BASIC GRAMMAR

VERB

Any word which shows action or state is called Verb.

Ex: I help her. = Verb of action

I love her. = Verb of state

I know you. = Verb of state

I teach you. = Verb of action

Difference between helping verb and main verb.

Helping Verb Main Verb

A helping verb does not give meaning A main verb always gives meaning.
A helping verb does not use without a main verb A main verb can be used without a helping verb.
A helping verb changes a main verb A main verb does not change a helping verb.

1. She did not go the market yesterday. 14. The book is on the table.
2. She did all the work. 15. I have lunch at 1 p.m.
3. I am happy. 16. I was ill
4. I am teaching the project. 17. The fan is over your bed.
5. You have a beautiful car. 18. Sadly, all were dead.
6. She does not come here. 19. Honesty is the best policy.
7. She does everything at home. 20. They must be polite with us.
8. He has a child. 21. I shall be absent tomorrow.
9. He has invited us to tea. 22. He used to come here everyday.
10. I do not do my work. 23. India will take on Pakistan tomorrow.
11. You should play hockey. 24. Maruti Suzuki is superior to Verna.
12. She can enjoy music 25. You will take an umbrella in case if it
13. It is raining Cats and Dogs in rains.
Karanpur.
CONJUNCTION

It is called connector. Conjunction is a word which joins words, clauses, Phrases or

Sentences.

1. He and I are to the market. 3. As soon as the thief saw the police, he
2. He will take mango or orange. ran away.
4. She helps not only the poor but also 12. When I opened the gate of my house I
the rich. found a dead cat.
5. Neither you nor your parents want you 13. No sooner did the train arrived than
to go abroad. the crowd rushed towards the
6. If you reach Dehradun, My elder compartment to greet their leader who
brother will receive you. was travelling by that train.
7. He is rich and miserly. 14. Both Harish and his wife are
8. She works honestly and sincerely. determined to bring about some
9. She likes jogging and running. changes in the plan.
10. He was rejected because he was too 15. He did not succeed in the examination
young. yet he worked hard.
11. As I am suffering from fever so grant
me leave for two days.
ADVERB

Any word which gives the information of verb is called adverb.

1. Ramu works Honestly.

2. Golu drives slowly.
3. You walk carelessly
4. You are doing this work quick/quickly.
5. Virat Kohli plays well.
6. As the boy came late he was fined.
7. He ran so fast that he reached the destination in just two minutes.
8. She looked at him lovingly but he did not respond to her.
9. Although the patient was rude with the nurses, he behaved nice with the doctor.
10. He walked quick so that he would not be late.

An adverb qualifies an adjective too.

1. The tea was too hot. 6. She is too talkative.

2. Ramesh is a very good boy. 7. Thank you, I am completely fine.
3. The room was quite dark. 8. He is so tall that he can pluck the
4. Ragini is extremely beautiful mangoes.
5. I am completely that we are going to 9. Shut the window, it is rather cold.
move forward strongly. 10. He was too afraid.
PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word which shows relation or position of noun or pronoun.

1. The cat was sitting on the table.

2. The students are studying in the classroom.
3. My wife bought some chocolates for me.
4. Her house is off the road.
5. This is the cat of Ram.
6. I came in 2010.
7. There is a lack of confidence in her.
8. There is no love between him and her.
9. The teacher distributed sweets among the children.
10. He was killed by his servant with a knife.

INTERJECTION

The words that show sudden feelings are called interjection.

1. WOW! What a beautiful bird. 6. Aah ! She is no more.

2. Hurrah ! We have won the match. 7. Aha ! father has come.
3. Oh! I have lost my purse. 8. Well, it’s time to say good night.
4. O My God! How have you done. 9. Ugh! I can’t believe I have lost the key.
5. Ah! I am dog tired. 10. Good heavens how she has grown.
Difference between Transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive Verb: The verbs which take object to complete their sense are called transitive verbs.

Intransitive Verb: the verbs which do not take object to complete their sense are called
intransitive verb.

Classification of objects

Objects are of two types.

1. Direct object
2. Indirect object

1. Direct object: The object which gives the answer of what is called direct object.
2. Indirect object: The object which gives the answer of whom is called indirect object.
1. ram bought a necklace for his wife.
2. My grandma tells me some stories.
3. I like mangoes.
4. Help us. How = Adverb of manner

When = Adverb of time

1. We fly kites. Where = Adverb of place
2. Birds fly in the sky.
3. The boys are swimming there.
4. She killed her husband.
5. She died yesterday.
6. She laughed loudly.
7. She laughed at me.
8. The window opened.
9. She opened the window.
10. I love Alia Bhatt.
11. The teacher is teaching English.

Note:- We make passive voice of Transitive verbs.

CLAUSE
A group of words that includes a subject and a verb. A clause is only a part of a sentence. A
sentence can have more than one clause.

1. The thief denied that he was present on the spot of the murder.
2. Ram told me that if I had worked hard, I would have passed.
3. Radha asked Krishna if he loved her.
4. After we had finished breakfast, we watched a film on the video .
5. Ravi ate pasta because he was hungry.

SENTENCES AND ITS TYPES

A group of words which makes a complete sense is called a sentence.

Types of sentences:-

1. Assertive sentence
2. Interrogative sentence
3. Imperative sentence
4. Optative sentence
5. Exclamotory sentence

1. Optative Sentence = The sentences that express blessings, prayer, wish, curse are called
optative sentences.

1. May god bless you !

2. My you pass the exam with flying colours !
3. Wish you a happy married life !
4. Long live Rahul Gandhi !
5. Go to hell !
6. May you die soon !

2. Imperative Sentence = The sentences in which we asked someone to do something are

called imperative sentences.
Or

The sentences that express order, command, advice, warning, request, prohibition etc are
called imperative sentences.

1. Walk carefully 9. Do not go there.

2. Don’t smoke here. 10. Take medicine on time.
3. Keep your surroundings clean. 11. Look up to your elders
4. Save girl child. 12. Look into this murder.
5. Go away. 13. Run fast.
6. Kindly, help me. 14. Eat less lest your tummy should get upset.
7. Be happy. You have put on weight. You are plumpy,
8. Stand at ease. chubby, corpulent.

3. Exclamatory Sentences
An Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotion such as excitement,
surprise, happiness and anger and ends with an exclamatory mark (!).
1. How beautiful the rain is !
2. What nonsense !
3. Hurray ! we have won the match.
4. Good heavens ! how has she grown
5. God, I’m in heaven!
6. Wait, that bridge is rotten !
7. Oh, my God, would you stop here!
8. Hey, no smoking in here!
9. You’re late again!
10. She actually won!
4. Assertive Sentences/ Declarative Sentences
Assertive sentences are the sentences in which we give information, opinion, or
statement
1. He sings and dances
2. He is Exuberant
3. The sky is blue
4. There is a hunky Dory situation in my village.
5. He got under the skin.
6. Get under somebody’s skin

Assertive sentences are of two types

1. Positive Sentences (Affirmative)

2. Negative Sentences

Examples:

1. He is corpulent (Positive)
2. He is not corpulent (Negative)
5. Interrogative Sentences
The sentences in which we ask someone a question are called interrogative sentences.
These are of two types:
1. Close ended – (start with H.V)
2. Open ended – (start with W.H words)

Note:

1. Close Ended structure

H.V + Subject + M.V + object ........
2. Open Ended Structure
WH word + H.V + Subject + M.V + object ....... ?

Examples:

1. Do they help the poor? (close ended)

2. Who do they help the poor? (open ended)
3. Are the children making a noise in the class? (close ended)
4. Where were you playing football? (open ended)
5. When you will return home? (Wrong )
When will you return home? (Right)
6. Why she was going there? ( Wrong)
Why was she going there? (Right)
Note: If WH-words are used in the middle of a sentence, we do not use helping verb after
them. But we use subject after them.

If WH – words are used in the beginning of a sentence, we use H.V after them.

Examples:

1. I want to know where are you going ? (Wrong)

I want to know where you are going? (Right)
2. Does she know when will her husband returned? (Wrong)
Does she know when her husband will returned? (Right)
3. She asked me how could I help her (Wrong)
She asked me how I could help her (Right)
4. The teacher asked the student when would Ramesh come to school. (Wrong)
The teacher asked the student when Ramesh would come to school. (Right)
5. The traveller enquired of me when would the train arrive. (Wrong)
The traveller enquired of me when the train would arrive. (right)
6. She asked me what was my name?
She asked me what my name was?
Difference between Transitive and Intransitive Verb
1. Transitive Verb: ftl Verb ds object gksrs gS og Transitive Verb dgykrk gSA
The verb which take object after them to complete their sense are called Transitive Verb.
2. Intransitive Verb: The verbs which do not make any object after them to complete their
sense are called Intransitive Verb.
Recognition of Objects
Objects are of two types:
1. Direct object
2. Indirect object
1. Direct Object: The object which gives the answer of what is called direct object.
2. Indirect object: The object which gives the answer of whom is called indirect object.
Examples:
1. He died yesterday.
2. He killed her.
3. Birds fly in the sky.
4. She opened the window.
5. The window opened.
6. Anarkali laughed loudly.
How – Adverb of manner
Where – Adverb of place
When – Adverb of time
7. Anarkali laughed at me.
8. Chinki helped Minki.
9. I am happy.
Note: I/am/are/was/ were – Intransitive verb
1. They were swimming in the river.
2. I was teaching the student
3. You should keep your surroundings clean.
4. Rajesh did not reply.
Transitive/ Intransitive Verb ges”kk main verb dk gh curk gSA
1. My wife bought me a watch.
2. Are grandmother told us some intrusting tales.
3. Will you buy some vegetables for us.
Clause:
A group of words that include a subject and a verb is called a clause. A clause is usually a part
of a sentence
Larger unit --- sentences
Smaller unit ------ clause
Examples:
1. The children will not go to school if it rains
2. After we had finished our breakfast, we left for the office.
3. The patient had died before his wife came.
4. If you work hard, you will succeeded.
5. The thief denied that he was present on the spot of the murder.
6. Mohini asked me where I was going in the morning.