MODULE 2

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 1

GAS LIQUEFACTION SYSTEMS
System performance parameters
−𝑊ሶ
1. Work required per unit mass of gas compressed,
𝑚ሶ
−𝑊ሶ
2. Work required per unit mass of gas liquefied,
𝑚ሶ 𝑓
𝑚ሶ 𝑓
3. Fraction of the total flow of gas that is liquefied, 𝑦 =
𝑚ሶ

−𝑊ሶ −𝑊ሶ
= 𝑦
𝑚ሶ 𝑚ሶ 𝑓
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 2
GAS LIQUEFACTION SYSTEMS

Figure of merit(FOM): It is defined as the theoretical minimum work

requirement divided by the actual work requirement for the system

𝑊ሶ 𝑖 −𝑊ሶ 𝑖 ൗ𝑚ሶ 𝑓
𝐹𝑂𝑀 = =
𝑊 −𝑊ሶ ൗ𝑚ሶ 𝑓
ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 3

Performance parameters that apply to the components of
the real system

1. Compressor and expander adiabatic efficiencies

2. Compressor and expander mechanical efficiencies

3. Heat exchanger effectiveness

4. Pressure drops through piping, heat exchangers and so on.

5. Heat transfer to the system from ambient surroundings

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 4

Thermodynamically ideal liquefaction system

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 5

Thermodynamically ideal liquefaction system

▪ The pressure attained at the end of isothermal

compression is extremely high-on the order of 70
GPa or 80 GPa for Nitrogen.

TRACE KTU
▪ It is highly impractical to attain this pressure in
liquefaction systems
▪ Thus it is not an ideal process for a practical
system

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 6

Thermodynamically ideal system
The first law of thermodynamics for steady flow,

ሶ
𝑣2 𝑣 2ሶ
𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠

TRACE KTU
In liquefaction systems, the kinetic and potential energy changes are much
smaller than the enthalpy changes and these energy terms are neglected
ሶ
𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ෍ 𝑚ℎ
ሶ − ෍ 𝑚ℎ
ሶ
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 7

Thermodynamically ideal system

TRACE KTU

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 8

Thermodynamically ideal system

TRACE KTU

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 9

Thermodynamically ideal system

−𝑊ሶ 𝑖
𝑚ሶ TRACE KTU
ሶ 𝑠 − ℎ − ℎ =−𝑊ሶ 𝑖
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑓 1 𝑓 ሶ 𝑚𝑓

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 10

Gas Liquefaction-Introduction
▪ LN2 is used as a precoolant in most of the cryogenic systems and it is
used to provide an inert atmosphere in welding industries
▪ LH2 and LOX are used in Rocket propulsion

TRACE KTU
▪ The transportation of these gases across the world is done in liquid
state
▪ Gas refrigeration can be used as a precoolant for liquefiers and also in
applications where low temperature gases are required

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 11

Refrigeration-Introduction

▪ A system which produces cold or maintains such low temperature to

preserve food and perishable goods is known as a Refrigerating system

TRACE KTU
▪ This process is called as refrigeration

▪ A refrigeration system normally operates in a closed cycle system

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 12
Refrigeration-Basics
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑄𝐿 )
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝐶𝑂𝑃) =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡(𝑊)

𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
TRACE KTU
▪ COP represents Watt of cooling effect obtained per Watt
of power input at a particular temperature
▪ Best performance is delivered by a refrigeration system
operating on reversed Carnot cycle
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 13
Refrigeration-Basics

TRACE KTU
▪ 𝑊𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
▪ 𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝐿 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 14
Methods of production of low temperature

TRACE KTU
1. Throttling method 2. Heat Exchanger

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 15

Methods of production of low temperature

TRACE KTU
3. Compression/Expansion
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 16
Refrigerator
▪ Operates in a closed thermodynamic cycle
▪ The rate of mass flow is constant at any point inside
the system

TRACE KTU
▪ The heat is exchanged between the cold end and the
object to be cooled
▪ This cold end heat exchanger can also be used to
liquefy gases

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 17

Liquefier
▪ Produces cold liquid which is drawn off from the
system
▪ Since the mass is drawn out of the system, it operates

TRACE KTU
in an open thermodynamic cycle
▪ The mass deficit occurring due to the loss of
working fluid is replenished by a make up gas
connection

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 18

PRODUCTION OF LOW TEMPERATURES

Joule-Thomson effect

➢ Most liquefaction systems utilize an expansion valve or Joule-Thomson valve to

produce low temperature
TRACE KTU

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 19

Joule-Thomson expansion
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐼 𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑤, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠,
𝛿𝑄 − 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑈

TRACE KTU 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ෍ 𝑈 − ෍ 𝑈

𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

𝑣𝑓 2 𝑣𝑖 2
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ𝑓 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑓 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖
2𝑔 2𝑔

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 20

Joule-Thomson expansion
𝑣𝑓 2 𝑣𝑖 2
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ𝑓 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑓 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖
2𝑔 2𝑔

▪ For an expansion device, 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 and 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 are zero.

neglected
TRACE KTU
▪ The changes in velocities and datum levels are very small and can be

ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑖

▪ Hence a Joule –Thomson expansion is an isenthalpic expansion

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 21

Joule-Thomson Expansion

TRACE KTU

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 22

Joule-Thomson effect

The effect of change in temperature for an

isenthalpic change in pressure is represented by
the Joule-Thomson coefficient defined by

𝜇𝐽𝑇
TRACE KTU
=
𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑝 ℎ

𝜇𝐽𝑇 is zero along the inversion curve Isenthalpic expansion of a real

gas
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 23
Joule-Thomson Effect
▪ The temperature on the inversion curve
at p=0 is called as Maximum inversion
temperature, 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑣

TRACE KTU ▪ The initial state of the gas should be

inside the region -2 or below 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑣 to
have a cooling effect

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 24

Joule-Thomson effect
𝜕𝑇
𝜇𝐽𝑇 =
𝜕𝑝 ℎ

𝜇𝐽𝑇
>0
TRACE KTU
Effect
Cooling
<0 Heating
=0 No Effect Isenthalpic expansion of a real
gas

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 25

TRACE KTU

Maximum inversion temperature

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 26
Joule-Thomson effect
𝜕𝑇 𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑇
𝜂𝐽𝑇 = =−
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 T-p plot, 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕ℎ
ℎ 𝑇 𝑝
ℎ = 𝑓 𝑝, 𝑇 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑇, 𝑝
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠,

𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑇
TRACE KTU
𝜕𝑇
𝜕ℎ
= −1
𝑑𝑠 =
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑇 𝑝
𝑑𝑇 +
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑝 𝑇
𝑑𝑝

𝑇 ℎ 𝑝
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑇 𝑑𝑝
𝜕𝑇 𝑝
𝜕𝑝 𝑇

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 27

𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 Joule-Thomson effect
𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑇 𝑑𝑝
𝜕𝑇 𝑝
𝜕𝑝 𝑇

𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑣
𝑇 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑇 𝑑𝑝
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑝

TRACE KTU
𝑝

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 ′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑ℎ = 𝑇𝑑𝑠 + 𝑣𝑑𝑝

𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
=− 𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑇 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑝
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑝
𝑇 𝑝

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 28

Joule-Thomson effect 𝜕ℎ
= 𝑐𝑝
𝜕𝑇 𝑝

𝜕𝑣 𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑣
𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑇 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑝 =− 𝑇 −𝑣
𝜕𝑇 𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑇
𝑇 𝑝

TRACE KTU
ℎ = 𝑓 𝑝, 𝑇

𝜂𝐽𝑇 =
𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑝
=−
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑇
𝜕ℎ
𝜕ℎ 𝜕ℎ ℎ 𝑇 𝑝
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑝 + 𝑑𝑇
𝜕𝑝 𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝑝
1 𝜕𝑣
𝜂𝐽𝑇 = 𝑇 −𝑣
𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑇 𝑝
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 29
1 𝜕𝑣 Joule-Thomson effect
𝜂𝐽𝑇 = 𝑇 −𝑣
𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑇 𝑝
➢ An ideal gas will not experience
𝑅𝑇
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠, 𝑣 = temperature change upon expansion
𝑝
through an expansion valve
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑇
TRACE KTU
=
𝑅 𝑣
=
𝑃 𝑇 ➢ Gases are imperfect at low enough
𝑝

temperatures and high enough

1 𝑣
𝜂𝐽𝑇 = 𝑇 −𝑣 =0
𝑐𝑝 𝑇 pressures

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 30

Simple Linde-
TRACE KTU
Hampson system

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 31

Simple Linde-Hampson system
▪ Consists of a compressor, heat
exchanger and a J-T expansion
device
▪ Only a part of the gas that is
TRACE KTU
compressed, gets liquefied
▪ Being an open cycle, the mass
deficit occurring is replenished
by a makeup gas connection
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 32
Simple Linde-Hampson system
▪ All the processes are ideal in nature
and there are no irreversible pressure
drops in the system
▪ Compression process is isothermal
TRACE KTU
while the J-T expansion is isenthalpic
▪ System incorporates a Two- Fluid heat
exchanger which is assumed to be 100
% effective
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 33
Simple Linde-Hampson system
▪ Heat exchange process is an isobaric
process and it is used to conserve
cold in the system
▪ The stream of gas (2→3) is cooled by
TRACE KTU
the stream of gas (g→ 1)
▪ The J-T expansion device is used for
phase change of gas stream to liquid
stream by lowering the temperature
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 34
Simple Linde-Hampson system
Applying Ist law to the combined heat exchanger,
expansion valve and liquid receiver, 𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ𝑓

TRACE KTU
Fraction of mass flow that is liquefied

𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ2
=𝑦=
𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 35

Simple Linde-Hampson system
Applying the Ist law to the isothermal compressor,
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑚ℎ
ሶ 1 − 𝑊 = 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 − 𝑄𝑅
𝑄𝑅 − 𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 )

TRACE KTU
For an isothermal compression, 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑇
𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 ) − 𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ
ሶ 1 (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 )
ሶ 2 − ℎ1 )

Work required for a unit mass of gas compressed,

−𝑊
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝑚ሶ
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 36
Simple Linde-Hampson system
Work required for a unit mass of gas compressed,
−𝑊
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝑚ሶ
Fraction of mass flow that is liquefied

TRACE KTU 𝑚ሶ 𝑓
𝑚ሶ
=𝑦=
ℎ1 − ℎ2
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
Work required per unit mass liquefied is

−𝑊 −𝑊 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
= = 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑚𝑦
ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 37
Simple Linde-Hampson system 𝑦=
ℎ1 − ℎ2
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓

The fraction of gas liquefied(liquid yield) depends on

1. The pressure and temperature at ambient

TRACE KTUconditions (point 1), which fix ℎ1 and ℎ𝑓

2. The pressure after the isothermal compression
which determines ℎ2 because the temperature
at state 2 is specified by temperature at point 1

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 38

ℎ1 − ℎ2
Simple Linde-Hampson system 𝑦=
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
For maximum liquid yield, the optimum pressure
will be the one which minimizes ℎ2
𝜕ℎ
For minimum ℎ2 , =0
𝜕𝑝 𝑇=𝑇
1

TRACE KTU𝜂𝐽𝑇 =
𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑝 ℎ
=−
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑝 𝑇
𝜕𝑇
𝜕ℎ 𝑝
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑇 𝑝
= 𝑐𝑝

𝜕ℎ
= 0 = 𝜂𝐽𝑇 𝑐𝑝
𝜕𝑝 𝑇=𝑇
1
For optimum performance (maximum liquid yield),
state 2 should lie on the inversion curve
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 39
Simple Linde-Hampson
system

➢ Simple Linde-Hampson system will

not work for neon, hydrogen and
TRACE KTU
helium because the maximum
inversion temperature for these gases
is below room temperature

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 40

TRACE KTU
Linde-Hampson system
Simple Linde-Hampson using Helium or Hydrogen
sytem
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 41
Simple Linde-Hampson system
ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝑦=
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓

For Helium, Hydrogen and Neon, ℎ1 is less than

TRACE KTU
ℎ2 at room temperature and hence y is negative

Even if we could attain low temperature using

Linde-Hampson system, the expansion through the
expansion valve will pass completely in to the
vapour region.
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 42
Simple Linde-Hampson system

Liquid yield versus compressor

temperature for a Linde-Hampson
TRACE KTU
system using Nitrogen as the working
fluid

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 43

Precooled Linde-Hampson system
➢ The performance of Linde- hampson system could be improved if the
gas enters the heat exchanger at a temperature lower than ambient
temperature

TRACE KTU
➢ A separate refrigeration system using a fluid such as carbon dioxide, ammonia,
or a Freon compound is used to cool the main gas stream

➢ Such a system is called Precooled Linde-Hampson system

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 44

Precooled Linde-Hampson system

TRACE KTU
Simple Linde-Hampson system Precooled Linde-Hampson system
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 45
Precooled Linde-Hampson system

▪ The heat exchanger of precooling system is

cooled by water and J-T device is used to
attain lower temperature

TRACE KTU
▪ Compression process in precooling system is
assumed to be adiabatic
▪ R134a, NH3 and CO2 are the common
refrigerants in the precooling system

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 46

Precooled Linde-Hampson system

TRACE KTU

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 47

Precooled Linde-Hampson system
Applying Ist law to the combined three channel
heat exchanger, primary gas heat exchanger,
expansion valve and liquid receiver,

TRACE KTU
𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑟 ℎ𝑑 = 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑟 ℎ𝑎 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ𝑓

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 48

Precooled Linde-Hampson system

Fraction of mass flow that is liquefied

TRACE KTU
𝑚ሶ 𝑓
𝑚ሶ
=𝑦=
ℎ1 − ℎ2
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
+𝑟
ℎ𝑎 − ℎ𝑑
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
𝑟=
𝑚ሶ 𝑟
𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 49

Precooled Linde-Hampson system

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑚ℎ
ሶ 1 − 𝑊𝑐1 = 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 − 𝑄𝑅

TRACE KTU
For an isothermal compression, QR = mT

𝑚ℎ
ሶ 1 − 𝑊𝑐1 = 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 − mT
ሶ 1 s2 − s1

ሶ 1 s2 − s1

−𝑊𝑐1 = mT
ሶ 1 s1 − s2 − 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 50

Precooled Linde-Hampson system

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

TRACE KTU 𝑚ሶ 𝑟 ℎ𝑎 − 𝑊𝑐2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟 ℎ𝑏

−𝑊𝑐2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟 (ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 )

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 51

Precooled Linde-Hampson system
Total work requirement for the system,

𝑊𝑐 = 𝑊𝑐1 + 𝑊𝑐2

−𝑊𝑐1 = mT
ሶ 1 s1 − s2 − 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2

TRACE KTU −𝑊𝑐2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟 (ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 )

ሶ 1 s1 − s2 − 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2 +𝑚ሶ 𝑟 (ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 )
−𝑊𝑐 = mT

−𝑊𝑐 ሶ 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 𝑟 ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 𝑚ሶ 𝑟
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑟=
𝑚ሶ 𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 52

Linde dual-pressure system
➢ Simple Linde-Hampson system is modified to reduce the total work
required (although it reduces the liquid yield somewhat)

➢ The work requirement for an ideal isothermal compressor and an ideal

gas is 𝑚𝑅𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑙𝑛
TRACE KTU
𝑝2
𝑝1

➢ A reduction in compression pressure ratio would decrease the work

requirement
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 53
Linde dual-pressure system

• Two compressors
• A 3-fluid heat exchanger
TRACE KTU • Two J-T expansion devices
• Two liquid containers

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 54

Linde dual-
TRACE KTU pressure system

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 55

Linde dual-pressure system
➢ Applying the Ist law to the heat
exchanger, the two liquid receivers and
the two expansion valves,

TRACE KTU 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ𝑓

𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ3 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ1 − ℎ2

𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ3 ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝑚ሶ 𝑖
= −𝑖 𝑖=
𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 56

Linde dual-pressure system

The liquid yield

ℎ1 − ℎ3 ℎ1 − ℎ2
TRACE KTU 𝑦=
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
−𝑖
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓

𝑚ሶ 𝑖
Where 𝑖 =
𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 57

Linde dual-pressure system
Applying the first law

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ1 − 𝑊𝑐1 = 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ2 − 𝑄𝑅1

TRACE KTU 𝑄𝑅1 = 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑇1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1

−𝑊𝑐1 = 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ2 − 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 ℎ1 − 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑇1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1

−𝑊𝑐1 = 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 58
Linde dual-pressure system
Applying the first law
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 − 𝑊𝑐2 = 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 3 − 𝑄𝑅2

TRACE KTU 𝑄𝑅2 = 𝑚𝑇

ሶ 1 𝑠3 − 𝑠2

𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 − 𝑊𝑐2 = 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 3 − 𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑠3 − 𝑠2

−𝑊𝑐2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑇1 𝑠2 − 𝑠3 − ℎ2 − ℎ3

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 59

Linde dual-pressure system
Total work requirement

𝑊𝑐 = 𝑊𝑐1 + 𝑊𝑐2

−𝑊𝑐1 = 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2

TRACE KTU
−𝑊𝑐2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑇1 𝑠2 − 𝑠3 − ℎ2 − ℎ3

−𝑊𝑐
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠3 − ℎ1 − ℎ3 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖
𝑚ሶ 𝑖=
𝑖 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 60

Claude system

➢ In this system, energy is removed from the gas stream by allowing it

to do some work in an expansion engine or expander.

TRACE KTU
➢ If the expansion engine is reversible and adiabatic, the expansion
process is isentropic and a much lower temperature is attained than
for an isenthalpic expansion

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 61

Claude system
• One Compressor
• Three 2-fluid heat
exchangers
• One J-T expansion

TRACE KTU device

• An expansion engine
operating across the
second heat exchanger

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 62

Claude system

TRACE KTU

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 63

Claude system
Apply Ist law to heat exchangers, expansion
valve, and liquid receiver as a unit,

𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 = 𝑊𝑒 + 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ𝑓

TRACE KTU 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ3 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ𝑒

𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ3 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ𝑒 + 𝑚ሶ − 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ𝑓

𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ3 − ℎ𝑒

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 64

Claude system

𝑚ሶ 𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ3 − ℎ𝑒

TRACE KTU 𝑦=
𝑚ሶ 𝑓
𝑚ሶ
=
ℎ1 −ℎ2
ℎ1 −ℎ𝑓
+𝑥
ℎ3 −ℎ𝑒
ℎ1 −ℎ𝑓

𝑚ሶ 𝑒
Where expander mass flow rate, x =
𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 65

Claude system
Applying Ist law for the compressor,

−𝑊𝑐 + 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 1 = −𝑄𝑅 + 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2

TRACE KTU 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1

−𝑊𝑐 + 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 1 = −𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 + 𝑚ℎ
ሶ 2

−𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 66

Claude system

Applying Ist law for the expander,

𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ3 = 𝑊𝑒 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ𝑒

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ3 − ℎ𝑒

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 67

Claude system

−𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2

𝑊𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒 ℎ3 − ℎ𝑒

If the expansion work is utilized to aid in

compression, the net work is
𝑚ሶ 𝑒
−𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −𝑊𝑐 − 𝑊𝑒 𝑥=
𝑚ሶ

−𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 − ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑥 ℎ3 − ℎ𝑒
𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 68

Cascade System

➢ It is an extension of the precooled system, in which the precooled

system is precooled by other refrigeration systems

➢ It was the first liquefaction system to produce liquid air

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 69

Cascade System

➢ The cascade system shown uses

ammonia to liquefy ethylene at 19 atm,
which is used in turn to liquefy
methane at 25 atm. The methane is
used finally to liquefy nitrogen at 18.6
atm

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 70

LIQUEFACTION SYSTEM FOR NEON AND
HYDROGEN

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 71

LIQUEFACTION SYSTEM FOR NEON AND
HYDROGEN
➢ Simple Linde-hampson system would not work for neon, hydrogen
or helium because the maximum inversion temperature for these
gases is below ambient temperature

➢ With precooled system, the temperature of the gas entering the basic
Linde-Hampson part of the liquefier can be lowered below ambient
temperature by choosing the correct fluid to precool the system
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 72
LIQUEFACTION SYSTEM FOR NEON AND
HYDROGEN
➢ Any fluid that has a triple point temperature below that of the
maximum inversion temperature of neon or hydrogen can be used as
a precoolant

➢ Fluorine, Oxygen, air, methane, argon and nitrogen

➢ Liquid Nitrogen is the best choice for hydrogen and neon

liquefaction systems

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 73

ℎ7 − ℎ4
𝑦=
ℎ7 − ℎ𝑓

𝑚ሶ 𝑁2 ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
𝑧= = +𝑦
𝑚ሶ ℎ𝑐 − ℎ 𝑎 ℎ𝑐 − ℎ𝑎

𝑚ሶ 𝑁2 𝑧
=
𝑚ሶ 𝑓 𝑦

LIQUID NITROGEN PRECOOLED

LINDE-HAMPSON SYSTEM FOR
NEON AND HYDROGEN
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 74
COLLINS HELIUM LIQUEFACTION
SYSTEM
▪ Invented in 1946 by Samuel C. Collins

▪ Extension to the Claude system

▪ It has a compressor, a J-T expansion device, a

make up gas connection, five 2-fluid heat
exchangers and two turbo-expanders
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 75
COLLINS HELIUM LIQUEFACTION
SYSTEM
▪ Depending on helium inlet pressure, two to six
expansion devices are used.

▪ Inversion temperature of Helium is around 45 K

and in order to have a yield, 𝑇7 should be less
than 7.5 K

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 76

COLLINS
SYSTEM

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 77

COLLINS SYSTEM
Applying first law,

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 78

COLLINS SYSTEM

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 79

COLLINS SYSTEM

ℎ1 − ℎ2 ∆ℎ1 ∆ℎ2
𝑦= + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓

𝑚ሶ 𝑒1 𝑚ሶ 𝑒2
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 =
𝑚ሶ 𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 80

COLLINS SYSTEM

𝑊𝑒1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒1 ∆ℎ1

𝑊𝑒2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑒2 ∆ℎ2

The net work done is given by,

−𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 −𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑒1 𝑊𝑒2
= − −
𝑚ሶ 𝑚ሶ 𝑚ሶ 𝑚ሶ

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 81

Path followed by a unit mass of
gas in Simon helium liquefaction
SIMON HELIUM LIQUEFACTION SYSTEM system
28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 82
Thermodynamically ideal system
Applying the Ist law to the system,

𝑄ሶ 𝑅 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ𝑓 − ℎ1 = −𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
Heat transfer process is reversible and isothermal
From II law,

𝑄ሶ 𝑅 = 𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = −𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑓

−𝑊ሶ 𝑖 ሶ 𝑠 − ℎ − ℎ =−𝑊ሶ 𝑖
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑓 1 𝑓
𝑚ሶ ሶ 𝑚𝑓

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 83

Thermodynamically ideal system

𝑄ሶ 𝑅 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑖 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ𝑓 − ℎ1 = −𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓

𝑄ሶ 𝑅 = 𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = −𝑚𝑇
ሶ 1 𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑓

ሶ 1 𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑓 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑖 = −𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓
−𝑚𝑇

−𝑊ሶ 𝑖 ሶ −𝑊ሶ 𝑖
= 𝑇1 𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑓 − ℎ1 − ℎ𝑓 = ሶ
𝑚ሶ 𝑚𝑓

28-May-23 Dr. Kishor Kumar V. V., MED, GCEK 84