UNIT 1

Introduction To Database
Management System
Basic Definitions

⚫ Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an

implicit meaning.
⚫ Database: Systematic collection of related data.
⚫ Database Management System (DBMS): A collection of
software to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a DB
⚫ Database System: The DBMS software together with the
data. Sometimes, applications are also included.
Database Example
• College Database
✓ Student file
✓ Course file
✓ Section file
✓ Grade-Report file
✓ Pre-requisite file etc.
Difference between Traditional File
Processing Vs. DBMS
File Processing Systems
Billing Purchasing
Program Program

Accounts Buyer Inventory Vendor

Customer
receivable file file file
file
file

Accounts_Payable Sales Order Processing Payroll

Program Program Program

Inventory Employee
Vendor Invoice Customer
file file
file file file
Database Approach
Order Dept. Accounting Payroll
Dept. Dept.

Program Program Program

A B C

Ordering
Invoicing Payroll
filing
System System
System

Back Inventory Customer Inventory Employee

Orders Master Master Pricing Master
file file file file file
Characteristics of Database

• Self-describing nature

• Insulation between program, data and data

abstraction

• Support for multiple views of data

• Sharing of data and Multiuser Transaction

processing
A database system is referred to as self-describing because it
not only contains the database itself, but also
metadata which defines and describes the data and
relationships between tables in the database. This
information is used by the DBMS software or database
users if needed. This separation of data and information
about the data makes a database system totally different
from the traditional file-based system in which the data
definition is part of the application programs
Insulation between program, data
and data abstraction
In the file-based system, the structure of the data files is defined in the
application programs so if a user wants to change the structure of a file,
all the programs that access that file might need to be changed as well.
On the other hand, in the database approach, the data structure is stored in
the system catalogue and not in the programs. Therefore, one change is
all that is needed to change the structure of a file. This insulation
between the programs and data is also called program-data
independence.
Support for multiple views of data

A database supports multiple views of data. A view is a

subset of the database, which is defined and dedicated
for particular users of the system. Multiple users in the
system might have different views of the system. Each
view might contain only the data of interest to a user or
group of users
Sharing of data and Multiuser Transaction
processing
Current database systems are designed for multiple users. That is, they
allow many users to access the same database at the same time. This
access is achieved through features called concurrency control
strategies. These strategies ensure that the data accessed are always
correct and that data integrity is maintained.
The design of modern multiuser database systems is a great
improvement from those in the past which restricted usage to one
person at a time.
Actors on the Scene
(job involves day-to-day use of d/b)
• Database Administrator

• Database Designer

• End User
✓ Casual end users

✓ Naïve or parametric users

✓ Sophisticated end users

✓ Stan-alone users

• System Analysts and Application Programmers

Workers Behind the Scene
(People responsible for development & operation of DBMS)

• DBMS system designers & implementers

• Tool Developers
✓ For performance monitoring (SQL Server Profiler)
✓ Natural language or graphical interface (SQL Lite
D/b browser)

• Operators & maintenance

Advantages of DBMS
✓ Controlling Redundancy
✓ Restricting unauthorized access
✓ Providing storage structures for efficient query
processing
✓ Query optimization
✓ Providing backup & recovery
✓ Representing complex relations and data
✓ Enforcing integrity constraints
Advantages (Continued..)
✓ Permitting Inferencing and actions using rules
✓ Additional advantages
▪ Potential for enforcing standards
▪ Reduced application development time
▪ Flexibility
▪ Availability of up-to-date information
▪ Economies of scale
DBMS Vs. File System
Difference File System DBMS
Factor
Definition Is an abstraction to store, retrieve, A collection of interrelated data
manage and update a set of files and a set of programs to
access it
Data Each user defines and A single repository of data is
Redundancy implements needed file for a maintained that is defined once
specific application and accessed by many users
Sharing of data Doesn’t allow sharing of data or Data can be shared easily due
data sharing is very complex to centralized storage
Data When data is redundant it is Less data redundancy so data
consistency difficult to update remains consistent
Difficult to It becomes difficult as need to Very easy and user friendly.
search/access refer multiple files Query operations are already
data available
DBMS Vs. File System

Difference File System DBMS

Factor
Data Isolation No standard format of data, data Due to centralized system,
is scattered in various files format of similar type of data
remains same
Data Integrity Data in d/b must follow or satisfy Maintains data integrity by
some rules or constraints to avoid providing constraints
invalid data entry
Security No or less security. Majorly High level of security as
problems provided are locks, guards encryption, passwords
Concurrent File system doesn’t provide any Provides functionality for
access remedy for it concurrent access of
anomalies transactions
A Brief History D/B Applications
✓ Early D/b applications using hierarchical &
network systems
✓ Providing application flexibility with relational
databases
✓ Object oriented applications & the need for
more complex databases
✓ Interchanging data on the web for E-
commerce
✓ Extending database capabilities for new
applications
Hierarchical System
✓ Uses one-to-many relationship

✓ Presents data in tree-like structure

✓ E.g. IBM’s IMS(Information management system), .xml file

01 LIBRARY-SEGMENT.
05 BOOK-ID PIC X(5).
05 ISSUE-DATE PIC X(10).
05 RETURN-DATE PIC X(10).
05 STUDENT-ID PIC A(25).
01 BOOK-SEGMENT.
05 BOOK-ID PIC X(5).
05 BOOK-NAME PIC A(30).
05 AUTHOR PIC A(25).
01 STUDENT-SEGMENT.
05 STUDENT-ID PIC X(5).
05 STUDENT-NAME PIC A(25).
05 DIVISION PIC X(10).
Disadvantages (When not to use DBMS)

✓ Huge investment in s/w, h/w & training

✓ Overhead for providing security, concurrency

control, recovery, and integrity functions

✓ Simple, well defined, not expected to change

applications

✓ Multiple user access to data is not required

Types of DBMS- relational & non-
relational
• Relational and Non-relational databases are two kinds
of management systems that allow us to create
databases that will help us in managing complex data.
• A relational database is structured, whereas NoSQL is
semi-structured or unstructured. In the relational
database(SQL), it consists of tables(fields and
records).
• non-relational database data is stored in form of
graphs, documents(XML, JSON).
A relational database is the database management system in
which data is stored in distinct tables from where they can be
accessed or reassembled in different ways under user-defined
relational tables, whereas a Non-Relational Databaseis the
database architecture that is not built around tables.
This type of database contains data in the form of forms or a
large amount of data which is either unstructured or semi-
structured data. The Relational Database(SQL)was first
introduced in 1974 by two colleagues of IBM, whereas a Non-
relational database is already known from the 1960s.
Non-Relational Database
• Non-Relational Databases are also called No-SQL databases, that
doesn't require any table, fields, or records. This type of
database has existed since the 1960s, but the term No-SQL
was coined in the late 90's and early 21'st century.
• NoSQL databases are completely different from SQL
databases and work differently. It has to deal with semi-
structured or unstructured data. Rather than containing
tables, it consists of files within various folders. They can
possess any kind of data, whether JSON, XML, etc. So,
creating and managing data in NoSQL is easy and faster.