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Power System Protection Lec 2

The document discusses the fundamentals of protection systems for electrical power systems. It defines the objectives, functions, components, relaying signals, types of protection systems, evolution of protective relays, desirable attributes, and protective zones of protection systems.

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28 views

Power System Protection Lec 2

The document discusses the fundamentals of protection systems for electrical power systems. It defines the objectives, functions, components, relaying signals, types of protection systems, evolution of protective relays, desirable attributes, and protective zones of protection systems.

Uploaded by

Doba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫كلية الهندسة – قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬

‫العام الدراسي‪2022 /2021 :‬م – الفصل الدراسي األول‬


‫المقرر‪ :‬حماية نظم القوى الكهربائية‬ ‫الفرقة‪ :‬الخامسة (قوى وماكينات)‬
‫رقم المحاضرة‪2 :‬‬ ‫عنوان المحاضر‪FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTECTION SYSTEM :‬‬
‫‪BY. MUBARAK MOHAMMED‬‬
OBJECTIVES

 Identify the functions of protective system.


 Identify the main components of protective system.
 Understand the relaying signals.
 Identify the types of protective system.
 Define the protective relays and its evolutions.
 Understand the desirable attributes of protective system.
 Identify the fault clearing time
 Define the protective zones
FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM
 Detect faults and it severities.
 Send trip or block signal to C.B
 Isolate faulty elements from system.
 To ensure continuity of supply.
 To safeguard the entire system to maintenance
 To minimize damage and repair costs.
 To ensure safety of personnel.
COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM

 CT and VT: To monitor and give accurate feedback about the


healthiness of a system.
 Protective Relays : To convert the signals from the monitoring
devices, and give instructions to open a circuit under faulty
conditions or to give alarms when the equipment being protected,
is approaching towards possible destruction.
 Circuit Breakers: To break the circuit carrying the fault currents
for a few cycles based on feedback from the relays.
COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM

 Fuses: Self-destructing to save the downstream equipment being


protected.
 DC Power Supply or Batteries: These give uninterrupted power
source to the relays and breakers that is independent of the main
power source being protected.
 Communications Medium or Channel: to connect relays and
transmit interrupting signals to C.B.
RELAYING SIGNALS

Many electrical quantities can be used as relaying signals such as;


1. Current
2. Voltage
3. Phase shift
4. Power flow direction
5. Frequency
6. Load balance
7. Impedance
TYPES OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

Protective Relays:
Including studies of characteristics, operation principle, setting, and
design of the different protective relay such as:
 Overcurrent relays
 Overvoltage relays
 Differential relays
 Distance relays
 Directional relays
TYPES OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

Apparatus Protection:
Apparatus protection deals with detection of a fault in the apparatus
and consequent protection.

Apparatus protection can be classified into following:


 Transmission Line Protection and feeder protection
 Transformer Protection
 Generator Protection
 Motor Protection
 Busbar Protection
TYPES OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

System Protection:
System protection deals with detection of proximity of system to
unstable operating region and consequent control actions to restore
stable operating point and/or prevent damage to equipment.
System protection can include the following:
 Under frequency and over frequency relays.
 Out-of-step protection (Tripping – Blocking).
 Islanding systems.
 Rate of change of frequency relays (ROCOF).
 Reverse power flow relays.
 voltage surge relays.
WHAT IS A PROTECTIVE RELAY?

 A relay is a logical element which processes the inputs (mostly


voltages and currents) from the system/apparatus and issues a
trip decision if a fault within the relay's zone is detected.
WHAT IS A PROTECTIVE RELAY?

 To monitor the health of the apparatus, relay senses current


through a current transformer (CT), voltage through a voltage
transformer (VT).
 The relay element analyzes these inputs and decides whether
there is a abnormality or a fault. And if yes, whether it is within
zone of the relay.
TYPICAL RELAYING SYSTEM
EVOLUTION OF PROTECTIVE
RELAYS

 Electromechanical Relays
 Solid State Relays
 Digital Relays
 Numerical Relays
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION

 Dependability
 Security
 Sensitivity.
 Selectivity
 Reliability.
 Adequateness
 Speed
 Stability.
 Economic
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Dependability (parallel)
 A relay is said to be dependable if it trips only when it is
expected to trip.
 Dependability is the degree of certainty that the relay will
operate correctly.

 Dependability can be improved by increasing the sensitivity


of the relaying system.
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Sensitivity
 The ability to detect even the smallest possible fault current or
system abnormalities and operate correctly as it setting.
 The smaller the current that it can detect, the more sensitive it is.

 To improve sensitivity is to determine characteristic signature


of a fault.
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Security (series)
 A relay is said to be secure if it does not trip when it is not expected
to trip.
 It is the degree of certainty that the relay will not operate incorrectly

 Security of the relaying system can be improved by improving


selectivity of the relaying system.
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Selectivity
 To detect and isolate the faulty item only.
 It is an ability to discriminate
 Selectivity is usually provided by:
1. Using time discrimination
2. Using time - current discrimination
3. Applying differential protection principle.
4. Applying directional protection principle.
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Discrimination:

Overcurrent and distance protection

Differential protection
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Reliability
 A relaying system has to be reliable.
 A quantitative measure for reliability is defined as follows:

 Reliability can be achieved by:


1. Protection system redundancy (duplicating the relaying system).
2. Backup protection.
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Adequateness
 A relaying system should detect and isolate the specified types of
fault.
 The adequateness of protection is judged by considering the
following aspects:
1. Rating of the protected machine.
2. Location of the protected machine.
3. Probability of abnormal condition due to internal and
external causes.
4. Cost of the machine.
5. Continuity of supply as affected by failure of machine.
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Speed
 To operate as fast as possible when called upon.
 The protective system should act fast to isolate faulty sections to
prevent:
1. Increased damage at fault location.
2. Danger to the operating personnel (flashes due to high fault
energy sustaining for a long time).
3. Danger of igniting combustible gas in hazardous areas, such as
methane in coal mines which could cause serious disaster.
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION

4. Increased probability of earth faults spreading to healthy phases.


5. Higher mechanical and thermal stressing of all items of plant
carrying the fault current
 Sometimes the time delay is necessary for:
1. Discrimination
2. Overcome and avoid wrong operation during (motor starting –
transformer inrush current – transient fault – load fluctuations)
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF
PROTECTION
Stability

 Protective system should be stable during external and transient faults


 To leave all healthy circuits intact to ensure continuity of supply
TIME EVENT

Fault clearing time = Relay pickup time + CB opening time + CB arcing time
PROTECTIVE ZONES

 The entire power system is covered by several protective zones


and no part of the system is left unprotected.
 Overlapping zones provide better performance of protection
system.
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