Educational Research Association

The International Journal of Research in Teacher Education

2018, 9(2): 16-25
ISSN: 1308-951X
http://www.eab.org.tr http://ijrte.eab.org.tr

A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

B. R.Aravind1
V. Rajasekaran2

Abstract
The present study investigates Vocabulary Learning Strategies employed by research scholars at VIT
Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A questionnaire adopted from the taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies
(VLS) created by Schmitt (1997) was administered to 36 Research scholars (23 males and 13 females).
Additionally, semi-structured interviews were also conducted with ten research scholars who completed
the questionnaire to get more reliable information about their approaches with vocabulary learning
strategies. The result exposed the subsequent array of strategy used by the Research scholars from the
most frequent to the least frequent resembling, cognitive (COG), determination (DET), metacognitive
(MET), memory (MEM) and social strategies (SOC). In particular, findings indicated that ‘Using new
word in sentences’, ‘Monolingual Dictionary’, ‘Using English Language Media’ are most popular
strategies, whereas ‘Peg Method’ and ‘Flashcards’ were least used.
Keywords: VLS, cognitive, determination, metacognitive, memory, social strategies.

1
Research Assist., Vıt Chennai, Arts & Humanities. [email protected]
2
Assist. Prof. Dr., Vıt Chennai, School Of Social Sciences And Languages. [email protected]

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

1. Introduction
In English Language Teaching, vocabulary teaching and learning is to widen the four important
language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing for understanding and production
(Nation, 2011). Researchers like Maximo (2000), Read (2000), Gu (2003), Marion (2008) and
Nation (2011) are of the view that the acquisition of vocabulary is indispensable for learners to
understand and express themselves just by words in spoken and written formats. Hence
vocabulary plays a major role in language learning than grammar. Linguistic research argued
that vocabulary is more fundamental than grammar and meaning is primarily conveyed through
vocabulary (Lewis, 2002; Nation, 2001; Barcroft, 2004; Wilkins, 1972). Though the rules of the
language are important to learn a language, it is impossible to use the language effectively and
productively without improving the vocabulary. David Wilkins (1972) states that...”While
without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed” (p
111).
2. Vocabulary
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary defines vocabulary as “all the words known and used
by a particular person”. Oxford Dictionary defines vocabulary as “the body of words used in a
particular language; the words used in a particular subject or sphere of activity or on a particular
occasion; a range of artistic or stylistic forms, techniques, or movements”. Collins English
Dictionary defines vocabulary as “the aggregate of words in the use or comprehension of a
specified person, class, profession; an interrelated group of nonverbal symbols, signs, gestures
used for communication or expression in a particular art, skill”. According to Hornby (1995:
1331) “vocabulary is the total number of words in a language; vocabulary is a list or collection
of words with their meanings”. From the above definitions it is undoubtedly evident that in a
language, vocabulary has the outstanding role on transferring the communication to share others
successfully. Lewis (1993: 89) says “Lexis is the core or heart of language”. Hence vocabulary
is indisputably the soul of a language.
3. Vocabulary and Research scholars
Learners’ vocabulary development is an important aspect of their language development (Linse,
2005). Learning vocabulary is not only essential to students, teachers, and administrators but
also the researchers in the fields of different disciplines. There is an urgent need for the
researchers to enhance their vocabulary for the detailed study. A rich vocabulary is very much
needed to employ in the research texts like publication of articles, the paper presentations and
while writing the thesis. Huckin (1995) says that lack of vocabulary knowledge is largest
obstacle for readers to overcome. Nowadays countless materials, approaches, methods are being
used in vocabulary teaching and learning.
4. Survey of Literature
Research on vocabulary learning strategies has capitulated perceptive outcome. Atsushi
Mizumoto, Osamu Takeuchi conducted a study, “Examining the effectiveness of explicit
instruction of vocabulary learning strategies with Japanese EFL university students”, 2009 with
146 female EFL learners. It was found that strategy training was effective for selection of
strategies and it improves their frequency of use.
Mansoor Fahim and Ali Komijani identified relationships on “Critical Thinking Ability, L2
Vocabulary Knowledge, and L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategies”, 2010 of 70 (30 males and 40
females) Iranian EFL learners. The result of the investigation revealed that critical thinking
ability correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary
learning strategies simultaneously as well.
Falcon Darlo Restrepo Ramos reviewed incidental vocabulary learning under the title,
“Incidental Vocabulary Learning in Second Language Acquisition: A Literature Review”, 2014.

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

In the article, Falcon Darlo Restrepo Ramos surveyed the understanding of incidental means and
relationship of reading and the promotion of vocabulary learning through strategies and tasks
with technology-based methods.
Ahmad Azman Mokhtar, Rafizah Mohd Rawian, Mohamad Fadhili Yahaya, Azaharee
Abdullah, Abdul Rashid Mohamed conducted a study, “Vocabulary Learning Strategies of
Adult ESL Learners”, 2010 with 360 students. Gu and Johnson’s (1996) questionnaire was used
to gather the data. Results revealed that guessing and dictionary strategies the most and
metacognitive regulation, note-taking, rehearsal, encoding and activation strategies were least
used.
Mania Nosratinia, Mojgan Abbasi, Alireza Zaker published a research paper on “Promoting
Second Language Learners’ Vocabulary Learning Strategies: Can Autonomy and Critical
Thinking Make a Contribution?” in the year 2017 with 100 undergraduate EFL learners. Three
questionnaires were given to estimate their critical thinking, autonomy and vocabulary learning
strategies and analyzed by Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. Findings showed
the significant relationships between autonomy and critical thinking, critical thinking and
vocabulary learning strategies and autonomy and vocabulary learning strategies. In addition,
stepwise method revealed autonomy is the best predictor of vocabulary learning strategies.
In the year 2015 Surina Nayan and Hariharan N. Krishnasamy conducted a study on vocabulary
learning strategies under the title, “A Preliminary Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Used by the Students from the Faculty of Accountancy” with 52 participants. Data collected
from the questionnaire it showed that L2 learners preferred to communicate, read books, listen
to songs and daily routine activities as strategies to acquire vocabulary.
Julie Bytheway’s “A Taxonomy of Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used in Massively
Multiplayer Online Role-playing Games”, 2015 gave a new perspective to vocabulary learning.
The qualitative case study revealed 15 vocabulary learning strategies like noticing frequency,
recognizing knowledge gap, selecting words for attention, equating images and actions to word,
giving and receiving explanations and feedback, observing players, using words to learn words,
reading in-game information, and using Google to learn vocabulary autonomously while playing
games.
Maki Naeimi and Thomas Chow Voon Foo conducted a study on “Vocabulary Acquisition
through Direct and Indirect Learning Strategies”, 2015 with 60 students. Direct (Structured
reviewing, Using mechanical techniques) and indirect learning strategies (Organizing,
Discussing feelings with someone else) were experimented on two groups respectively. The
outcome of the study showed that direct learning strategies advanced the higher achievement of
vocabulary acquisition and storage than indirect learning strategies.
Reem Ibrahim Rabadi investigated a study on “Vocabulary Learning Strategies Employed by
Undergraduate EFL Jordanian Students”, 2016 with 110 students. The study showed that
memory strategies were the most frequently employed by them and metacognitive strategies
were the least frequently used strategies among them. In addition, the study revealed that the
variation of Jordanian participants’ choice of vocabulary learning strategies were medium
strategy users.
Seyyed Mohammad Reza Amirian and Zahra Heshmatifar conducted a study on “A Survey on
Vocabulary Learning Strategies: A Case of Iranian EFL University Students”, 2013 with 74
students. The result showed that determination strategies were frequently used by the students.
Guessing from context and dictionary usage are most popular strategies for the Iranian learners
to acquire vocabulary.
The present study is an attempt to scrutinize the type of vocabulary learning strategies used by
Research Scholars in VIT, Chennai. Similar and different aspects of these studies were studied
on Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing to different learners, this research is focusing

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

particularly on Research Scholars strategies on learning the English vocabulary. They are
already in the field of research on various disciplines; certainly stock of vocabulary is required
for their academic progress. So, this research is on the researchers’ vocabulary learning
strategies.
5. Statement of the Problem
Learners have difficulty with vocabulary learning related to breadth of vocabulary knowledge
and depth of vocabulary knowledge. Learners have the problem of remembering the words at
the need of the moment (while writing a research documents, speaking in conferences) might
encounter difficulties. The problem that Research Scholars face, they fail to employ the right
strategies to use to learn and recall. This research is to identify the appropriate vocabulary
learning strategies that Research Scholars will become more familiar with and they have
persistence to use the vocabulary learning strategies. Content area vocabulary words often
become barriers to the comprehension of concept mastery. Research Scholars especially
struggle with academic vocabulary and as a result, they struggle with ineffective research
writings. In a effort to explore an effective vocabulary strategies, this study was conducted to
aware their knowledge on vocabulary and its strategies to use.
6. Aim of the Study
 To document the research scholars’ vocabulary learning strategies.
7. Objectives of the Study
 To identify most and least frequently used strategies.
 To rank research scholars vocabulary learning strategies.
8. Limitations of the Study
 The English Language Proficiency of the Research Scholars was not taken into
consideration when the study was conducted.
 The participants’ gender and age factor were not considered in the investigation.
9. Research Questions
1. What are the vocabulary learning strategies used by Research Scholars studying Ph.D., in
VIT Chennai Campus?
2. What are the most and least frequently used vocabulary learning strategies among the
Research Scholars in VIT Chennai Campus?
10. Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Learning through strategies in language has become the trend years back. Especially in learning
vocabulary, many language learners took steps to acquire a new word and also to remember the
learned word in future. For this reason strategies were formulated to learn and retrieve
vocabulary in language learning. Schmitt (1997) developed taxonomy of vocabulary learning
strategies based on Oxford’s (1990) social, memory, cognitive and metacognitive categories.
Schmitt classifies vocabulary learning strategies into two types:
 Discovery strategies
 Consolidation strategies
Discovery strategies are further divided into two categories: Determination strategies and Social
strategies. The former will guess the meaning of the particular word from its context and
structural knowledge. The latter will know the word by other people who already knows the
word. In the same way, consolidation strategies are divided into memory strategies, cognitive
strategies and metacognitive strategies. Memory strategies involve the learners to use their

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

previous knowledge to retain. Cognitive strategies are like memory strategies which include
mechanical means for learning vocabulary. Metacognitive strategies used by learners to manage
and assess their individual learning process.
11. Research Methodology
The quantitative research methodology was used in this study. Schmitt’s Vocabulary Learning
Strategies Questionnaire (VLSQ) (1997) was chosen to identify the vocabulary learning
strategies of the research scholars. All 56 items in the questionnaire were divided into 5 groups
of strategies as nine statements on determination strategies (items 1-9), eight statements on
social strategies (items 10-17), twenty-five statements on memory strategies (items 18-42), nine
statements on cognitive strategies (items 43-51), and five statements on metacognitive strategies
(items 52-56) (see Table 1). The questionnaire data was collected through online source of
Google Forms 2017. The rating scale for the frequency of use of the vocabulary strategies as:
Helpful, Not Helpful, Not Used but Helpful and Not Aware respectively.
Table 1
Classification of The Items in the Questionaire
Strategy Items
Determination Strategies (DET) 1-9
Social Strategies (SOC) 10-17
Memory Strategies (MEM) 18-42
Cognitive Strategies (COG) 43-51
Metacognitive Strategies (MET) 52-56
12. Sample and Sample size
The current study conducted with the help of 36 research scholars who were randomly selected
on various disciplines. The research scholars were selected from VIT, Chennai as the sample of
the study. The samples comprised 23 (63.9%) male research scholars and 13 (36.1%) female
research scholars ranging from 24 to 42 years old. The proficiency level of the research scholars
ranges from intermediate to advanced level. In the sample, 18 (50%) were first generation
graduates and remaining 18 (50%) were second generation graduates is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Description of Samples
Category Number
Male 23
Female 13
Total 36
13. Findings of the study
Table 3
Descriptive Statistics For Each Vocabulary Learning Strategy
Strategy Maximum Minimum M SD Rank
Cognitive 32 19 26.77 5.30 1
Determination 32 17 25.55 4.92 2
Metacognitive 33 13 24.4 7.73 3
Memory 35 8 24.44 6.38 4
Social 30 13 23.87 5.16 5

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

After investigating the resulting data, the researchers attempted to report the findings based on
the objectives. The results of descriptive analysis of mean and SD are presented in Table 3. As
the table indicates, Cognitive strategies (M = 26.77; SD = 5.30) are accounted as the most
frequently used of the five vocabulary strategies, followed by Determination strategies (M =
25.55; SD = 4.92), Metacognitive strategies (M = 24.4; SD = 7.73), Memory strategies (M =
24.44; SD = 6.38), and Social strategies (M = 23.87; SD = 5.16).
Chart – 1
Mean And Average For Each Vocabulary Learning Strategy

30
26,77
25,55
23,87 24,44 24,4
25

20

15 Mean
SD
10
7,73
6,38
4,92 5,16 5,3
5

0
Determination Social Memory Cognitive Metacognitive

The above chart shows the key findings of the study. The result is that among the five categories
of vocabulary learning strategies based on Schmitt’s taxonomy, cognitive strategies is the most
frequently used strategies followed by determination strategies. Metacognitive strategies is the
third most frequently used strategy, memory strategy and social strategy are at the fourth and
final place respectively.
Table 4
Top Six Vocabulary Learning Strategies Among Research Scholars
Statement Item Category Respondents Ranks
Use new word in sentences 30 MEM 35 (97.2%) 1
Study the spelling of the word 31 MEM 34 (94.4%) 2
Use English Language Media 52 MET 33 (91.7%) 3
Use English to English dictionary 7 DET 32 (88.9%) 4
Verbal repetition 43 COG 32 (88.9%) 4
Take notes in class 47 COG 32 (88.9%) 4
The most and the least frequently used vocabulary learning strategies with reference to items in
the strategies, Table 4 shows the most frequently used vocabulary learning strategies. The
highest number of research scholars 35 (97.2%) used strategy item 30 ‘Use new word in
sentences’. Strategy item 31 ‘Study the spelling of the word’ attains the second highest number
of responses:34 (94.4%), followed by strategy item 52 ‘Use English Language
Media(Songs/newspaper/newscasts etc.)’ with 33 (91.7%), strategy item 7 ‘Use English to

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

English dictionary’ has 32 (88.9%). Strategy item 43 ‘Verbal repetition’ gets32 (88.9%) and
strategy item 47 ‘Take notes in class’obtains32 (88.9%).
From the responses of the research scholars it is evident that they attempt to ‘Use new word in
sentences’ strategy most frequently. They apply new English words in their productive and
receptive process as a main strategy to learn vocabulary. Using new words in the sentence,
research scholars were expanding their vocabulary boundaries. They can experience the
improvement through the practice of finding and using the new English word in the sentence.
Another important finding of memory strategy to store new word is ‘Study the spelling of the
word’. This strategy helps the research scholars to learn how to create sentences and paragraphs
by remembering the spelling learnt. ‘Study the spelling of the word’ teaches to spell well and
enable to read and write fluently. The strategy ‘Use English Language Media’ is also one among
the most frequently used strategies. Popularity and accessibility of the language media relates
the research scholars to use this strategy particularly. This also proves the highly developed
technology is acting as a defining force for vocabulary learning. ‘Use English to English
dictionary’ is commonly used and popular strategy. Research scholars were very keen in using
English dictionary. Monolingual dictionary helps them for detailed guidance on grammar, parts
of speech, pronunciation, usage and examples on various perspectives. ‘Verbal repetition’
strategy affects subconscious mind of the research scholars and it recalls from cognitive process
of learning. The articulation in cognitive domain is highly possible to remember the words to
learn the vocabulary. ‘Take notes in class’ is categorized under cognitive strategies. The
strategy is being practiced from the starting period of learning, still research scholars believes to
register the word in the mind. This helps to consolidate the words for the learning outcome.
Table 5
Top Six Least Frequently Used Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Statement Item Category Respondents Ranks
Relating word to unrelated items-Peg method 25 MEM 8 (22.2%) 1
Teacher checks students’ flashcards or word lists
17 SOC 13 (36.1%) 2
for accuracy.
Skip or pass new word 55 MET 13 (36.1%) 2
Use scales for gradable adjectives 24 MEM 14 (38.9%) 4
Group words spatially on a page 28 MEM 17 (47.2%) 5
Flash cards 9 DET 17 (47.2%) 5
The results shown in Table 5 reveals the least frequently used vocabulary learning strategies.
Strategy item 25 ‘Relating word to unrelated items (Peg method)’records8 (22.2%) responses
with least frequently used strategy in the list. 13 (36.1%)research scholars say strategy item 17
‘Teacher checks students’ flashcards or word lists for accuracy’ reaches the second least
frequently used strategy. Strategy item 55 ‘Skip or pass new word’ is appears with again 13
(36.1%) responses. Strategy item 24 ‘Use scales for gradable adjectives’ gets14 (38.9%),
strategy items 28 and 9 ‘Group words spatially on a page’ and ‘Flash cards’ respectively
score17 (47.2%).
The least frequently used strategy by the research scholars is ‘Relating word to unrelated items
– Peg Method’. This particular strategy generates dilemma in remembering the possible
associations to the peg word in the group. In order to remember the words, the learner wants to
memorize a set of peg images already. An added important reason for the least score is due to
lack of exposure of the method. To prove the point, 14 (38.9%) research scholars reports, ‘Not
Aware’ of the technique in the questionnaire. In the social strategies ‘Teacher checks students’
flashcards or word lists for accuracy’ is the second least frequently used strategy. The role of a
teacher is however not present for the research scholars to check the flashcards, yet 13 (36.1%)
believe teacher checking the accuracy of the word list is essential for the learner to learn the

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

word properly and appropriately. Thirdly, ‘Skip or Pass new word’ in metacognitive strategies
is used least frequently. Surprisingly, 13 (36.1%) research scholars skip new words in learning
process. Since skipping saves time, they do not have persistence to go back and read the entire
passage for inclusive understanding of a word. 14 (38.9%) strongly disagree with skipping the
new word and it is not helpful in vocabulary learning. As a researcher, mastery over vocabulary
is very much indispensable in the productive work. Words cannot be skipped or passed without
knowing the meaning in the academic understanding. ‘Use scales for gradable adjectives’ and
‘Group words spatially on a page’ in the memory strategies category are also used least
frequently in learning vocabulary. ‘Use scales for gradable adjectives’ is puzzling and
complicated for research scholars to comprehend the meaning of the word when it changes to
other levels in the grade. Another strategy in the memory category, ‘Group words spatially on a
page’ scores the same least frequently used strategy along with ‘Use scales for gradable
adjectives’. Research scholars’ focus more on theoretical frameworks and conceptual thinking
as a result they find it tricky to overlap with spatial words on a page easily. Structural level of
thinking is not merging with vocabulary learning. ‘Flashcards’ in determination strategies is the
least popular strategy. Advancement in teaching and learning process, using flashcards became
an outdated technique and it contains only insufficient detail to learn new word. Especially to
determine new word, the choice of learning strategies varies according to preferences.
Table 6
The Most and The Least-Reported Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Statement of the Strategy Item Rank Category Percentage
Use English to English dictionary 7 1 DET 100%
Use English Language Media 52 2 MET 80%
Take notes in class 47 3 COG 60%
Skip or pass new word 55 4 MET 30%
Use Peg Method 25 5 MEM 10%
To certify the end results and bring forth specific information of research scholars attitudes
about vocabulary learning strategies, research scholars were asked open-ended questions in the
form of a semi-structured interview. The results are mentioned above. The questions posed to
the research scholars was what are the most and the least frequently used strategies of
vocabulary learning and why? Ten out of ten interviewees (N=100%) stated that they use
English to English dictionary strategy to discover the meaning of a new word. They declared
that as a researcher the dictionary facilitates them to gain knowledge and know the reliable
meaning and it explains and illustrates clearly than any other sources. 80% (N=8) interviewees
pointed out that using English language media is another most favorable way of learning
vocabulary. They added that they learn vocabulary from songs, videos, and newscast.
Accordingly, this deepens their critical thinking and understanding of words and fastens their
formal learning. The third most frequently employed strategy reported by 60% (N=6)
respondents was ‘Take notes in class’. They pointed the benefits of taking notes as they are
mostly learn things by themselves. 30% (N=3) of the research scholars stated that they skip or
pass a new word. Only 10% (N=1) reported to use the memory strategy Peg method.
14. Conclusion
This study investigated popular strategies for vocabulary learning employed by research
scholars at VIT Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The major findings of this study is that strategies such as
using new word in the sentence, taking notes in class, studying the spelling of a word, verbal
repetition and mainly using dictionary are the most popular strategies. On the other hand
strategies like Peg Method, flash cards using scales of gradable adjectives are the least popular.
The result also reveals that the majority of Research scholars do not use certain vocabulary
learning strategies such as ‘Analyzing parts of speech’, ‘Loci-method’, ‘Continue to study

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A Study on Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Research Scholars

overtime’. Interestingly, many research scholars are not familiar with these vocabulary learning
strategies.
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