Part 1 – Basic Mathematics

Chapter 1 – Whole Numbers

Contents

Preface xiii
AIM for Success xxiii

CHAPTER 1 Whole Numbers 1

Prep Test 1
SECTION 1.1 Introduction to Whole Numbers 2
Objective A To identify the order relation between two numbers 2
Objective B To write whole numbers in words and in standard form 3
Objective C To write whole numbers in expanded form 3
Objective D To round a whole number to a given place value 4
SECTION 1.2 Addition of Whole Numbers 8
Objective A To add whole numbers 8
Objective B To solve application problems 11
SECTION 1.3 Subtraction of Whole Numbers 16
Objective A To subtract whole numbers without borrowing 16
Objective B To subtract whole numbers with borrowing 17
Objective C To solve application problems 19
SECTION 1.4 Multiplication of Whole Numbers 24
Objective A To multiply a number by a single digit 24
Objective B To multiply larger whole numbers 25
Objective C To solve application problems 27
SECTION 1.5 Division of Whole Numbers 32
Objective A To divide by a single digit with
no remainder in the quotient 32
Objective B To divide by a single digit with
a remainder in the quotient 34
Objective C To divide by larger whole numbers 36
Objective D To solve application problems 38
SECTION 1.6 Exponential Notation and the Order of Operations Agreement 45
Objective A To simplify expressions that contain exponents 45
Objective B To use the Order of Operations
Agreement to simplify expressions 46
SECTION 1.7 Prime Numbers and Factoring 49
Objective A To factor numbers 49
Objective B To find the prime factorization of a number 50

FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING: Questions to Ask 53 • PROJECTS AND GROUP

ACTIVITIES: Order of Operations 54 • Patterns in Mathematics 55 • Search
the World Wide Web 55 • CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY 55 • CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT
REVIEW 58 • CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES 59 • CHAPTER 1 TEST 61

CONTENTS v
CHAPTER

Whole Numbers 1
OBJECTIVES ARE YOU READY?
SECTION 1.1
A To identify the order relation
Take the Chapter 1 Prep Test to find out if you are ready to
VisionsofAmerica/Joe Sohm/Getty Images

between two numbers learn to:

B To write whole numbers in words
and in standard form • Order whole numbers
C To write whole numbers in expanded
form • Round whole numbers
D To round a whole number to a given
place value • Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers
SECTION 1.2 • Simplify numerical expressions
A To add whole numbers
B To solve application problems
• Factor numbers and find their prime factorization
SECTION 1.3
A To subtract whole numbers without PREP TEST
borrowing
B To subtract whole numbers with
borrowing
Do these exercises to prepare for Chapter 1.
C To solve application problems
1. Name the number of ♦s shown below.
SECTION 1.4
A To multiply a number by a single ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
digit 8
B To multiply larger whole numbers
C To solve application problems
SECTION 1.5
A To divide by a single digit with no
remainder in the quotient
B To divide by a single digit with a
remainder in the quotient
C To divide by larger whole numbers
D To solve application problems 2. Write the numbers from 1 to 10.
SECTION 1.6 1 10
A To simplify expressions that contain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
exponents
B To use the Order of Operations
Agreement to simplify expressions
SECTION 1.7
A To factor numbers
B To find the prime factorization of
a number

3. Match the number with its word form.

a. 4 A. five
b. 2 B. one
c. 5 C. zero
d. 1 D. four
e. 3 E. two
f. 0 F. three
a and D; b and E; c and A; d and B; e and F; f and C

1
2 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

SECTION

1.1 Introduction to Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE A To identify the order relation between two numbers

The whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, . . . .

The three dots mean that the list continues on and on and that there is no largest whole
number.
Just as distances are associated with the markings on the edge of a ruler, the whole
numbers can be associated with points on a line. This line is called the number line. The
arrow on the number line below indicates that there is no largest whole number.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Instructor Note
One of the main pedagogical
features of this text is paired The graph of a whole number is shown by placing a heavy dot directly above that
examples such as those that number on the number line. Here is the graph of 7 on the number line:
occur in the box below. The
example in the left column is
worked completely. After 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
studying that example, the
student should attempt the The number line can be used to show the order of whole numbers. A number that appears
corresponding You Try It to the left of a given number is less than (<) the given number. A number that appears to
problem. A complete solution
to the You Try It problem
the right of a given number is greater than (>) the given number.
appears on the page
referenced at the bottom right Four is less than seven.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
of the box. Thus students can 47
obtain immediate feedback
and reinforcement of a skill Twelve is greater than seven.
being learned. 12 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

EXAMPLE • 1 YOU TRY IT • 1

Graph 11 on the number line. Graph 6 on the number line.

Solution 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Your solution 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

EXAMPLE • 2 YOU TRY IT • 2

Place the correct symbol, or , between the two Place the correct symbol, or , between the two
numbers. numbers.
a. 39 24 In-Class Examples a. 45 29
b. 00 51 1. Graph 8 on a number line. b. 27 0
Place the correct symbol, < or >,
Solution between the two numbers. Your solution
a. 39 > 24 2. 91 53 91 > 53 a. 45 > 29
b. 00 < 51 3. 401 395 401 > 395 b. 27 > 0
4. 74,528 75,528 74,528 < 75,528

Solutions on p. S1
SECTION 1.1 • Introduction to Whole Numbers 3

OBJECTIVE B To write whole numbers in words and in standard form

Point of Interest When a whole number is written using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, it is said
The Babylonians had a place- to be in standard form. The position of each digit in the number determines the digit’s
value system based on 60. Its place value. The diagram below shows a place-value chart naming the first
influence is still with us in 12 place values. The number 37,462 is in standard form and has been entered in the chart.
angle measurement and time:
60 seconds in 1 minute,

un d s s
60 minutes in 1 hour. It

H san and and

H ons ns ns
In the number 37,462, the

H ns s s
io on on

i o o

ou us us
appears that the earliest

ill lli lli

ill li li

Th -tho -tho
position of the digit 3 deter-

M -mi -mi
B -bil -bil

Te dre s
record of a base-10 place-

O s s
n d

n d

n d

n d
Te dre

Te dre

Te dre
value system for natural mines that its place value is

s
un

un

un

ne
ten-thousands.

H
numbers dates from the
8th century. 3 7 4 6 2

When a number is written in standard form, each group of digits separated from the other
digits by a comma (or commas) is called a period. The number 3,786,451,294 has four
periods. The period names are shown in red in the place-value chart above.
To write a number in words, start from the left. Name the number in each period. Then
write the period name in place of the comma.
3,786,451,294 is read “three billion seven hundred eighty-six million four hundred fifty-
one thousand two hundred ninety-four.”
To write a whole number in standard form, write the number named in each period, and
replace each period name with a comma.
Four million sixty-two thousand five hundred eighty-four is written 4,062,584. The zero
is used as a place holder for the hundred-thousands place.

EXAMPLE • 3 YOU TRY IT • 3

Write 25,478,083 in words. Write 36,462,075 in words.

Solution Your solution In-Class Examples

Twenty-five million four hundred seventy-eight Thirty-six million Write the number in words.
thousand eighty-three four hundred
1. 4,205,312 Four million two
sixty-two thousand
hundred five thousand three
seventy-five hundred twelve

EXAMPLE • 4 YOU TRY IT • 4

Write three hundred three thousand three in standard Write four hundred fifty-two thousand seven in
form. standard form. Write the number in standard form.
2. Five million sixteen thousand
Solution Your solution four hundred thirty-one
303,003 452,007 5,016,431
Solutions on p. S1

OBJECTIVE C To write whole numbers in expanded form

The whole number 26,429 can be written in expanded form as

20,000 6000 400 20 9.
The place-value chart can be used to find the expanded form of a number.
4 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

un d s s
H san and and
H on s n s n s
H ns s s
io on on

i o o

ou u s u s
ill lli lli
ill li li

Th -tho -tho
M -mi -mi
B -bil -bil

Te dre s
O s s
n d

n d

n d

n d
Te dre

Te dre

Te dre

s
un

un

un

ne
H
2 6 4 2 9

2 6 4 2 9
Ten- Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
thousands
20,000 6000 400 20 9

The number 420,806 is written in expanded form below. Note the effect of having zeros
in the number.

un d s s
H san and and
H ons ns ns
H ns s s
io on on

i o o

ou us us
ill lli lli
ill li li

Th -tho -tho
M -mi -mi
B -bil -bil

Te dre s
O s s
n d

n d

n d

n d
Te dre

Te dre

Te dre

s
un

un

un

ne
H

4 2 0 8 0 6

4 2 0 8 0 6
Hundred- Ten- Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
thousands thousands
400,000 20,000 0 800 0 6

or simply 400,000 20,000 800 6.

EXAMPLE • 5 YOU TRY IT • 5

Write 23,859 in expanded form. Write 68,281 in expanded form.

Solution Your solution In-Class Examples

20,000 3000 800 50 9 60,000 8000 Write the number in expanded form.
200 80 1 1. 489 400 80 9
2. 8405 8000 400 5
EXAMPLE • 6 YOU TRY IT • 6
Write 709,542 in expanded form. Write 109,207 in expanded form.

Solution Your solution 3. 345,621 300,000 40,000

700,000 9000 500 40 2 100,000 9000 5000 600 20 1
200 7
Solutions on p. S1

OBJECTIVE D To round a whole number to a given place value

When the distance to the moon is given as 240,000 miles, the number represents an
approximation to the true distance. Taking an approximate value for an exact number is
called rounding. A rounded number is always rounded to a given place value.
SECTION 1.1 • Introduction to Whole Numbers 5

37 is closer to 40 than it is to
30. 37 rounded to the nearest 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

ten is 40.

673 rounded to the nearest ten

is 670. 673 rounded to the 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700
nearest hundred is 700.

A whole number is rounded to a given place value without using the number line by
looking at the first digit to the right of the given place value.

HOW TO • 1 Round 13,834 to the nearest hundred.

Given place value • If the digit to the right of the given place
value is less than 5, that digit and all digits
13,834
to the right are replaced by zeros.
3<5
13,834 rounded to the nearest hundred is 13,800.

HOW TO • 2 Round 386,217 to the nearest ten-thousand.

Given place value • If the digit to the right of the given place
value is greater than or equal to 5, increase
386,217
the digit in the given place value by 1, and
6>5 replace all other digits to the right by zeros.

386,217 rounded to the nearest ten-thousand is 390,000.

EXAMPLE • 7 YOU TRY IT • 7

Round 525,453 to the nearest ten-thousand. Round 368,492 to the nearest ten-thousand.

Solution Your solution In-Class Examples

Given place value 370,000 Round the number to the given place
525,453 value.
55 1. 356 Tens 360
2. 150 Hundreds 200
525,453 rounded to the nearest ten-thousand is 3. 4060 Hundreds 4100
530,000. 4. 2369 Thousands 2000
5. 35,099 Thousands 35,000

EXAMPLE • 8 YOU TRY IT • 8

Round 1972 to the nearest hundred. Round 3962 to the nearest hundred.

Solution Your solution 6. 228,560 Ten-thousands

Given place value 4000 230,000
7. 1,485,000 Millions 1,000,000
1972
75
1972 rounded to the nearest hundred is 2000.

Solutions on p. S1
6 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

1.1 EXERCISES
OBJECTIVE A To identify the order relation between two numbers Suggested Assignment
Exercises 1–53, odds
More challenging problems:
For Exercises 1 to 4, graph the number on the number line. Exercise 55

1. 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2. 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3. 9 4. 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

For Exercises 5 to 12, place the correct symbol, or , between the two numbers.

5. 37 < 49 6. 58 > 21 7. 101 > 87 8. 245 > 158

9. 2701 > 2071 10. 0 < 45 11. 107 > 0 12. 815 < 928

13. Do the inequalities 21 < 30 and 30 > 21 express the same order relation? Yes
Quick Quiz
Place the correct symbol, or , between the two numbers. 1. 6857 8675 6857 < 8675 2. 36,294 32,694 36,294 > 32,694

OBJECTIVE B To write whole numbers in words and in standard form

For Exercises 14 to 17, name the place value of the digit 3.

14. 83,479 15. 3,491,507 16. 2,634,958 17. 76,319,204

Thousands Millions Ten-thousands Hundred-thousands

For Exercises 18 to 25, write the number in words.

18. 2675 19. 3790 20. 42,928 21. 58,473

Two thousand Three thousand Forty-two thousand Fifty-eight thousand
six hundred seven hundred nine hundred four hundred
seventy-five ninety twenty-eight seventy-three

22. 356,943 23. 498,512 24. 3,697,483 25. 6,842,715

Three hundred fifty-six Four hundred ninety- Three million Six million
thousand nine hundred eight thousand five six hundred eight hundred
forty-three hundred twelve ninety-seven thousand forty-two
four hundred thousand seven
eighty-three hundred fifteen

Quick Quiz
For Exercises 26 to 31, write the number in standard form.
1. Write 27,902 in words.
Twenty-seven thousand
26. Eighty-five 27. Three hundred fifty-seven nine hundred two
85 357
2. Write four million eight
thousand fifty-one in
standard form. 4,008,051

28. Three thousand four hundred fifty-six 29. Sixty-three thousand seven hundred eighty
3456 63,780
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
SECTION 1.1 • Introduction to Whole Numbers 7

30. Six hundred nine thousand nine hundred 31. Seven million twenty-four thousand seven
forty-eight hundred nine
609,948 7,024,709

32. What is the place value of the first number on the left in a seven-digit whole
number? Millions

OBJECTIVE C To write whole numbers in expanded form

For Exercises 33 to 40, write the number in expanded form.

33. 5287 34. 6295 35. 58,943 36. 453,921

5000 200 6000 200 90 5 50,000 8000 400,000 50,000
80 7 900 40 3 3000 900 20 1

37. 200,583 38. 301,809 39. 403,705 40. 3,000,642

200,000 500 300,000 1000 400,000 3000 3,000,000 600
80 3 800 9 700 5 40 2

41. The expanded form of a number consists of four numbers added together. Must the
number be a four-digit number? No
Quick Quiz
Write the number in expanded form. 1. 29,048 20,000 9000 40 8 2. 670,153 600,000 70,000 100 50 3

OBJECTIVE D To round a whole number to a given place value

For Exercises 42 to 53, round the number to the given place value.

42. 926 Tens 43. 845 Tens 44. 1439 Hundreds

930 850 1400

45. 3973 Hundreds 46. 43,607 Thousands 47. 52,715 Thousands

4000 44,000 53,000

48. 389,702 Thousands 49. 629,513 Thousands 50. 647,989 Ten-thousands

390,000 630,000 650,000

51. 253,678 Ten-thousands 52. 36,702,599 Millions 53. 71,834,250 Millions

250,000 37,000,000 72,000,000

54. True or false? If a number rounded to the nearest ten is less than the original num-
ber, then the ones digit of the original number is greater than 5. False
Quick Quiz
Round the number to the
Applying the Concepts given place value.
1. 4298 Hundreds 4300
55. If 3846 is rounded to the nearest ten and then that number is rounded to the nearest
2. 29,074 Tens 29,070
hundred, is the result the same as what you get when you round 3846 to the near-
est hundred? If not, which of the two methods is correct for rounding to the nearest 3. 67,524 Thousands
hundred? No. Round 3846 to the nearest hundred. 68,000
8 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

SECTION

1.2 Addition of Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE A To add whole numbers

Addition is the process of finding the total of two or more numbers.

$3 $4
Take Note By counting, we see that the total of

1
1

1
$3 and $4 is $7.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

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ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE
The numbers being added

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR
are called addends. The +
$3 $4 $7

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086
E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639
E

E
result is the sum.

1
1

1
Addend Addend Sum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Addition can be illustrated on the number line by using arrows to represent the addends.
The size, or magnitude, of a number can be represented on the number line by an arrow.

The number 3 can be represented 3 3

anywhere on the number line by an
arrow that is 3 units in length. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Point of Interest To add on the number line, place the 7 (sum)

The first use of the plus sign arrows representing the addends head 3 (addend) 4 (addend)
appeared in 1489 in to tail, with the first arrow starting at
Mercantile Arithmetic. It was zero. The sum is represented by an 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
used to indicate a surplus, not arrow starting at zero and stopping at
as the symbol for addition.
the tip of the last arrow.
That use did not appear until
about 1515.
347
9
More than two numbers can be added
3 2 4
on the number line.

3249 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Some special properties of addition that are used frequently are given below.

Addition Property of Zero

Zero added to a number does not change the 404
number. 077

Commutative Property of Addition

4884
Two numbers can be added in either order; the sum 12 12
will be the same.

Take Note Associative Property of Addition

(3 2) 4 3 (2 4)
This is the same addition
⎭
⎬
⎫

⎭
⎬
⎫

Grouping the addition in any order gives the same 5 43 6

problem shown on the
number line above.
result. The parentheses are grouping symbols and 99
have the meaning “Do the operations inside the
parentheses first.”
SECTION 1.2 • Addition of Whole Numbers 9

The number line is not useful for adding large numbers. The basic addition facts for
adding one digit to one digit should be memorized. Addition of larger numbers requires
the repeated use of the basic addition facts.
To add large numbers, begin by arranging the numbers vertically, keeping the digits of
the same place value in the same column.

HOW TO • 1 Add: 321 6472

S
REDS
SAND
HUND
THOU

ONES
TENS
3 2 1 • Add the digits in each column.
6 4 7 2
6 7 9 3

There are several words or phrases in English that indicate the operation of addition. Here
are some examples:

added to 3 added to 5 53

more than 7 more than 5 57
the sum of the sum of 3 and 9 39
increased by 4 increased by 6 46
the total of the total of 8 and 3 83
plus 5 plus 10 5 10

Integrating HOW TO • 2 What is the sum of 24 and 71?

Technology 24 • The phrase the sum of means to add.
Most scientific calculators 71
use algebraic logic: the add
( + ), subtract ( – ),
95

multiply ( x ), and divide The sum of 24 and 71 is 95.

( ÷ ) keys perform the

When the sum of the digits in a column exceeds 9, the addition will involve carrying.
indicated operation on the
number in the display and HOW TO • 3 Add: 487 369
the next number keyed
REDS

in. For instance, for the

example at the right, enter
HUND

ONES
TENS

24 + 71 = . The display
1
reads 95.
4 8 7 • Add the ones column.
3 6 9 7 9 16 (1 ten 6 ones).
Instructor Note 6 Write the 6 in the ones column and carry
Carrying can be modeled with the 1 ten to the tens column.
money. For instance, 1 1

to add $87 $45, think 4 8 7 • Add the tens column.

$7 $5 is $12, which can be 3 6 9 1 8 6 15 (1 hundred 5 tens).
exchanged for 1 ten-dollar bill 5 6 Write the 5 in the tens column and carry
and 2 one-dollar bills. Add the the 1 hundred to the hundreds column.
1 ten-dollar bill to the 8 tens 1 1
and 4 tens. The result is 13 4 8 7 • Add the hundreds column.
ten-dollar bills, which can be 3 6 9 1 4 3 8 (8 hundreds).
exchanged for 1 one-hundred-
8 5 6 Write the 8 in the hundreds column.
dollar bill and 3 ten-dollar bills.
10 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

EXAMPLE • 1 YOU TRY IT • 1

Find the total of 17, 103, and 8. What is 347 increased by 12,453?

Solution 1 • 7 3 8 18 Your solution In-Class Examples

17 Write the 8 in the ones 12,800 Add.
103 column. Carry the 1 to 1. 9831 2066 11,897
8 the tens column.
2. 1453 668 78,736 80,857
128
3. 29 6538 35,724 89 42,380

EXAMPLE • 2 YOU TRY IT • 2

Add: 89 36 98 Add: 95 88 67

Solution 2 • 9 6 8 23 Your solution

89 Write the 3 in the ones 250
36 column. Carry the 2 to
98 the tens column.
223

EXAMPLE • 3 YOU TRY IT • 3

Add: 41,395 Add: 392
4,327 4,079
497,625 89,035
32,991 4,992

Solution 112 21 Your solution

41,395 98,498
4,327
497,625
32,991
576,338 Solutions on p. S1

Instructor Note
Estimation is an important ESTIMATION
skill. Students should Estimation and Calculators
estimate every time they
use a calculator. At some places in the text, you will be asked to use your calculator. Effective use
of a calculator requires that you estimate the answer to the problem. This helps
ensure that you have entered the numbers correctly and pressed the correct keys.
For example, if you use your calculator to find 22,347 5896 and the answer in
the calculator’s display is 131,757,912, you should realize that you have entered
some part of the calculation incorrectly. In this case, you pressed x instead of
+ . By estimating the answer to a problem, you can help ensure the accuracy of
your calculations. We have a special symbol for approximately equal to (≈).
Integrating For example, to estimate the answer to 22,347 ≈ 22,000
Technology 22,347 5896, round each number to the same 5,896 ≈ 6,000
This example illustrates that place value. In this case, we will round to the
28,000
estimation is important when nearest thousand. Then add.
one is using a calculator. The sum 22,347 5896 is approximately 28,000. Knowing this, you would know
that 131,757,912 is much too large and is therefore incorrect.
To estimate the sum of two numbers, first round each whole number to the same
place value and then add. Compare this answer with the calculator’s answer.
SECTION 1.2 • Addition of Whole Numbers 11

OBJECTIVE B To solve application problems

To solve an application problem, first read the problem carefully. The strategy involves
identifying the quantity to be found and planning the steps that are necessary to find that
quantity. The solution of an application problem involves performing each operation
stated in the strategy and writing the answer.
HOW TO • 4
© Alan Schein Photography/Corbis The table below displays the Wal-Mart store count and square footage in the
United States as reported in the Wal-Mart 2008 Annual Report.

Discount Supercenters Sam’s Neighborhood

Stores Clubs Markets
Number 941 2523 593 134
of Units
Instructor Note
Square footage 105 457 78 5
Another major pedagogical (in millions)
feature of this text is written
strategies that accompany
every application problem. For
the paired You Try It, we ask Find the total number of Wal-Mart discount stores and Supercenters in the
students to provide their own United States.
written strategy. A suggested
strategy, along with a Strategy To find the total number of Wal-Mart discount stores and
complete solution to the Supercenters in the United States, read the table to find the number
problem, is given in the of each type of store in the United States. Then add the numbers.
Solutions section at the back
of the text. Solution 941
2523
3464
Wal-Mart has a total of 3464 discount stores and Supercenters in the United States.

EXAMPLE • 4 YOU TRY IT • 4

Use the table above to find the total number of Sam’s Use the table above to determine the total
Clubs and neighborhood markets that square footage of Wal-Mart stores in the
Wal-Mart has in the United States. United States. In-Class Examples
1. A hospital emergency room
Strategy Your strategy staff treated 64 people on
To determine the total number of Sam’s Clubs and Friday, 88 people on Saturday,
neighborhood markets, read the table to find the and 73 people on Sunday.
number of Sam’s Clubs and the number of How many people did the
emergency room staff treat on
neighborhood markets. Then add the two numbers. Friday, Saturday, and Sunday?
225 people
Solution Your solution
2. A software company had
593 645 million square feet
revenues of $1,560,752,
134 $2,964,003, and $4,500,491
727 during its first three years. Find
the software company’s total
Wal-Mart has a total of 727 Sam’s Clubs and revenue for these three years.
neighborhood markets. $9,025,246

Solution on p. S1
12 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

1.2 EXERCISES
OBJECTIVE A To add whole numbers Suggested Assignment
Exercises 1–65, every other odd
Exercises 67–75, odds
For Exercises 1 to 32, add.
More challenging problem: Exercise 77

1. 17 2. 25 3. 83 4. 63
11 63 42 94
28 88 125 157

5. 77 6. 63 7. 56 8. 86
25 49 98 68
102 112 154 154

9. 658 10. 842 11. 735 12. 189

831 936 93 50
1489 1778 828 239

13. 859 14. 637 15. 470 16. 427

725 829 749 690
1584 1466 1219 1117

17. 36,925 18. 56,772 19. 50,873 20. 34,872

65,392 51,239 28,453 46,079
102,317 108,011 79,326 80,951

21. 878 22. 768 23. 319 24. 292

737 461 348 579
189 669 912 315
1804 1898 1579 1186

25. 9409 26. 8188 27. 2038 28. 4252

3253 8020 2243 6882
7078 7104 3139 5235
19,740 23,312 7420 16,369
Quick Quiz
Add. 1. 905 1781 2686 2. 3976 491 27,885 32,352
29. 67,428 30. 52,801 31. 76,290 32. 43,901
32,171 11,664 43,761 98,301
20,971 89,638 87,402 67,943
120,570 154,103 207,453 210,145
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
SECTION 1.2 • Addition of Whole Numbers 13

For Exercises 33 to 40, add.

33. 20,958 3218 42 34. 80,973 5168 29

24,218 86,170

35. 392 37 10,924 621 36. 694 62 70,129 217

11,974 71,102

37. 294 1029 7935 65 38. 692 2107 3196 92

9323 6087

39. 97 7234 69,532 276 40. 87 1698 27,317 727

77,139 29,829

41. What is 9874 plus 4509? 42. What is 7988 plus 5678?
14,383 13,666

43. What is 3487 increased by 5986? 44. What is 99,567 increased by 126,863?
9473 226,430

45. What is 23,569 more than 9678? 46. What is 7894 more than 45,872?
33,247 53,766

47. What is 479 added to 4579? 48. What is 23,902 added to 23,885?
5058 47,787

49. Find the total of 659, 55, and 1278. 50. Find the total of 4561, 56, and 2309.
1992 6926

51. Find the sum of 34, 329, 8, and 67,892. 52. Find the sum of 45, 1289, 7, and 32,876.
68,263 34,217

For Exercises 53 to 56, use a calculator to add. Then round the numbers to the nearest
hundred, and use estimation to determine whether the sum is reasonable.

53. 1234 9780 6740 54. 919 3642 8796

Cal.: 17,754 Cal.: 13,357
Est.: 17,700 Est.: 13,300

55. 241 569 390 1672 56. 107 984 1035 2904
Cal.: 2872 Cal.: 5030
Est.: 2900 Est.: 5000

For Exercises 57 to 60, use a calculator to add. Then round the numbers to the nearest
thousand, and use estimation to determine whether the sum is reasonable.

57. 32,461 58. 29,036 59. 25,432 60. 66,541

9,844 22,904 62,941 29,365
59,407 7,903 70,390 98,742
Cal.: 101,712 Cal.: 59,843 Cal.: 158,763 Cal.: 194,648
Est.: 101,000 Est.: 60,000 Est.: 158,000 Est.: 195,000
14 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

For Exercises 61 to 64, use a calculator to add. Then round the numbers to the nearest ten-
thousand, and use estimation to determine whether the sum is reasonable.

61. 67,421 62. 21,896 63. 281,421 64. 542,698

82,984 4,235 9,874 97,327
66,361 62,544 34,394 7,235
10,792 21,892 526,398 73,667
34,037 1,334 94,631 173,201
Cal.: 261,595 Cal.: 111,901 Cal.: 946,718 Cal.: 894,128
Est.: 260,000 Est.: 100,000 Est.: 940,000 Est.: 890,000

65. Which property of addition (see page 8) allows you to use either arrangement 691 452
shown at the right to find the sum of 691 and 452? Commutative Property of 452 691
Addition

OBJECTIVE B To solve application problems Quick Quiz

1. You had a balance of $753
in your checking account
66. Use the table of Wal-Mart data on page 11. What does the sum 105 457 before making deposits of
represent? The total square footage of Wal-Mart discount stores and Supercenters in $158, $269, and $374. What
the United States is your new checking
account balance? $1554

67. Demographics In a recent year, according to the U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services, there were 110,670 twin births in this

Laura Dwight/PhotoEdit, Inc.

country, 6919 triplet births, 627 quadruplet deliveries, and 79 quintuplet
and other higher-order multiple births. Find the total number of multi-
ple births during the year.
118,295 multiple births

68. Demographics The Census Bureau estimates that the U.S.

population will grow by 296 million people from 2000 to
2100. Given that the U.S. population in 2000 was 281 mil-
00
0,0

00
lion, find the Census Bureau’s estimate of the U.S. popula-

0,0
,00

tion in 2100.
,10
61

$500,000,000
$4

577 million people 31

00
$4
00

0,0
0,0

$400,000,000
,10
,20

09

E
THEATR
90

$3

The Film Industry The graph at the right shows the domestic THEATR
E
4
$2

E
THEATR 3
$300,000,000 EATRE
box-office income from the first four Star Wars movies. Use this TH 2
1
information for Exercises 69 to 71.
$200,000,000

69. Estimate the total income from the first four Star Wars
$100,000,000
movies.
$1,500,000,000
$0
)

80 ,

98 ,

(19 e I,
k ( de V

i (1 VI
77

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)
99
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70. Find the total income from the first four Star Wars movies.
na iso
o
19

iso
s B pis
ars

Me Ep

$1,491,400,000
f th Ep

ce
E
ac
rW

rs:
rs:

J
n o ars:

a
e
e S Wa
Sta

ha ar W
ke

Re tar W

m
pir tar
tri

71. a. Find the total income from the two movies with the low-
e P St
nto
S

tur
S

est box-office incomes.

Em

b. Does the total income from the two movies with the low-
Th
e
Th

est box-office incomes exceed the income from the 1977

Star Wars production? Source: www.worldwideboxoffice.com
a. $599,300,000 b. Yes
SECTION 1.2 • Addition of Whole Numbers 15

72. Geometry The perimeter of a triangle is the sum of the lengths of the three sides of
the triangle. Find the perimeter of a triangle that has sides that measure 12 inches, 12 in. 14 in.

14 inches, and 17 inches.

43 inches
17 in.

73. Travel The odometer on a moving van reads 68,692. The driver plans to drive
515 miles the first day, 492 miles the second day, and 278 miles the
third day.
a. How many miles will be driven during the three days? 1285 miles
b. What will the odometer reading be at the end of the trip? 69,977 miles

74. Internet Thirty-one million U.S. households do not have Internet access. Eighty-
three million U.S. households do have Internet access. How many households are

Image courtesy of Northern Forest Canoe

Trail/www.northernforestcanoetrail.com
there in the United States? (Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census)
114 million households

75. Trail Although 685 miles of the Northern Forest Canoe Trail can be paddled, there
are another 55 miles of land over which a canoe must be carried. Find the total
length of the Northern Forest Canoe Trail. (Source: Yankee, May/June 2007)
740 miles
Northern Forest
Canoe Trail

76. Energy In a recent year, the United States produced 5,102,000 barrels of crude oil
per day and imported 10,118,000 barrels of crude oil per day. Find the total num-
ber of barrels of crude oil produced and imported per day in the United States.
(Source: Energy Information Administration)
15,220,000 barrels

Applying the Concepts

77. If you roll two ordinary six-sided dice and add the two numbers that appear on top,
how many different sums are possible?
11 different sums

78. If you add two different whole numbers, is the sum always greater than either one
of the numbers? If not, give an example.
No. 0 2 2

79. If you add two whole numbers, is the sum always greater than either one of the
numbers? If not, give an example. (Compare this with the previous exercise.)
No. 0 0 0

80. Make up a word problem for which the answer is the sum of 34 and 28.

81. Call a number “lucky” if it ends in a 7. How many lucky numbers are less than 100?
10 numbers
For answers to the Writing exercises, please see the Appendix in the Instructor’s Resource Binder that accompanies this textbook.
16 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

SECTION

1.3 Subtraction of Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE A To subtract whole numbers without borrowing

Subtraction is the process of finding the difference between two numbers.

Take Note By counting, we see that the difference $8
The minuend is the number between $8 and $5 is $3.

1
1

1
from which another number is

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086
ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE

ONE
ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR

ONE DOLLAR
subtracted. The subtrahend
$8 $5 $3

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086

E 5162656086
E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639

E 02997639
is the number that is

E
1

1
1

1
subtracted from another
number. The result is the Minuend Subtrahead Difference
$5 $3
difference.
The difference 8 5 can be shown on 8 (minuend)
the number line. 5 (subtrahend) 3 (difference)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Note from the number line that addition Subtrahend 5

and subtraction are related. Difference 3
Minuend 8
Point of Interest The fact that the sum of the subtrahend and the difference equals the minuend can be used
The use of the minus sign to check subtraction.
dates from the same
period as the plus sign,
To subtract large numbers, begin by arranging the numbers vertically, keeping the digits
around 1515. that have the same place value in the same column. Then subtract the digits in each column.
HOW TO • 1 Subtract 8955 2432 and check.
S
REDS
SAND
HUND
THOU

ONES
TENS

8 9 5 5 Check: Subtrahend 2432

2 4 3 2 Difference 6523
6 5 2 3 Minuend 8955

EXAMPLE • 1 YOU TRY IT • 1

Subtract 6594 3271 and check. Subtract 8925 6413 and check.
In-Class Examples
Solution 6594 Check: 3271 Your solution Subtract.
3271 3323 2512
1. 744 31 713
3323 6594
2. 5629 625 5004
3. 8427 6306 2121
EXAMPLE • 2 YOU TRY IT • 2

Subtract 15,762 7541 and check. Subtract 17,504 9302 and check.

Solution 15,762 Check: 7,541 Your solution

7,541 8,221 8202
8,221 15,762
Solutions on p. S1
SECTION 1.3 • Subtraction of Whole Numbers 17

OBJECTIVE B To subtract whole numbers with borrowing

Instructor Note In all the subtraction problems in the previous objective, for each place value the lower
Borrowing can be related to digit was not larger than the upper digit. When the lower digit is larger than the upper
money. For instance, if Kelly digit, subtraction will involve borrowing.
has $27 as 2 ten-dollar bills
and 7 one-dollar bills and HOW TO • 2 Subtract: 692 378
Chris wants to borrow $9,

REDS

REDS

REDS

REDS
then Kelly can exchange a

HUND

HUND

HUND

HUND
ONES

ONES

ONES

ONES
TENS

TENS

TENS

TENS
ten-dollar bill for 10 one-dollar
bills. Kelly then has
81 81
哬10 8 12 8 12
1 ten-dollar bill and 17 one-
6 9 2 6 9 2 6 9 2 6 9 2
dollar bills. Kelly now can give
Chris 9 one-dollar 3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8
bills. This leaves Kelly with 3 1 4
1 ten-dollar bill and 8 one-
dollar bills. Because 8 > 2, Borrow 1 ten Add the borrowed Subtract the digits
borrowing is from the tens 10 to 2. in each column.
necessary. column and
9 tens 8 tens write 10 in the
1 ten. ones column.
Instructor Note
The phrases that indicate The phrases below are used to indicate the operation of subtraction. An example is shown
subtraction are more difficult at the right of each phrase.
for students, especially the
phrase “2 less than 7,” which
means 7 2. minus 8 minus 5 85
less 9 less 3 93
less than 2 less than 7 72
the difference between the difference between 8 and 2 82
decreased by 5 decreased by 1 51

HOW TO • 3 Find the difference between 1234 and 485, and check.
“The difference between 1234 and 485” means 1234 485.
2 14 1 12 14 0 11 12 14 11
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Check: 485
4 8 5 4 8 5 4 8 5 749
9 4 9 7 4 9 1234

Subtraction with a zero in the minuend involves repeated borrowing.

HOW TO • 4 Subtract: 3904 1775
Tips for Success 9 9
8 10 8 10 14 8 10 14
The HOW TO feature
3 9 0 4 3 9 0 4 3 9 0 4
indicates an example with
explanatory remarks. Using 1 7 7 5 1 7 7 5 1 7 7 5
paper and pencil, you should 2 1 2 9
work through the example.
See AIM for Success at the 5>4 Borrow 1 ten from Subtract the digits in
front of the book. There is a 0 in the the tens column and each column.
tens column. Borrow add 10 to the 4
1 hundred ( 10 tens) in the ones column.
from the hundreds
column and write 10
in the tens column.
18 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

EXAMPLE • 3 YOU TRY IT • 3

Subtract 4392 678 and check. Subtract 3481 865 and check.

Solution 3 13 8 12 Your solution In-Class Examples

4 3 9 2 Check: 678 2616 Subtract.
6 7 8 3714
1. 351 69 282
3 7 1 4 4392
2. 6402 517 5885
3. 40,824 6917 33,907
EXAMPLE • 4 YOU TRY IT • 4
Find 23,954 less than 63,221 and check. Find 54,562 decreased by 14,485 and check.

Solution 5 12 11 11 11 Your solution

6 3 , 2 2 1 Check: 23,954 40,077
2 3, 9 5 4 39,267
3 9, 2 6 7 63,221

EXAMPLE • 5 YOU TRY IT • 5

Subtract 46,005 32,167 and check. Subtract 64,003 54,936 and check.

Solution Your solution

5 10 • There are two zeros in the 9067
4 6, 0 0 5 minuend. Borrow 1 thousand
3 2, 1 6 7 from the thousands column
and write 10 in the hundreds
column.
9
5 10 10 • Borrow 1 hundred from the
4 6, 0 0 5 hundreds column and write
3 2, 1 6 7 10 in the tens column.

9 9
5 10 10 15 • Borrow 1 ten from the tens
4 6, 0 0 5 column and add 10 to the 5
3 2, 1 6 7 in the ones column.
1 3, 8 3 8
Check: 32,167
13,838
46,005
Solutions on pp. S1–S2

ESTIMATION
Estimating the Difference Between Two Whole Numbers
Calculate 323,502 28,912. Then use estimation to determine whether the
difference is reasonable.
Subtract to find the exact difference. To estimate the difference, round each
number to the same place value. Here we have
rounded to the nearest ten-thousand. Then subtract. 323,502 ≈ 320,000
The estimated answer is 290,000, which is very 28,912 ≈ 30,000
close to the exact difference 294,590. 294,590 290,000
SECTION 1.3 • Subtraction of Whole Numbers 19

OBJECTIVE C To solve application problems

The table at the right shows Branch 1940 1945

the number of personnel on
active duty in the branches of U.S. Army 267,767 8,266,373
the U.S. military in 1940 and U.S. Navy 160,997 3,380,817
1945. Use this table for U.S. Air Force 51,165 2,282,259
Example 6 and You Try It 6.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
U.S. Marine Corps 28,345 474,680

Source: Dept. of the Army, Dept. of the Navy, Air Force Dept.,
Dept. of the Marines, U.S. Dept. of Defense

EXAMPLE • 6 YOU TRY IT • 6

Find the difference between the number of U.S. Find the difference between the number of personnel
Army personnel on active duty in 1945 and the on active duty in the Navy and the number in the Air
number in 1940. Force in 1945.

Strategy Your strategy

To find the difference, subtract the number of U.S.
Army personnel on active duty in 1940 (267,767)
from the number on active duty in 1945 (8,266,373).

Solution 8,266,373 Your solution

267,767 1,098,558 personnel
7,998,606
There were 7,998,606 more personnel on active duty
in the U.S. Army in 1945 than in 1940.

EXAMPLE • 7 YOU TRY IT • 7

You had a balance of $415 on your student debit Your total weekly salary is $638. Deductions of
card. You then used the card, deducting $197 for $127 for taxes, $18 for insurance, and $35 for
books, $48 for art supplies, and $24 for theater savings are taken from your pay. Find your weekly
tickets. What is your new student debit card balance? take-home pay.
In-Class Examples
Strategy Your strategy Note: Example 1 is a one-step
To find your new debit card balance: problem. Example 2 is a two-step
• Add to find the total of the three deductions problem.
(197 48 24). 1. How much larger is Alaska than
• Subtract the total of the three deductions from the Texas? Alaska is 615,230 square
old balance (415). miles in area, and Texas is
276,277 square miles in area.
338,953 square miles
Solution
Your solution 2. You drove a car 25,950 miles in a
197 415 $458 three-year period. You drove 8070
48 269 miles the first year and 9759 miles
24 146 the second year. How many miles
269 total deductions did you drive the third year?
8121 miles
Your new debit card balance is $146.
Solutions on p. S2
20 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

1.3 EXERCISES
OBJECTIVE A To subtract whole numbers without borrowing Suggested Assignment
Exercises 1–99, every other odd
Exercises 101–109, odds
For Exercises 1 to 35, subtract. Exercise 110

1. 9 2. 8 3. 8 4. 7 5. 10
5 7 4 3 0
4 1 4 4 10

6. 11 7. 12 8. 19 9. 15 10. 16
4 8 8 6 7
7 4 11 9 9

11. 25 12. 55 13. 68 14. 77 15. 89

3 4 8 3 23
22 51 60 74 66

16. 54 17. 88 18. 1202 19. 1305 20. 1763

21 57 701 404 801
33 31 501 901 962

21. 1497 22. 8974 23. 2836 24. 8976 25. 9273
706 3972 1711 7463 6142
791 5002 1125 1513 3131

26. 77 36 27. 129 82 28. 132 61 29. 969 44 30. 1347 103
41 47 71 925 1244

31. 4865 304 32. 1525 702 33. 9999 6794 34. 7806 3405 35. 8843 7621
4561 823 3205 4401 1222

Quick Quiz
36. Suppose three whole numbers, called minuend, subtrahend, and difference, are Subtract.
related by the subtraction statement minuend subtrahend difference. State
1. 936 25 911
whether the given relationship must be true, might be true, or cannot be true.
2. 6993 1821 5172
a. minuend > difference b. subtrahend < difference
Must be true Might be true

OBJECTIVE B To subtract whole numbers with borrowing

For Exercises 37 to 80, subtract.

37. 71 38. 93 39. 47 40. 44

18 28 18 27
53 65 29 17

41. 37 42. 50 43. 70 44. 993

29 27 33 537
8 23 37 456
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
SECTION 1.3 • Subtraction of Whole Numbers 21

45. 250 46. 840 47. 768 48. 770

192 783 194 395
58 57 574 375

49. 674 337 50. 3526 387 51. 1712 289 52. 4350 729
337 3139 1423 3621

53. 1702 948 54. 1607 869 55. 5933 3754 56. 7293 3748
754 738 2179 3545

57. 9407 2918 58. 3706 2957 59. 8605 7716 60. 8052 2709
6489 749 889 5343

61. 80,305 9176 62. 70,702 4239 63. 10,004 9306 64. 80,009 63,419
71,129 66,463 698 16,590

65. 70,618 41,213 66. 80,053 27,649 67. 70,700 21,076 68. 80,800 42,023
29,405 52,404 49,624 38,777

69. 2600 70. 8400 71. 9003 72. 6004

1972 3762 2471 2392
628 4638 6532 3612

73. 8202 74. 7050 75. 7015 76. 4207

3916 4137 2973 1624
4286 2913 4042 2583

77. 7005 78. 8003 79. 20,005 80. 80,004

1796 2735 9,627 8,237
5209 5268 10,378 71,767
Quick Quiz

81. Which of the following phrases represent the subtraction 673 571? Subtract.
1. 9344 793 8551
(i) 571 less 673 (ii) 571 less than 673 (iii) 673 decreased by 571 (ii) and (iii)
2. 75,068 9499 65,569

82. Find 10,051 less 9027. 1024 83. Find 17,031 less 5792. 11,239

84. Find the difference between 1003 and 447. 556 85. What is 29,874 minus 21,392? 8482

86. What is 29,797 less than 68,005? 38,208 87. What is 69,379 less than 70,004? 625

88. What is 25,432 decreased by 7994? 17,438 89. What is 86,701 decreased by 9976? 76,725
22 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

For Exercises 90 to 93, use the relationship between addition and subtraction to complete
the statement.

90. ___ 39 104 91. 67 ___ 90 92. ___ 497 862 93. 253 ___ 4901
65 23 365 4648

For Exercises 94 to 99, use a calculator to subtract. Then round the numbers to the nearest
ten-thousand and use estimation to determine whether the difference is reasonable.
Quick Quiz
94. 80,032 95. 90,765 96. 32,574 1. After a trip of 728 miles,
19,605 60,928 10,961 the odometer of your car
Cal.: 60,427 Cal.: 29,837 Cal.: 21,613 read 65,412 miles. What
was the odometer reading
Est.: 60,000 Est.: 30,000 Est.: 20,000
at the beginning of your
trip? 64,684 miles
97. 98. 99. 2. You had a bank balance
96,430 567,423 300,712
of $843. You then wrote
59,762 208,444 198,714 checks for $192, $65, and
Cal.: 36,668 Cal.: 358,979 Cal.: 101,998 $19. Find your new bank
Est.: 40,000 Est.: 360,000 Est.: 100,000 balance. $567

OBJECTIVE C To solve application problems

100. Banking You have $304 in your checking account. If you write a check for $139,
how much is left in your checking account?
$165

© iStockphoto.com/Katrina Brown
© iStockphoto.com/arlindo71

© iStockphoto.com/arlindo71
101. Insects The table at the right shows the number of taste genes
and the number of smell genes in the mosquito, fruit fly, and
honey bee.
a. How many more smell genes does the Mosquito Fruit Fly Honey Bee
honey bee have than the mosquito? Taste genes 76 68 10
b. How many more taste genes does the
mosquito have than the fruit fly? Smell genes 79 62 170
c. Which of these insects has the best sense Source: www.sciencedaily.com
of smell?
d. Which of these insects has the worst
sense of taste?
1,379,979

a. 91 more smell genes b. 8 more taste genes c. Honey

1,143,076

bee d. Honey bee 1,500,000

1,061,572
902,096
Cars Sold

707,198

1,000,000
102. Car Sales The graph at the right shows the number of cars
sold in India for each year from 2003 to 2007.
a. Has the number of cars sold 500,000
increased each year from 2003
to 2007?
AP Images

b. How many more cars were sold in 0

India in 2007 than in 2003? ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07
c. Between which two years shown Tata Motors’ One Cars Sold in India
did car sales increase the most? Lakh Car Source: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers
a. Yes b. 672,781 more cars
c. Between 2006 and 2007
SECTION 1.3 • Subtraction of Whole Numbers 23

103. Earth Science Use the graph at the right to find the differ-

0
20
ence between the maximum height to which Great Fountain 200

5
17
geyser erupts and the maximum height to which Valentine
erupts. 150

Height (in feet)

15 feet

90
100

75

60
104. Earth Science According to the graph at the right, how much
50
higher is the eruption of the Giant than that of Old Faithful?

30
25 feet
0

ra

un eat
in

nt

on
fu
in

ta
d

ia

Li
ith
Fo Gr
nt

sy

G
105. Education In a recent year, 775,424 women and 573,079

le

ep

Fa
Va

Cl

ld
men earned a bachelor’s degree. How many more women

O
The Maximum Heights of the Eruptions of
than men earned a bachelor’s degree in that year? (Source:
Six Geysers at Yellowstone National Park
The National Center for Education Statistics)
202,345 more women than men

Demographics The graph at the right shows the expected U.S.

00
5,0
population aged 100 and over for every 2 years from 2010 to 2020.

0
23
0
8,0
240,000

00
Use this information for Exercises 106 to 108.

20
7,0
00
18
6,0
200,000

00
106. What is the expected growth in the population aged 100 and

16
6,0
00
9,0
14
over during the 10-year period? 160,000

Population

12
106,000 120,000

107. a. Which 2-year period has the smallest expected increase in 80,000
the number of people aged 100 and over? 2010 to 2012
40,000
b. Which 2-year period has the greatest expected
increase? 2018 to 2020 0
’10 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18 ’20
Year
108. What does the difference 208,000 166,000 represent? Expected U.S. Population Aged 100 and Over
The increase in the number of people aged 100 and over from Source: Census Bureau
2014 to 2018
109. Finances You had a credit card balance of $409 before you
used the card to purchase books for $168, CDs for $36, and
a pair of shoes for $97. You then made a payment to the cred-
it card company of $350. Find your new credit card balance.
$360
Rachel Epstein/PhotoEdit, Inc.

Applying the Concepts

110. Answer true or false.

a. The phrases “the difference between 9 and 5” and “5 less
than 9” mean the same thing. True
b. 9 (5 3) (9 5) 3 False
c. Subtraction is an associative operation. Hint: See part (b) of this exercise.
False

111. Make up a word problem for which the difference between 15 and 8 is the answer.
For answers to the Writing exercises, please see the Appendix in the Instructor’s Resource Binder that accompanies this textbook.
24 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

SECTION

1.4 Multiplication of Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE A To multiply a number by a single digit

Six boxes of CD players are ordered. Each box contains eight CD players. How many CD
© iStockphoto.com/Ivan Bajic

players are ordered?

This problem can be worked by adding 6 eights.
8 8 8 8 8 8 48
This problem involves repeated addition of the same number and can be worked by a shorter
process called multiplication. Multiplication is the repeated addition of the same number.

8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 48

The numbers that are multiplied are or

called factors. The result is called the 6 8 48
product.
Factor Factor Product
The product of 6 8 can be
represented on the number line. The 48

arrow representing the whole number 8 8 8 8 8 8

8 is repeated 6 times. The result is the

arrow representing 48. 0 8 16 24 32 40 48

The times sign “” is only one symbol that is used to indicate multiplication. Each of the
expressions that follow represents multiplication.
78 78 7(8) (7)(8) (7)8
As with addition, there are some useful properties of multiplication.

Multiplication Property of Zero 040

The product of a number and zero is zero. 700

Tips for Success Multiplication Property of One 166

Some students think that they
The product of a number and one is the number. 818
can “coast” at the beginning
of this course because the
topic of Chapter 1 is whole Commutative Property of Multiplication 4334
numbers. However, this
Two numbers can be multiplied in either order. The 12 12
chapter lays the foundation
for the entire course. Be sure product will be the same.
you know and understand all
the concepts presented. For Associative Property of Multiplication (4 2) 3 4 (2 3)
⎭
⎬
⎫

example, study the properties

⎭
⎬
⎫

of multiplication presented in Grouping the numbers to be multiplied in any order 8 34 6

this lesson. gives the same result. Do the multiplication inside the 24 24
parentheses first.
SECTION 1.4 • Multiplication of Whole Numbers 25

The basic facts for multiplying one-digit numbers should be memorized. Multiplication
of larger numbers requires the repeated use of the basic multiplication facts.
HOW TO • 1 Multiply: 37 4
2
3 7 • 4 7 28 (2 tens 8 ones).
4 Write the 8 in the ones column and
8 carry the 2 to the tens column.

2
3 7 • The 3 in 37 is 3 tens.
4 4 3 tens 12 tens
14 8 Add the carry digit. 2 tens
14 tens

• Write the 14. The product is 148.

The phrases below are used to indicate the operation of multiplication. An

example is shown at the right of each phrase.

times 7 times 3 73

the product of the product of 6 and 9 69
multiplied by 8 multiplied by 2 28

EXAMPLE • 1 YOU TRY IT • 1

Multiply: 735 9 Multiply: 648 7 In-Class Examples
Multiply.
Solution Your solution
1. 83 2. 245 3. 7894
34 • 9 5 45 4536 9 5 6
735 Write the 5 in the ones
9 column. Carry the 4 to the
747 1225 47,364

6615 tens column.

9 3 27, 27 4 31
9 7 63, 63 3 66
Solution on p. S2

OBJECTIVE B To multiply larger whole numbers

42
Note the pattern when the following numbers are 4 20 80
multiplied.
1 zero
Multiply the nonzero part of the factors. 42
Now attach the same number of zeros to the product 4 200 800
as the total number of zeros in the factors. 2 zeros

42
40 200 8000
3 zeros

12 5
12 5000 60,000
3 zeros
26 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

HOW TO • 2 Find the product of 47 and 23.

Multiply by the Multiply by the Add.

Te dre s
ones digit. tens digit.

d
ns ds
un n
H usa

s
47 47 47

ne
o
Th

O
23 23 23 4 7
141 ( 47 3) 141 141 2 3
940 ( 47 20) 940 1 4 1 3 47
9 4 0 20 47
1081
1 0 8 1 141 940
Writing the 0
is optional.

The place-value chart on the right above illustrates the placement of the products.
Note the placement of the products when we are multiplying by a factor that contains
a zero.

HOW TO • 3 Multiply: 439 206

439 When working the problem, we 439
206 usually write only one zero. Writing 206
2634 this zero ensures the proper 2634
000 0 439 placement of the products. 87801
8781 1 90,434
90,434

EXAMPLE • 2 YOU TRY IT • 2

Find 829 multiplied by 603. Multiply: 756 305 In-Class Examples
Multiply.
Solution Your solution 1. 15 2. 935 3. 4198
829 • 3 829 2487 29 24
230,580 46
603 • Write a zero in the tens
435 43,010 100,752
2487 column for 0 829.
4. 6572 5. 728
497401 • 6 829 4974
294 306
499,887 1,932,168 222,768

Solution on p. S2

ESTIMATION
Estimating the Product of Two Whole Numbers
Calculate 3267 389. Then use estimation to determine whether the product is
reasonable.
Multiply to find the exact product. 3267 x 389 = 1,270,863
To estimate the product, round each number
so that it has only one nonzero digit. Then 3267 ≈ 3000
multiply. The estimated answer is 1,200,000, 389 ≈ 400
which is very close to the exact product 1,200,000
1,270,863.
SECTION 1.4 • Multiplication of Whole Numbers 27

OBJECTIVE C To solve application problems

EXAMPLE • 3 YOU TRY IT • 3

An auto mechanic receives a salary of $1050 each A new-car dealer receives a shipment of 37 cars each
week. How much does the auto mechanic earn in month. Find the number of cars the dealer will
4 weeks? receive in 12 months.

Strategy Your strategy

To find the mechanic’s earnings for 4 weeks,
multiply the weekly salary (1050) by the number
of weeks (4).

Solution Your solution

1050 444 cars
4
4200
The mechanic earns $4200 in 4 weeks.
In-Class Examples
Note: Example 1 is a one-step problem. Example 2 is a two-step problem.
1. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that a motorcycle gets 43 miles per gallon of gasoline. How many miles can it get on
8 gallons of gasoline? 344 miles
2. A gasoline storage tank contains 66,000 gallons of gasoline. A valve is opened that lets out 30 gallons each minute. How many
gallons remain in the tank after 40 minutes? 64,800 gallons

EXAMPLE • 4 YOU TRY IT • 4

A press operator earns $640 for working a The buyer for Ross Department Store can buy
40-hour week. This week the press operator also 80 men’s suits for $4800. Each sports jacket will cost
worked 7 hours of overtime at $26 an hour. Find the store $23. The manager orders 80 men’s suits and
the press operator’s total pay for the week. 25 sports jackets. What is the total cost
of the order?

Strategy Your strategy

To find the press operator’s total pay for
the week:
• Find the overtime pay by multiplying the hours of
overtime (7) by the overtime rate of pay (26).
• Add the weekly salary (640) to the overtime pay.

Solution
26 640 Your solution
7 182 $5375
182 overtime pay 822

The press operator earned $822 this week.

Solutions on p. S2
28 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

1.4 EXERCISES
OBJECTIVE A To multiply a number by a single digit Suggested Assignment
Exercises 1–3, odds
Exercises 5–85, every other odd
For Exercises 1 to 4, write the expression as a product. Exercises 87–103, odds
Exercises 104, 106
1. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2. 4 4 4 4 4 3. 7 7 7 7 4. 18 18 18
6 2 or 6 2 5 4 or 5 4 4 7 or 4 7 3 18 or 3 18

For Exercises 5 to 39, multiply.

5. 3 6. 2 7. 5 8. 6 9. 5
4 8 7 4 5
12 16 35 24 25

10. 7 11. 0 12. 8 13. 8 14. 7

7 7 0 9 6
49 0 0 72 42

15. 66 16. 70 17. 67 18. 127 19. 623

3 4 5 9 4
198 280 335 1143 2492

20. 802 21. 607 22. 300 23. 600 24. 906
5 9 5 7 8
4010 5463 1500 4200 7248

25. 703 26. 127 27. 632 28. 559 29. 632
9 5 3 4 8
6327 635 1896 2236 5056

30. 524 31. 337 32. 841 33. 6709 34. 3608
4 5 6 7 5
2096 1685 5046 46,963 18,040

35. 8568 36. 5495 37. 4780 38. 3690 39. 9895
7 4 4 5 2
59,976 21,980 19,120 18,450 19,790

40. True or false? The product of two one-digit whole numbers must be a two-digit
whole number. False

Quick Quiz
41. Find the product of 5, 7, and 4. 140
Multiply.
1. 78 2. 649 3. 3724
42. Find the product of 6, 2, and 9. 108 4 6 5
312 3894 18,620
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
SECTION 1.4 • Multiplication of Whole Numbers 29

43. What is 3208 multiplied by 7? 22,456 44. What is 5009 multiplied by 4? 20,036

45. What is 3105 times 6? 18,630 46. What is 8957 times 8? 71,656

OBJECTIVE B To multiply larger whole numbers Quick Quiz

Multiply.
1. 75 2. 495 3. 724 4. 392
For Exercises 47 to 78, multiply. 42 37 831 407
3150 18,315 601,644 159,544
47. 16 48. 18 49. 35 50. 27
21 24 26 72
336 432 910 1944

51. 693 52. 581 53. 419 54. 727

91 72 80 60
63,063 41,832 33,520 43,620

55. 8279 56. 9577 57. 6938 58. 8875

46 35 78 67
380,834 335,195 541,164 594,625

59. 7035 60. 6702 61. 3009 62. 6003

57 48 35 57
400,995 321,696 105,315 342,171

63. 809 64. 607 65. 800 66. 700

530 460 325 274
428,770 279,220 260,000 191,800

67. 987 68. 688 69. 312 70. 423

349 674 134 427
344,463 463,712 41,808 180,621

71. 379 72. 684 73. 985 74. 758

500 700 408 209
189,500 478,800 401,880 158,422

75. 3407 76. 5207 77. 4258 78. 6327

309 902 986 876
1,052,763 4,696,714 4,198,388 5,542,452

79. Find a one-digit number and a two-digit number whose product is a number that
ends in two zeros. For example, 5 and 20
30 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

80. What is 5763 times 45? 259,335 81. What is 7349 times 27? 198,423

82. Find the product of 2, 19, and 34. 1292 83. Find the product of 6, 73, and 43. 18,834

84. What is 376 multiplied by 402? 151,152 85. What is 842 multiplied by 309? 260,178

For Exercises 86 to 93, use a calculator to multiply. Then use estimation to determine
whether the product is reasonable.

86. 8745 87. 4732 88. 2937 89. 8941

63 93 206 726
Cal.: 550,935 Cal.: 440,076 Cal.: 605,022 Cal.: 6,491,166
Est.: 540,000 Est.: 450,000 Est.: 600,000 Est.: 6,300,000

90. 3097 91. 6379 92. 32,508 93. 62,504

1025 2936 591 923
Cal.: 3,174,425 Cal.: 18,728,744 Cal.: 19,212,228 Cal.: 57,691,192
Est.: 3,000,000 Est.: 18,000,000 Est.: 18,000,000 Est.: 54,000,000

OBJECTIVE C To solve application problems

94. The price of Braeburn apples is $1.29 per pound, and the price of Cameo apples is
$1.79 per pound. Which of the following represents the price of 3 pounds of
Braeburn apples and 2 pounds of Cameo apples?
(i) (3 1.29) (3 1.79) (ii) (2 1.29) (3 1.79)
(iii) 5 (1.29 1.79) (iv) (3 1.29) (2 1.79) (iv)

95. Fuel Efficiency Rob Hill owns a compact car that averages 43 miles on 1 gallon of
gas. How many miles could the car travel on 12 gallons of gas? 16 mi
516 miles

96. Fuel Efficiency A plane flying from Los Angeles to Boston uses 865 gallons of jet
fuel each hour. How many gallons of jet fuel were used on a 6-hour flight? 15 m
5190 gallons
24 m

97. Geometry The perimeter of a square is equal to four times the length of a side
of the square. Find the perimeter of a square whose side measures 16 miles.
64 miles
In the News
98. Geometry The area of a rectangle is equal to the product of the length of the Find Your
rectangle times its width. Find the area of a rectangle that has a length of 24 Match Online
meters and a width of 15 meters. The area will be in square meters. eHarmony, the online
360 square meters matchmaking service,
boasts marriages among
its members at the rate
99. Matchmaking Services See the news clipping at the right. a. How many mar- of 90 a day.
riages occur between eHarmony members each week? b. How many mar- Source: Time, January 17, 2008
riages occur each year? Use a 365-day year.
a. 630 marriages b. 32,850 marriages
SECTION 1.4 • Multiplication of Whole Numbers 31

100. College Education See the news clipping at the right. a. Find the average
cost of tuition, room, and board for 4 years at a public college. b. Find the In the News
average cost of tuition, room, and board for 4 years at a private college. Comparing
c. Find the difference in cost for tuition, room, and board between 4 years Tuition Costs
at a private college and 4 years at a public college. The average annual cost
a. $51,184 b. $121,468 c. $70,284 of tuition, room, and
board at a four-year
public college is $12,796.
At a four-year private
college, the average cost
is $30,367.
Source: Kiplinger.com,
Construction The table at the right shows the hourly wages of four different January 24, 2007
job classifications at a small construction company. Use this table for Exercises
101 to 103.

101. The owner of this company wants to provide the electrical instal- Type of Work Wage per Hour
lation for a new house. On the basis of the architectural plans for
the house, it is estimated that it will require 3 electricians, each Electrician $34
working 50 hours, to complete the job. What is the estimated cost Plumber $30
for the electricians’ labor? $5100 Clerk $16
Bookkeeper $20
102. Carlos Vasquez, a plumbing contractor, hires 4 plumbers from this
company at the hourly wage given in the table. If each plumber
works 23 hours, what are the total wages paid by Carlos? $2760

103. The owner of this company estimates that remodeling a kitchen will require 1 elec- Quick Quiz
trician working 30 hours and 1 plumber working 33 hours. This project also requires 1. A mechanic has a car
3 hours of clerical work and 4 hours of bookkeeping. What is the total cost for these payment of $197 each
four components of this remodeling? $2138 month. What is the total of
the car payments over a
12-month period? $2364
2. A baker can buy
1000 pounds of flour for
Applying the Concepts $300 and one 100-pound
bag of sugar for $64. The
104. Determine whether each of the following statements is always true, sometimes baker orders 1000 pounds
true, or never true. of flour and fifteen
a. A whole number times zero is zero. Always true 100-pound bags of sugar.
What is the total cost of
b. A whole number times one is the whole number. Always true
the order? $1260
c. The product of two whole numbers is greater than either one of the whole
numbers. Sometimes true

105. Safety According to the National Safety Council, in a recent year a death result-
ing from an accident occurred at the rate of 1 every 5 minutes. At this rate, how
many accidental deaths occurred each hour? Each day? Throughout the year?
Explain how you arrived at your answers.
12 deaths each hour; 288 deaths each day; 105,120 deaths each year
© Blaine Harrington III/Corbis

106. Demographics According to the Population Reference Bureau, in the world

today, 261 people are born every minute and 101 people die every minute.
Using this statistic, what is the increase in the world’s population every hour?
Every day? Every week? Every year? Use a 365-day year. Explain how you
arrived at your answers.
9600 people every hour; 230,400 people every day; 1,612,800 people every week;
84,096,000 people every year
32 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

SECTION

1.5 Division of Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE A To divide by a single digit with no remainder in the quotient

Division is used to separate objects into equal groups.

A store manager wants to display 24 new objects equally on 4 shelves. From the diagram,
we see that the manager would place 6 objects on each shelf.
The manager’s division problem can be written as follows:

Take Note Number on each shelf

The divisor is the number Number of Quotient
that is divided into another shelves 6
number. The dividend is the Divisor 4兲24 Number of objects
number into which the divisor Dividend
is divided. The result is the
quotient.

Note that the quotient multiplied by the divisor equals the dividend.

6 6 4 24
4兲24 because Quotient Divisor Dividend

6
9兲54 because 6 9 54

Instructor Note 5
One method to help students
8兲40 because 5 8 40
understand that division by
zero is not allowed is to relate
it to the problem of the store
manager above. Ask how the
manager can display 24 items Here are some important quotients and the properties of zero in division:
on 4 shelves; on 3 shelves;
on 2 shelves; on 1 shelf;
on 0 shelves! Properties of One in Division
Any whole number, except zero, divided by itself 1 1 1
is 1. 8兲8 14兲14 10兲10
Integrating
Technology Any whole number divided by 1 is the whole 9 27 10
Enter 8 ÷ 0 = on your number. 1兲9 1兲27 1兲10
calculator. An error message
is displayed because division
by zero is not allowed. Properties of Zero in Division 0 0 0
7兲0 13兲0 10兲0
Zero divided by any other whole number is zero.
Division by zero is not allowed. ? There is no number
0兲8 whose product with 0
is 8.
SECTION 1.5 • Division of Whole Numbers 33

When the dividend is a larger whole number, the digits in the quotient are found in steps.

HOW TO • 1 Divide 4兲3192 and check.

7
4兲 3192 • Think 4兲31.
28 • Subtract 7 4.
39 • Bring down the 9.

79
4兲 3192
28
39 • Think 4兲39.
36 • Subtract 9 4.
32 • Bring down the 2.

798 Check: 798

4兲 3192 4
28 3192
39
36
32 • Think 4兲32.
32 • Subtract 8 4.
0

The place-value chart can be used to show why this method works.
REDS
HUND

ONES
TENS

7 9 8
4兲 3 1 9 2
2 8 0 0 7 hundreds 4
3 9 2
3 6 0 9 tens 4
3 2
3 2 8 ones 4
0

There are other ways of expressing division.

54 divided by 9 equals 6.
54 9 equals 6.
54
equals 6.
9
34 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

EXAMPLE • 1 YOU TRY IT • 1

Divide 7兲56 and check. Divide 9兲63 and check.

Solution Your solution In-Class Examples

8 7 Divide.
7兲56 1. 9冄 711 79
Check: 8 7 56 2. 8冄 6728 841
3. 4冄 78,384 19,596

EXAMPLE • 2 YOU TRY IT • 2

Divide 2808 8 and check. Divide 4077 9 and check.

Solution Your solution

351 453
8兲 2808
24
40
401
08
8
0
Check: 351 8 2808

EXAMPLE • 3 YOU TRY IT • 3

Divide 7兲2856 and check. Divide 9兲6345 and check.

Solution Your solution

408 705
7兲 2856
28
05 • Think 7兲5. Place 0 in quotient.
0 • Subtract 0 7.
56 • Bring down the 6.
56
0
Check: 408 7 2856
Solutions on pp. S2–S3

OBJECTIVE B To divide by a single digit with a remainder in the quotient

Sometimes it is not possible to separate objects into a whole number of equal groups.
A baker has 14 muffins to pack into 3 boxes.
Each box holds 4 muffins. From the diagram, we
see that after the baker places 4 muffins in each
box, there are 2 left over. The 2 is called the
remainder.
SECTION 1.5 • Division of Whole Numbers 35

The baker’s division problem could be written

Quotient
4 (Number in each box)
Divisor 3兲 14 Dividend
(Number of boxes) 12 (Total number of objects)
2 Remainder
(Number left over)
Instructor Note
The answer to a division problem with a remainder is frequently written
Some students have difficulty
with the concept of remainder. 4 r2
Have these students try to 3兲14
give 15 pennies to 4 students
so that each student has the 4 3 2 14
same number of pennies. Note that Quotient Divisor Remainder Dividend .

EXAMPLE • 4 YOU TRY IT • 4

Divide 4兲2522 and check. Divide 6兲5225 and check.

Solution Your solution

630 r2 870 r5
4兲 2522
24
12
121
02 • Think 4兲2. Place 0 in
0 quotient.
2 • Subtract 0 4.

Check: (630 4) 2
2520 2 2522

EXAMPLE • 5 YOU TRY IT • 5

Divide 9兲27,438 and check. Divide 7兲21,409 and check.

Solution Your solution

3,048 r6 3058 r3 In-Class Examples
9兲 27,438 Divide.
27 1. 8冄 547 68 r3
04 • Think 9兲4.
2. 6冄 3743 623 r5
0 • Subtract 0 9.
3. 7冄 65,412 9344 r4
43
36
78
72
6
Check: (3048 9) 6
27,432 6 27,438

Solutions on p. S3
36 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE C To divide by larger whole numbers

When the divisor has more than one digit, estimate at each step by using the first digit of
the divisor. If that product is too large, lower the guess by 1 and try again.

HOW TO • 2 Divide 34兲1598 and check.

5 4
34兲 1598 • Think 3兲15. 34兲 1598
170 • Subtract 5 34. 136 • Subtract 4 34.
238
170 is too large. Lower the
Tips for Success guess by 1 and try again.
One of the key instructional
features of this text is the
47
Example/You Try It pairs. 34兲 1598 Check: 47
Each Example is completely 136 34
worked. You are to solve the 238 • Think 3兲23. 188
You Try It problems. When
238 • Subtract 7 34. 1411
you are ready, check your
solution against the one in the 0 1598
Solutions section. The
solution for You Try It 6 below
The phrases below are used to indicate the operation of division. An example is shown at
is on page S3 (see the
reference at the bottom right
the right of each phrase.
of the You Try It). See AIM
for Success at the front of
the book.
the quotient of the quotient of 9 and 3 9 3
divided by 6 divided by 2 6 2

EXAMPLE • 6 YOU TRY IT • 6

Find 7077 divided by 34 and check. Divide 4578 42 and check.

Solution Your solution In-Class Examples

208 r5 109 Divide.
34兲 7077
1. 69冄 741 10 r51
68
27 • Think 34兲27. 2. 96冄 6525 67 r93

0 • Place 0 in quotient. 3. 73冄 29,645 406 r7

277 • Subtract 0 34.

272
5
Check: (208 34) 5
7072 5 7077

Solution on p. S3
SECTION 1.5 • Division of Whole Numbers 37

EXAMPLE • 7 YOU TRY IT • 7

Find the quotient of 21,312 and 56 and check. Divide 18,359 39 and check.

Solution Your solution

380 r32 470 r29
56兲21,312 • Think 5兲21.
16 8 4 56 is too large.
4 51 Try 3.
4 48
32
0
32
Check: (380 56) 32
21,280 32 21,312

EXAMPLE • 8 YOU TRY IT • 8

Divide 427兲24,782 and check. Divide 534兲33,219 and check.

Solution Your solution

58 r16 62 r111
427兲24,782
21 35
3 432
3 416
16
Check: (58 427) 16
24,766 16 24,782

EXAMPLE • 9 YOU TRY IT • 9

Divide 386兲206,149 and check. Divide 515兲216,848 and check.

Solution Your solution

534 r25 421 r33
386兲206,149
193 0
13 14
11 58
1 569
1 544
25
Check: (534 386) 25
206,124 25 206,149

Solutions on p. S3
38 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

ESTIMATION
Estimating the Quotient of Two Whole Numbers
Calculate 36,936 54. Then use estimation to determine whether the quotient is
reasonable.
Divide to find the exact quotient. 36,936 ÷ 54 = 684
To estimate the quotient, round each number so that 36,936 54 艐
it contains one nonzero digit. Then divide. The 40,000 50 800
estimated answer is 800, which is close to the exact
quotient 684.

OBJECTIVE D To solve application problems

The average of several numbers is the sum of all the numbers divided by the number of
those numbers.
81 + 87 + 80 + 85 + 79 + 86 498
Average test score = = = 83
6 6
HOW TO • 3
The table at the right shows what Expenses to Raise a Child
an an upper-income family can
expect to spend to raise a child to the Housing $89,580
age of 17 years. Find the average Food $35,670
amount spent each year. Round to the Transportation $32,760
nearest dollar.
Child care/education $26,520
Clothing $13,770
Strategy
Health care $13,380
To find the average amount spent each
year: Other $30,090
• Add all the numbers in the table to Source: Department of Agriculture,
find the total amount spent during Expenditures on Children by Families
the 17 years.
Michelle D. Bridwell/PhotoEdit, Inc.

• Divide the sum by 17.

Solution
89,580 14,221 • When rounding to the nearest whole
35,670 17兲 241,770 number, compare twice the
32,760 17 remainder to the divisor. If twice the
26,520 remainder is less than the divisor,
71
13,770 drop the remainder. If twice the
Instructor Note 68
13,380 remainder is greater than or equal to
Ask students why the 30,090 37 the divisor, add 1 to the units digit of
rounding rule given at the 3 4 the quotient.
241,770 Sum of all
right works. You want them 37
the costs
to discover that if twice the 34
remainder is less than the
divisor, the next digit is less 30 • Twice the remainder is 2 13 26.
than 5; if twice the remainder 17 Because 26 > 17, add 1 to the units
is greater than or equal to the digit of the quotient.
13
divisor, the next digit is
greater than or equal to 5. The average amount spent each year to raise a child to the age of 17 is $14,222.
SECTION 1.5 • Division of Whole Numbers 39

EXAMPLE • 10 YOU TRY IT • 10

Ngan Hui, a freight supervisor, shipped Suppose a Michelin retail outlet can store 270 tires
192,600 bushels of wheat in 9 railroad cars. Find on 15 shelves. How many tires can be stored on
the amount of wheat shipped in each car. each shelf?

Strategy Your strategy In-Class Examples

To find the amount of wheat shipped in each car, 1. A lottery prize of $857,000
divide the number of bushels (192,600) by the is divided equally among
4 winners. What amount
number of cars (9).
does each winner receive?
$214,250
2. A shipment of 9810
diodes requires testing.
Solution Your solution The diodes are divided
21,400 18 tires equally among 15
9兲 192,600 employees. How many
18 diodes must each
employee test?
12
654 diodes
9
36
36
0
Each car carried 21,400 bushels of wheat.

EXAMPLE • 11 YOU TRY IT • 11

The used car you are buying costs $11,216. A down A soft-drink manufacturer produces 12,600 cans
payment of $2000 is required. The remaining balance of soft drink each hour. Cans are packed 24 to a
is paid in 48 equal monthly payments. What is the case. How many cases of soft drink are produced
monthly payment? in 8 hours?

Strategy Your strategy

To find the monthly payment:
• Find the remaining balance by subtracting the
down payment (2000) from the total cost of the car
(11,216).
• Divide the remaining balance by the number of
equal monthly payments (48).

Solution Your solution

11,216 192 4200 cases
2,000 48兲 9216
9,216 48
441
Remaining balance
432
96
96
0
The monthly payment is $192.
Solutions on p. S3
40 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers Suggested Assignment
Exercises 1–101, every other odd
Exercises 103–121, odds
1.5 EXERCISES
OBJECTIVE A To divide by a single digit with no remainder in the quotient

For Exercises 1 to 20, divide.

2 3 6 9
1. 4兲8 2. 3兲9 3. 6兲36 4. 9兲81

7 16 16 80
5. 7兲49 6. 5兲80 7. 6兲96 8. 6兲480

210 230 44 29
9. 4兲840 10. 3兲690 11. 7兲308 12. 7兲203

703 530 910 902

13. 9兲6327 14. 4兲2120 15. 8兲7280 16. 9兲8118

21,560 12,690 3580 3610

17. 3兲64,680 18. 4兲50,760 19. 6兲21,480 20. 5兲18,050

21. What is 7525 divided by 7? 1075 22. What is 32,364 divided by 4? 8091

23. If the dividend and the divisor in a division problem are the same number, what is Quick Quiz
the quotient? 1 Divide.
1. 6冄 270 45
2. 7冄 2667 381

For Exercises 24 to 27, use the relationship between multiplication and division to 3. 9冄 25,677 2853
complete the multiplication problem.

24. ___ 7 364 25. 8 ___ 376 26. 5 ___ 170 27. ___ 4 92
52 47 34 23

OBJECTIVE B To divide by a single digit with a remainder in the quotient

For Exercises 28 to 50, divide.

2 r1 3 r1 5 r2 9 r7 13 r1
28. 4兲9 29. 2兲7 30. 5兲27 31. 9兲88 32. 3兲40

16 r1 10 r3 10 r4 90 r2 90 r3
33. 6兲97 34. 8兲83 35. 5兲54 36. 7兲632 37. 4兲363
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
SECTION 1.5 • Division of Whole Numbers 41

230 r1 120 r5 204 r3 309 r3 1347 r3

38. 4兲921 39. 7兲845 40. 8兲1635 41. 5兲1548 42. 7兲9432

1160 r4 1720 r2 708 r2 409 r2

43. 7兲8124 44. 3兲5162 45. 5兲3542 46. 8兲3274

3825 r1 6214 r2 9044 r2 8708 r2

47. 4兲15,301 48. 7兲43,500 49. 8兲72,354 50. 5兲43,542

51. What is 45,738 divided by 4? Round to 52. What is 37,896 divided by 9? Round to the
the nearest ten. 11,430 nearest hundred. 4200

53. What is 3572 divided by 7? Round to 54. What is 78,345 divided by 4? Round to the
the nearest ten. 510 nearest hundred. 19,600

Quick Quiz
55. True or false? When a three-digit number is divided by a one-digit number, the Divide.
quotient can be a one-digit number. False 1. 9冄 415 46 r1
2. 8冄 7787 973 r3
3. 6冄 85,300 14,216 r4

OBJECTIVE C To divide by larger whole numbers

For Exercises 56 to 83, divide.

3 r15 1 r38 2 r3 1 r26

56. 27兲96 57. 44兲82 58. 42兲87 59. 67兲93

21 r36 21 r21 34 r2 30 r22

60. 41兲897 61. 32兲693 62. 23兲784 63. 25兲772

8 r8 5 r40 4 r49 9 r17

64. 74兲600 65. 92兲500 66. 70兲329 67. 50兲467

200 r25 200 r21 203 r2 303 r1

68. 36兲7225 69. 44兲8821 70. 19兲3859 71. 32兲9697

35 r47 67 r13 271 176 r13

72. 88兲3127 73. 92兲6177 74. 33兲8943 75. 27兲4765

4484 r6 1086 r7 608 403

76. 22兲98,654 77. 77兲83,629 78. 64兲38,912 79. 78兲31,434
42 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

15 r7 12 r456 1 r563 4 r160

80. 206兲3097 81. 504兲6504 82. 654兲1217 83. 546兲2344

84. Find the quotient of 5432 and 21. 258 r14 85. Find the quotient of 8507 and 53. 160 r27

86. What is 37,294 divided by 72? 517 r70 87. What is 76,788 divided by 46? 1669 r14

88. Find 23,457 divided by 43. Round to 89. Find 341,781 divided by 43. Round to the
the nearest hundred. 500 nearest ten. 7950

90. True or false? If the remainder of a division problem is 210, then the divisor was Quick Quiz
less than 210. False Divide.
1. 34冄693 20 r13
2. 28冄3518 125 r18

For Exercises 91 to 102, use a calculator to divide. Then use estimation to determine 3. 94冄79,683 847 r65
whether the quotient is reasonable.

Cal.: 5129 Cal.: 2225 Cal.: 21,968 Cal.: 11,016

Est.: 5000 Est.: 2000 Est.: 20,000 Est.: 10,000
91. 76兲389,804 92. 53兲117,925 93. 29兲637,072 94. 67兲738,072

Cal.: 24,596 Cal.: 26,656 Cal.: 2836 Cal.: 504

Est.: 22,500 Est.: 30,000 Est.: 3000 Est.: 500
95. 38兲934,648 96. 34兲906,304 97. 309兲876,324 98. 642兲323,568

Cal.: 3024 Cal.: 541 Cal.: 32,036 Cal.: 20,621

Est.: 3000 Est.: 500 Est.: 30,000 Est.: 20,000
99. 209兲632,016 100. 614兲332,174 101. 179兲5,734,444 102. 374兲7,712,254

OBJECTIVE D To solve application problems

Insurance The table at the right shows the sources of insurance claims for losses Source Claims
of laptop computers in a recent year. Claims have been rounded to the nearest ten
thousand dollars. Use this information for Exercises 103 and 104. Accidents $560,000
Theft $300,000
Power surge $80,000
103. What was the average monthly claim for theft?
Lightning $50,000
$25,000
Transit $20,000
Water/flood $20,000
Other $110,000
104. For all sources combined, find the average claims per month.
$95,000 Source: Safeware, The Insurance
Company
SECTION 1.5 • Division of Whole Numbers 43

Work Hours The table at the right shows, for different countries, the Country Annual Number
average number of hours per year that employees work. Use this of Hours Worked
information for Exercises 105 and 106. Use a 50-week year. Round
answers to the nearest whole number. Britian 1731
France 1656
105. What is the average number of hours worked per week by Japan 1889
employees in Britain? 35 hours Norway 1399
United States 1966
Source: International Labor Organization
106. On average, how many more hours per week do employees in
the United States work than employees in France? 6 hours

107. Coins The U.S. Mint estimates that about 114,000,000,000 of the
312,000,000,000 pennies it has minted over the last 30 years are in active cir-

© blickwinkel/Alamy
culation. That works out to how many pennies in circulation for each of the
300,000,000 people living in the United States? 380 pennies

108. Toy Sales Every hour, 25,200 sets of Legos® are sold by retailers world-
wide. (Source: Time, February 11, 2008) How many sets of Legos are sold In the News
each second by retailers worldwide? 7 sets of Legos Holiday Mail
Delivery
The U.S. Postal Service
expects to deliver 20
109. U.S. Postal Service There are 114 households in the United States. Use the
billion pieces of mail
information in the news clipping at the right to determine, on average, how between Thanksgiving
many pieces of mail each household will receive between Thanksgiving and and Christmas this year.
Christmas this year. Round to the nearest whole number. 175 pieces of mail
Source: www.usps.com

110. Arlington National Cemetery There are approximately 10,200 funerals each
year at Arlington National Cemetery. (Source: www.arlingtoncemetery.org)
Calculate the average number of funerals each day at Arlington National
Cemetery. Round to the nearest whole number. 28 funerals

© 2009 Jupiterimages
111. Which problems below require division to solve?
(i) Four friends want to share a restaurant bill of $45.65 equally. Find the
amount that each friend should pay. Arlington National Cemetery
(ii) On average, Sam spends $30 a week on gas. Find Sam’s average
yearly expenditure for gas. Quick Quiz
(iii) Emma’s 12 phone bills for last year totaled $660. Find Emma’s 1. A management consultant
average monthly phone bill. received a check for
(i) and (iii) $1755 for 45 hours of
work. What is the
consultant’s hourly fee?
$39
2. A tannery produces and
packages 320 briefcases
Applying the Concepts each hour. Ten briefcases
are put in each package
112. Wages A sales associate earns $374 for working a 40-hour week. Last week the for shipment. How many
associate worked an additional 9 hours at $13 an hour. Find the sales associate’s packages of briefcases
total pay for last week’s work. $491 can be produced in
8 hours? 256 packages
44 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

113. Payroll Deductions Your paycheck shows deductions of $225 for savings, $98 for Instructor Note
taxes, and $27 for insurance. Find the total of the three deductions. $350 Exercises 112 to 121 are
intended to provide students
with practice in deciding what
operation to use in order to
solve an application problem.

Dairy Products The topic of the graph at the right is the eggs produced in the United
States in a recent year. It shows where the eggs that were produced went or how they
were used. Use this table for Exercises 114 and 115. Exported 1,600,000
Food Service Use
24,100,000
114. Use the graph to determine the total number of cases of
eggs produced during the year.
198,400,000 cases of eggs

115. How many more cases of eggs were sold by retail Non-shell Products
stores than were used for non-shell products? 61,600,000
Retail Stores
49,500,000 more cases of eggs 111,100,000

Eggs Produced in the United States (in cases)

Source: American Egg Board

Finance The graph at the right shows the annual expenditures, in a recent Entertainment
$1746
year, of the average household in the United States. Use this information for Other
Exercises 116 to 118. Round answers to the nearest whole number. $5366
Housing
$11,713
116. What is the total amount spent annually by the average household in Health
the United States? $35,535 Insurance
Care
$3381
$1903
Food
$4810
117. What is the average monthly expense for housing? $976

Transportation
$6616
118. What is the difference between the average monthly expense for food Average Annual Household Expenses
and the average monthly expense for health care? $242 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer
Expenditure Survey

The Military The graph at the right shows the basic 12,000
monthly pay for Army officers with over 20 years of $10,236

service. Use this graph for Exercises 119 and 120.

Basic Monthly Pay

$8180
$7158
(in dollars)

$6252
119. What is a major’s annual pay? $75,024 6000

120. What is the difference between a colonel’s

annual pay and a lieutenant colonel’s annual 0
Major Lieutenant Colonel Brigadier
pay? $12,264 Colonel General

Basic Montly Pay for Army Officers

Source: Department of Defense
121. Finances You purchase a used car with a down
payment of $2500 and monthly payments of
$195 for 48 months. Find the total amount paid
for the car. $11,860
SECTION 1.6 • Exponential Notation and the Order of Operations Agreement 45

SECTION

Exponential Notation and the

1.6 Order of Operations Agreement
OBJECTIVE A To simplify expressions that contain exponents

Repeated multiplication of the same factor can be written in two ways:

3 3 3 3 3 or 35 ← Exponent
The exponent indicates how many times the factor occurs in the multiplication. The
expression 35 is in exponential notation.
It is important to be able to read numbers written in exponential notation.
6 61 is read “six to the first power” or just “six.” Usually the
exponent 1 is not written.
6 6 62 is read “six squared” or “six to the second power.”
6 6 6 63 is read “six cubed” or “six to the third power.”
6 6 6 6 64 is read “six to the fourth power.”
6 6 6 6 6 65 is read “six to the fifth power.”
Each place value in the place-value chart can be expressed as a power of 10.

Integrating Ten 10 10 101

Hundred 100 10 10 102
Technology Thousand 1000 10 10 10 103
A calculator can be used to
Ten-thousand 10,000 10 10 10 10 104
evaluate an exponential
expression. The yx key
Hundred-thousand 100,000 10 10 10 10 10 105
(or, on some calculators, an Million 1,000,000 10 10 10 10 10 10 106
xy or ^ key) is used To simplify a numerical expression containing exponents, write each fac-
to enter the exponent. For
instance, for the example at
tor as many times as indicated by the exponent and carry out the indicated
the right, enter 4 yx 3 = . multiplication.
The display reads 64.
43 4 4 4 64
22 34 (2 2) (3 3 3 3) 4 81 324

EXAMPLE • 1 YOU TRY IT • 1

Write 3 3 3 5 5 in exponential notation. Write 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 in exponential notation.
In-Class Examples
Solution 3 3 3 5 5 33 52 Your solution
Write in exponential notation.
24 33
1. 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 53 74
EXAMPLE • 2 YOU TRY IT • 2
Write as a power of 10: 10 10 10 10 Write as a power of 10: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Simplify.
Solution 10 10 10 10 104 Your solution
107 2. 23 32 72

EXAMPLE • 3 YOU TRY IT • 3

Simplify 32 53. Simplify 23 52.

Solution 32 53 (3 3) (5 5 5) Your solution

9 125 1125 200
Solutions on p. S4
46 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE B To use the Order of Operations

Agreement to simplify expressions

More than one operation may occur in a numerical expression. The answer may be
different, depending on the order in which the operations are performed. For example,
consider 3 4 5.
Multiply first, then add. Add first, then multiply.
345 345

⎭
⎬
⎫
⎭
⎬
⎫
3 20 75

⎭
⎬
⎫
⎭
⎬
⎫
23 35
An Order of Operations Agreement is used so that only one answer is possible.

Instructor Note
Have students try the Projects The Order of Operations Agreement
and Group Activities at the Step 1. Do all the operations inside parentheses.
end of this chapter to
Step 2. Simplify any number expressions containing exponents.
determine whether their
calculators use the Order of Step 3. Do multiplication and division as they occur from left to right.
Operations Agreement. Step 4. Do addition and subtraction as they occur from left to right.

Integrating Simplify
HOW TO • 1 3 (2 1) 22 4 2 by using the Order of Operations
Technology Agreement.
Many scientific calculators 3 (2 1) 22 4 2 1. Perform operations in parentheses.
have an x2 key. This key is
⎭
⎬
⎫

used to square the displayed 3 3 22 4 2 2. Simplify expressions with exponents.

⎭
⎬
⎫

number. For example, after 3344 2 3. Do multiplication and division as they

⎭
⎬
⎫

the user presses 2 x2 = , occur from left to right.

the display reads 4.
944 2
⎭
⎬
⎫

942 4. Do addition and subtraction as they

⎭
⎬
⎫

52 occur from left to right.

⎭
⎬
⎫

One or more of these steps may not be needed to simplify an expression. In that case,
proceed to the next step in the Order of Operations Agreement.

HOW TO • 2 Simplify 5 8 2.There are no parentheses or exponents.

Proceed to Step 3 of the agreement.
58 2 3. Do multiplication or division.
⎭
⎬
⎫

54 4. Do addition or subtraction.

⎭
⎬
⎫

9
EXAMPLE • 4 YOU TRY IT • 4
Simplify: 64 (8 4)2 9 52 Simplify: 5 (8 4)2 42

Solution 64 (8 4)2 9 52 Your solution In-Class Examples

64 42 9 52 • Parentheses 18 Simplify.
64 16 9 25 • Exponents
1. 42 6 (3 1) 28
4 9 25 • Division and
36 25 2. 9 6 6 2 3 7
multiplication
11 • Subtraction
Solution on p. S4
SECTION 1.6 • Exponential Notation and the Order of Operations Agreement 47

1.6 EXERCISES
OBJECTIVE A To simplify expressions that contain exponents Suggested Assignment
Exercises 1–77, odds
More challenging problems
For Exercises 1 to 12, write the number in exponential notation.
Exercises 78–81

1. 2 2 2 2. 7 7 7 7 7 3. 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
23 75 63 74

4. 6 6 9 9 9 9 5. 2 2 2 3 3 3 6. 3 3 10 10
62 94 23 33 32 102

7. 5 7 7 7 7 7 8. 4 4 4 5 5 5 9. 3 3 3 6 6 6 6
5 75 43 53 33 64

10. 2 2 5 5 5 8 11. 3 3 3 5 9 9 9 12. 2 2 2 4 7 7 7

22 53 8 33 5 93 23 4 73

For Exercises 13 to 37, simplify.

13. 23 14. 26 15. 24 52 16. 26 32 17. 32 102

8 64 400 576 900

18. 23 104 19. 62 33 20. 43 52 21. 5 23 3 22. 6 32 4

80,000 972 1600 120 216

23. 22 32 10 24. 32 52 10 25. 02 43 26. 62 03 27. 32 104

360 2250 0 0 90,000

28. 53 103 29. 22 33 5 30. 52 73 2 31. 2 34 52 32. 6 26 72

125,000 540 17,150 4050 18,816

33. 52 32 72 34. 42 92 62 35. 34 26 5 36. 43 63 7 37. 42 33 104

11,025 46,656 25,920 96,768 4,320,000

38. Rewrite the expression using the numbers 3 and 5 exactly once. Then simplify
the expression.
a. 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 5 3; 15 Quick Quiz
b. 3 3 3 3 3 3 ; 243
5
Write in exponential notation.
1. 2 2 3 3 3 3 22 34 2. 5 5 5 7 11 11 11 11 5 3 7 114
Simplify.
3. 22 53 500 4. 33 7 189

OBJECTIVE B To use the Order of Operations Agreement to simplify expressions

For Exercises 39 to 77, simplify by using the Order of Operations Agreement.

39. 4 2 3 40. 6 3 2 41. 6 32 42. 8 4 8

5 5 4 10
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
48 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

43. 6 3 5 44. 5 9 2 45. 32 4 46. 52 17

23 47 5 8

47. 4 (5 3) 2 48. 3 (4 2) 3 49. 5 (8 4) 6 50. 8 22 4

10 5 7 8

51. 16 (3 2) 10 52. 12 (1 5) 12 53. 10 23 4 54. 5 32 8

8 6 6 53

55. 16 4 32 56. 12 4 23 57. 16 (8 3) 2 58. 7 (9 5) 3

52 44 26 19

59. 22 3 (6 2)2 60. 33 5 (8 6)3 61. 22 32 2 3 62. 4 6 32 42

52 67 42 168

63. 16 2 4 64. 12 3 5 65. 3 (6 2) 4

8 27 16

66. 5 (8 4) 6 67. 8 (8 2) 3 68. 12 (12 4) 4

14 6 10

69. 8 2 3 2 3 70. 10 1 5 2 5 71. 3 (4 2) 6

8 9 3

72. (7 3)2 248 73. 20 4 2 (3 1)3 74. 12 3 22 (7 3)2

12 4 32

75. (4 2) 6 3 (5 2)2 76. 18 2 3 (4 1)3 77. 100 (2 3)2 8 2

13 39 0
Quick Quiz
Simplify.
2
1. 3 2 (12 6) 5
For Exercises 78 to 80, insert parentheses as needed in the expression 8 2 3 1 in 2. 14 (11 2) 3 11
order to make the statement true.

78. 8 2 3 1 3 79. 8 2 3 1 0 80. 8 2 3 1 24

8 (2 3) 1 8 2 (3 1) (8 2) (3 1)

Applying the Concepts

81. Explain the difference that the order of operations makes between
a. (14 2) 2 3 and b. (14 2) (2 3). Work the two problems. What is the
difference between the larger answer and the smaller answer?
For answers to the Writing exercises, please see the Appendix in the Instructor’s Resource Binder that accompanies this textbook.
SECTION 1.7 • Prime Numbers and Factoring 49

SECTION

1.7 Prime Numbers and Factoring

OBJECTIVE A To factor numbers

Whole-number factors of a number divide that number evenly (there is no remainder).

1, 2, 3, and 6 are whole-number factors 6 3 2 1
of 6 because they divide 6 evenly. 1兲6 2兲6 3兲6 6兲6
Note that both the divisor and the quotient are factors of the dividend.
To find the factors of a number, try dividing the number by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . . Those
numbers that divide the number evenly are its factors. Continue this process until the
factors start to repeat.

HOW TO • 1 Find all the factors of 42.

42 1 苷 42 1 and 42 are factors.
42 2 苷 21 2 and 21 are factors.
42 3 苷 14 3 and 14 are factors.
42 4 Will not divide evenly
42 5 Will not divide evenly
42 6苷7 6 and 7 are factors. ⎫ Factors are repeating; all the
⎬
42 7苷6 7 and 6 are factors. ⎭ factors of 42 have been found.
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, and 42 are factors of 42.

The following rules are helpful in finding the factors of a number.

2 is a factor of a number if the last digit 436 ends in 6; therefore, 2 is a factor of
of the number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. 436. (436 2 218)
3 is a factor of a number if the sum of The sum of the digits of 489 is
the digits of the number is divisible by 3. 4 8 9 21. 21 is divisible by 3.
Therefore, 3 is a factor of 489.
(489 3 163)
5 is a factor of a number if the last digit 520 ends in 0; therefore, 5 is a factor of
of the number is 0 or 5. 520. (520 5 104)

EXAMPLE • 1 YOU TRY IT • 1

Find all the factors of 30. Find all the factors of 40.

Solution Your solution

30 1 苷 30 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10,
30 2 苷 15 20, 40
30 3 苷 10
30 4 Will not divide evenly In-Class Examples
30 5 苷 6 Find all the factors of the number.
30 6 苷 5 Factors repeating 1. 72 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72
1 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, and 30 are factors of 30. 2. 108 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 108
3. 137 1, 137
Solution on p. S4
50 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

OBJECTIVE B To find the prime factorization of a number

Point of Interest A number is a prime number if its only whole-number factors are 1 and itself. 7 is prime
Prime numbers are an because its only factors are 1 and 7. If a number is not prime, it is called a composite
important part of cryptology, number. Because 6 has factors of 2 and 3, 6 is a composite number. The number 1 is not
the study of secret codes. To considered a prime number; therefore, it is not included in the following list of prime
make it less likely that codes numbers less than 50.
can be broken, cryptologists
use prime numbers that have 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47
hundreds of digits.
The prime factorization of a number is the expression of the number as a product of its
prime factors. We use a “T-diagram” to find the prime factors of 60. Begin with the
smallest prime number as a trial divisor, and continue with prime numbers as trial
divisors until the final quotient is 1.
60
2 30 60 2 30
2 15 30 2 15
3 5 15 35
5 1 5 51
The prime factorization of 60 is 2 2 3 5.
Finding the prime factorization of larger numbers can be more difficult. Try each prime
number as a trial divisor. Stop when the square of the trial divisor is greater than the
number being factored.

HOW TO • 2 Find the prime factorization of 106.

106
2 53 • 53 cannot be divided evenly by 2, 3, 5, 7, or 11. Prime numbers
53 1 greater than 11 need not be tested because 112 is greater than 53.
The prime factorization of 106 is 2 53.

EXAMPLE • 2 YOU TRY IT • 2

Find the prime factorization of 315. Find the prime factorization of 44.

Solution Your solution

315 2 2 11
3 105 • 315 3 105
3 35 • 105 3 35
5 7 • 35 5 7
7 1 • 771
315 3 3 5 7

EXAMPLE • 3 YOU TRY IT • 3

Find the prime factorization of 201. Find the prime factorization of 177.

Solution Your solution In-Class Examples

201 3 59 Find the prime factorization.
3 67 • Try only 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11
1. 84 2237
67 1 because 112 > 67.
2. 110 2 5 11
201 3 67
Solutions on p. S4
SECTION 1.7 • Prime Numbers and Factoring 51

1.7 EXERCISES
OBJECTIVE A To factor numbers Suggested Assignment
Exercises 1–87, odds
For Exercises 1 to 40, find all the factors of the number. Exercises 88, 89

1. 4 2. 6 3. 10 4. 20
1, 2, 4 1, 2, 3, 6 1, 2, 5, 10 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

5. 7 6. 12 7. 9 8. 8
1, 7 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 1, 3, 9 1, 2, 4, 8

9. 13 10. 17 11. 18 12. 24

1, 13 1, 17 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

13. 56 14. 36 15. 45 16. 28

1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
14, 28, 56 12, 18, 36

17. 29 18. 33 19. 22 20. 26

1, 29 1, 3, 11, 33 1, 2, 11, 22 1, 2, 13, 26

21. 52 22. 49 23. 82 24. 37

1, 2, 4, 13, 26, 52 1, 7, 49 1, 2, 41, 82 1, 37

25. 57 26. 69 27. 48 28. 64

1, 3, 19, 57 1, 3, 23, 69 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
12, 16, 24, 48

29. 95 30. 46 31. 54 32. 50

1, 5, 19, 95 1, 2, 23, 46 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50
27, 54

33. 66 34. 77 35. 80 36. 100

1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 1, 7, 11, 77 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25,
22, 33, 66 16, 20, 40, 80 50, 100

37. 96 38. 85 39. 90 40. 101

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 1, 5, 17, 85 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 1, 101
16, 24, 32, 48, 96 15, 18, 30, 45, 90

41. True or false? A number can have an odd 42. True or false? If a number has exactly four factors,
number of factors. then the product of those four factors must be
True the number.
False
Quick Quiz
Find all the factors of the number. 1. 78 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 26, 39, 78 2. 121 1, 11, 121

OBJECTIVE B To find the prime factorization of a number

For Exercises 43 to 86, find the prime factorization.

43. 6 44. 14 45. 17 46. 83

23 27 Prime Prime
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
52 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

47. 24 48. 12 49. 27 50. 9

2223 223 333 33

51. 36 52. 40 53. 19 54. 37

2233 2225 Prime Prime

55. 90 56. 65 57. 115 58. 80

2335 5 13 5 23 22225

59. 18 60. 26 61. 28 62. 49

233 2 13 227 77

63. 31 64. 42 65. 62 66. 81

Prime 237 2 31 3333

67. 22 68. 39 69. 101 70. 89

2 11 3 13 Prime Prime

71. 66 72. 86 73. 74 74. 95

2 3 11 2 43 2 37 5 19

75. 67 76. 78 77. 55 78. 46

Prime 2 3 13 5 11 2 23

79. 120 80. 144 81. 160 82. 175

22235 222233 222225 557

83. 216 84. 400 85. 625 86. 225

222333 222255 5555 3355

Quick Quiz
87. True or false? The prime factorization of 102 is 2 51. Find the prime factorization.
False
1. 88 2 2 2 11
2. 200 22255

Applying the Concepts

88. In 1742, Christian Goldbach conjectured that every even number greater than 2
could be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. Show that this conjecture is
true for 8, 24, and 72. (Note: Mathematicians have not yet been able to determine
whether Goldbach’s conjecture is true or false.)
8 3 5; 24 11 13; 72 29 43. Other answers are possible.

89. Explain why 2 is the only even prime number.

For answers to the Writing exercises, please see the Appendix in the Instructor’s Resource Binder that accompanies this textbook.
Focus on Problem Solving 53

FOCUS ON PROBLEM SOLVING

Questions to Ask You encounter problem-solving situations every day. Some problems are easy to solve,
and you may mentally solve these problems without considering the steps you are taking
in order to draw a conclusion. Others may be more challenging and may require more
thought and consideration.
© Brownie Harris/Corbis Suppose a friend suggests that you both take a trip over spring break. You’d like to go.
What questions go through your mind? You might ask yourself some of the following
questions:
How much will the trip cost? What will be the cost for travel, hotel rooms, meals, and so
on?
Instructor Note Are some costs going to be shared by both me and my friend?
The feature entitled Focus on Can I afford it?
Problem Solving appears at How much money do I have in the bank?
the end of every chapter of
the text. It provides optional How much more money than I have now do I need?
material that can be used to How much time is there to earn that much money?
enhance your students’
problem-solving skills.
How much can I earn in that amount of time?
How much money must I keep in the bank in order to pay the next tuition bill (or some
other expense)?
These questions require different mathematical skills. Determining the cost of the trip
requires estimation; for example, you must use your knowledge of air fares or the cost
of gasoline to arrive at an estimate of these costs. If some of the costs are going to be
shared, you need to divide those costs by 2 in order to determine your share of the
expense. The question regarding how much more money you need requires subtraction:
the amount needed minus the amount currently in the bank. To determine how much
money you can earn in the given amount of time requires multiplication—for example,
the amount you earn per week times the number of weeks to be worked. To determine
if the amount you can earn in the given amount of time is sufficient, you need to use your
knowledge of order relations to compare the amount you can earn with the
amount needed.
Facing the problem-solving situation described above may not seem difficult to you. The
reason may be that you have faced similar situations before and, therefore, know how to
work through this one. You may feel better prepared to deal with a circumstance such as
this one because you know what questions to ask. An important aspect of learning to
solve problems is learning what questions to ask. As you work through application prob-
lems in this text, try to become more conscious of the mental process you are going
through. You might begin the process by asking yourself the following questions when-
ever you are solving an application problem.

1. Have I read the problem enough times to be able to understand the situation being
described?

2. Will restating the problem in different words help me to understand the problem sit-
uation better?

3. What facts are given? (You might make a list of the information contained in the
problem.)

4. What information is being asked for?

For answers to the Focus on Problem Solving exercises, please see the Appendix in the Instructor’s Resource Binder that accompanies
this textbook.
54 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

5. What relationship exists among the given facts? What relationship exists between the
given facts and the solution?

6. What mathematical operations are needed in order to solve the problem?

Try to focus on the problem-solving situation, not on the computation or on getting the
answer quickly. And remember, the more problems you solve, the better able you will be
to solve other problems in the future, partly because you are learning what questions
to ask.

PROJECTS AND GROUP ACTIVITIES

Order of Operations Does your calculator use the Order of Operations Agreement? To find out, try this
problem:
247
Instructor Note If your answer is 30, then the calculator uses the Order of Operations Agreement. If your
Projects and Group Activities answer is 42, it does not use that agreement.
appear at the end of each
chapter in the text. This
Even if your calculator does not use the Order of Operations Agreement, you can still
feature can be used for correctly evaluate numerical expressions. The parentheses keys, ( and ) , are used
individual assignments, for this purpose.
such as extra credit; for
cooperative learning
Remember that 2 4 7 means 2 (4 7) because the multiplication must be complet-
exercises, such as small- ed before the addition. To evaluate this expression, enter the following:
group projects; or for class
discussions.
Enter: 2 + ( 4 x 7 ) =

Display: 2 2 ( 4 4 7 28 30

When using your calculator to evaluate numerical expressions, insert parentheses around
multiplications and around divisions. This has the effect of forcing the calculator to do
the operations in the order you want.

For Exercises 1 to 10, evaluate.

1. 3 8 5 2. 6 8 2

3. 3 (8 2)2 4. 24 (4 2)2 4

5. 3 (6 2 4)2 2 6. 16 2 4 (8 12 4)2 50

7. 3 (15 2 3) 36 3 8. 4 22 (12 24 6) 5

9. 16 4 3 (3 4 5) 2 10. 15 3 9 (2 6 3) 4
For answers to the Projects and Group Activities exercises, please see the Appendix in the Instructor’s Resource Binder that
accompanies this textbook.
Chapter 1 Summary 55

Patterns in For the circle at the left, use a straight line to connect each dot on the circle with every
Mathematics other dot on the circle. How many different straight lines are there?
Follow the same procedure for each of the circles shown below. How many different
straight lines are there in each?

Instructor Note
The numbers from the
“Search the World Wide Web”
project could lead to a
discussion about population Find a pattern to describe the number of dots on a circle and the corresponding number
and food supply, about the of different lines drawn. Use the pattern to determine the number of different lines that
need for greater technology in would be drawn in a circle with 7 dots and in a circle with 8 dots.
agriculture, and about
colonizing the moon and Now use the pattern to answer the following question. You are arranging a tennis tourna-
using it as a place for ment with 9 players. How many singles matches will be played among the 9 players if
producing food. each player plays each of the other players only once?
Search the World Go to www.census.gov on the Internet.
Wide Web
1. Find a projection for the total U.S. population 10 years from now and a projection for
the total population 20 years from now. Record the two numbers.
2. Use the data from Exercise 1 to determine the expected growth in the population over
the next 10 years.
3. Use the answer from Exercise 2 to find the average increase in the U.S. population
Jonathan Nourak/PhotoEdit, Inc.

per year over the next 10 years. Round to the nearest million.
4. Use data in the population table you found to write two word problems. Then state
whether addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division is required to solve each of
the problems.

CHAPTER 1

SUMMARY

KEY WORDS EXAMPLES

The whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, . . . .

[1.1A, p. 2]

The graph of a whole number is shown by placing a heavy dot This is the graph of 4 on the number line.
directly above that number on the number line. [1.1A, p. 2]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

The symbol for is less than is . The symbol for is greater 37
than is . These symbols are used to show the order relation 92
between two numbers. [1.1A, p. 2]
56 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

When a whole number is written using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, The number 598,317 is in standard form.
6, 7, 8, and 9, it is said to be in standard form. The position of each The digit 8 is in the thousands place. The
digit in the number determines the digit’s place value. The place values number 598,317 is written in expanded
are used to write the expanded form of a number. [1.1B, p. 3] form as 500,000 90,000 8000
300 10 7.

Addition is the process of finding the total of two or more numbers. 1 11

8,762
The numbers being added are called addends. The result is the sum.
1,359
[1.2A, p. 8]
10,121

Subtraction is the process of finding the difference between two 4 11 11 6 13

5 2,1 7 3
numbers. The minuend minus the subtrahend equals the difference.
3 4,9 6 8
[1.3A, p. 16]
1 7,2 0 5

Multiplication is the repeated addition of the same number. The 4 5

358
numbers that are multiplied are called factors. The result is the
7
product. [1.4A, p. 24]
2506

Division is used to separate objects into equal groups. 93 r3

The dividend divided by the divisor equals the quotient. 7兲 654
[1.5A, p. 32] 63
For any division problem, 24
(quotient divisor) remainder dividend. [1.5B, p. 35] 21
3
Check: (7 93) 3 651 3 654

The expression 43 is in exponential notation. The exponent, 3, 54 5 5 5 5 625

indicates how many times 4 occurs as a factor in the
multiplication. [1.6A, p. 45]

Whole-number factors of a number divide that number evenly 18 1 18

(there is no remainder). [1.7A, p. 49] 18 2 9
18 3 6
18 4 4 does not divide 18 evenly.
18 5 5 does not divide 18 evenly.
18 6 3 The factors are repeating.
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18.

A number greater than 1 is a prime number if its only whole- The prime numbers less than 20 are 2, 3,
number factors are 1 and itself. If a number is not prime, it is 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, and 19.
a composite number. [1.7B, p. 50] The composite numbers less than 20 are
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 18.

The prime factorization of a number is the expression of the 42

number as a product of its prime factors. [1.7B, p. 50] 2 21
3 7 The prime factorization
7 1 of 42 is 2 3 7.
Chapter 1 Summary 57

ESSENTIAL RULES AND PROCEDURES EXAMPLES

To round a number to a given place value: If the digit to the 36,178 rounded to the nearest thousand
right of the given place value is less than 5, replace that digit is 36,000.
and all digits to the right by zeros. If the digit to the right of 4592 rounded to the nearest thousand
the given place value is greater than or equal to 5, increase the is 5000.
digit in the given place value by 1, and replace all other digits
to the right by zeros. [1.1D, p. 5]

Properties of Addition [1.2A, p. 8]

Addition Property of Zero
Zero added to a number does not change the number. 707
Commutative Property of Addition
Two numbers can be added in either order; the sum will be 8338
the same.
Associative Property of Addition
Numbers to be added can be grouped in any order; the sum (2 4) 6 2 (4 6)
will be the same.

To estimate the answer to an addition calculation: Round 39,471 40,000

each number to the same place value. Perform the 12,586 10,000
calculation using the rounded numbers. [1.2A, p. 10] 50,000
50,000 is an estimate of the sum of
39,471 and 12,586.

Properties of Multiplication [1.4A, p. 24]

Multiplication Property of Zero
The product of a number and zero is zero. 300
Multiplication Property of One
The product of a number and one is the number. 616
Commutative Property of Multiplication
Two numbers can be multiplied in either order; the product will be the 2882
same.
Associative Property of Multiplication
Grouping numbers to be multiplied in any order gives the same result. (2 4) 6 2 (4 6)

Division Properties of Zero and One [1.5A, p. 32]

Any whole number, except zero, divided by itself is 1. 3 31
Any whole number divided by 1 is the whole number. 3 13
Zero divided by any other whole number is zero. 0 30
Division by zero is not allowed. 3 0 is not allowed.

Order of Operations Agreement [1.6B, p. 46]

Step 1 Do all the operations inside parentheses. 52 3(2 4) 52 3(6)
Step 2 Simplify any number expressions containing exponents. 25 3(6)
Step 3 Do multiplications and divisions as they occur from left 25 18
to right.
Step 4 Do addition and subtraction as they occur from left to right. 7
58 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

CHAPTER 1

CONCEPT REVIEW
Test your knowledge of the concepts presented in this chapter. Answer each question.
Then check your answers against the ones provided in the Answer Section.

1. What is the difference between the symbols and ?

2. How do you round a four-digit whole number to the nearest hundred?

3. What is the difference between the Commutative Property of Addition and the
Associative Property of Addition?

4. How do you estimate the sum of two numbers?

5. When is it necessary to borrow when performing subtraction?

6. What is the difference between the Multiplication Property of Zero and the
Multiplication Property of One?

7. How do you multiply a whole number by 100?

8. How do you estimate the product of two numbers?

9. What is the difference between 0 9 and 9 0?

10. How do you check the answer to a division problem that has a remainder?

11. What are the steps in the Order of Operations Agreement?

12. How do you know if a number is a factor of another number?

13. What is a quick way to determine if 3 is a factor of a number?

Chapter 1 Review Exercises 59

CHAPTER 1

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. Simplify: 3 23 52 2. Write 10,327 in expanded form.

600 [1.6A] 10,000 300 20 7 [1.1C]

3. Find all the factors of 18. 4. Find the sum of 5894, 6301, and 298.
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 [1.7A] 12,493 [1.2A]

5. Subtract: 4926 6. Divide: 7兲14,945

3177 2135 [1.5A]
1749 [1.3B]

7. Place the correct symbol, or , between 8. Write 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 in

the two numbers: 101 87 exponential notation.
101 > 87 [1.1A] 52 75 [1.6A]

9. What is 2019 multiplied by 307? 10. What is 10,134 decreased by 4725?

619,833 [1.4B] 5409 [1.3B]

11. Add: 298 12. Simplify: 23 3 2

461 2 [1.6B]
322
1081 [1.2A]

13. Round 45,672 to the nearest hundred. 14. Write 276,057 in words.
45,700 [1.1D] Two hundred seventy-six thousand fifty-seven [1.1B]

15. Find the quotient of 109,763 and 84. 16. Write two million eleven thousand forty-four
1306 r59 [1.5C] in standard form.
2,011,044 [1.1B]

17. What is 3906 divided by 8? 18. Simplify: 32 22 (5 3)

488 r2 [1.5B] 17 [1.6B]

19. Simplify: 8 (6 2)2 4 20. Find the prime factorization of 72.

32 [1.6B] 2 2 2 3 3 [1.7B]

Instructor Note
The notation [1.6A] following the answer to Exercise 1 indicates the objective that the student should review if that question is answered
incorrectly. The notation [1.6A] means Chapter 1, Section 6, Objective A. This notation is used following every answer in all of the Prep
Tests (except Chapter 1), Chapter Review Exercises, Chapter Tests, and Cumulative Reviews throughout the text.
60 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

21. What is 3895 minus 1762? 22. Multiply: 843

2133 [1.3A] 27
22,761 [1.4B]

23. Wages Vincent Meyers, a sales assistant, earns 24. Fuel Efficiency Louis Reyes, a sales executive,
$480 for working a 40-hour week. Last week drove a car 351 miles on 13 gallons of gas. Find
Vincent worked an additional 12 hours at $24 an the number of miles driven per gallon of gasoline.
hour. Find Vincent’s total pay for last week’s 27 miles per gallon [1.5D]
work.
$768 [1.4C]

25. Consumerism A car is purchased for $29,880, 26. Compensation An insurance account executive
with a down payment of $3000. The balance is received commissions of $723, $544, $812, and
paid in 48 equal monthly payments. Find the $488 during a 4-week period. Find the total
monthly car payment. income from commissions for the 4 weeks.
$560 [1.5D] $2567 [1.2B]

27. Banking You had a balance of $516 in your 28. Compensation You have a car payment of $246
checking account before making deposits of $88 per month. What is the total of the car payments
and $213. Find the total amount deposited, and over a 12-month period?
determine your new account balance. $2952 [1.4C]
$301; $817 [1.2B]

Athletics The table at the right shows the athletic

Male Female
participation by males and females at U.S. colleges in Year Athletes Athletes
1972 and 2005. Use this information for Exercises 29
to 32. 1972 170,384 29,977
2005 291,797 205,492
29. In which year, 1972 or 2005, were there more
Source: U.S. Department of Education
males involved in sports at U.S. colleges? commission report
2005 [1.1A]

30. What is the difference between the number

of males involved in sports and the number
of females involved in sports at U.S. colleges
in 1972?
140,407 students [1.3C]
© Pete Saloutos/Corbis

31. Find the increase in the number of females

involved in sports in U.S. colleges from 1972
to 2005.
175,515 students [1.3C]

32. How many more U.S. college students were

involved in athletics in 2005 than in 1972?
296,923 more students [1.3C]
Chapter 1 Test 61

CHAPTER 1

TEST

1. Simplify: 33 42 2. Write 207,068 in words.

432 [1.6A] Two hundred seven thousand sixty-eight [1.1B]

3. Subtract: 17,495 4. Find all the factors of 20.

8,162 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 [1.7A]
9333 [1.3B]

5. Multiply: 9736 6. Simplify: 42 (4 2) 85

704 9 [1.6B]
6,854,144 [1.4B]

7. Write 906,378 in expanded form. 8. Round 74,965 to the nearest hundred.

900,000 6000 300 70 8 [1.1C] 75,000 [1.1D]

9. Divide: 97兲108,764 10. Write 3 3 3 7 7 in exponential form.

1121 r27 [1.5C] 33 72 [1.6A]

11. Find the sum of 8756, 9094, and 37,065. 12. Find the prime factorization of 84.
54,915 [1.2A] 2 2 3 7 [1.7B]

13. Simplify: 16 4 2 (7 5)2 14. Find the product of 8 and 90,763.

4 [1.6B] 726,104 [1.4A]

15. Write one million two hundred four thousand six 16. Divide: 7兲60,972
in standard form. 8710 r2 [1.5B]
1,204,006 [1.1B]
Selected exercises available online at www.webassign.net/brookscole.
62 CHAPTER 1 • Whole Numbers

17. Place the correct symbol, or , between 18. Find the quotient of 5624 and 8.
the two numbers: 21 19 703 [1.5A]
21 19 [1.1A]

19. Add: 25,492 20. Find the difference between 29,736 and 9814.
71,306 19,922 [1.3B]
96,798 [1.2A]

Education The table at the right shows the projected

Pre-Kindergarten Grades 9
enrollment in public and private elementary and secondary
Year through Grade 8 through 12
schools in the fall of 2013 and the fall of 2016. Use this
information for Exercises 21 and 22. 2013 41,873,000 16,000,000
2016 43,097,000 16,684,000
21. Find the difference between the total enrollment in 2016
and that in 2013. Source: The National Center for Education Statistics
1,908,000 students [1.3C]

22. Find the average enrollment in each of grades 9 through

12 in 2016.
4,171,000 students [1.5D]

23. Farming A farmer harvested 48,290 pounds of lemons from one grove
and 23,710 pounds of lemons from another grove. The lemons were
packed in boxes with 24 pounds of lemons in each box. How many
boxes were needed to pack the lemons?
3000 boxes [1.5D]

24. Investments An investor receives $237 each month from a corporate

© Ed Young/Corbis

bond fund. How much will the investor receive over a 12-month period?
$2844 [1.4C]

25. Travel A family drives 425 miles the first day, 187 miles the second day, and
243 miles the third day of their vacation. The odometer read 47,626 miles at the
start of the vacation.
a. How many miles were driven during the 3 days? 855 miles
b. What is the odometer reading at the end of the 3 days? 48,481 miles [1.2B]