Report of Capstone Project Planning

By

AMIT GIRAM – 2100660223

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

Diploma in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Of

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Mumbai

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning,

Marathwada Institute of Technology (Polytechnic),
Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.
2023- 2024
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Capstone Project Planning Report

Submitted by

AMIT GIRAM – 2100660223

Is completed as per the requirement of the Maharashtra State Board of

Technical Education, Mumbai in partial fulfillment of
Diploma in
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

For the academic Year 2023 – 2024

Prof. A. N. TAUR Prof. R. D. Deshpande

Mentor Head of the Department

Prof.S.G.Deshmukh
Principal
ABSTRACT
With the rapid growth and internet and networks techniques, multimedia
data transforming and sharing is common to many people. Multimedia data
is easily copied and modified, so necessarily for copyright protection is
increasing. It is the imperceptible marking of multimedia data to “brand”
ownership. Digital watermarking has been proposed as technique for
copyright protection of multimedia data.

Digital watermarking invisibly embeds copyright information into

multimedia data. Thus, digital watermarking has been used for copyright
protection, finger protection, fingerprinting, copy protection, and broadcast
monitoring. Common types of signals to watermark are images, music clips
and digital video. The application of digital watermarking to still images is
concentrated here. The major technical challenge is to design a highly
robust digital watermarking technique, which discourages copyright
infringement by making the process of watermarking removal tedious and
costly.

Key Words:
 Multimedia data
 Copyright protection
 Digital watermarking
 Invisibility
 Copyright information
 Finger protection
 Fingerprinting
 Copy protection
 Broadcast monitoring
 Images
 Music clips
 Digital video
 Still images
 Robust digital watermarking
 Copyright infringement
 Watermarking removal
INDEX
CHAPTER PAGE
NO.
WATERMARKING ON DATABASE NO.
Abstract 4
Index 3
List of Figures 5
List of Tables 5
Acknowledgment 6

1 Introduction 7--14
2 Software and Hardware Required 14
3 Proposed Approach
3.1 Architecture 15
3.2 System Design 16
3.3 Procedure along With algorithm followed 17-20
3.4 Individual Contribution 21
4 Literature Review 22-23
5 Testing 23
6 Result and Discussion 24
7 Conclusion and future scope 26-27
REFERENCES 28
List of Figure
SR NAMES PAGE
NO NO.
Fig 1.1 Water Marking On database 7

Fig 1.2 How Watermarking Works 10

Fig 1.3 Purpose of Water mark 12

Fig 3.1 Architecture Diagram 15

Fig 3.2 System Design Figure 16

Fig 3.3 Insertion Sort Algorithm 20

List Of Tables
SR NAME PAGE
NO.
NO.
Table 1 Software and Hardware Requirements 14

Table 2 Individual Contribution 23

Table 3 Testing 25
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude towards the Department of

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Marathwada Institute of Technology

(Polytechnic), Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar that gave me an opportunity for presentation

and submission of my Capstone Project Planning Report.

I am grateful to Prof. A. N. Taur, Lecturer, Artificial Intelligence and Machine

Learning Department for his constant encouragement and patience throughout this

presentation and submission of the Capstone Project Planning report.

I express my gratitude to Prof. R. D. Deshpande, Head of Artificial Intelligence and

Machine Learning Department and Prof. A.N. Taur Coordinator for their constant

encouragement, co-operation and support.

I must express my sincere thanks to Prof. S.G. Deshmukh, Principal, (Marathwada

Institute of Technology (Polytechnic), Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar and my professors and

colleagues who helped me directly or indirectly in completion of my report.

Amit Giram
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
MIT Polytechnic, Chh. Sambhajinagar
1. Introduction 1.

1.1 WHAT IS WATERMARKING ON DATBASE?

Watermarking in a database refers to the practice of adding a hidden, embedded, or
otherwise inconspicuous mark or tag to data to track its usage, detect unauthorized access, or
enforce data security policies. Watermarking can be used in various contexts, including database
security and copyright protection.

Figure 1.1

1.2 WHAT IS AN WATERMARK?

A watermark is a recognizable, often translucent design, pattern, or text that is intentionally
added to a digital image, document, or other form of media. Watermarks serve several
purposes, including indicating ownership, protecting intellectual property, and preventing
unauthorized use or distribution of the content. They can be either visible or invisible,
depending on their intended function and visibility.
1.3 HOW A WATERMARKING DATBASE IS FORMED? 2.

Creating a watermarking database involves embedding watermarks into the data stored in the
database for various purposes, such as copyright protection, data tracking, or security. Here's
an overview of how a watermarking database is formed:
1. Select Data for Watermarking:
Determine which data in the database needs watermarking. This may include specific records,
columns, or files, depending on your objectives.
2.Choose a Watermarking Technique:
1. Select the appropriate watermarking technique based on your goals. Common techniques
include:
 Visible Watermarking: Overlaying visible marks like text, logos, or symbols on the data
to indicate ownership or copyright.
 Invisible Watermarking: Embedding information within the data in a way that is not
immediately apparent, often for tracking and identification.
3.Embed the Watermark:
 Apply the chosen watermarking technique to the selected data. The method for
embedding the watermark will depend on the specific technique used.
 For visible watermarks, you would overlay the mark on the data.
 For invisible watermarks, you might alter specific bits or embed information in a way
that doesn't affect the visual appearance.

1.4 WHY WATERMARKING ON DATABASE PROCESSING

REQUIRED?
Watermarking in the context of database processing refers to the practice of embedding
some form of metadata or identification information into the data stored in a database.
This watermark can serve several important purposes.
 Data Provenance: Watermarking helps establish the origin and ownership of the
data. It can be crucial for tracking data sources, ensuring data integrity, and
preventing unauthorized data distribution. This is especially important in
applications where multiple parties may have access to the database.
 Data Security: Watermarking can deter data breaches and unauthorized access. If
a watermark contains information about the owner or source of the data, it can
act as a deterrent to potential data thieves.
 Data Tamper Detection: Watermarks can be used to detect unauthorized changes
or tampering with the data. By checking the watermark against a reference value,
you can quickly determine if the data has been altered.
1.5 HOW WATERMARKING ON DATABASE WORKS? 3.
Watermarking a database involves adding a form of metadata or identification information to the
data stored within the database. This can serve various purposes related to data security,
provenance, and integrity. Here's how watermarking a database works:
 Data Identification: Each piece of data or record in the database is marked with a
unique identifier, often in the form of a digital watermark. This identifier can include
information about the data's source, owner, or other relevant attributes.
 Data Provenance: Watermarking helps establish the origin and ownership of the data.
This is crucial for tracking data sources and ensuring data integrity, especially in multi-
user or multi-organization database environments.
 Data Security: Watermarking can deter unauthorized access or data breaches. If a
watermark contains information about the data's owner or source, it can act as a deterrent
to potential data thieves.
 Data Tamper Detection: Watermarks can be used to detect unauthorized changes or
tampering with the data. By checking the watermark against a reference value, you can
quickly determine if the data has been altered.
 Copyright and Intellectual Property Protection: Watermarking can be used to protect
intellectual property by indicating ownership or copyright information on the data, which
is important in scenarios where digital assets are being shared or distributed.
 Compliance and Auditing: Some industries require rigorous data protection and
tracking, and watermarking can be used as part of the auditing process to ensure
compliance with data protection laws.
 Trust and Accountability: Watermarking builds trust in data integrity. Users can have
confidence that the data hasn't been tampered with or altered. This is especially
important in fields like finance, healthcare, and legal, where data accuracy is critical.
 Forensics and Investigations: Watermarking can aid in forensic investigations by
providing a trace of the data's history, such as when and by whom it was accessed,
modified, or distributed.
 Data Attribution: Watermarks can be used to give credit to the original creator or
contributor of data. This is relevant in collaborative settings, research, and content
sharing.
4.
Figure 1.2
Here's an overview of the key components and processes in this architecture:
 Database System: The central component is the database system, where data is stored
and managed.
 Database Storage: This represents the underlying storage infrastructure within the
database.
 Watermark Embedding Component: This component is responsible for embedding
watermarks into the data before it is stored in the database. It uses a watermarking
algorithm to add watermarks to the data.
 Data Access & Control: This component is responsible for controlling and managing
user access to the database.
 Watermark Extraction Component: When data is retrieved from the database, this
component is responsible for extracting and verifying the watermarks. It uses a
corresponding watermark verification algorithm to check data integrity.

5.
 Data Encryption Component: In some cases, data may be encrypted before being
stored in the database for additional security. This component manages data encryption
and decryption.
 User Access Control: This component ensures that only authorized users have access to
the data, and it can enforce access policies.
The process typically involves the embedding component adding watermarks to data before it's
stored in the database. When data is retrieved, the extraction component checks for watermarks,
verifying data integrity and authenticity.

Data encryption and user access control may be integrated to enhance security and control over
data access. This architecture provides a high-level overview of how watermarking can be
integrated into a database system to enhance data security, integrity, and traceability. The
specific implementation details will vary based on the chosen watermarking technique, database
technology, and security requirements.

1.6 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF WATERMARK?

Watermarks serve various purposes, depending on the context in which they are used. Here are
some common purposes of watermarks:
 Copyright Protection: Watermarks are often used to protect the intellectual property
rights of content creators, such as photographers, artists, and filmmakers. By adding a
visible watermark to their work, they can deter unauthorized use or distribution of their
content. If someone uses the content without permission, the watermark makes it clear
who the rightful owner is.
 Branding: Businesses and organizations often use watermarks to brand their documents,
images, and videos. This can include adding a company logo, name, or slogan to
materials to reinforce their brand identity and increase brand recognition.
 Document Authentication: Watermarks can be used on official documents, such as
certificates, diplomas, or legal papers, to verify their authenticity. Watermarks may
include security features that are difficult to replicate, helping to prevent counterfeiting.
 Image Protection: Photographers and visual artists often add watermarks to their images
to prevent unauthorized use and distribution. Watermarks can deter people from using
images without proper licensing or permission.
 Visual Aesthetics: Watermarks are sometimes used to enhance the visual appeal of
content, such as images or videos. In these cases, the watermark may be subtle and
designed to blend with the content rather than serving a primary protection purpose.
 Ownership and Attribution: Watermarks can be used to indicate the ownership of
content and provide proper attribution to the creator. In the case of stock photos or other
shared content, watermarks can ensure that the creator receives credit for their work.
 Document Versioning: Watermarks can be used to indicate the version or status of a
document, making it clear whether it's a draft, confidential, or a final version. This is
common in corporate and legal documents.
 Confidentiality: In the business and legal fields, watermarks can be used to mark
documents as "confidential" or "private," helping to ensure sensitive information is not
disseminated without proper authorization.
 Transparency and Privacy: On websites and social media platforms, watermarks can
be used to promote transparency and protect the privacy of individuals. For instance,
6.
watermarks might be applied to photos to discourage their unauthorized use or to protect
the privacy of individuals in the images.
 Anti-piracy: In the entertainment industry, watermarks may be added to video and audio
content to prevent piracy. These watermarks can be both visible and invisible, serving as
a deterrent and aiding in the tracking of illegal distribution.
The specific purpose of a watermark can vary depending on the content and the goals of the
content creator or organization using it. Watermarks can be added in various ways, including
text, logos, patterns, and more, and their appearance and visibility can be customized to suit the
intended purpose.

Figure 1.3

1.7 COPYWRITE OF WATERMARKING ON DATABASE

Using a watermark on a database, specifically a copyright watermark, typically isn't a common
practice. Watermarks are more commonly applied to individual content, such as images, videos,
documents, or other media files, rather than to an entire database. However, there may be certain
scenarios where you want to protect the content within a database and indicate copyright or
ownership. Here's how you might approach it:

Protecting the Data:

 Your primary concern should be protecting the data within the database. This involves
implementing security measures to prevent unauthorized access, data breaches, and data
theft. Access control, encryption, and other security protocols are important.
Individual Content:
 If the database contains individual content items (e.g., images, documents, or
proprietary information), you can add copyright watermarks to those specific items
before they are shared or distributed.
Metadata:
 Instead of applying visible watermarks to the database itself, consider embedding
metadata within the database to indicate copyright information. This metadata can
include information about the ownership, copyright status, and licensing terms of the
data.
Database Management:
 Employ proper database management and version control to keep track of changes and
access to the database. Maintain records of who accesses the data and for what purpose.
7.
Legal Documentation:
 Ensure that you have clear legal documentation and terms of use that specify copyright
ownership and usage rights for the data in the database. Users should agree to these
terms before accessing or using the data.
Database Documentation:
 Include copyright and ownership information in the documentation that accompanies the
database. Make it clear who owns the data and what rights are granted or restricted.
 Watermarking Individual Content: If you have specific data or content items that you
want to watermark, consider using digital watermarks, which can be embedded within
the data itself. These watermarks may not be visible but can be used to trace the origin
and ownership of the content.

Regular Auditing:
 Conduct regular audits of your database to ensure compliance with copyright and
licensing agreements. This can help identify any unauthorized or improper use of the
data.
Remember that copyright and data protection laws can vary by jurisdiction, and it's important to
consult with legal experts or intellectual property professionals to ensure you are following the
appropriate legal and regulatory guidelines when protecting and marking your database content
with copyright information. Additionally, specific database management systems may offer
features and tools to manage access, security, and metadata that can help protect your database
and its contents.

2. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

SR no. Software Require Description

1. Jupyter Notebook Jupyter Notebook is a web-based,
interactive computing environment that
combines code execution, rich-text
documentation, and data visualization,
making it ideal for data analysis and
scientific research
8.

3. Proposed Approach
3.1 – Architecture Diagram

Figure 3.1
Watermarking a database typically involves adding metadata or audit information to the database
records. The architecture for watermarking a database is relatively straightforward and involves
the following components:
1. Database Management System (DBMS):
 The database management system is responsible for storing and managing the data in the
database. It includes the database engine, which handles data storage, retrieval, and
modification.
2. Application Layer:
 This layer consists of applications or services that interact with the database. These
applications can be web applications, desktop software, or other systems that read and
write data to the database.
3. Watermarking Module:
 The watermarking module is responsible for adding metadata or watermark information
to the database records. It can be a part of the application layer and can be implemented
in various ways, such as through stored procedures, triggers, or application code.
4. Metadata Repository:
 This component is where the watermarking information is stored. It can be a separate
table in the same database or a separate database. The metadata repository should include
fields for the watermark information, such as timestamps, user IDs, descriptions, or any
other relevant details.
5. Users and Auditors:
 Users and auditors interact with the application layer to access and modify data in the
database. They may also have access to the watermark information stored in the
metadata repository for auditing and tracking purposes.
9.

3.2 System Design

Figure 3.2
Here's an explanation of the components in the system diagram:
 Data Source / App: This represents the source of data, which could include data
ingestion processes, various applications, or user interactions.
 Database Server: This is where your data is stored, which can be a relational or NoSQL
database server.
 Data Watermarking System: This component is responsible for handling
watermarking-related tasks. It includes various functionalities:
 Watermark Generation Module: Generates watermarks containing relevant
information.
 Watermark Insertion Module: Embeds the watermark into the data stored in the
database.
 Watermark Verification Module: Verifies the watermarks to ensure data integrity.
 Access Control Mechanism: Controls and manages who can access and modify
watermarked data.
 Encryption Mechanism: Provides an additional layer of security by encrypting the data,
making unauthorized access more difficult.
 User Interface: This is the front-end where users interact with the system, retrieve, and
display watermarked data.
The flow of the system begins with data being ingested from various sources and stored in the
database. The Data Watermarking System handles watermark generation, insertion, and
verification, ensuring data integrity. The User Interface allows users to interact with watermarked
data.
This architecture provides a high-level overview of how watermarking can be integrated into a
database system. The specific implementation may vary depending on your use case, database
technology, and security requirements.
10.
3.3 Procedure along with algorithms followed

3.3.1 Insertion Sort Algorithm:

Watermarking is a technique used to embed information into digital media, such as images,
audio, or video, in order to protect intellectual property rights and prevent unauthorized copying
or distribution. The insertion algorithm is one of the methods used to embed watermarks into
digital data.

In the context of watermarking on a database, the insertion algorithm can be utilized to embed
watermarks directly into the database records. This approach allows for the seamless integration
of watermarking techniques with the database management system (DBMS), providing an
efficient and effective way to protect data integrity and ownership.

The insertion algorithm works by modifying the original data in a way that is imperceptible to
human observers but can be detected and extracted by authorized parties. The process involves
selecting specific locations within the database records where the watermark bits can be inserted
without causing significant changes to the original data. These locations can be determined based
on various factors, such as the characteristics of the data and the desired robustness of the
watermark.

Once the locations are identified, the insertion algorithm modifies the selected bits in a controlled
manner to embed the watermark information. This modification can be achieved through various
techniques, such as bit substitution, quantization, or spread spectrum modulation. The goal is to
ensure that the embedded watermark remains robust against common attacks, such as
compression, filtering, or cropping.

The use of an insertion algorithm in watermarking on a database offers several advantages.

Firstly, it allows for efficient and scalable watermark embedding since it operates directly on the
database records. This eliminates the need for additional storage or processing overhead
associated with external watermark files.

Secondly, it enables seamless integration with existing DBMS functionalities, such as querying
and indexing, without compromising performance or functionality. Lastly, it provides a
transparent and non-intrusive approach to watermarking that does not require modifications to
11.
the underlying database structure or schema.

It is important to note that while insertion algorithms can effectively embed watermarks into a
database, the extraction and verification of these watermarks require additional techniques. These
techniques involve analyzing the database records and comparing them against the original data
or reference watermarks to detect any modifications or tampering.

In conclusion, the insertion algorithm can be used in watermarking on a database to embed

imperceptible watermarks directly into the database records. This approach offers efficient
integration with the DBMS, scalability, and transparency. However, it is essential to employ
appropriate extraction and verification techniques to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the
embedded watermarks.

3.3.2 Procedure of Insertion Sort Algorithm

Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time. It
is much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms like quicksort, heapsort, or
merge sort, but it can be efficient for small data sets or nearly sorted data. Here's the procedure
for the insertion sort algorithm:
Algorithm Steps:
 Start: The algorithm starts with the second element (index 1) as the assumption is that
the first element (at index 0) is already sorted.
 Comparison: Compare the current element (the one you're considering for placement)
with the element to its left (i.e., the previous element). Keep track of the current element
for further use.
 Shift and Repeat: If the current element is smaller than the element to its left, shift the
larger element to the right. Continue comparing and shifting until you find the correct
position for the current element.
 Insert: Once you find the correct position for the current element, insert it into that
position.
 Advance: Move to the next unsorted element (the one to the right of the current element)
and repeat steps 2-4 until all elements are sorted.
 End: The algorithm ends when all elements are in their correct sorted positions.
Example:
Consider an example: arr []: {12, 11, 13, 5, 6}

12 11 13 5 6

First Pass:
 Initially, the first two elements of the array are compared in insertion sort.
12 11 13 5 6

12.
 Here, 12 is greater than 11 hence they are not in the ascending order and 12 is not at its
correct position. Thus, swap 11 and 12.
 So, for now 11 is stored in a sorted sub-array.

11 12 13 5 6

Second Pass:
 Now, move to the next two elements and compare them

11 12 13 5 6

 Here, 13 is greater than 12, thus both elements seems to be in ascending order, hence, no
swapping will occur. 12 also stored in a sorted sub-array along with 11
Third Pass:
 Now, two elements are present in the sorted sub-array which are 11 and 12
 Moving forward to the next two elements which are 13 and 5

11 12 13 5 6

 Both 5 and 13 are not present at their correct place so swap them

11 12 5 13 6

 After swapping, elements 12 and 5 are not sorted, thus swap again

11 5 12 13 6

 Here, again 11 and 5 are not sorted, hence swap again

5 11 12 13 6

 Here, 5 is at its correct position

Fourth Pass:
 Now, the elements which are present in the sorted sub-array are 5, 11 and 12
 Moving to the next two elements 13 and 6

5 11 12 13 6

 Clearly, they are not sorted, thus perform swap between both

5 11 12 6 13

 Now, 6 is smaller than 12, hence, swap again

5 11 6 12 13

 Here, also swapping makes 11 and 6 unsorted hence, swap again

5 6 11 12 13

 Finally, the array is completely sorted.

13.
Illustrations:

Figure 3.3

Insertion Sort is a simple comparison-based sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array
one item at a time. It is a particularly efficient algorithm for small datasets and is known for its
simplicity and ease of implementation. Here's a brief overview of the Insertion Sort algorithm:
Idea:
 Start with a small portion of the array as a sorted segment (often a single element).
 Repeatedly take the next unsorted element and insert it into its correct position within the
sorted segment.
Algorithm:
 Iterate through the array from left to right.

14.
 For each element, compare it with the elements in the sorted segment and shift elements
to the right until the correct position is found.
 Continue this process until the entire array is sorted.

Key Points:
 It has a time complexity of O(n^2) in the worst and average cases, where n is the number
of elements to be sorted.
 It's an in-place sorting algorithm, meaning it doesn't require additional memory for
sorting.
 It's stable, meaning it preserves the relative order of equal elements.
 It's best suited for small datasets or partially sorted data, where the number of inversions
is low.
 It's simple to understand and implement.
Advantages:
 Insertion Sort performs well for small arrays or nearly sorted data.
 It's efficient for lists that are already partially sorted, as the inner loop has fewer
iterations in such cases.
Disadvantages:
 It's not suitable for large datasets due to its quadratic time complexity.
 There are more efficient sorting algorithms, such as Quick Sort and Merge Sort, for
larger datasets.
In summary, Insertion Sort is a basic and intuitive sorting algorithm that is useful for small lists
or situations where the data is mostly ordered. However, for larger datasets, other sorting
algorithms like Merge Sort or Quick Sort are typically preferred due to their better performance
characteristics.

3.4 Individual Contribution

Sr. Details of activity Planned Planned Names of Description

no start date finished date responsible
student
1. Gathering Information 16-10-2023 24-10-2023 Amit Giram Information
about Water
Marking On
database
2. Making of Architecture 25-10-2023 27-10-2024 Omkar Sangle Created
Diagram Architecture
diagram from
Creatly wesite
3. System Design 27-10-2023 28-10-2023 Ashish Giram Made System
design Figure
from creatly
website and
information from
google
4. About Algorithm 28-10-2023 30-10-2023 Pooja Wahatule Infromation from
google and
example by own.
15.

4. Literature Review
Watermarking in databases is an important and evolving area of research with various
applications in data security, privacy, access control, and provenance tracking. Below is a
literature review that highlights key studies, trends, and findings related to watermarking in
databases.
"Database Watermarking: A Survey" (2012)
 This comprehensive survey paper provides an overview of watermarking techniques in
databases. It covers various watermarking schemes, their applications, and challenges.
The paper discusses both image watermarking and relational database watermarking,
outlining techniques and the issues related to protecting data integrity and ownership.
"Secure Database Systems: Watermarking Approaches and Challenges" (2008)
 This research paper delves into the challenges and approaches for secure database
watermarking. It discusses the integration of watermarking within database management
systems (DBMS) and explores techniques for data provenance tracking, privacy
preservation, and authentication. The authors highlight the need for watermarking that is
adaptable to different DBMSs and emphasize the importance of watermarking schemes
that do not significantly degrade performance.
"Digital Watermarking for Relational Databases" (2013)
 This paper introduces a watermarking technique specifically designed for relational
databases. It focuses on embedding watermarks in structured data, and it addresses issues
related to watermark placement, capacity, and performance. The study emphasizes the
importance of watermark detection mechanisms and the trade-offs between security and
efficiency.
"Database Watermarking: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Data Hiding in Database"
(2020)
 This research evaluates various database watermarking techniques and assesses their
robustness, capacity, and computational overhead. It explores methods for protecting
data confidentiality, ownership, and tracking changes in databases. The study provides a
comparative analysis of watermarking techniques and their effectiveness.
"Watermarking in Big Data: Techniques and Challenges" (2017)
 As big data becomes more prevalent, this paper discusses the application of
watermarking techniques to large-scale databases. It addresses the challenges of
watermarking in distributed and parallel processing environments. The authors highlight
the importance of scalable watermarking solutions and the need for considering the
unique characteristics of big data in watermarking schemes.
"Database Watermarking with Complex Queries" (2018)
 This paper explores watermarking in the context of complex database queries. It
discusses techniques for embedding watermarks within query results and emphasizes the
importance of maintaining data integrity and authenticity, especially when databases are
queried for analytics or reporting.
"Privacy-Preserving Database Watermarking" (2016)
 This study focuses on watermarking techniques that aim to protect the privacy of
individuals while maintaining data utility. It addresses the challenges of balancing data
privacy and watermarking in databases, considering regulations like GDPR and HIPAA.
"Scalable and Efficient Watermarking of Relational Databases" (2019)
 Scalability is a significant concern in database watermarking. This paper discusses
techniques for efficient and scalable watermarking, addressing issues related to large
16.
databases and distributed systems. The study also evaluates the performance of
watermarking schemes under various conditions.
In conclusion, the literature on watermarking in databases highlights the importance of protecting
data integrity, ownership, and privacy while considering the performance and scalability of
watermarking techniques. Researchers continue to explore innovative approaches to address the
evolving challenges in data security and privacy within the context of databases. Watermarking
techniques are essential for various applications, including intellectual property protection, data
provenance, access control, and compliance with data protection regulations.

5. TESTING
SR TYPES DESCRIPTION
NO.
1. Unit Testing Unit testing is a fundamental practice in software
development that involves the testing of
individual components or units of a program to
ensure they function correctly in isolation. These
units are typically small, self-contained portions
of code, such as functions, methods, or classes.
The primary goal of unit testing is to validate that
each unit of code behaves as expected and to
detect and fix any defects or bugs early in the
development process.

2. Integration Testing Integration testing is a software testing technique

that focuses on verifying the interactions and
compatibility between multiple components or
modules of a software application when they are
integrated together. The primary objective of
integration testing is to identify and address
issues that may arise when individual units or
modules are combined to create a larger and more
complex system.

3. Acceptance Testing Acceptance testing is a type of software testing that

evaluates whether a software system meets the
specified requirements and whether it is acceptable for
delivery to the end-users or stakeholders. The primary
goal of acceptance testing is to ensure that the
software system aligns with the business objectives
and functions as expected in a real-world environment.

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6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Watermarking in databases is a crucial technique for enhancing data security, access control, and
tracking data provenance. In this "Result and Discussion" section, I will summarize key findings
and discuss the implications of watermarking in databases based on existing research and
practices:
Results:
Data Security and Authentication:
 Watermarking in databases is effective in ensuring data security and authentication.
Watermarks, when properly implemented, can help detect unauthorized access, data
tampering, and breaches.
Data Ownership and Provenance:
 Watermarking provides a way to establish data ownership and track data provenance. It
enables organizations to trace the history of data changes, which is crucial for auditing
and compliance.
Access Control:
 Watermarking can be used to control access to sensitive data. It allows organizations to
grant or deny access to specific individuals or roles, enhancing data confidentiality.
Privacy Preservation:
 Some watermarking techniques focus on preserving data privacy. By embedding
watermarks that reveal minimal information, it's possible to protect the privacy of
individuals or entities mentioned in the data.
Challenges:
 Implementing watermarking in databases is not without challenges. One significant
challenge is balancing the trade-off between data security and performance.
Watermarking can introduce overhead, impacting database query performance.
Performance Overhead:
 Watermarking can affect database performance, particularly in large and complex
databases. Researchers and practitioners are working on optimizing watermarking
techniques to minimize performance degradation.
Scalability:
 As data volumes continue to grow, the scalability of watermarking solutions becomes
crucial. Ensuring that watermarking techniques can handle large databases and
distributed systems is an ongoing area of research.
Discussion:
Balancing Security and Performance:
 One of the main challenges of watermarking in databases is finding the right balance
between data security and performance. While watermarking enhances data security, it
can introduce computational overhead. Researchers are exploring techniques to optimize
watermarking processes and make them more efficient.
Adaptability to Different Database Systems:

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 Watermarking techniques need to be adaptable to various database management systems
(DBMSs). This adaptability is essential as organizations may use different DBMSs, and
a one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable.
Privacy and Regulations:
 Watermarking is increasingly relevant in the context of data privacy regulations such as
GDPR and HIPAA. It helps organizations protect personal and sensitive data while
ensuring compliance with privacy laws.
Data Provenance and Accountability:
 Watermarking provides a means of establishing data provenance, which is valuable for
tracking changes in data and holding individuals or systems accountable for those
changes. It is crucial in scenarios where data integrity and auditability are paramount.
Scalability for Big Data:
 Watermarking must adapt to the realities of big data. Researchers are working on
scalable watermarking solutions that can handle the enormous volumes of data generated
and processed in modern systems.
Customization and Trade-offs:
 Watermarking solutions often need to be customized based on the specific needs of an
organization. There may be trade-offs between watermark capacity, security, and
performance that need to be carefully considered.

In conclusion, watermarking in databases offers significant benefits in terms of data security,

ownership, privacy, and provenance. However, it also presents challenges related to
performance, scalability, and customization. Researchers and practitioners continue to work on
advancing watermarking techniques to address these challenges and adapt to the evolving
landscape of database technologies and data privacy regulations.
19.

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE:

Conclusion:
Watermarking in databases is a valuable technique with a range of applications that enhance data
security, privacy, access control, and data provenance. Through the embedding of information
within the database, watermarking has proven effective in safeguarding data and ensuring its
integrity. Key conclusions regarding watermarking in databases include:
Data Security:
 Watermarking significantly improves data security by enabling the detection of
unauthorized access and tampering, reducing the risk of data breaches.
Data Ownership and Provenance:
 Watermarking provides a means to establish data ownership and track the history of data
changes, supporting auditing and compliance efforts.
Access Control:
 Fine-grained access control is achievable through watermarking, empowering
organizations to grant or restrict data access according to roles and permissions.
Privacy Preservation:
 Some watermarking techniques focus on privacy preservation, allowing the protection
of sensitive data and the minimization of privacy risks.
Data Integrity:
 Watermarking enhances data integrity by ensuring the detection of unauthorized
modifications, a critical aspect in data management.
Accountability and Forensics:
 Watermarking contributes to accountability for data changes, offering valuable
assistance in forensic investigations and incident response.

Future Scope:
The future of watermarking in databases holds significant potential for advancements and
innovations, including:
Performance Optimization:
 Ongoing research will continue to focus on improving the performance of watermarking
techniques, minimizing computational overhead, and ensuring efficient processing.
Scalability for Big Data:
 Watermarking solutions will evolve to accommodate the growing volumes of data in big
data environments, including handling large databases and distributed systems
effectively.
Customization and Adaptability:
 Future watermarking solutions will be highly customizable and adaptable to various
database management systems (DBMSs) and tailored to the specific requirements of
organizations.
Privacy-Preserving Watermarking:
 In line with data privacy regulations, future research will prioritize the development of
privacy-preserving watermarking techniques, offering robust protection for personal and
sensitive data.
Machine Learning Integration:

20.
 Machine learning algorithms will play a more significant role in watermarking,
automating watermark placement and optimizing detection, particularly for recognizing
anomalies and suspicious activities.
Cross-Domain Applications:
 Watermarking in databases will find applications in diverse domains, extending beyond
traditional data management to data warehousing, cloud computing, the Internet of
Things (IoT), and blockchain.
Interoperability:
 Efforts will be directed toward ensuring interoperability between various watermarking
solutions and databases, promoting flexibility in adopting different techniques.
Blockchain Integration:
 Integration with blockchain technology can create tamper-evident data records,
contributing to data immutability and auditability.

In summary, watermarking in databases has already demonstrated its value in data protection and
management. The future scope of watermarking in databases lies in continuous research and
development, emphasizing performance enhancement, scalability, customization, privacy
preservation, integration with machine learning and emerging technologies, cross-domain
applications, interoperability, and blockchain integration. These developments will be essential
in addressing the evolving challenges in data security and privacy while meeting the demands of
a data-driven world.
21.

REFERENCE

1. Research Paper: Udai Pratap Rao a , Dhiren R. Patela , Punitkumar M.

Vikani ,
2. Online Resources: 1.https://dl.acm.org/
2. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
3.Figures: https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en
4.Infromation:
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Watermark_(data_file)

5.Learning about watermarking on database : www.youtube.com