Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

BatStateU Alangilan
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Electronic Circuits: Devices and Analysis

Laboratory Experiment No. 1

Experiment 1: Diode Application (Rectifier, Clipper, and Clamper Circuit)

Submitted by:

Alcaraz, Rafael

Agquiz, Donald Charles

Tobias, Sebastian Francis

Submitted to:

Engr. Anela L. Salvador

April 2024
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To demonstrate application of the junction diodes.
2. To investigate the use of diodes in its application such as rectifier, clipper and clamper
circuits.

II. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS:

1. Adjustable DC power Supply

2. Function Generator
3. Breadboard
4. Resistors
5. Connecting wires
6. Multimeter
7. Silicon diode
8. Oscilloscope
9. Simulation Software

III. INTRODUCTION:
A diode serves as an electrical component with a singular direction of current flow, allowing
easy passage of current in one direction while impeding it in the opposite direction. Within a
diode's p-n junction, charges can move freely in one direction but are restricted in the other.
Electrons, being negative charges, can move from the n-type material to the p-type but not vice
versa, whereas holes can move bidirectionally. When configured in reverse bias, a PN junction
diode functions as a photodiode, responsive to light. Conversely, in a forward bias, it finds
application in LED lighting. Diodes find versatile use across various applications such as voltage-
controlled oscillators in varactors and rectifiers for converting alternating current to pulsating
direct current. They are also referred to as Rectifiers for this purpose. Clippers prevent a signal
from exceeding a certain reference voltage level and are employed to safeguard semiconductors
by incorporating freewheeling diodes across inductive loads. Clamping circuits adjust a signal's
DC level without altering its waveform, ensuring positive or negative peaks reach the desired
level by shifting the entire signal accordingly. Clamper circuits are categorized into positive,
negative, and unilateral types.
IV. PROCEDURES
A. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1.1 using 1N4001 diode or any equivalent.

2. Apply 5Vp with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function
generator.
3. Obtain the output waveform using an oscilloscope.
4. Measure the 𝑉𝑝,, and the 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using multimeter.
5. Calculate 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and𝑃𝐼𝑉 using eq. 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3.

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑡ℎ eq. 1.1

where: 𝑉𝑖𝑛= input voltage
𝑉𝑡ℎ = diode threshold voltage
𝑉𝑝
Figure 1.1 Half − wave Rectifier Circuit𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋
eq. 1.2

𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 eq. 1.3

6. Compare values in a.5 and a.6.

B. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1.2 using 1N4001 diode or any equivalent
Figure 1.2 Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
2. Apply 7Vp with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function
generator.
3. Obtain the output waveform using an oscilloscope.
4. Measure the 𝑉𝑝,, and the 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using multimeter.
5. Calculate 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using eq. 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6.

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 2𝑉𝑡 eq. 1.1

2𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋
eq. 1.2

𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑡ℎ eq. 1.3

6. Compare values in b.5 and b.6.

C. CLIPPER

1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1.3 using 1N4001 diode or any equivalent.
2. Apply 15 𝑉𝑝𝑝with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function
generator.
3. Obtain and compare the input and output waveform using the oscilloscope.

Figure 1.3 Clipper Circuit

4. Repeat the process by applying 15 𝑉𝑝𝑝 with frequency of 1 KHz triangular and
rectangular wave input.
5. Repeat the process c.1 to c.4 in figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 Biased Clipper Circuit

6. . Compare the output waveforms from figure 1.3 and 1.4.

D. CLAMPER

1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1.3 using 1N4001 diode or any equivalent.

Figure 1.5 Positive Clamper Circuit

2. Apply with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function generator.
3. Obtain and compare the input and output waveform using the oscilloscope.
4. Repeat the process by applying with frequency of 1 KHz triangular and rectangular
wave input.
5. Reverse the diode by flipping it horizontally. Repeat the process d.1 to d.4 in
6. Compare the output waveforms.
I. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

SCREENSHOTS AND OBSERVATION

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

A. Schematic diagram created at the multisim.

Figure 2.1 Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram

B. With connecting function generator and oscilloscope.

Figure 2.2 Half Wave Rectifier Circuit with connecting

Function Generator and Oscilloscope
C. Waveform (per stage)

Figure 2.2 Half Wave Rectifier Circuit Sinusoidal Waveform Output

CALCULATION

CALCULATION USING MULTISIM

Figure 2.4 Theoretical Value using Multisim

MANUAL CALCULATION

EQ. 1.1
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝑉𝑃 = (5𝑉 − 0.7𝑉)
𝑉𝑃 =

EQ. 1.2
𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋
4.3𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝜋
1.369 V

EQ. 1.3
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛

5V

PERCENTAGE ERROR

𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑝 = | | × 100%
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

4.57𝑉 − 4.3𝑉
% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑝 = | | × 100%
4.57𝑉

5.908%

𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = | | × 100%
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.31𝑉 − 1.369𝑉
% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 =| | × 100%
1.31𝑉

4.504%

𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = | | × 100%
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5𝑉 − 5𝑉 | × 100%
% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = |
5𝑉

0%

COMPARISON WITH THEORETICAL VALUE AND MEASURED VALUE

Vp Vave PIV

Multisim Calculation 4.57V 1.31V 5V

Manual Calculation 4.3V 1.369V 5V

Percentage error 5.908% 4.504% 0%

The provided data in the table presents the values of Vp, Vave, and PIV derived from both
multisim simulation and manual calculations. It's evident that there exists a slight variance between
the obtained Vp values: 4.57V in multisim simulation and 4.3V in manual calculation, resulting in a
modest percentage error of only 4.889%. Similarly, a marginal percentage error was observed in the
calculations of Voltage average. In multisim, Vave was found to be 1.31V when set to DC, while
manual calculation yielded 1.396V, resulting in a percentage error of 4.504%. Notably, the percentage
error for PIV was found to be negligible at 0% when compared to the errors observed in Vp and Vave.
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

SCREENSHOTS AND OBSERVATION

A. Schematic diagram created at the multisim.

Figure 3.1 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram

The diagram depicted above illustrates the circuit configuration of figure 1.2, incorporating
four 1N4001 diodes through multisim simulation. A 2.2 k ohm resistor is positioned between
diodes 2 and 4, and two ground connections are implemented. One ground connection is positioned
between diodes 1 and 3, while the other is linked to the resistor.

B. With connecting function generator and oscilloscope.

Figure 3.2 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit with connecting

Function Generator
The diagram illustrates the configuration of a sinusoidal input with an amplitude of 7Vp
and a frequency of 1KHz assigned to the function generator.
C. Waveform (per stage)

Figure 3.3 Waveform using Oscilloscope

The provided figure displays the data output obtained from running the multimeter
oscilloscope. Notably, the waveform is observed below the horizontal white line.

CALCULATION

CALCULATION USING MULTISIM

Figure 3.4 Vp Value using Multisim

Figure 3.4 depicts the Vp value obtained from Multisim using an oscilloscope. By adjusting the
yellow line to the peak of the sine wave, the resulting Vp value is measured at 5.339 V.

Figure 3.5 Vave Value using Multisim

Figure 3.5 presents the Voltage average obtained using a multimeter. Placing the
multimeter at the resistor, with the positive terminal positioned above the resistor and the
negative terminal below, yielded an obtained value of -3.403 V.

Figure 3.6 PIV Value using Multisim

The figure above displays the resulting Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) value of the full wave
rectifier, determined using a multimeter. By substituting one of the diodes with a multimeter,
the obtained PIV value was measured at 4.674 V.

MANUAL CALCULATION

EQ. 1.1
𝑽𝒑 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏 − 𝟐𝑽𝒕
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟕𝑽 − 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟕𝑽)
𝑉𝑝 = 7𝑉 − 1.4𝑉
5.6 V
EQ. 1.2
2𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋
2(5.6𝑉)
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋
11.2𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜋
= 3.565𝑉

3.565 V

EQ. 1.3
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 7𝑉 − 0.7𝑉
6.3 V
PERCENTAGE ERROR
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑝 = | | × 100%
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

5.339𝑉 − 5.6𝑉
% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑝 = | | × 100%
5.339𝑉

4.889%

𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = | | × 100%
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(−3.403𝑉) − (−3.565𝑉)
% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = | | × 100%
−3.403𝑉

4.561%

𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = | | × 100%
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4.674𝑉 − 6.3𝑉
% 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = | | × 100%
4.674𝑉

34.788%
COMPARISON WITH THEORETICAL VALUE AND MEASURED VALUE

Vp Vave PIV

Multisim Calculation 5.339V -3.403V 4.674V

Manual Calculation 5.6V -3.565V 6.3V

Percentage error 4.889% 4.561% 34.788%

The table above presents the obtained values of Vp, Vave, and PIV using two methods: multisim
simulation and manual calculation. It's evident that there exists a slight variance between the obtained
Vp values: 5.339V in multisim simulation and 5.6V in manual calculation, resulting in a percentage
error of 4.889%. Similarly, a marginal percentage error was observed in the calculations of Voltage
average. In multisim, Vave was found to be -3.403V when set to DC, while manual calculation yielded
-3.565V due to the waveform appearing in the lower half. Notably, the resulting percentage error for
PIV was higher compared to the errors observed in Vp and Vave. The Peak Inverse Value exhibited a
percentage error of 34.788%, derived from the comparison of PIV values in multisim (4.674V) and
manual calculation (6.3V).
CLIPPER

SCREENSHOTS AND OBSERVATION

A. Schematic diagram created at the multisim.

Figure 4.1 Clipper Circuit Diagram

Figure 4.2 Biased Clipper Circuit Diagram

B. With connecting function generator and oscilloscope.

Figure 4.3 Clipper Circuit with connecting

Function Generator and Oscilloscope

The above figure illustrates the clipper circuit with a function generator connected, delineated
by blue and green lines. The use of two colors signifies the input (blue) and the output (green)
connections respectively.

Figure 4.4 Biased Clipper Circuit with connecting

Function Generator and Oscilloscope

The depicted figure illustrates the biased clipper circuit with a function generator connected,
featuring connection lines colored in blue and green. This color differentiation is employed to
distinguish between the input (blue) and the output (green) connections.
C. Waveform (per stage)

Clipper Circuit

Figure 4.5 Input (blue) and Output (green) Sinusoidal Waveform of a Clipper Circuit

The figure above displays the output data obtained from running the multimeter oscilloscope. It is
evident from the figure that the diode clipper truncates the top half portion of the input AC sinusoidal
waveform. This truncated waveform represents the output of the clipper circuit.

Figure 4.6 Input (blue) and Output (green) Triangular Waveform of a Clipper Circuit

The figure above exhibits the data output obtained from operating the multimeter
oscilloscope. It is evident from the figure that the diode clipper truncates the top half portion of
the input AC triangular waveform. This truncated waveform constitutes the output of the clipper
circuit.
Figure 4.7 Input (blue) and Output (green) Rectangular Waveform of a Clipper Circuit

The figure above depicts the data obtained from running the multimeter oscilloscope. It is
evident from the figure that the diode clipper truncates the top half portion of the input AC
rectangular waveform. This truncated waveform constitutes the output of the clipper circuit.

Discussion

In the clipper circuit, the diode is connected in parallel with R2. During the positive half cycle of the
input signal, the diode becomes forward biased, behaving like a closed switch. Consequently, it
conducts heavily, resulting in zero voltage drop either across the diode or across the load resistance
R2. As a consequence, as depicted in the output waveform, half of the input waveform, or the entire
positive region, is clipped off. Conversely, during the negative half cycles of the input signal voltage,
the diode is reverse biased and functions as an open switch. Consequently, since R1 and R2 have equal
resistance, the input voltage flows through the load resistance R2, but not the entire input voltage is
apparent in the negative region of the output waveforms. Thus, the negative region of the output
waveform appears to be half the size of the negative region of the input waveform.

All three output waveforms indicate that nearly the entire positive region of the input
waveform has been removed or clipped, leaving only half of the size of the negative region of
the input waveforms remaining.
Biased Clipper Circuit

Figure 4.8 Input (blue) and Output (green) Sinusoidal Waveform of a Biased Clipper
Circuit

The figure above displays the data obtained from running the multimeter oscilloscope. It
is evident from the figure that the diode clipper truncates or clips off the input voltages that
exceed the DC voltage, which is located at the top half portion of the input AC rectangular
waveform. This clipped waveform constitutes the output of the circuit.

Figure 4.9 Input (blue) and Output (green) Triangular Waveform of a Biased Clipper
Circuit

The figure above depicts the data obtained from running the multimeter oscilloscope. It is
apparent from the figure that the diode clipper truncates or clips off the input voltages that
surpass the DC voltage, situated in the top half portion of the input AC triangular waveform.
This truncated or clipped waveform represents the output of the circuit.
Figure 4.10 Input (blue) and Output (green) Rectangular Waveform of a Biased Clipper
Circuit

The figure above presents the data obtained from the multimeter oscilloscope. It is evident
from the figure that the diode clipper truncates or clips off the input voltages that surpass the
DC voltage, which is located in the top half portion of the input AC rectangular waveform. This
clipped waveform constitutes the output of the circuit.

Discussion

In a biased clipper, the diode is forward biased, effectively acting as a short circuit.
Consequently, during the positive half cycle of the input signal, the positive input is applied across
the diode, causing it to conduct heavily. However, since there's a DC voltage connected in series
with the diode, if the input voltage exceeds this DC voltage, the biased positive clipper will clip
off the portion of the input voltage that surpasses the DC voltage. Consequently, not all of the input
voltage will be present in the output voltage, as demonstrated by the output waveforms depicted
above. On the other hand, when the input signal voltage reaches the DC voltage during the half
cycle, the diode becomes reverse biased and behaves as an open switch. Therefore, during the
negative half cycle, the output voltage should ideally be equal to the input voltages. However, due
to the fact that R1 and R2 have the same resistance value, only half of the input waveform in the
negative region will appear in the negative region of the output waveform.

In a biased positive clipper, any positive input voltages exceeding the DC voltage level are clipped,
meaning they are truncated or removed from the waveform. However, the negative input voltages will
appear in the negative region of the output waveform without being clipped.
Comparison Of The Output Waveforms

Exactly, in a positive clipper circuit, during the positive half cycle of the input waveform,
the diode is forward biased and effectively acts as a short circuit. This causes almost the entire
positive region of the input waveform to be clipped off, as the diode prevents the flow of current
across the load resistor R2. During the negative half cycle, when the input voltage is negative, the
diode becomes reverse biased and acts as an open circuit. In this state, the input voltage flows
across the load resistor R2, allowing the negative portion of the input waveform to appear in the
output waveform.

Meanwhile. In a biased positive clipper circuit, although the diode acts as a short circuit
during the positive half cycle, allowing the positive input waveform to flow through, it is connected
to a DC voltage. This configuration causes the biased positive clipper to clip off any input voltages
that exceed the value of the DC voltage. However, during the negative half cycle, when the input
voltage is negative, the forward-biased diode behaves as an open switch. This allows the entire
input voltage to flow across the load resistor R2, appearing unclipped in the negative region of the
output waveform.
Consequently, in a clipper circuit, the positive segment of the output waveform is entirely
truncated since the positive clipper eliminates the entire positive half of its input waveform.
Conversely, in a positive biased clipper circuit, while a positive segment is present in the output
waveforms, it doesn't encompass the entire positive region of the input waveform. This is due to the
clipper only removing input voltages surpassing the DC voltage, resulting in only a fraction of the
input waveform being trimmed. Additionally, since R1 and R2 share identical resistance values, the
negative segment in the output waveforms of both positive clipper circuits and positive biased clipper
circuits appears halved compared to the negative region of input waveforms.
CLAMPERS

SCREENSHOTS AND OBSERVATION

A. Schematic diagram created at the multisim.

Figure 5.1 Positive Clamper Circuit Diagram

In this diagram illustrating the positive clamper circuit, the diode, indicated by an arrowhead, is
positioned downward along the wire. The circuit comprises four components: ground, a diode
(specifically, a 1N4001 diode denoted as D1), a resistor (with a value of 5.6k), and a capacitor (with a
capacitance of 10uF). The tools utilized from the toolbar include the oscilloscope and the function
generator. The oscilloscope is employed to monitor the circuit's outputs, connected to the resistor,
while the other wire of the oscilloscope is linked to a line from the function generator to monitor its
inputs. The primary distinction between Figure 5.1 and Figure 6.1 lies in the positioning of the diode,
while the remaining components remain largely consistent.
B. With connecting function generator and oscilloscope.
Figure 5.2 Clamper Circuit with connecting Function Generator

Figure 5.2 illustrates the settings applied to the function generator of the circuit, which is set to produce
a 10Vp sinusoidal input signal with a frequency of 1 kHz. As the function generator component is
integrated into Multisim, users have the flexibility to select from various waveforms, including
sinusoidal, rectangular, and triangular waveforms.
C. Waveform (per stage)

Figure 5.3 Input Sinusoidal Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

Upon running the Multisim simulation, the sinusoidal input waveform undergoes a full-wave cycle,
transitioning both upwards and downwards.
Figure 5.4 Output Sinusoidal Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

Upon initiating the Multisim simulation, the sinusoidal output waveform completes a full-wave cycle,
transitioning both upwards and downwards.

THE INPUT AND OUTPUT OF A SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS

In Figures 5.3 (Input) and 5.4 (Output), we utilized the instruments toolbar, including the multimeter,
oscilloscope, and function generator. The input signal is depicted by the green sinusoidal waveform,
while the output signal is represented by the red sinusoidal waveform.

Figure 5.5 Input Triangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The triangular input waveform in the clamper circuit was generated by adjusting the waveform type
in the function generator.
Figure 5.6 Output Triangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The triangular output waveform in the clamper circuit was generated by adjusting the waveform type
in the function generator.

THE TRIANGULAR INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS OF A CLAMPER CIRCUIT

The two figures display the triangular input and output waveforms of a diode clamper circuit driven
by a sinusoidal wave. In both figures, the input signal is depicted by the green triangular waveform,
while the output signal is represented by the red triangular waveform.

Figure 5.7 Input Rectangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The rectangular input waveform of the circuit was achieved by adjusting the waveform type in the
function generator to a rectangular waveform setting. The displayed input waveform represents a full-
wave cycle and occupies the same area as the sinusoidal and triangular input waveforms.
Figure 5.8 Output Rectangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The rectangular output waveform of the circuit was generated by adjusting the waveform type in the
function generator to a rectangular waveform setting. Similar to the input waveform, the displayed
output waveform represents a full-wave cycle and occupies the same area as the sinusoidal and
triangular input waveforms.

THE RECTANGULAR INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS OF A CLAMPER

CIRCUIT

The two figures display the rectangular input and output waveforms of a diode clamper circuit driven
by a sinusoidal wave. In both figures, the input signal is depicted by the green rectangular waveform,
while the output signal is represented by the red rectangular waveform.
CLAMPERS (REVERSED DIODE)

SCREENSHOTS AND OBSERVATION

Schematic diagram created at the multisim.

Figure 6.1 Positive Clamper Circuit Diagram

In this figure depicting the positive clamper circuit, the diode, denoted by an arrowhead, is oriented
upward along the wire. The entire circuit diagram comprises four components: ground, a diode
(specifically, a 1N4001 diode labeled as D1), a resistor (with a resistance of 5.6k), and a capacitor
(with a capacitance of 10uF). The tools utilized from the toolbar include the oscilloscope and the
function generator. The difference between Figure 5.1 and Figure 6.1 lies in the positioning of the
diode, while the remaining components remain largely consistent. The oscilloscope is employed to
monitor the circuit's outputs, connected to the resistor, while the other wire of the oscilloscope is linked
to a line from the function generator to monitor its inputs.

Waveform per stage.

Obtain and compare the input and output waveform using the oscilloscope.
Figure 6.2 Input Sinusoidal Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

Figure 6.3 Output Sinusoidal Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

Figure 6.3 Input Triangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The triangular input waveform in the clamper circuit was generated by adjusting the waveform type in
the function generator.

Figure 6.4 Output Triangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The triangular output waveform in the clamper circuit was generated by adjusting the waveform type
in the function generator.
THE TRIANGULAR INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS OF A CLAMPER CIRCUIT

The two figures display the triangular input and output waveforms of a diode clamper circuit driven
by a sinusoidal wave. In both figures, the input signal is depicted by the green triangular waveform,
while the output signal is represented by the red triangular waveform.

Figure 6.5 Input Rectangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The rectangular input waveform of the circuit was obtained by adjusting the type of
waveform in the function generator to a rectangular waveform. The displayed input waveform
represents a full-wave cycle and occupies the same area as the sinusoidal and triangular input
waveforms.

Figure 6.6 Output Rectangular Waveform of a Clamper Circuit

The rectangular output waveform of the circuit was generated by adjusting the type of
waveform in the function generator to a rectangular waveform. Similar to the input waveform,
the displayed output waveform represents a full-wave cycle and covers the same area as the
sinusoidal and triangular input waveforms.

THE RECTANGULAR INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS OF A CLAMPER

CIRCUIT

The two figures display the rectangular input and output waveforms of a diode clamper
circuit driven by a sinusoidal wave. In both figures, the input signal is depicted by the green
rectangular waveform, while the output signal is represented by the red rectangular waveform.

Comparison of the output waveforms

The clamper circuit primarily adjusts the amplitude of the waveform while preserving its
shape. In other words, both positive and negative clamper circuits maintain the same waveform
shape as the input. Additionally, the voltage ranges of sinusoidal, triangular, and rectangular
waveforms remain consistent between the input and output signals.

VI. CONCLUSION

In summary, diodes serve as electrical check valves, permitting current flow in one direction while
blocking it in the opposite direction. In the rectifier, clamper, and clipper circuits, diodes play a crucial
role. When the input signal is positive, the diode is forward biased and allows current flow. Conversely,
when the input signal is negative, the diode becomes reverse biased and prevents current flow. This
process results in the output waveform, V(out). Through this experiment, the team demonstrated the
utility of junction diodes in various circuits such as rectifiers, clippers, and clampers.

When the input signal is positive, the diode conducts electricity due to forward biasing, whereas it
blocks the flow of electricity when the input signal is negative, attributed to reverse biasing, resulting
in the production of the output waveform V(out). Rectifier diodes find application in power supplies
for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification, and
are also utilized in circuits requiring high current passage through the diode. Clipper and clamper
circuits serve distinct functions: a clipper restricts the output voltage as a limiter, while a clamper
adjusts the DC level of the output voltage. Functionally, clipper and clamper circuits operate as polar
opposites.