Basic Electrical Engineering

Questions and Answers

Visit WWW.ETechnoG.COM for More PDFs

Topic: Concept of Passive Components: Resistors, Capacitors,

Inductors
1: What is a resistor?
A: A resistor is a passive electronic component that restricts the flow of electric current.

2: What is resistance?
A: Resistance is the property of a material or component to oppose the flow of electric current.

3: What is the unit of resistance?

A: The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).

4: What is the color coding system used on resistors?

A: The color coding system is a method to indicate the resistance value of a resistor.

5: What is a capacitor?
A: A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores and releases electrical energy.

6. What is capacitance?
A: Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store an electric charge.

7: What is the unit of capacitance?

A: The unit of capacitance is the farad (F).

8: How does a capacitor affect the flow of direct current (DC)?

A: A capacitor blocks the flow of DC once it is fully charged.

9: What is an inductor?
A: An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores and releases magnetic energy.

10: What is inductance?

A: Inductance is the property of an inductor to store energy in a magnetic field.

11: What is the unit of inductance?

A: The unit of inductance is the henry (H).
12: How does an inductor affect the flow of direct current (DC)?
A: An inductor resists changes in current flow and acts as a short circuit to DC once steady-state is
reached.

13: How are resistors connected in a circuit?

A: Resistors can be connected in series or parallel in a circuit.

14: How are capacitors connected in a circuit?

A: Capacitors can be connected in series or parallel in a circuit.

15: How are inductors connected in a circuit?

A: Inductors can be connected in series or parallel in a circuit.

16: What is the time constant of a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit?

A: The time constant is the product of the resistance and capacitance in an RC circuit.

17: What is the time constant of a resistor-inductor (RL) circuit?

A: The time constant is the ratio of inductance to resistance in an RL circuit.

18: What is the relationship between the voltage and current in a resistor?
A: According to Ohm's law, the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing
through it.

19: What is the relationship between the voltage and current in a capacitor?
A: The current in a capacitor is proportional to the rate of change of voltage across it.

20: What is the relationship between the voltage and current in an inductor?
A: The voltage across an inductor is proportional to the rate of change of current flowing through it.

Topic: Different types of signal waveforms: DC/AC,

voltage/current, periodic/non-periodic
1. What are the different types of signal waveforms?
There are various types of signal waveforms, including DC (Direct Current), AC (Alternating Current),
voltage waveforms, current waveforms, periodic waveforms, and non-periodic waveforms.

2. What is a DC waveform?
A DC waveform, also known as a direct current waveform, is a constant and unidirectional signal that
maintains a constant voltage or current level over time.

Don’t Forget to Visit WWW.ETechnoG.COM

3. What is an AC waveform?
An AC waveform, or alternating current waveform, is a signal that continuously changes its direction
and magnitude over time, periodically reversing its polarity.

4. What are the key differences between DC and AC waveforms?

DC waveforms flow in one direction with a constant magnitude, while AC waveforms alternate their
direction periodically and have varying magnitudes.

5. What is the significance of voltage in signal waveforms?

Voltage represents the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit and determines
the force at which electric charges move.

6. What is the significance of current in signal waveforms?

Current refers to the flow of electric charges through a conductor and indicates the rate at which
charge moves.

7. How are voltage and current related in a signal waveform?

Voltage and current are closely related in a signal waveform. Voltage provides the driving force that
causes the current to flow.

8. What is a periodic waveform?

A periodic waveform is a signal that repeats itself over time at regular intervals, displaying the same
shape and characteristics.

9. What is a non-periodic waveform?

A non-periodic waveform, also known as an a periodic waveform, does not exhibit a repetitive pattern
and lacks a well-defined period.

10. How can periodic waveforms be characterized?

Periodic waveforms can be characterized by their amplitude (peak value), frequency (number of cycles
per second), and phase (relative position in time).

11. Can you provide examples of periodic waveforms? Examples of periodic waveforms include sine
waves, square waves, triangular waves, and sawtooth waves.

12. What are the characteristics of non-periodic waveforms?

Non-periodic waveforms do not have a fixed pattern, and their shape, duration, and amplitude can
vary unpredictably over time.

13. Can you provide examples of non-periodic waveforms?

Examples of non-periodic waveforms include noise signals, random pulses, and transient waveforms.
14. How is a voltage waveform different from a current waveform?
A voltage waveform represents the variation in voltage over time, while a current waveform
represents the variation in current flow over time.

15. How are voltage and current waveforms related in an AC signal?

In an AC signal, voltage and current waveforms are typically out of phase, meaning they reach their
peak values at different points in time.

16. What are the applications of DC waveforms?

DC waveforms find applications in batteries, electronic devices, and systems that require a steady and
constant power source.

17. What are the applications of AC waveforms?

AC waveforms are used for power transmission, distribution, and in electrical appliances and
equipment, such as motors, generators, and home electronics.

18. How do DC and AC waveforms affect electrical devices differently?

DC waveforms provide a constant energy supply, while AC waveforms allow for the transfer of energy
over long distances and facilitate the operation of many electrical devices.

19. How are DC and AC waveforms generated?

DC waveforms can be generated by batteries or DC power supplies, while AC waveforms are typically
generated by alternators or power grid systems.

20. What are the advantages and disadvantages of periodic and non-periodic waveforms?
Periodic waveforms are easier to analyze and manipulate mathematically, while non-periodic
waveforms are more representative of real-world signals but can be more challenging to study.

Topic: Voltage/current sources: Ideal/non-ideal

,independent/dependent , source transformation
1. What are voltage and current sources? Voltage and current sources are fundamental components
in electrical circuits that provide a steady supply of voltage or current.
2. What is an ideal voltage source? An ideal voltage source is a theoretical component that maintains
a constant voltage regardless of the load connected to it. It can provide infinite current when needed.
3. What is an ideal current source? An ideal current source is a theoretical component that maintains
a constant current regardless of the load connected to it. It can provide infinite voltage when needed.
4. What are non-ideal voltage and current sources? Non-ideal sources have limitations and may
exhibit slight variations in voltage or current depending on the load connected to them. They have
internal resistance or impedance.
5. What is an independent source? An independent source is a source that provides a fixed value of
voltage or current that is not dependent on other variables in the circuit.
6. What is a dependent source? A dependent source is a source whose value is controlled by the
voltage or current of another component in the circuit.
7. What are some examples of dependent sources? Examples of dependent sources include voltage-
controlled voltage sources (VCVS), current-controlled voltage sources (CCVS), voltage-controlled
current sources (VCCS), and current-controlled current sources (CCCS).
8. How are independent and dependent sources used in circuit analysis? Independent sources
provide fixed inputs to the circuit, while dependent sources allow for the modeling of complex
relationships and can be used to represent amplifiers, sensors, and other components.
9. What is source transformation? Source transformation is a technique used in circuit analysis to
convert a voltage source and series resistance into a current source and parallel resistance, or vice
versa, while maintaining the same circuit behavior.
10. How is source transformation useful in circuit analysis? Source transformation simplifies circuit
analysis by converting voltage sources to current sources or vice versa, making it easier to apply
different circuit analysis techniques, such as Kirchhoff's laws or mesh analysis.
11. Can you provide an example of source transformation? An example of source transformation is
converting a voltage source of 12V in series with a 4-ohm resistor into a current source of 3A in
parallel with a 4-ohm resistor.
12. What are the benefits of using ideal sources in circuit analysis? Ideal sources simplify circuit
analysis by providing constant and predictable voltage or current values, allowing for easier
calculation and understanding of circuit behavior.
13. What are the drawbacks of using ideal sources in real-world applications? Ideal sources do not
account for the limitations of real-world components and may not accurately represent the behavior
of practical circuits.
14. How do non-ideal sources affect circuit performance? Non-ideal sources may introduce voltage
drops or current limitations due to their internal resistance or impedance, which can impact circuit
performance and accuracy.
15. How are voltage and current sources represented in circuit diagrams? Voltage sources are
typically represented by a circle with plus and minus signs, while current sources are represented by
an arrow indicating the direction of current flow.
16. What are some applications of voltage sources? Voltage sources are commonly used in power
supplies, batteries, and electrical generators to provide a consistent voltage for various devices and
systems.
17. What are some applications of current sources? Current sources are frequently used in current
amplifiers, current regulators, and sensor circuits, where a constant current is required for accurate
measurements or control.
18. How can dependent sources be used to model real-world components? Dependent sources can
be used to model the behavior of transistors, operational amplifiers, and other electronic components
that exhibit complex relationships between voltage and current.
19. What are the limitations of dependent sources in circuit analysis? Dependent sources rely on the
accuracy of the control variables and may not accurately represent the behavior of real-world
components in all cases.
20. How do voltage and current sources contribute to the overall functionality of electrical circuits?
Voltage and current sources provide the necessary energy and signals for the operation of electrical
circuits, enabling the flow of power and the functioning of various electronic devices and systems.

Topic: Concept of EMF, Current, Potential Difference, Power and

Energy
1. What is EMF (Electromotive Force)? EMF refers to the electric potential difference, measured in
volts (V), that drives the flow of electric charge in a circuit. It represents the energy per unit charge
supplied by a source such as a battery or generator.
2. What is current? Current is the flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A). It
represents the rate at which charge passes through a specific point in the circuit.
3. What is potential difference? Potential difference, also known as voltage, is the difference in
electric potential between two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and indicates the work
done per unit charge in moving between those points.
4. How are EMF, current, and potential difference related? EMF is the driving force that causes
current to flow in a circuit. Current is the actual flow of electric charge, while potential difference
represents the energy difference per unit charge that drives the flow.
5. What is power? Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred in a circuit. It is
measured in watts (W) and is calculated by multiplying the current flowing through a device by the
potential difference across it.
6. How is power related to current and potential difference? Power is directly proportional to both
current and potential difference. The greater the current or potential difference, the higher the
power.
7. What is energy in the context of electrical circuits? In electrical circuits, energy refers to the ability
to do work or transfer charge. It is supplied by the source (EMF) and is converted and utilized by
various devices connected to the circuit.
8. How is energy related to power and time? Energy is the product of power and time. The amount of
energy consumed or transferred in a circuit is calculated by multiplying the power by the time interval
for which it is consumed.
9. What is the unit of energy in electrical circuits? The unit of energy in electrical circuits is the joule
(J), which is equivalent to one watt-second (Ws) or one volt-ampere-second (VA s).
10. How is energy consumption measured in practical scenarios? Energy consumption in practical
scenarios is often measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), which represents the amount of energy
consumed by a device operating at a power of one kilowatt for one hour.
11. Can you provide an example of calculating power and energy in a circuit? Sure! Let's say a device
has a current of 2A flowing through it and a potential difference of 12V across it. The power
consumed by the device would be P = I * V = 2A * 12V = 24W. If the device operates for 2 hours, the
energy consumed would be E = P * t = 24W * 2h = 48Wh.
12. How is power related to the rate of energy consumption? Power represents the rate at which
energy is consumed or transferred. A higher power indicates a faster rate of energy consumption.
13. How is power calculated in circuits with resistors? In circuits with resistors, power can be
calculated using the formula P = (I^2) * R or P = (V^2) / R, where I is the current, V is the potential
difference, and R is the resistance.
14. What is the role of power in electrical devices? Power is essential for the functioning of electrical
devices as it determines how quickly energy is consumed or transferred, which impacts the device's
performance and functionality.
15. How is power efficiency measured in electrical devices? Power efficiency is measured by
comparing the useful power output of a device to the total power input. It is expressed as a
percentage and indicates how effectively the device converts input power into useful output power.
16. What factors can affect the efficiency of an electrical device? Factors such as resistance losses,
heat dissipation, electrical losses, and design considerations can affect the efficiency of an electrical
device.
17. How can power and energy calculations be used to optimize energy usage? By accurately
measuring power and energy consumption, it is possible to identify energy-intensive devices or
processes and implement energy-saving measures, leading to more efficient energy usage.
18. Can you provide examples of devices where power and energy consumption are critical
considerations? Examples include electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, household appliances,
industrial machinery, and electronic devices, where optimizing power and energy consumption can
have significant economic and environmental impacts.
19. What is the relationship between power, energy, and cost in electricity billing? Electricity bills
are often calculated based on the energy consumed over a given period. The cost is determined by
multiplying the energy consumed by the rate charged per unit of energy (kWh), taking into account
any applicable tariffs or taxes.
20. How can understanding power and energy concepts help in making informed energy choices?
Understanding power and energy concepts enables individuals and organizations to make informed
decisions regarding energy consumption, efficiency upgrades, renewable energy adoption, and the
overall sustainability of energy usage.

Don’t Forget to Visit WWW.ETechnoG.COM

Topic: M.M.F, magnetic force, permeability, hysteresis loop,
reluctance, leakage factor, BH curve and hysteresis loss, eddy
current loss. Analogy between electric and magnetic circuits
1. What is M.M.F (Magnetomotive Force)? M.M.F, or Magnetomotive Force, is a measure of the
magnetic potential in a magnetic circuit. It is analogous to voltage in an electric circuit and is denoted
by the symbol F.
2. What is magnetic force? Magnetic force refers to the force exerted on a magnetic object or a
moving charged particle in a magnetic field. It is perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and
the magnetic field.
3. What is permeability? Permeability is a property of a material that describes its ability to support
the formation of a magnetic field. It determines the extent to which a material can be magnetized and
its resistance to the flow of magnetic flux.
4. What is a hysteresis loop? A hysteresis loop represents the relationship between the magnetic field
strength (H) and the magnetic flux density (B) in a ferromagnetic material. It shows the magnetic
properties of the material, including its ability to retain magnetization.
5. What is reluctance? Reluctance is the opposition offered by a magnetic circuit to the flow of
magnetic flux. It is analogous to resistance in an electric circuit and is denoted by the symbol R.
6. What is the leakage factor in magnetic circuits? The leakage factor in magnetic circuits refers to
the portion of magnetic flux that does not follow the desired path through the core but instead takes
alternate paths. It represents the inefficiency in directing magnetic flux.
7. What is the BH curve? The BH curve, also known as the magnetization curve or hysteresis loop, is a
graph that represents the relationship between the magnetic field strength (H) and the magnetic flux
density (B) in a magnetic material.
8. What is hysteresis loss? Hysteresis loss refers to the energy dissipated as heat in a magnetic
material when it undergoes magnetization and demagnetization cycles due to the changing magnetic
field. It is caused by the internal friction within the material.
9. What are eddy currents? Eddy currents are circulating currents induced in conductive materials
when exposed to a changing magnetic field. These currents can result in energy loss and heating in the
material.
10. What is the analogy between electric and magnetic circuits? The analogy between electric and
magnetic circuits is based on similarities between electrical quantities (voltage, current, resistance)
and their magnetic counterparts (magnetomotive force, magnetic flux, reluctance). This analogy
allows for the application of circuit analysis techniques to magnetic circuits.
11. How is the analogy between electric and magnetic circuits helpful? The analogy helps in
understanding and analyzing magnetic circuits by drawing parallels with familiar electrical circuits,
making it easier to apply circuit laws and solve complex magnetic circuit problems.
12. What is the equivalent of Ohm's Law in magnetic circuits? The equivalent of Ohm's Law in
magnetic circuits is called Ampere's Law, which relates the magnetomotive force (F), magnetic flux
(Φ), and reluctance (R) in a similar manner to how Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance
in an electric circuit.
13. How is magnetic flux similar to electric flux? Magnetic flux, like electric flux, represents the total
amount of magnetic field passing through a given area. It is denoted by the symbol Φ and is measured
in Weber (Wb).
14. How does magnetic permeability relate to electric permittivity? Magnetic permeability and
electric permittivity are both material properties that determine the response of a material to the
respective fields. Permeability affects magnetic fields, while permittivity affects electric fields.
15. How do hysteresis loops differ for different magnetic materials? Hysteresis loops can vary for
different magnetic materials due to variations in their magnetic properties, such as coercivity,
remanence, and saturation magnetization.
16. What causes eddy current losses in conductive materials? Eddy current losses in conductive
materials are caused by the resistance of the material to the flow of circulating currents induced by
the changing magnetic field. These currents lead to energy dissipation in the form of heat.
17. How can hysteresis and eddy current losses be minimized? Hysteresis and eddy current losses
can be reduced by using magnetic materials with lower hysteresis loop areas, such as soft magnetic
materials, and by employing laminations or coatings to minimize the effects of eddy currents.
18. What are some practical applications of the analogy between electric and magnetic circuits? The
analogy between electric and magnetic circuits finds applications in the design and analysis of
transformers, inductors, electric motors, magnetic sensors, and other electromagnetic devices.
19. Can you provide an example of the analogy between electric and magnetic circuits? Sure! In an
electric circuit, the voltage (V) drives the current (I) through a resistor (R). Similarly, in a magnetic
circuit, the magnetomotive force (F) drives the magnetic flux (Φ) through a reluctance (R).
20. How does the analogy between electric and magnetic circuits simplify problem-solving? The
analogy allows engineers and scientists to leverage their knowledge and problem-solving techniques
from electric circuits to analyze and design magnetic circuits, providing a framework for
understanding and predicting the behavior of magnetic systems.

Topic: Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s laws , Lenz’s law

1. What is electromagnetic induction? Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in a conductor when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field.
2. What are Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction? Faraday's laws of electromagnetic
induction state:
 Faraday's First Law: The EMF induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change
of magnetic flux through the circuit.
 Faraday's Second Law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is equal to the negative rate of
change of magnetic flux.
3. What is Lenz's law? Lenz's law is a fundamental law of electromagnetism that states that the
direction of the induced current in a conductor is always such that it opposes the change in magnetic
field that produced it.
4. How are Faraday's laws and Lenz's law related? Faraday's laws describe the relationship between
the induced EMF and the rate of change of magnetic flux, while Lenz's law explains the direction of
the induced current, which opposes the change in the magnetic field.
5. Can you provide an example illustrating Faraday's laws and Lenz's law? Certainly! If a magnet is
moved toward a coil of wire, the magnetic flux through the coil changes, inducing an EMF according to
Faraday's laws. Lenz's law predicts that the induced current will flow in such a way as to create a
magnetic field opposing the motion of the magnet.
6. What factors affect the magnitude of the induced EMF? The magnitude of the induced EMF is
affected by the rate of change of magnetic flux, the number of turns in the coil, and the strength of
the magnetic field.
7. How can electromagnetic induction be used practically? Electromagnetic induction has numerous
practical applications, including generating electricity in power plants using generators, transforming
voltage levels in transformers, operating electric motors, and charging devices wirelessly.
8. What is the concept of mutual induction? Mutual induction occurs when the change in current in
one coil induces an EMF in an adjacent coil. This phenomenon is used in transformers and mutual
inductors.
9. How does electromagnetic induction contribute to the functionality of transformers? In
transformers, alternating current (AC) is used to induce a changing magnetic field in one coil, which
then induces a voltage in another coil through electromagnetic induction. This allows for efficient
voltage transformation.
10. Can electromagnetic induction occur with a constant magnetic field? No, electromagnetic
induction requires a changing magnetic field to induce an EMF. A constant magnetic field alone
cannot induce an EMF in a conductor.
11. How is electromagnetic induction related to the production of electricity in power plants? Power
plants generate electricity by rotating large coils within a magnetic field, inducing an EMF according to
Faraday's laws. This converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
12. Are Faraday's laws and Lenz's law applicable to both AC and DC circuits? Faraday's laws and
Lenz's law are applicable to both AC and DC circuits. However, the effects of electromagnetic
induction are more pronounced in AC circuits due to the changing magnetic field.
13. How does electromagnetic induction relate to the functioning of electric generators? Electric
generators utilize electromagnetic induction by rotating a coil within a magnetic field, inducing an
alternating current (AC) in the coil. This AC current can then be used to power electrical devices.
14. Can you explain how Lenz's law is applied to the braking mechanism in eddy current brakes? In
eddy current brakes, Lenz's law is utilized to create opposing currents in a conductive plate, inducing a
magnetic field that generates a braking force. This opposes the motion of the object, providing a
braking effect.
15. How does electromagnetic induction contribute to the operation of magnetic sensors and
detectors? Magnetic sensors and detectors utilize electromagnetic induction to measure changes in
magnetic fields. These changes induce an EMF in a coil or sensor, allowing for the detection and
measurement of magnetic fields.
16. Are Faraday's laws and Lenz's law fundamental principles in the study of electromagnetism? Yes,
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction and Lenz's law are fundamental principles that form the
basis of our understanding of electromagnetism and have wide-ranging applications in various fields
of science and technology.
17. How can electromagnetic induction be used for wireless charging of devices? Wireless charging
utilizes electromagnetic induction by transferring power wirelessly through an alternating magnetic
field. A primary coil generates the field, and a secondary coil in the device picks up the induced
voltage to charge the battery.
18. How is electromagnetic induction different from electrostatic induction? Electromagnetic
induction involves the generation of an EMF through a changing magnetic field, while electrostatic
induction involves the redistribution of electric charges in response to the presence of a charged
object, without the need for a changing magnetic field.
19. What are some historical contributions of Faraday and Lenz to the understanding of
electromagnetic induction? Michael Faraday made significant discoveries regarding electromagnetic
induction, formulating Faraday's laws. Heinrich Lenz developed Lenz's law, providing insights into the
direction of induced currents.
20. Can you summarize the main principles of Faraday's laws and Lenz's law? Faraday's laws state
that a changing magnetic field induces an EMF in a conductor, while Lenz's law determines the
direction of the induced current, which opposes the change in magnetic field. Together, these laws
form the foundation of electromagnetic induction.
Topic: Dynamically induced emf; Statically induced emf; Principle
of self and mutual inductance
1. What is dynamically induced EMF? Dynamically induced EMF refers to the electromotive force
(EMF) that is induced in a conductor when the magnetic field through the conductor changes due to
relative motion between the conductor and the magnetic field.
2. What is statically induced EMF? Statically induced EMF refers to the EMF that is induced in a
conductor when there is a change in the magnetic field strength around the conductor, but there is no
relative motion between the conductor and the magnetic field.
3. Can you provide an example of dynamically induced EMF? Certainly! An example of dynamically
induced EMF is the generation of electricity in a power plant. The relative motion between the
rotating magnets and the conductive coils induces an EMF in the coils, generating electric power.
4. Can you provide an example of statically induced EMF? An example of statically induced EMF is
the EMF induced in a stationary coil when the magnetic field passing through it changes, such as when
the current in a nearby coil changes or when a permanent magnet is moved closer or farther away
from the coil.
5. What is the principle of self-inductance? The principle of self-inductance states that a changing
current in a coil induces an EMF in the same coil, opposing the change in current. It is a measure of
the ability of a coil to induce an EMF in itself.
6. How is self-inductance related to the magnetic field generated by a coil? When the current in a
coil changes, it generates a magnetic field around the coil. The changing magnetic field induces an
EMF in the coil itself, which is proportional to the rate of change of current, according to Faraday's law
of electromagnetic induction.
7. What is the unit of self-inductance? The unit of self-inductance is the Henry (H), named after
Joseph Henry, a pioneer in the study of electromagnetism.
8. What is the principle of mutual inductance? The principle of mutual inductance states that a
changing current in one coil induces an EMF in an adjacent coil, and vice versa. It describes the ability
of one coil to induce an EMF in another coil.
9. How is mutual inductance different from self-inductance? Mutual inductance involves the
interaction between two separate coils, where a changing current in one coil induces an EMF in the
other coil. Self-inductance, on the other hand, involves the interaction of a changing current with the
same coil, inducing an EMF in itself.
10. How is mutual inductance related to the coupling coefficient between two coils? The mutual
inductance between two coils is directly proportional to the square root of their coupling coefficient.
The coupling coefficient represents the extent to which the magnetic field produced by one coil links
with the other coil.
11. Can you provide an example of mutual inductance? An example of mutual inductance is the
functioning of a transformer. The primary coil, carrying an alternating current, induces an EMF in the
secondary coil through mutual inductance, allowing for voltage transformation.
12. How does mutual inductance contribute to the operation of transformers? In transformers,
mutual inductance allows for efficient transfer of energy between the primary and secondary coils.
The changing current in the primary coil induces an EMF in the secondary coil, enabling voltage
transformation.
13. What is the unit of mutual inductance? The unit of mutual inductance is also the Henry (H), the
same as self-inductance.
14. Can you explain the concept of inductive coupling in wireless power transfer? Inductive coupling
in wireless power transfer involves the use of mutual inductance between two coils. The primary coil
is connected to a power source and generates a changing magnetic field. This field induces an EMF in
the secondary coil, allowing for wireless transfer of power.
15. How do self-inductance and mutual inductance contribute to the behavior of electrical circuits?
Self-inductance and mutual inductance affect the behavior of electrical circuits by influencing the
amount of induced EMF, the rate of change of current, and the energy storage and transfer
capabilities of the circuits.
16. What is the importance of understanding self and mutual inductance in designing
electromagnetic devices? Understanding self and mutual inductance is crucial in the design of
electromagnetic devices such as transformers, inductors, motors, generators, and wireless power
transfer systems. It allows for efficient energy transfer, voltage transformation, and control of
electromagnetic phenomena.
17. How does the presence of an iron core affect the self and mutual inductance of a coil? The
presence of an iron core in a coil increases both the self and mutual inductance due to the higher
permeability of iron, which enhances the magnetic field generated by the coil and its interaction with
other coils.
18. Are self-inductance and mutual inductance dependent on the frequency of the changing
current? Yes, both self-inductance and mutual inductance can be influenced by the frequency of the
changing current. Higher frequencies may result in increased skin effect, proximity effect, and eddy
currents, which can impact the inductance values.
19. How can self-inductance and mutual inductance be measured? Self-inductance can be measured
using an LCR meter or by performing experiments with known values of inductance. Mutual
inductance can be determined by measuring the induced EMF in the secondary coil with a known
current in the primary coil.
20. Can you summarize the main points regarding dynamically induced EMF, statically induced EMF,
self-inductance, and mutual inductance? Dynamically induced EMF occurs due to relative motion
between a conductor and a changing magnetic field, while statically induced EMF occurs when the
magnetic field strength around a conductor changes without relative motion. Self-inductance is the
ability of a coil to induce an EMF in itself, while mutual inductance is the ability of one coil to induce
an EMF in another coil. Understanding these concepts is essential for analyzing and designing
electromagnetic systems and devices.
Topic: Energy stored in magnetic circuit, Flemming’s Left Hand
Rule and Right Hand Rule
1. What is energy stored in a magnetic circuit? In a magnetic circuit, energy can be stored in the
form of magnetic field energy, which is the energy associated with the magnetic field created
by current flowing through coils or inductors.
2. What is Fleming's Left-Hand Rule? Fleming's Left-Hand Rule is a rule used to determine the
direction of the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. It
states that when the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left hand are positioned
mutually perpendicular, the thumb represents the direction of motion (Force), the forefinger
points in the direction of the magnetic Field, and the middle finger shows the direction of
current (Generator).
3. What is Fleming's Right-Hand Rule? Fleming's Right-Hand Rule is a rule used to determine the
direction of the induced current or the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in
a magnetic field. It states that when the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the right hand
are positioned mutually perpendicular, the thumb represents the direction of motion (Force),
the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic Field, and the middle finger shows the
direction of current (Motor).
4. How is energy stored in a magnetic circuit calculated? The energy stored in a magnetic circuit
can be calculated using the formula: Energy = (1/2) * L * I^2, where L is the inductance of the
circuit in henries and I is the current flowing through the circuit in amperes.
5. What factors affect the energy stored in a magnetic circuit? The energy stored in a magnetic
circuit is affected by the inductance of the circuit, which depends on factors such as the
number of turns in the coil, the permeability of the core material, and the cross-sectional area
of the core.
6. What is the significance of Fleming's Left-Hand Rule in electromagnetism? Fleming's Left-
Hand Rule is significant in electromagnetism as it helps determine the direction of the force
experienced by a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, making it useful in applications
such as electric motors and generators.
7. How is Fleming's Right-Hand Rule applied in electric motors? Fleming's Right-Hand Rule is
applied in electric motors to determine the direction of the force acting on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field, enabling the motor to generate rotational motion.
8. What is the purpose of the energy stored in a magnetic circuit? The energy stored in a
magnetic circuit can be utilized in various applications such as transformers, inductors,
electromagnets, and magnetic storage devices.
9. How does the number of turns in a coil affect the energy stored in a magnetic circuit? The
number of turns in a coil directly affects the inductance of the circuit, which, in turn, affects the
amount of energy that can be stored in the magnetic field of the circuit.

Don’t Forget to Visit WWW.ETechnoG.COM

10. What is the role of the permeability of the core material in energy storage? The permeability
of the core material in a magnetic circuit affects the magnetic flux density and, consequently,
the energy storage capability of the circuit. Materials with high permeability, such as iron or
ferrite, enhance the energy storage capacity.
11. What is the relationship between the current flowing through a magnetic circuit and the
energy stored? The energy stored in a magnetic circuit is directly proportional to the square of
the current flowing through the circuit. As the current increases, the energy stored increases
exponentially.
12. What are some practical applications of Fleming's Left-Hand Rule? Fleming's Left-Hand Rule is
used in practical applications such as electric motors, generators, solenoids, and
electromagnetic relays to determine the direction of the force or motion resulting from the
interaction between a magnetic field and a current-carrying conductor.
13. What are some practical applications of Fleming's Right-Hand Rule? Fleming's Right-Hand
Rule is employed in practical applications such as electric motors, generators, speakers, and
electric generators to determine the direction of the induced current or the force acting on a
current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
14. What are the units used to measure energy stored in a magnetic circuit? The energy stored in
a magnetic circuit is typically measured in joules (J), which is the SI unit of energy.
15. How does the magnetic field strength affect the energy stored in a magnetic circuit? The
magnetic field strength, which depends on factors such as the current and the number of turns
in a coil, affects the energy stored in a magnetic circuit. Higher magnetic field strength results
in increased energy storage.
16. What are some advantages of using Fleming's Left-Hand Rule in practical applications?
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule provides a convenient and intuitive method for determining the
direction of the force or motion in practical applications involving magnetic fields and current-
carrying conductors.
17. What are some advantages of using Fleming's Right-Hand Rule in practical applications?
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule offers a straightforward and reliable approach for determining the
direction of the induced current or the force on a current-carrying conductor in practical
applications involving magnetic fields.
18. Can Fleming's Left-Hand Rule be applied to stationary conductors in a magnetic field?
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule is primarily applicable to moving conductors in a magnetic field and is
commonly used in motors and generators. It may not be directly applicable to stationary
conductors.
19. Can Fleming's Right-Hand Rule be used to determine the direction of a magnetic field? Fleming's Right-Hand
Rule is not specifically designed to determine the direction of a magnetic field. It is primarily employed to find
the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor or the direction of an induced current.
20. How are Fleming's Left-Hand Rule and Right-Hand Rule related to each other? Fleming's Left-Hand Rule and
Right-Hand Rule are related as they both provide a systematic way to determine the direction of a force, motion,
or current in a magnetic field, depending on whether the application involves a generator or a motor.
Topic: Concept of Angular speed, Cycle, Frequency, Periodic
time, Amplitude, RMS value, Average value, Form Factor, Peak
Factor, impedance, phase and phase difference.
1. What is angular speed? Angular speed is the rate at which an object rotates around a fixed
axis, measured in radians per second.
2. What is a cycle? A cycle refers to one complete oscillation or revolution of a periodic waveform
or motion.
3. What is frequency? Frequency is the number of cycles or oscillations per unit of time, usually
measured in hertz (Hz).
4. What is periodic time? Periodic time, also known as period, is the time taken to complete one
cycle or oscillation.
5. What is amplitude? Amplitude refers to the maximum displacement or distance from the
equilibrium position in a periodic motion or waveform.
6. What is RMS value? RMS (Root Mean Square) value is a measure of the average value of an
alternating current or voltage waveform.
7. What is average value? Average value refers to the arithmetic mean of a periodic waveform or
signal over one complete cycle.
8. What is form factor? Form factor is the ratio of the RMS value to the average value of an
alternating current or voltage waveform.
9. What is peak factor? Peak factor is the ratio of the peak value to the RMS value of an
alternating current or voltage waveform.
10. What is impedance? Impedance is the measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current
in a circuit, combining resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
11. What is phase? Phase refers to the relationship in time or position between two or more
periodic waveforms or signals.
12. What is phase difference? Phase difference is the difference in phase between two or more
periodic waveforms or signals, usually measured in degrees or radians.
13. What is the unit of angular speed? The unit of angular speed is radians per second (rad/s).
14. How is frequency related to the period? Frequency and period are inversely related. The
frequency is the reciprocal of the period, and vice versa.
15. How is amplitude measured? Amplitude is typically measured from the equilibrium position to
the highest point of a waveform.
16. How is RMS value calculated? The RMS value of a waveform is calculated by taking the square
root of the average of the squares of all the instantaneous values.

Don’t Forget to Visit WWW.ETechnoG.COM

17. What does the form factor indicate? The form factor indicates how closely a waveform
resembles a pure sinusoidal waveform.
18. What does the peak factor signify? The peak factor signifies the magnitude of the peak values
in relation to the RMS value of a waveform.
19. How does impedance affect circuit performance? Impedance affects the flow of current and
voltage in a circuit, influencing the power transfer and overall circuit behavior.
20. How is phase difference represented in electrical circuits? Phase difference is often
represented using angular measurements (degrees or radians) or time delay between two
waveforms.

Topic: Voltage and current through pure resistance, inductance

and capacitance, simple R-L, R-C, R-L-C series and parallel circuits
with sinusoidal excitation
1. What is the relationship between voltage and current in a pure resistance? In a pure
resistance, the voltage and current are in phase with each other. The current flowing through
the resistance is directly proportional to the voltage across it, according to Ohm's Law (V = I *
R).
2. What is the relationship between voltage and current in an inductance (L)? In an inductance,
the voltage lags behind the current by 90 degrees in an AC (alternating current) circuit. The
relationship between voltage and current in an inductance is given by V = L * di/dt, where V is
the voltage, L is the inductance, and di/dt represents the rate of change of current with respect
to time.
3. What is the relationship between voltage and current in a capacitance (C)? In a capacitance,
the voltage leads the current by 90 degrees in an AC circuit. The relationship between voltage
and current in a capacitance is given by I = C * dV/dt, where I is the current, C is the
capacitance, and dV/dt represents the rate of change of voltage with respect to time.
4. What is a simple R-L series circuit? A simple R-L series circuit is a circuit that consists of a
resistor (R) and an inductor (L) connected in series. In this circuit, the current flowing through
the resistor and inductor is the same, and the voltage across the resistor and inductor can be
different due to their respective impedance.
5. What is a simple R-C series circuit? A simple R-C series circuit is a circuit that consists of a
resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) connected in series. In this circuit, the voltage across the resistor
and capacitor is the same, and the current flowing through the resistor and capacitor can be
different due to their respective impedance.
6. What is a simple R-L-C series circuit? A simple R-L-C series circuit is a circuit that consists of a
resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C) connected in series. In this circuit, the current
flowing through the resistor, inductor, and capacitor is the same, and the voltages across each
component can be different due to their respective impedance.
7. What is a simple R-L parallel circuit? A simple R-L parallel circuit is a circuit that consists of a
resistor (R) and an inductor (L) connected in parallel. In this circuit, the voltage across the
resistor and inductor is the same, and the current flowing through the resistor and inductor can
be different due to their respective impedance.
8. What is a simple R-C parallel circuit? A simple R-C parallel circuit is a circuit that consists of a
resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) connected in parallel. In this circuit, the current flowing through
the resistor and capacitor is the same, and the voltage across the resistor and capacitor can be
different due to their respective impedance.
9. What is a simple R-L-C parallel circuit? A simple R-L-C parallel circuit is a circuit that consists of
a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C) connected in parallel. In this circuit, the
current flowing through the resistor, inductor, and capacitor is the same, and the voltages
across each component can be different due to their respective impedance.
10. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a pure resistance? In a pure
resistance with sinusoidal excitation, both voltage and current have the same frequency and
are in phase with each other.
11. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in an inductance? In an
inductance with sinusoidal excitation, the current lags behind the voltage by 90 degrees.
12. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a capacitance? In a
capacitance with sinusoidal excitation, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees.
13. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a simple R-L series circuit? In
a simple R-L series circuit with sinusoidal excitation, the voltage across the resistor and
inductor can have a phase difference, and the current may not be in phase with the voltage.
14. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a simple R-C series circuit? In
a simple R-C series circuit with sinusoidal excitation, the voltage across the resistor and
capacitor can have a phase difference, and the current may not be in phase with the voltage.
15. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a simple R-L-C series circuit?
In a simple R-L-C series circuit with sinusoidal excitation, the voltage across the resistor,
inductor, and capacitor can have phase differences, and the current may not be in phase with
the voltage.
16. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a simple R-L parallel circuit?
In a simple R-L parallel circuit with sinusoidal excitation, the voltage across the resistor and
inductor can have a phase difference, and the current may not be in phase with the voltage.
17. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a simple R-C parallel circuit?
In a simple R-C parallel circuit with sinusoidal excitation, the voltage across the resistor and
capacitor can have a phase difference, and the current may not be in phase with the voltage.
18. How do voltage and current behave in a sinusoidal excitation in a simple R-L-C parallel
circuit? In a simple R-L-C parallel circuit with sinusoidal excitation, the voltage across the
resistor, inductor, and capacitor can have phase differences, and the current may not be in
phase with the voltage.
19. What is the significance of sinusoidal excitation in these circuits? Sinusoidal excitation is
significant as it allows us to analyze the behavior of voltage and current in circuits with
different combinations of resistors, inductors, and capacitors, and provides a basis for
understanding AC circuits commonly encountered in electrical systems.
20. How are series and parallel circuits with sinusoidal excitation used in practical applications?
Series and parallel circuits with sinusoidal excitation are used in various practical applications,
such as power distribution systems, electrical motors, transformers, and electronic devices,
where understanding the behavior of voltage and current in AC circuits is essential for proper
operation and analysis.

Topic: Concept of impedance, impedance triangle, power factor,

active, reactive and apparent power,power triangle Voltage and
Current relationship in Star and Delta connections.

1. What is impedance in an electrical circuit? Impedance is the overall opposition offered by a

circuit to the flow of alternating current. It includes resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
2. Explain the impedance triangle. The impedance triangle is a representation of impedance in a
complex plane, where the resistance (R) forms the horizontal side, and the reactance (X)
(inductive or capacitive) forms the vertical side. The impedance (Z) is the hypotenuse of the
triangle.
3. What is power factor (PF) in electrical systems? Power factor is the ratio of the real power
(active power) to the apparent power in an AC circuit. It indicates the efficiency of power usage
in the circuit.
4. Define active power in an AC circuit. Active power is the real power that performs useful work
in an AC circuit. It is measured in watts (W).
5. What is reactive power in an AC circuit? Reactive power is the power consumed or supplied by
inductive and capacitive elements in an AC circuit. It does not perform useful work but is
necessary for the magnetic and electric fields.
6. What is apparent power in an AC circuit? Apparent power is the vector sum of active power
and reactive power. It represents the total power delivered to an AC circuit and is measured in
volt-amperes (VA).
7. Explain the power triangle in electrical systems. The power triangle is a graphical
representation of active power (P), reactive power (Q), and apparent power (S). The angle
between P and S represents the power factor angle.

Don’t Forget to Visit WWW.ETechnoG.COM

8. How is power factor related to the power triangle? The power factor is the cosine of the angle
between active power (P) and apparent power (S) in the power triangle.
9. What is the significance of a high power factor in electrical systems? A high power factor
indicates efficient utilization of electrical power, minimizing energy losses and optimizing the
operation of electrical equipment.
10. What is the significance of a low power factor in electrical systems? A low power factor leads
to inefficient power usage, higher energy losses, and increased stress on electrical equipment.
11. How does an inductive load affect power factor in an AC circuit? An inductive load causes the
current to lag behind the voltage, resulting in a lagging power factor (leading to a lower power
factor).
12. How does a capacitive load affect power factor in an AC circuit? A capacitive load causes the
current to lead the voltage, resulting in a leading power factor (leading to a higher power
factor).
13. What is the relationship between voltage and current in a star connection? In a star
connection, the line current (I) is the phase current (current in each branch) divided by the
square root of three (1/√3) and lags the line voltage (V) by 30 degrees.
14. What is the relationship between voltage and current in a delta connection? In a delta
connection, the line current (I) is the same as the phase current, and the line voltage (V) lags
the phase voltage by 30 degrees.
15. How is apparent power calculated in a three-phase AC circuit? In a three-phase AC circuit,
apparent power (S) is calculated as the square root of three (√3) times the line voltage (V)
times the line current (I).
16. What is the relationship between active power and apparent power in a three-phase AC
circuit? The relationship between active power (P) and apparent power (S) in a three-phase AC
circuit is given by the equation P = S * power factor.
17. How is reactive power calculated in a three-phase AC circuit? Reactive power (Q) in a three-
phase AC circuit can be calculated as the square root of three (√3) times the line voltage (V)
times the line current (I) times the sine of the power factor angle.
18. What is the effect of a low power factor in a three-phase AC circuit? A low power factor in a
three-phase AC circuit leads to higher reactive power, increased current, and higher losses in
power distribution systems.
19. How does a star-delta transformer connection affect voltage and current? A star-delta
transformer connection allows for voltage transformation, where the primary side (star) has a
higher voltage and the secondary side (delta) has a lower voltage. The current is also
transformed accordingly.
20. What is the advantage of using star-delta transformer connections? The advantage of using
star-delta transformer connections is that it provides flexibility in voltage transformation,
allowing for efficient power distribution across different voltage levels while balancing the load
between the primary and secondary sides.
Topic: General construction and principle of different type of
transformers, Emf equation and transformation ratio of
transformers, Auto transformers
1. What is a transformer? A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
2. What are the main components of a transformer? The main components of a transformer
include a magnetic core, primary winding, secondary winding, and insulation.
3. What is the principle of operation of a transformer? The principle of operation of a
transformer is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. It states that a
changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a nearby coil.
4. What are the different types of transformers based on construction? The different types of
transformers based on construction include core-type transformers and shell-type
transformers.
5. What is the construction of a core-type transformer? In a core-type transformer, the windings
surround a magnetic core made of laminated sheets of silicon steel to reduce eddy current
losses.
6. What is the construction of a shell-type transformer? In a shell-type transformer, the primary
and secondary windings are divided into several sections and placed on top of each other with
the core passing through them.
7. What is the purpose of the magnetic core in a transformer? The magnetic core in a
transformer provides a low-reluctance path for the magnetic flux, increasing the efficiency of
energy transfer.
8. What is the EMF equation of a transformer? The EMF (Electromotive Force) equation of a
transformer is given by E = N * dΦ/dt, where E is the induced voltage, N is the number of turns
in the winding, and dΦ/dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux.
9. What is the transformation ratio of a transformer? The transformation ratio of a transformer
is the ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding to the number of turns in the
secondary winding.
10. How does the transformation ratio affect voltage and current in a transformer? The
transformation ratio determines the ratio of voltage between the primary and secondary
windings. It also affects the ratio of current inversely.
11. What is a step-up transformer? A step-up transformer is a type of transformer that increases
the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding.
12. What is a step-down transformer? A step-down transformer is a type of transformer that
decreases the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding.

Don’t Forget to Visit WWW.ETechnoG.COM

13. What is an auto transformer? An auto transformer is a type of transformer that has a common
winding shared by both the primary and secondary circuits.
14. What is the advantage of using an auto transformer? The advantage of using an auto
transformer is that it provides a more compact and cost-effective solution for voltage
transformation compared to conventional transformers.
15. How is the voltage ratio determined in an auto transformer? The voltage ratio in an auto
transformer is determined by the ratio of the turns between the common winding and the
tapped winding.
16. What are the applications of transformers? Transformers are used in various applications,
including power distribution, voltage regulation, electrical isolation, and in electronic devices.
17. What is the role of insulation in transformers? Insulation in transformers prevents electrical
leakage and ensures safety by providing insulation between windings and the core.
18. How are losses minimized in transformers? Losses in transformers are minimized through the
use of high-quality magnetic cores, efficient winding designs, and proper cooling mechanisms.
19. What are the common cooling methods used in transformers? Common cooling methods
used in transformers include air cooling, oil cooling, and liquid immersion cooling.
20. What are the efficiency considerations in transformer design? Efficiency considerations in
transformer design involve minimizing losses (copper losses and iron losses) and optimizing the
transformer's design to achieve maximum energy transfer between primary and secondary
windings.

Topic: Construction and Working principle of motors, Different

Types of motors and their applications

1. What is a motor? A motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
2. What is the basic construction of a motor? The basic construction of a motor includes a stator
(stationary part) and a rotor (rotating part).
3. What is the working principle of a motor? The working principle of a motor is based on the
interaction between magnetic fields. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a force that causes it to move.
4. How does an electric motor work? An electric motor works by applying an electric current to
the windings in the stator, which creates a rotating magnetic field. This field interacts with the
magnetic field of the rotor, causing it to rotate.
5. What are the different types of motors? The different types of motors include DC motors, AC
motors (synchronous and induction motors), stepper motors, and servo motors.
6. What is a DC motor? A DC motor is a motor that runs on direct current (DC) and uses a
commutator and brushes to change the direction of current in the rotor windings, creating
rotation.
7. What are the main parts of a DC motor? The main parts of a DC motor include the stator,
rotor, commutator, brushes, and bearings.
8. What is the construction of a DC motor? A DC motor typically consists of a permanent magnet
or field coils in the stator and a rotor with windings connected to a commutator.
9. What is an AC motor? An AC motor is a motor that runs on alternating current (AC) and uses
the principle of electromagnetic induction to create rotation.
10. What are the two main types of AC motors? The two main types of AC motors are
synchronous motors and induction motors.
11. How does a synchronous motor work? A synchronous motor operates at a constant speed that
is synchronized with the frequency of the AC power supply. It has a rotor with permanent
magnets or electromagnets that lock in step with the rotating magnetic field of the stator.
12. How does an induction motor work? An induction motor operates by inducing a current in the
rotor windings through electromagnetic induction. It does not require a separate power supply
for the rotor and is the most common type of motor used in industrial applications.
13. What are the applications of DC motors? DC motors are used in a wide range of applications,
including electric vehicles, robotics, fans, pumps, conveyor belts, and machine tools.
14. What are the applications of AC motors? AC motors find applications in various devices and
systems, such as air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, industrial machinery,
compressors, and pumps.
15. What is a stepper motor? A stepper motor is a type of motor that moves in discrete steps,
making it suitable for precise positioning applications such as 3D printers, CNC machines, and
robotics.
16. What is a servo motor? A servo motor is a motor that incorporates feedback control to achieve
precise positioning. It is commonly used in applications that require high accuracy and control,
such as robotics and automation systems.
17. What are the applications of stepper motors? Stepper motors are widely used in applications
such as 3D printers, CNC machines, linear actuators, robotic arms, and camera positioning
systems.
18. What are the applications of servo motors? Servo motors are used in various applications that
require precise control, such as robotics, industrial automation, CNC machining, camera
gimbals, and aerospace systems.
19. What factors are considered when selecting a motor for a specific application? Factors to
consider when selecting a motor for a specific application include torque requirements, speed
range, power supply type, size constraints, efficiency, and cost.
20. What are the advantages of electric motors over other forms of propulsion? Electric motors
offer advantages such as high efficiency, instant torque, quiet operation, low maintenance, and
reduced environmental impact compared to other forms of propulsion, such as internal
combustion engines.

Download our Amazing EBook(EET 1.0) for Electrical, Electronics, and

Technology to Explore the Sea of Knowledge everything in detailed explanation.

Presented By: