how are going to benefit
from the study.

– It must be shown who are the individuals, groups, or

communities who may be placed in a more
advantageous position on account of the study.

• Possible contribution to the fund of knowledge.

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

07
It answers the following questions:
1. Who may possibly profit from your research?
2. What crucial information can you bring?
3. What knowledge might they be interested in that they
could get from your research?
4. What possible impact can your research have on the
existing body of knowledge about the topic?
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

07
It answers the following questions:

5. What practical implications does your research

have?
6. Will your research bring forth recommendations to
policy and decision-making?
7. Will your research have impact on practice?
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

DEFINITION OF TERMS
08
• includes only terms, words, or phrases which
have special or unique meanings in the study are
defined.
• should be brief, clear, and unequivocal as possible.
• may be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazines and
newspaper articles, dictionaries, and other publications,
but the researcher must acknowledge his sources.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

DEFINITION OF TERMS
08
• It is suggested that the words be defined
conceptually and operationally.

Conceptual Definition:

• definition which is based on concepts or hypothetic

ones given by books or any reference.
• more formal and mostly abstract
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

DEFINITION OF TERMS
08
• It is suggested that the words be defined
conceptually and operationally.

Operational Definition:

• define the term based on its observable characteristics

and the way it is used in the study by the researcher.
• define terms or translate into more tangible ones.
KEY SECTIONS OF
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

DEFINITION OF TERMS
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

GENERAL FORMAT:

Font: style: Arial

size: 11
Spacing: double (2.00)
Margin: left: 1.50”
right, top and bottom: 1.00”
Page: size: letter (8.5” X 11”)
orientation: portrait
Pagination: bottom, center text alignment
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

1. TITLE PAGE

Write the title with center text alignment and

proper spacing. Names of the members shall
be listed in alphabetical order with the male to
female arrangement.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

1. TITLE PAGE
TITLE OF RESEARCH

By:

Last name, First name, Middle initial

Last name, First name, Middle initial
Last name, First name, Middle initial
Last name, First name, Middle initial
Last name, First name, Middle initial
Last name, First name, Middle initial
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
a. Heading

Write the heading, Chapter I (sentence case,

bold, center text alignment, roman numeral). A
line after, write THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND (upper case, bold, center text
alignment).
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
a. Heading

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
b. Subheading
Write the subheading of the key section
(Proper capitalization [not including
conjunctions and prepositions], bold, left text
alignment). Text alignment of the contents of
each section should be justify. Provide a space
after each section of the chapter.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
b. Subheading
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
c. Bibliography

Include a working bibliography separate from

the contents of Chapter I. Write the heading
BIBLIOGRAPHY (upper case, bold, center text
alignment) and the contents (justify text
alignment, single spacing) in APA format.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
c. Bibliography
Categorize the reference entries into four
namely: (1) Books; (2) Articles in Periodicals;
(3) Online Sources; and (4) Research Studies.
Spacing for bibliography is single (1.0).
Entries in each category should be in
alphabetical order.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
c. Bibliography
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CONTENT:

2. INSIDE PAGES
c. Bibliography
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

NOTE:

• Save your file in document format (.docx).

• Follow this filename format:
Grade-Section_Group No._Research Title
• Submit your file via email with the subject:
Practical Research 1 – Chapter 1 Draft
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CHAPTER ONE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

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