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B. Programming Languages

The document discusses different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It covers the basics of each type of language including how they are used, their advantages and limitations.

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shreyaxchauhan
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17 views23 pages

B. Programming Languages

The document discusses different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It covers the basics of each type of language including how they are used, their advantages and limitations.

Uploaded by

shreyaxchauhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Languages

Language

⚫ A system of communication.
Computer Language
⚫ Means of communication used to
communicate between people and the
computer.
Difference between natural language
and computer language

⚫ Natural language has a very large


vocabulary whereas computer languages
mostly have a very limited vocabulary.
Classification of Computer Languages

Computer Languages

Machine Language Assembly Language High Level Language


Machine Language
⚫ Fundamental language understood by
computer.
⚫ Also known as Machine Code.
⚫ Written as strings of binary 0’s and 1’s.
⚫ No translation program is required.
⚫ Not really easy to learn.
Instruction Format
Opcode Operand
(Operation Code) (Address)

⚫ Instruction prepared in machine language has


2 parts
✔ Operation Code: Specifies operation to
be performed.
✔ Operand: specifies address of operand.
Advantages of Machine Language
⚫ Programs written in machine language
are very fast to execute as
instructions written in Machine language
are directly understood by CPU and no
translation program is required.
Limitations of Machine Language
⚫ Machine dependent.
⚫ Difficult to program
⚫ Error prone.
Assembly Language
⚫ To simplify the program writing process
used in machine language, the numeric
operation codes of Machine language
were substituted by letter
symbols(Mnemonics).
Mnemonics
⚫ It is any kind of mental trick we use to
help us remember.
⚫ For example: machine code of 111 can
be interpreted as subtract but it is still
easier for us to remember it as SUB.
Addition of two numbers
⚫ Machine Language ⚫ Assembly Language
0001100100 CLA A
………… ADD B
………… STA C
………… TYP C
………….. HLT
Assembly Language

⚫ The language which substitutes letters


and symbols for the numbers in the
machine language program is called an
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE or SYMBOLIC
LANGUAGE.
Assembler
⚫ The translator program that translates an
assembly code into machine code is called an
Assembler.

Assembly Language Machine Language


Program Assembler Program
(Source Program) (Object Program)
Advantages of Assembly Language over
Machine Language
⚫ Easier to understand and use.
⚫ Easy to locate and correct errors.
⚫ Easier to modify.
⚫ No worry about addresses.
Limitations of Assembly Language
⚫ Machine dependent.
⚫ Knowledge of hardware required.
Machine and Assembly Languages being
machine dependent are called as Low
Level Languages.
High Level Language(HLL)
⚫ High level languages instead of being machine based are
oriented more towards the problem to be solved.
⚫ HLL are basically symbolic languages that use English
words and/or mathematical symbols rather than
Mnemonic codes.
⚫ HLL are known as Problem Oriented Languages.
⚫ Every instruction written in HLL is translated into
many machine language instructions. This is one to
many translation whereas in Assembly Language there
is one to one translation.
Compiler
⚫ The translator program that translates the
instructions of HLL into Machine Language is
called Compiler.

High Level Language Machine Language


Program Compiler Program
(Source Program) (Object Program)
Interpreter
⚫ An Interpreter is a type of translator used for translating HLL into
Machine Code.
⚫ It takes one statement of HLL and translates it into a Machine instruction
which is immediately executed.

High Level Language Machine Language


Program Interpreter Program
(Source Program) (Object Program)
Difference between Interpreter and
a Compiler
⚫ In case of Compiler, whole source program is translated into
equivalent machine language program. The object code thus
obtained is permanently saved for future use. So, repeated
compilation is not necessary whereas in Interpreter no object
code is saved because translation and execution process alternate.
⚫ Advantage of an Interpreter over Compiler is that it responses
fast to changes in source program.
⚫ Interpreters are easy to write and do not require large memory
space.
⚫ Disadvantage of interpreter over compiler is that interpreter is
a time consuming translation method because each statement
must be translated every time it is executed from source program.
⚫ Assemblers, Interpreters and Compilers
are System Software that translate a
source program into object program and
are known as Language Processors.
Advantages of High Level Languages
⚫ Machine independent.
⚫ Easy to learn and use.
⚫ Fewer errors.
⚫ Easier to maintain.
Thank you

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