` 30.

00

Bringing Classical and Contemporary Homoeopathy Together

ISSN: 9070-6038 Vol. 47, No. 5, August 2021

Posology and Homoeopathy

• A clinical observational study on efficacy of Vanadium
metallicum 6c in increasing the haemoglobin concentration,
mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin in iron deficiency
anaemia
• Perceiving individual disease, simillimum and the posology:
a case study on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
• Fifty millesimal potencies - an overview
Bach Flower Remedies
for a Happy and Balanced Life
ANA KLIKOVAC

• The book contains many examples and overviews of similar remedies, with a clear
differentiation between them
• In today’s digital word, this book will provide you with a list of common situation
where you can recognize a certain remedy by seeing someone’s style of virtual
communication
• the writing style of the author will make you feel that she is talking to you, as if you
are sitting in one of her courses on Bach flower remedies.
• This book that will encourage you to start studying about Bach flower remedies,
and to start applying them for yourself, your family, your clients and patients. It
will prove equally beneficial for both a beginner as well as a senior practitioner.

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ISBN: 978-81-319-2155-5 | ` 395 | 300 pp

REVERSE REPERTORY
OF THE MIND
Words to Mental Rubrics
Practical and Easy Way to Select 409 Mental Rubrics
• Dr Muhammed Rafeeque • Dr J. P. Salini

• The book clearly explains how to convert the patient’s symptoms into rubrics given in the
repertory.
• 409 mental rubrics from Kent’s Repertory and Synthesis Repertory are wonderfully
explained starting from “Abandoned” to “Zealous”, including the meaning of the rubric,
clinical situation, patient’s and attendant’s narration, the observation of physician, followed
by important remedies given in the rubric.
• The language of the book is kept very simple and comprehensible language keeping in view
the need of the student making it a handy reference.

ISBN: 978-81-319-1802-9 | ` 245 | 272 pp

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Augmented Textbook

HOMOEOPATHIC
PHARMACY 3rd Edition

• One of the oldest and the most read book of homoeopathic pharmacy, having complete information, making it
easier for the students and practitioners to utilise it without much hassle.
• Augmented work of Dr Banerjee compiled as per the CCH syllabus, including introduction, illustrations,
mechanism, tables, development, scope and research in pharmacy, as stated in the Pharmacopoeias.
• All the chapters are arranged in a systematic manner under the respective sections.
• Several new chapters have also been introduced in the updated edition, under different sections such as
Hospital Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reaction, and many more topics
in different chapters.
• In the appendix, a few important short questions with answers have been added.

ISBN: 978-81-319-0291-2 | ` 395 | 816 pp

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Vol. 47, No. 5, August 2021, ` 30
Total No. of pages: 87
EDITOR
C O N TE N TS
Dr Yashika Arora Malhotra EDITORIAL CLINICAL
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr Yashika Arora Malhotra 9 A clinical observational study on efficacy of
Dr Geeta Rani Arora
Vanadium metallicum 6c in increasing the
Dr Yashika Arora Malhotra
haemoglobin concentration, mean
[email protected]
FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK corpuscular volume and serum ARTICLE

Language Editor ferritin in iron deficiency anaemia

Dayna Lynn Davis “Posology in acute emergency - how much to
give? And how often?” 10 By Mr Shreyank Kotian, Dr Deepa Pais 62
REVIEWERS
Dr Clare Relton
Dr Chaturbhuj Nayak SUBJECTIVE
Dr Eswara Das CASE STUDY
Francis Treuherz
Dr Meeta Gupta Homoeopathic posology (quantity of doses),
Dr Queenita Fernandes “HOW MUCH” important is this? “Perceiving individual disease, simillimum
Dr Raj Kumar Manchanda and the posology: a case study on benign
Dr Robert Mathie By Dr Tamara Afroza, Dr Biswajit Bera 12 paroxysmal positional vertigo”
Dr Saurav Arora A narrative review on different aspects of
Dr Sandeep Sathye By Dr Yogesh D Niturkar 24
homoeopathic posology
ARTICLE

Dr Monika Kathuria
Dr Yashveer By Dr Poulamy Singha Roy, Dr Saleema Naaz
Dr Ashish Indani
Dr Kamal Sethi Tabassum,Dr Siddharth Kumar Das,
Dr Yogesh Niturkar Dr Trishita Basu 33
Dr Krutik Shah RESEARCH REVIEW
Posology and homoeopathy
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORS By Dr Goutam Das 39 Fifty millesimal potencies - an overview
Subrata Kumar Banerjea
Grant Bentley Homoeopathic posology on the purview of By Aditya Pareek, Nitika Pareek,
Miranda Castro susceptibility Chaturbhuja Nayak 29
Tarkeshwar Jain
Ajit Kulkarni By Dr Alok Nath Shaw, Dr Rajat Chatterjee, Homoeopathic posology: outlook of different
Robin Murphy Dr Rup Nandi 47 stalwarts
Uttareshwar R. Pachegaonkar
Roberto Petrucci Posology and Homoeopathy By Dr Surabhi Khatta, Dr Neeraj Srivastava 36
Chaim Rosenthal
By Dr Jaspreet Kaur Kapoor 52 The concept of susceptibility in homoeopathy –
Todd Rowe
M.K. Sahani An insight into evolution of homoeopathic stalwart’s views
Luc De Schepper
posology and it’s relevance By Dr Riswana A 73
Jan Scholten
Frederik Schroyens By Dr Siddhartha Pal, Dr S. Seetha Lakshmi 55
Sanjay Sehgal
L.M. Khan Comparison among the homoeopathic drugs
Yogesh Sehgal which have a suppurative tendency RESEARCH PAPER
Jeremy Sherr
P. K. Sudhir By Dr Suman Samanta, Dr Supriya Pramanik,
A study to assess the efficacy of Sangunaria
Torako Yui Dr Prabin Kumar Shaw 66
Dr Kamlesh Mehta nitrica 30 in acute rhinitis using rhinitis control
Vitamin-D Deficiency an lifestyle disorder and assessment test scale
Business Consultant
its homoeopathic approach
Manish Jain By Dr Uma Shenbagakumar, Dr M K Kamath 77
[email protected] By Dr J. Senthilkumar, Dr M. Prabhu
Advertisements and Dr B.A. Vetrivelan 82
Anish Kohli
[email protected] CASE SERIES
For subscription, change of address, exchange of copy or SPECIAL COVID-19 SECTION
any other complaint: [email protected] Sinusitis treated with homoeopathic biochemic
Post COVID-19 syndrome and homoeopathy medicine: a case series
Layout and Design Avinash Kharwar
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August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 7

NEW ARRIVALS/ REVISED
EDITION BOOKS

DICTIONARY and Help for Further Study of

ALLEN’s KEYNOTES Dr Subhas Singh
• Keeping into consideration, the difficulties faced by readers in reading and understanding the
vocabulary used in Allen’s Keynotes, the author has come up with this dictionary of Allen’s
Keynotes.
• The author has done his best to provide the word meanings to all the difficult terminologies and
nomenclature used in Allen’s Keynotes.
• the related symptoms of all medicines have been placed together. The Keynote symptoms have
been placed under different chapters and sub-chapters.
• word meanings to some of the selected words, terms, and nomenclatures used in Allen’s Key
Notes are given.
• the symptoms (Keynotes) are segregated according to the various chapters and sub-chapters.
• the unrelated but similar-sounding symptoms are clubbed at one place, to make comprehension
and learning of Allen’s keynote easier.
• Arrangement of relationship in different headings.

ISBN: 978-81-319-1381-9 | ` 499 | 440 pp

Selective Pointers through Allen’s Keynotes Dr Shyam Kumar Vaishnav

• This book is to provide an answer to the vexed question “How shall I get a remedy quickly
in a particular group of population & without much effort?”
• The book is divided into 2 sections in which, the most important symptoms are arranged
under 11 subsections, based on different phases of life, addictions, seasons along with the
Do’s and Don’ts.
• Its easy for comprehension and also quick for reference and prescription.
• The THUMB RULE section gives a different perspective of learning making the reader
ponder and go to the depth of Allen’s Keynotes.
• Emphasis had been on dividing age groups, gender groups& even on pediatric remedies,
a list of drugs has been incorporated for the convenience of students, PG scholars, and the
physicians.

ISBN: 978-81-319-1805-0 | ` 145 | 120pp

Case Analysis & Prescribing Techniques

By Robin Murphy

• The author has taken a point-by-point approach to case-taking, punctuated by general

discussions of the related topics.
• He has given invaluable tips, making it somewhat revolutionary compared to accepted
concepts disclosed and applied in the earlier case-taking guidelines.
• several cases are analyzed throughout the book with discussions and follow-up. This book
contains the transcripts of seven, 95 minute audiotapes. There is student-teacher dialogue
clearing queries.
• The book also guides about potency selection.

ISBN: 978-81-319-0249-3 | ` 299 | 296pp

8 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

EDITORIAL
Dear Readers, still in a state of mental indigestion, start to eema Naaz Tabassum,Dr Siddharth Kumar Das,
throw their weight about and begin to treat Dr Trishita Basu, posology and homoeopa-
“Small stimuli encourage life activity, their friends and acquaintances with re- thy by Dr Goutam Das, homoeopathic posol-
strong stimuli tend to impede it and very peated doses of high potencies, frequently ogy on the purview of susceptibility by Dr
strong stimuli are apt to stop or destroy changing the remedies every few days in Alok Nath Shaw, Dr Rajat Chatterjee, Dr Rup
it.” Strychnine, Arsenic, Phosphorus, etc. their foolish ignorance and vain glory. They Nandi, posology and homoeopathy by Dr
are strongest poisons when given in large do more harm to the cause of Homoeopathy Jaspreet Kaur Kapoor, an insight into evolu-
doses, but if given in small doses, these are than they kept to the ordinary run of house tion of homoeopathic posology and it’s rel-
most valuable tonics. Master Hahnemann, hold remedies.” (Dr D. Shepherd – Magic of evance by Dr Siddhartha Pal, Dr S. Seetha Lak-
originator of the science of attenuation the minimum Doses). The question of poten- shmi, comparison among the homoeopathic
cy rests to the judgment of the practitioner, drugs which have a suppurative tendency
of drugs, has resolved the topic of posol-
by Dr Suman Samanta, Dr Supriya Pramanik,
ogy not-withstanding all endeavours of ho- his skill and knowledge, nature of the pa-
Dr Prabin Kumar Shaw, and vitamin-D Defi-
moeopaths. tient, and nature of the medicine.
ciency an lifestyle disorder and its homoeo-
A Quick Word on Issue Content: pathic approach by Dr J. Senthilkumar, Dr
Homoeopathic posology represents the M. Prabhu, and Dr B.A. Vetrivelan. A special
accumulated clinical experiences and in- This issue of “The Homoeopathic Heritage” is article for COVID-19 section was given by
terpretation of all careful prescribers since an attempt to describe the relationship be- post COVID-19 syndrome and homoeopa-
the times of Hahnemann. A proper under- tween posology and homoeopathy through thy by Dr Shweta Tiwari.
standing of the dynamic concept of disease different case studies and research papers.
of susceptibility and of remedy reaction Thus, the fundamentals of homoeopathic
is essential for an intelligent grasp of this The peer reviewed articles of this issue in- posology are represented in the trinity of
most important aspect of homoeopathic clude a clinical observational study on ef- a single remedy, minimum dose and mini-
ficacy of Vanadium metallicum 6c in increas- mum repetition. The only rule, which
practice. The ever-changing kaleidoscopic
ing the haemoglobin concentration, mean can be laid down with safety, is to repeat
picture presented by homeopathic posol-
the dose only when improvement ceases.
ogy contrast well with the firm application corpuscular volume and serum ferritin in
Young practitioners and many old ones too,
of the law of Similars. The latter represent s iron deficiency anaemia by Mr Shreyank
give too many doses, repeat too frequently,
the fundamental unalterable principles i.e. Kotian, Dr Deepa Pais, and “perceiving in- and change remedies too often. They give
the former the rules that have been evolved dividual disease, simillimum and the po- no time for reaction. They get doubtful, or
out of the accumulated clinical experience, sology: a case study on benign paroxysmal hurried, or careless and presently they get
ever subject to modification in the light of positional vertigo” by Dr Yogesh D Niturkar. “rattled” if the case is serious. Then it is “all
subsequence experience. A perusal of the The research review articles were fifty mil- up with them,” until or unless they come
organon through its additions enables one lesimal potencies - an overview by Aditya to their senses and corrects their mistakes.
to understand how even Hahnemann was Pareek, Nitika Pareek, Chaturbhuja Nayak, Sometimes such mistakes cannot be cor-
all the time modifying and changing his homoeopathic posology: outlook of differ- rected and a patient pays the penalty with
ideas of posology in the light of its clinical ent stalwarts by Dr Surabhi Khatta, Dr Neeraj his life. It pays to be careful and “go slow”
experience. Srivastava, and the concept of susceptibility in the beginning; then there will not be so
in homoeopathy – stalwart’s views by Dr many mistakes to correct.
Dr Elbert Guernsey wrote in his Homoeo- Riswana A. A wonderful research paper on
pathic Domestic Practice,” In domestic prac- a study to assess the efficacy of Sangunaria At last, once again, we are obliged all our
tice the lower attenuations may be used nitrica 30 in acute rhinitis using rhinitis con- authors and readers for their contribution to
with much greater safety than the higher.” trol assessment test scale is given by Dr Uma the journal. Also, I look forward to hearing
But a word of warning given by Dr Shep- Shenbagakumar, Dr M K Kamath. The feather opinions and recommendations. You may
herd is not out of place to mention here “let in cap of this issue is an excellent case series also login to our website, www.homoeopa-
me impress on the lay people that the high on sinusitis treated with homoeopathic bio- thy360.com for more information and op-
potencies are not for them to play with. chemic medicine by Dr Anupam Kumar, Dr portunities related to homoeopathy.
Knowledge of metaphysics, mental philoso- Gitanjali Mathur. Subjective articles include
phy and logic is necessary before one can homoeopathic posology (quantity of doses), Dr Yashika Arora Malhotra
hope even humbly to understand their ac- “HOW MUCH” important is this by Dr Ta-
tion from a distance. I have been horrified [email protected]
mara Afroza, Dr Biswajit Bera, a narrative re-
at some people who after reading a book view on different aspects of homoeopathic
or two on materia medica while they are posology by Dr Poulamy Singha Roy, Dr Sal-

Note: The Homoeopathic Heritage is now a peer reviewed journal since January 2013. All the articles are peer
reviewed by the in-house editorial team and selected articles from each issue are sent for peer review by an
external board of reviewers and those articles are distinctly marked with a stamp of ‘peer reviewed’. For inclusion
of articles in peer review section, kindly send your articles 3-4 months in advance of the said month. Send your
articles at [email protected].

Call for papers for the upcoming issues:

Unbolt Yourself
September 2021 Homoeopathy in the management of RESPIRATORY disorders July 15, 2021
October 2021 Research oriented Homoeopathic approach August 15, 2021

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 9

FROM THE EDITOR'S DESK

“Posology in acute emergency - how much to give?

And how often?”
is no indication that the after a taking a dose to see
remedy has had any effect if it’s going to work. Here,
whatsoever, and patient is maximum time that one can
having active symptoms, wait is 15 minutes, espe-
it’s probably either the cially if it’s a recent occur-
wrong remedy or too low rence, as in, just happened.
a potency. If one is pretty Try the 30 C first! Don’t give
sure about the right remedy high potency right off, un-
and it’s not working, try go- less one has some reason
ing up to 200 C. If the com- to believe that a 30C won’t
plaint is recent and intense, even touch the case. More
the correct remedy should often than not, a 30C will
work within half an hour cover any acute case; so,
Editor’s desk don’t be afraid to start with
and maybe even in less than
15 minutes. it and see what happens;
but, if nothing happens,one
Introduction 2. There is no hard-and-fast always have got 200 C up to
rule about when one will CM.

T his is a very difficult area

because there is no clear-cut
mention about the above situation
start feeling better, other
than what is mentioned
about recent and intense.
8. On the other hand, if it’s
something sudden and se-
In such cases, improvement vere like an injury or food
in different editions of Organon of poisoning, give 30 C, and
Medicine or The Chronic Diseases, can be felt within minutes.
For example, one dose of one should fully expect that
hence we lack general guideline. Apis mellifica 30 C for a pain- in 20 minutes or less, the pa-
ful boil may show no im- tient is going to find out if
In day to day practise, in any semi- it’s the right remedy or not!
provement until the next
acute condition, “take the indicated If not and there was another
day.
remedy in a 30C potency 3 or 4 times remedy in consideration,
a day for two or three days.” 3. Stop repeating the remedy give a dose of that.
if improvement starts with-
Dispensing the medicine can be in few minutes. 9. Let’s take an example of
done, either by 5 cup method injury. Within 15 minutes,
(link: https://www.youtube.com/ 4. The homoeopathic remedy some relief should be felt,
is like the ignition key that maybe only in the sense of
watch?v=P7w72Zxv5pc) or drop
starts the scooter, there’s feeling relaxed and cen-
one or two pellets of the remedy tered. That’s enough of a
into a small bottle of mineral water no need to start the scooter
again if it’s moving. Once sign that the remedy was
(pour some of the water off the top correctly chosen, and is
the improvement stops in
first for the sake of succussion), suc- the case, repeat the remedy. working, thus the physician
cuss (pound the bottle into your op- simply needs to wait.
posite palm) five times before each 5. If the remedy chosen shows
dose; a dose is a sip; or, pour water only slight improvement, 10. Let’s discuss a case of in-
into a disposable cup, drop a reme- continue the dose three or fluenza since 2 weeks. One
four times a day. Always cannot expect the patient
dy pellet in, and stir vigorously with
succuss the bottle five times to be better in 15 minutes!
a plastic spoon or straw before each This situation is better suit-
dose, and then sip. There is no need before each dose or stir the
cup before taking a sip. ed to the “3 or 4 times a day
to wait for the pellets to melt before for 2 or 3 days” guideline.
dosing. 6. As stated earlier, if the com- Here is a range of responses
plaint has come suddenly, got from people who have
The above method is not so easy, one should see the remedy been helped in this way: “In
there can be many if’s and but’s as works fast. 6 hours, my sore throat was
follows: better!” “By the next day, I
7. If the disease is very acute, knew I was getting better.”
1. If after an hour or two there do not wait for 24 hours “I only took one dose, be-

10 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

cause I forgot to take the taking a remedy, don’t be aggravation is troublesome

remedy after that, and the in despair. This happens and distressing, one should
next day I was better any- several times. It only means antidote it.
way!” that the potency was higher
than necessary, but the good 14. The wrong remedy: The
11. While prescribing a remedy, news is that this is almost al- wrong remedy generally
it’s very important to note ways a sign that the remedy will do absolutely nothing,
that one should not give a chosen was correct and an i.e. one has to check the
dry dose, always give in wet improvement is sure to fol- case paper again and make
doses, either 5 cup method low. Just make sure to stop another choice. However,
or plussing method. dosing! Give the case about sometimes the wrong rem-
half an hour to settle down edy may cause an unset-
12. This protects the physician tling feeling, not the same
from accidental “provings” and don’t repeat the rem-
edy unless an improvement as when the right remedy
(a kind of aggravation) and causes a temporary wors-
accidentally antidoting the follows and then relapses.
Don’t repeat the remedy ening (aggravation) of the
previous dose. But again, if symptoms in the case.
patient has improved from during an aggravation, the
the first dose? aggravation is a sign that
the remedy has acted,
13. If patient’s symptoms get which is all one can ask of
worse (aggravation) after a remedy! Meanwhile, if an 

A Synoptic Key of the Materia Medica

C. M. Boger

• This book can be considered as a key

to homeopathic materia medica. It is a
wonderful book for bed-side prescription as
well as for quick revision.
• An introductory note by Norbert Winter
delineating the utility and structure of the
book making it easier for the readers to
understand the practicality of this work.
• The original supplemental reference table
has been maintained.
• Each remedy is presented in concise and
clear words, at a glance the remedy and its
sphere of action.
• The repertory is too instructive in its own
way and many hints can be gathered from
its unusual layout.

ISBN: 978-81-319-0007-9 | ` 345 | 528pp

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 11

SUBJECTIVE

Homoeopathic posology (quantity of doses),

“HOW MUCH” important is this?
By Dr Tamara Afroza, Dr Biswajit Bera

Abstract: From the very beginning, young practitioners and many old ones too, for that matter, give too many doses and repeat too
frequently, and also change remedies too often. They give no time for reaction of medicines, especially in case of chronic diseases;
maintaining the principles of homoeopathy. They get doubtful, or hurried, or careless, or even get “rattled” if the case is serious.
Then it is “all up with them,” until or unless they come to their senses and correct their mistakes. Sometimes, such mistakes
cannot be corrected and a patient pays the penalty throughout his life. It pays to be careful and “go slow” in the beginning; then
there will not be so many mistakes to correct. One should examine the case carefully and systematically, select the first remedy
and potency with care, give the first dose if the single dose is decided upon, and then watch results. If the remedy and its dose is
right, it will surely show results.

Keywords: Posology, minimum dose, homoeopathy.

Abbreviations: Aphorism (§), Organon of Medicine (OOM), homoeopathic posology (H.P).

Introduction[1-3] the affection was local from the first, and number of administration of the
or had become so secondarily, he medicine.[1][2]
The term ‘posology’ originates from was entirely in favour of the topical
the Greek word, ‘posos’ meaning • Facts should keep in mind
use of the indicated remedy, and about doses :
how much and ‘logos’ meaning this doses far more substantial than
study or discourse. The study of the those he recommended for internal The old school believes in
doctrine of these doses is known administration’.[3] administration of crude medicines,
as ‘posology.’[1] The 6th edition of which do more harm than good.
‘Organon of Medicine’ was translated He also emphasised the
Two German scientists, Prof. Arndt,
into english and published by Dr administration of the similar
an eminent biologist, and Prof.
William Boericke, 78 years after the remedy should be given rarely. He
Schultz, a leading pharmacologist,
death of Hahnemann, in 1921.[2][3] never repeated the dose until the
have studied the opposite effects
The most important changes from action of the former remedy ceased.
of drugs and have laid down their
the 5th edition, in relation to posology The single dose as well as the single
finding in what is called Arndt-
include modified guidelines on medicine continued to be his ideal for
Schultz law of pharmacological
dosage and repetition and method of many years thereafter. The similar
action. According to Arndt-Schultz
dynamisation.[2][3] Hahnemann from remedy needs to be administered
law, “small stimuli encourage life
very early came to entertain a strong constitutionally, singly and rarely.[3]
activity, strong stimuli tend to
aversion to the polypharmacy that impede it and very strong stimuli
prevalent in his time. In the essay, Discussion[1],[2],[4-8] are apt to stop or destroy it.”[2][4]
“are the obstacles to simplicity
• What does homoeopathic Dr Hahnemann was originator of
and certainty in practical medicine
posology means : the science of attenuation of drugs.
insurmountable?”, one of his main
point was the impossibility of A homoeopathic ‘dose’ means the After having learnt the effect of
obtaining definite results, unless particular preparation of medicine crude drugs described on irrational
remedies were given singly.[3] Our used, the quantity and form of that basis in the treatment of diseases,
‘Master Hahnemann’s only objection preparation as well as the number he found out the truth in medicine.
to local applications arouse from of administration of the medicine. His experiment with peruvian
their failing in most cases to cover In short, homoeopathic ‘dose’ bark led him to enunciate famous
the totality of the symptoms. When includes potency, quantity, form, action, “similia similibus curentur”.

12 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

He found that crude drug applied functions of the different organs is always a sub-physiological or sub-
on the law of similars resulted in or systems of our body, hence pathogenetic dose; that is, a dose so
violent reactions. His ever-searching the symptoms thus appearing small as not to produce pathogenetic
mind thought that of reducing the are known as physiological symptoms; for we desire, not to
drug substance which gave him symptoms.[1][7] produce more symptoms, but only
surprising result. Encouraged by 6.  Minimum dose: – “It is that to remove and obliterate symptoms
this experiment, he established his dose which is sufficient to already existing. It must also be
theory of minimum dose and drug overpower and annihilate given in a dose so small that it does
dynamisation.[2][5] The fundamentals the disease and capable of not produce a severe aggravation
of H.P are represented in the trinity producing slight homoeopathic of the already existing symptoms.
of : a single remedy, minimum dose, aggravation scarcely observable
[1][7]
The success of homoeopathic
and adequate repetition.[2][6] after its ingestion.” (§.280). It treatment depends to a great extent
is that amount of medicine, on the correct selection of the
Master Hahnemann in his ‘Organon potency and the requisite potency
which is though smallest in
of Medicine’ stated that a single, quantity produces the least should be selected considering the
simple remedy should be given at possible excitation of the vital susceptibility of the patient.[8]
a time. He also advised not to give force, and yet sufficient to
one remedy for one set of symptoms effect the necessary changes Discussion[2][7][9-15]
and another remedy for another set in it (§.246)[2]. It is not capable
of symptoms in the same individual Master Hahnemann in § 152 of
of producing symptoms when the Organon of Medicine, has given
(§ 272). It is wrong and useless to used therapeutically; and
administer a complex means while explicit directions of how the
causes only slight aggravation choice should be made from among
single means suffice (§ 273). If a (temporary) or intensification
single medicine is given strictly on the drugs which exhibit effects
of already existing symptoms stimulating those of the whole
homoeopathic principles, it renders but never produces new disease picture in hand, and how
efficient aid by itself alone (§ 274).[2] symptoms.[7] the final differentiation depends
• What are the possible types of • How doctrine of dosage is upon the individualistic or peculiar
doses : accompanying with law of symptoms. The interpretation of
1. Maximum dose:- It is the mutual action & third law of what constitute the striking or the
maximum or largest possible motion: singular symptom is left to the
amount of medicine, which can The homoeopathic doctrine of physician and his judgement, but
be taken at a time by an adult, dosage, like the law of cure, was it is elucidated through the seven
not harmful to human life.[1] based upon the discovery of the considerations, i.e. quis (changes of
2.  Lethal or fatal dose (also known opposite action of large and small the temperament and personality
as toxicological or narcotic doses of medicine. It is another of the patient), quid (nature and
dose): – It is such amount of application in medicine of, the Law of peculiarities of the disease), ubi
dose, which can cause death Mutual Action - the third Newtonian (seat of the disease), quibus auxiliis
of living being. The fatal dose law of motion- “Action and Reaction (concomitant symptoms), cur
of different substances may be are Equal and Opposite.” Everyone (cause), quomodo (modalities),
different, which depend upon at all acquainted with the action quando (time modality).[2][9][10]
their toxicity.[1] of drugs knows, for example, that Understanding of the rule that
Ipecac in large doses causes nausea govern the selection of the dose and
3. Booster dose: – A subsequent its repetition is possible only if the
dose given to enhance the and vomiting and in small doses,
under certain conditions, will cure physician has a firm understanding
action of initial dose.[1] of susceptibility and remedy reaction
the same; that Opium in large doses
4. Fractional or refractive or will cause a deep sleep or narcosis, and a good acquaintance with the law
divided dose: – It is fraction of arid in small doses, under certain, of dynamics[11]. The disease causes
a full dose, which is to be taken conditions, will cure the same.[1][7] are limited to show their ability, i.e.
at short intervals.[1] to cause any changes in health to
• Advantages of applying small certain states and conditions which
5. Physiological dose: –
dose in Homoeopathy: is called susceptibility.[12]There are
Physiological dose stimulates
the normal physiology or The homoeopathic dose, therefore, five considerations that influence

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 13

SUBJECTIVE

in the choice of the dose including Conclusion[6][15-16] 9. Boger CM. Boenninghausen’s Characteristics &
Repertory. New Delhi: B. jain publishers (P) Ltd;
the susceptibility of the patient; the 2020: p.viii-xiv.
seat of the disease; the nature and A fatal error prevails in many 10. Boenninghausen BCMFV. The Lesser Writings.
intensity of the disease; the stage quarters, for example, increasing New Delhi: B. jain publishers (P) Ltd; 2000.

and duration of the disease; the the size of the dose makes it more 11. Dhawale ML. Principles & Practice of
Homoeopathy. 4th ed. New Delhi: B. jain
homoeopathic. It is not clearly publishers (P) Ltd; 2018.
previous treatment of the disease.
evident that the attenuation should 12. Kent JT. Lectures on Homoeopathic Philosophy.
[7]
In order to cause a mild, certain New Delhi: Indian Books & Periodicals
be similar to the plane of the
and permanent cure, in regard Publishers; 2012:p108.
perversion, i.e. the disorder in the
to the selection of the remedy, 13. Dudgeon RE. Lectures on the Theory and
economy. Increasing the degree of Practice of Homoeopathy. New Delhi: B. jain
according to Hahnemann, resolves publishers (P) Ltd; 2019.
the potency may hasten the cure, but
itself into a purely empirical act, 14. Ruddock EH. The Stepping-stone to
it often increases the aggravation; Homoeopathy & Health. New Delhi: B. jain
an almost mechanical comparison diminishing the potency diminishes publishers (P) Ltd; 2002.
of the drug symptoms with the the homoeopathicity, and if the 15. Ganguly SN. Annotated Text of Hahnemann’s
Organon of Medicine. 5th ed. Shahdara: Birla
disease symptoms and the medicine quantity of the drug is increased, the Publications PVT. LTD; 2007.
found to be similar with respect to relation departs from the similar to 16. Kent J T. Lesser Writings. New Delhi: B. jain
symptoms of the disease is the most dissimilar, hence loses the curative
publishers (P) Ltd; 2004.

appropriate, the most homoeopathic power.[16] The smaller the dose of a

remedy. But it is not true that truly indicated medicine, the more
About the authors
all the symptoms are of equal gentle remedial effect is produced. 1. Dr Tamara Afroza
importance in guiding the selection [15]
The simillimum is the most Currently pursuing MD,
of the medicine; as described in §153 similar remedy corresponding to Hom. (Part - I) in Practice of
of Organon of Medicine, that it is the a case, covering the true totality of Medicine from The Calcutta
most striking, singular, uncommon, the symptoms and always curative. Homoeopathic Medical College
peculiar, or characteristic symptoms Also, in incurable cases, it is the & Hospital. B.H.M.S (Honours)
of the disease that are to be kept best possible palliative remedy. The from D.N.DE Homoeopathic
chiefly and most solely in view. selection of the simillimum involves Medical College and Hospital.
[13]
Homoeopathic treatment is not its administration singly, without Kolkata, WB.
only distinguished by its simple admixture of any other medicinal 2. Dr Biswajit Bera
evolution from facts, but also by substance. Alteration or rotation of
remedies sometimes leads away from Currently pursuing MD,
its simple exhibition of methods
accurate and definite knowledge Hom. (Part-II) in Practice of
of cure. Homoeopathy does not
of drug effects, and sooner or later Medicine from The Calcutta
necessarily mean a small dose, as
leads to polypharmacy.[6] Homoeopathic Medical
it is often erroneously supposed to College & Hospital. B.H.M.S
do; the term is intended to designate (Honours) from The Calcutta
a certain relation of medicine to References
1. Banerjee DD. Augmented Textbook of
Homoeopathic Medical College
disease, not a certain quantity of Homoeopathic Pharmacy. 2nd ed. New Delhi: B. & Hospital. Kolkata, WB.
the medicine. The small doses jain publishers (P) Ltd; 2004. p347-354.

administered in harmony with 2. Dudgeon RE, Boericke W. Organon of Medicine

by Samuel Hahnemann. 5th and 6th ed. New
the law of homoeopathy prove to Delhi: B. Jain publishers(P) Ltd; 2015.
be efficient because: firstly, they 3. Hughes R. The Principles & Practice of
Homoeopathy. New Delhi: B. jain publishers (P)
are exactly suited to the exalted Ltd; 2018: p.107,114,117.
susceptibility of the diseased part, 4. Roberts HA. The Principles and Art of Cure by
Homoeopathy. New Delhi: B. Jain publishers (P)
secondly, they act directly on the Ltd; 2013. 
part which requires to be influenced 5. Hahnemann S. The Chronic diseases, Their
and thirdly, because only one Peculiar Nature and Their Homoeopathic Cure.
New Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (p) Ltd; 2016.
remedy being administered at a 6. Boericke W. A Compend Of the Principles of
time, its action not interfered with Homoeopathy. New Delhi: B. jain publishers (P)
Ltd; 2019.
other drugs.[14] Homoeopathic
7. Close S. The Genius of Homoeopathy. New
selection is not enough for a gentle Delhi: B. Jain publishers (P) Ltd; 2004:p186,192.
cure. But the smallness of the dose is 8. Dey SP. Essentials of principles and practice of
homoeopathy. 4th ed. Kolkata: Published by Smt.
equally important.[15] A Bhattacharya; 2009.

14 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CASE SERIES

Sinusitis treated with homoeopathic biochemic

medicine: a case series
By Dr Anupam Kumar, Dr Gitanjali Mathur

Abstract: Sinusitis is defined as an inflammation of nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses for at least 12 weeks which may cause
nasal blockage or congestion, mucous discharge, facial pain or pressure, and/or impaired smell. Several factors have been found
to contribute to the disease, namely, insufficient ciliary motility, allergy, asthma, bacterial infection, and more rarely, morphological
anomalies, immune deficiencies. Various studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of homoeopathic treatment in cases
of sinusitis. Homoeopathic approach as per the totality of symptoms has given significant results in this area as well as a few
commonly therapeutically indicated medicines also have given good results.

Keywords: sinusitis, methodology, case series, homoeopathy.

Abbreviations: sinonasal outcomes test (SNOT-22), outpatient department (OPD), paranasal sinuses (PNS), thrice
a day (TDS)

Background: When a person has a cold or a blocked nose, the sinus opening also gets blocked. The mucus, thus,
remains in the sinus cavity, leaving the rest of the lining dry. As mucus accumulates, it may lead to swelling and
pus in the neighbouring areas of eyes and brain.[1,2]

Methodology Marked Mod- Mild Not sig- Status

improve- erate improve- nificant quo
Study design:– A randomised open labelled clinical ment improve- ment
study. ment
Brief of procedure – 75%- 50%-74% 25%-49% <25% 0%
100%

Outcome Assessment table

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION: On the basis of inclu-

sion/exclusion criteria because of predefined homoeo-
pathic medicine.

SINUSITIS CASE SERIES: Five cases of sinusitis treat-

ed with single predefined homoeopathic biochemic
medicine are presented. Sinusitis was assessed using
SNOT 22 (sino nasal outcome tool) score.[3]

Case 1:
Outcome Assessment:
A 36 years old married male patient, came to OPD
According to the scores obtained from the SNOT-22 scoring (OPD reg.no. 10521;dated – 16/11/18) with complaints
method, following formula was applied after calculating of sneezing with watery nasal discharge since 6 months.
before and after scores. Patient was apparentely well 6 months back then gradu-
ally he started developing complaints of coryza, nasal
discharge, redness of eyes and itching in the nose, with
heaviness in the forehead and abdomen.

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 15

CASE SERIES

Location Sensation Modalities Concomitants

• Sneezing in morning Itching in the nose. Aggravation - in sum- • Heaviness in forehead.
with nasal obstruc- mers • Sour eructation with
tion and watery mild pain in abdomen
nasal discharge. aggravated by pressure.
• Redness of eyes.

Presenting Complaints • Tongue:-coated tongue. PRESCRIPTION: Date: 16/11/18

PAST HISTORY: operated for Natrum muriaticum 6X/ 4 tablets /
CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL sinusitis 5 years back, at the age of TDS/ for 07 days
GENERALS: 25 years.
• Thermal reaction (relation to ADVISE: (supportive dietary
heat and cold): hot patient FAMILY HISTORY: father –
advice and accessory measures for
asthmatic.
• Desires/craving:- salty food management.)
• Aversion/dislikes:- sweets LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS: • Take steam inhalation.
• Thirst:-thirstlessness, without X-Ray PNS (16/11/18):– Revealed • Avoid cold and sour food
desire to drink. frontal and maxillary sinusitis. from the diet.

FOLLOW UP:

DATE SYMPTOMATOLOGY PRESCRIPTION

24/11/18 Sneezing in morning present. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS / 14 Days.
Watery nasal discharge reduced.
Redness of eyes slightly reduced.
09/12/18 Sneezing in morning gets reduced. Natrum muriaticum 6x / TDS / 7 days
Slight relief in nasal discharges.
Itching inside the nose.
17/12/18 Itching in the nose reduced. Rubrum 30 / TDS / 7 days.
Redness of the eyes becomes normal.
Nasal discharges present.
24/12/18 Sneezing in morning present but reduced. Rubrum 30 / TDS / 7days.
Nasal discharges reduced.
02/01/19 No Pain in abdomen.
Relief in Sneezing and nasal discharges. Rubrum 30 / TDS / 14days.
Redness and Itching in nose, eyes becomes normal.
16/01/19 Relief in all the complaints.
X-Ray findings- Normal Skiagram PNS Rubrum 30 / TDS / 7days.

Result – Marked Improvement

Pre Score – 90

Post Score – 50

16 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CASE SERIES

Case 2: watery nasal discharges, sneezing, and took allopathic medicine, af-
and cough without expectoration ter which he suffered from coryza
A 28 years old married male patient, since 8 months. Patient was appar- for which also he took allopathic
came to our OPD (OPD reg.no.10974; ently healthy 8 months back. Before medicines giving relief in coryza but
dated – 17/11/18) with complaints of that, he suffered from pneumonia cough started.

PRESENTING COMPLAINTS:

Location Sensation Modalities Concomitants

• Sneezing with watery Itching inside the nose. Aggravation- By dust, in Burning in throat.
nasal discharges, winters, in morning and
• Cough without expec- evening.
toration.
Amelioration - in sum-
mers.

CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL • Tongue :- mapped. Natrum muriaticum 6X /4 tablets/

GENERALS: TDS/ For 7 days
FAMILY HISTORY: Father – asth-
• Thermal reaction(relation to matic ADVISE (Supportive dietary advise
heat and cold): hot patient. and accessory measures for man-
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS: agement.)
• Desires/craving:- salty food X Ray PNS (17/11/18):- Revealed
• Intolerance to:- sunlight frontal and maxillary sinusitis. • Avoid cold and sour food
• Thirst:- drinks 3-4 litres of from the diet.
PRESCRIPTION: • Take steam inhalation.
water a day, in every 15
minutes interval. Date: 17/11/18

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 17

CASE SERIES

FOLLOW UP:

DATE SYMPTOMATOLOGY PRESCRIPTION

23/11/18 Sneezing present. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS / 7
Slight relief in cough. Days
Pain in facial region slightly decreases.
Frequency of sneezing reduced.

09/12/18 Watery nasal discharge becomes reduced. Rubrum 30 / TDS / 14 Days

Facial pain present but mild.
Nasal discharges stopped. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS / 7
17/12/18 Facial pain becomes mild. days
Placebo 30 / TDS / 7 days.
24/12/18 Slight relief in nasal obstruction.
Relief in sneezing also.
Cough relieved. Placebo 30 / TDS / 7 days.
02/1/19 Watery nasal discharges stopped.
Nasal obstruction becomes reduced.
No sneezing.
Nasal discharges absent. Placebo 30 / TDS / 7 days.
10/1/19 X-Ray findings-Normal Skiagram PNS

Result – Marked improvement

SNOT Pre Score – 85

SNOT Post Score – 50

18 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CASE SERIES

Case 3: sneezing. Patient was apparently for which he also took allopathic
healthy 6 months back.That time he medicines which gives relief in
A 55 years old married male patient,
suffered from recurrent headache coryza but dyspnoea and cough
came to our OPD ( reg.no.12501;on–
and took allopathic medicines and started.
04/01/19) with complaints of watery
nasal discharges, throat pain and after that he suffered from coryza

PRESENTING COMPLAINTS:

Location Sensation Modalities Concomitants

• Sneezing, watery nasal Itching inside the nose. Aggravation - By dust, in Pain in abdomen and
discharges, and throat winters, in morning and Headache.
pain evening.

CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL FAMILY HISTORY: Father – asth- Natrum muriaticum 6X/ 4 tablets/
GENERALS: matic TDS/ For 7 days

• Thermal reaction(relation to LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS: ADVISE (Supportive dietary advise

heat and cold): hot patient and accessory measures for man-
X Ray PNS (4/1/19):- Revealed left
agement.)
• Desires/craving:- salty food maxillary sinusitis.
• Avoid cold and Sour food
• Intolerance to:- cold air PRESCRIPTION: from the diet.
• Tongue :- white coated. Date: 04/01/19 • Take Steam inhalation.

FOLLOW UP:

DATE SYMPTOMATOLOGY PRESCRIPTION

11/01/19 Nasal obstruction present. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS / 7 Days
Slight relief in dyspnoea.
Headache slightly decreased. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS / 7 Days
20/01/19 Relief in dyspnoea.
Nasal obstruction reduced. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS / 7 days

28/01/19 Headache present but mild. Placebo 30 / TDS / 7 days.

Dyspnoea relieved.
Slight reduction in nasal obstruction. Placebo 30 / TDS / 7 days.
05/02/19 Nasal discharges stopped.
Headache and abdominal pain becomes mild.
13/02/19 Slight relief in nasal obstruction. Placebo 30 / TDS / 7 days.
Dyspnoea relieved.
Nasal obstruction becomes reduced.
20/02 /19 No Dyspnoea.
Nasal discharges absent.
X-ray Findings- Normal Skiagram PNS

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 19

CASE SERIES

Result – Marked improvement

SNOT Pre Score - 45

SNOT Post Score – 20

Case 4: nasal discharge and headache since which was recovered at that time
6 months. Patient was apparentely but now he suffered from other
A 35 years old married female
well 1 year back. At that time, she symptoms.
patient, came to our OPD (OPD
reg.no. 11614; dated – 4/2/19) with suffered from allergic bronchitis for
complaints of sneezing,with watery which he took allopathic medicines

PRESENTING COMPLAINTS:

Location Sensation Modalities Concomitants

• Sneezing with wa- Lethargic feeling. Aggravation- in morning. Constipation – stool not
tery nasal discharge. completely evacuated.
Amelioration- in daytime.
Buzzing in the ears.

CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL low, foul swelling. days

GENERALS: • Tongue: white coated ADVISE :(Supportive dietary
• Thermal reaction (relation FAMILY HISTORY: Mother died of advise and accessory measures for
to heat and cold): hot pa- tuberculosis. management.)
tient
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS: • Avoid cold and sour food.
• Desires/craving:- salty food X-Ray PNS (4/2/19):- Revealed left • Take steam inhalation
and sweets. maxillary sinusitis PRESCRIPTION:
• Intolerance to:- warm food. Date: 04/2/19
• Perspiration:- profuse, yel- Natrum muriaticum 6X/ TDS/for 07

20 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CASE SERIES

FOLLOW UP:

DATE SYMPTOMATOLOGY PRESCRIPTION

11/2/19 Sneezing present. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS / 7
Watery nasal discharge slightly reduced. days.
Constipation, present.

18/2/19 Heaviness in the head reduced. Rubrum 30 /TDS / 7days

Stool passes out without much straining.
Nasal discharges reduced.
25/2/19 Drowsiness relieved. Rubrum 30 /TDS / 14 days

5/3/19 Staus quo. Natrum muriaticum 6X /

TDS/7days.

12/3/19 Headache relieved.

Rubrum / TDS / 7 days.
Relief in constipation.
Watery nasal discharges not present.
19/3/19 Sneezing also relieved.
Rubrum 30 / TDS / 7 days
Relief in the general conditions of the patient.
X-Ray findings- Normal Skiagram PNS

Result – Marked improvement

Pre Score – 60 , Post Score –30

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 21

CASE SERIES

Case 5: sneezing with watery nasal medicines due to which coryza

discharge since 7 months. Patient suppressed but urticaria appears
A 32 years old married female
was apparentely well 7 months back. on whole body with itching and
patient, came to our OPD (OPD
At that time, she only suffered from recurrence of coryza was also there.
reg.no.11958; dated – 15/2/19) with
complaints of nasal obstruction, coryza for which she took allopathic

PRESENTING COMPLAINTS:

Location Sensation Modalities Concomitants

• Nasal obstruction • Itching in the nose. Aggravation- in morning, • Burning in throat, sour
along with sneezing • Throbbing pain in at the time of farming. eructation.
and watery nasal forehead. • Urination by Sneezing.
discharge since 7 • Backache.
months. • Aggravation- by bend-
• Pain in forehead. ing forward, motion.
• Heaviness on face.

CHARACTERISTIC PHYSICAL tongue.:- white coated LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS:

GENERALS: • Stool (character and fre- X-Ray PNS(15/2/19) – Revealed left
• Thermal reaction (relation quency):- hard stool with maxillary sinusitis.
to heat and cold): hot pa- much straining. PRESCRIPTION:
tient FAMILY HISTORY: Father- hyper- Date: 15/2/19
• Desires/craving:-sour things tensive Natrum muriaticum 6X/ TDS/ 07 Days
• Aversion/dislikes:-tomato MENSTRUAL HISTORY:- Early ADVISE:- Avoid taking cold, sour
menses. Dark red, itching during and extra salt in the diet.
• Intolerance to:- hot food menses. Leucorrhoea, foul smelling.
• Tongue in the middle of Obstetric history: G2P2A0

FOLLOW UP:

DATE SYMPTOMATOLOGY PRESCRIPTION

22/2/19 Itching inside the nose present but sneezing reduced. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS/ 7days
Watery nasal discharge present.
Itching with thick nasal discharges slightly reduced,
2/3/19 but nasal obstruction present. Rubrum 30 / TDS/14days
Relief in hard, straining stool as well.
Status quo.
16/3/19 Itching reduced. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS/ 7days
23/3/19 Nasal obstruction reduced. Rubrum 30 / TDS/ 7days
Slight heaviness feeling on the face.
30/3/19 Relief in heaviness on face. Natrum muriaticum 6X / TDS/ 14 days
Nasal disharges absent.
Headache present with nasal obstruction.
Nasal obstruction relieved. Rubrum 30 / TDS/ 7days
8/4/19 Headache also relieved.
X-Ray findings- Normal Skiagram PNS

22 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CASE SERIES

Result – Marked improvement

Pre Score - 55
Post Score –20

Conclusion References john-henry-clarke/index

6. Boericke W. The Twelve tissue remedies of
Schussler. (cited 10-5-2018) [Internet] Available
Natrum muriaticum assumes the 1. Itzhae B. Chronic Sinusitis.Medscape [Internet]
from: books.google.com
April 2020 [cited 2020 May06]; Available
natural homoeopathic remedy for from:emedicinr.medscape.com/Article/232791-
7. Homoeopathy and Sinusitis. [Internet]
sinus infections when sneezing, overview#a7.
(cited 06/05/2020) Available from : https://
fluent nasal discharge, with pressure 2. Dhingra PL, and Dhingra S. Diseases Of EAR, homoeopathic.com>homoeopathy and sinusitis.
NOSE and THROAT. 5th ed. Gurgaon: Elsevier,
in the nose accompanies with sinus 2012;p.208-209.
inflammation.[4,5,6] 3. Crump RT1, Lai E2, Liu G2, Janjua A3, Sutherland About the authors
JM2 Establishing utility values for the 22-item
In this study 34 cases were taken
Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) using a Dr ANUPAM KUMAR,
crosswalk to the EuroQol-five-dimensional
by random allocation sampling questionnaire-three-level version (EQ-5D-3L). Ph.D., M.D. (Hom.) PROFESSOR,
(cited 06-5-2018)[Internet] Available from: https:// Homoeopathy University, Jaipur.
methods. Paired sample t-test result, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182331
to assess the effect of homoeopathic 4. Boericke W.,BOERICKE’s Pocket Manual Dr GITANJALI MATHUR,
medicine on sinusitis post treatment Of Homeopathic MATERIA MEDICA With
REPERTORY. Reprinted. New Delhi: B. Jain M. D. (Part II), Homoeopathic
compared to pre treatment by SNOT Publishers, 1996. Philosophy,
– 22 score analysis. Lower score 5. Clarke JH, A Dictionary of Practical Materia
Homoeopathy University, Jaipur.
Medica by John Henry Clarke (cited 05-5-
indicates sinusitis improved by 2018) [Internet] Available from: https://www.
Natrum muriaticum. materiamedica.info/en/materia-medica/ 

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 23

CASE STUDY
ARTICLE

“Perceiving individual disease, simillimum and the

posology: a case study on benign paroxysmal
positional vertigo”
By Dr Yogesh D Niturkar

Abstract:
Introduction: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an inner ear disorder in which any positional change of head leads
to sudden vertigo, i.e. a feeling that the room is spinning. The impact can range from a mild annoyance to a highly debilitating
condition, and can affect risk of function, safety, and fall. The sense of losing equilibrium can result into medical shopping by the
“SICK” for the sake of “CURE.” The below mentioned case demonstrates the scope of homoeopathy against the allopathic mode
of treatment by a physician and an ENT specialist showcasing the journey of patient from IPD to OPD without any sigh of relief.

Keywords: audiology, BPPV, Phosphorus, simillimum, susceptibility, posology.

Abbreviations: BPPV - Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, IPD – inpatient department, OPD – outpatient de-
partment, ENT – ear, nose, throat, Fr – frequency, M.A. – Master of Arts, Tab. – tablet, sos - si opus sit, ICD – Inter-
national Classification of Diseases, O/E – on examination.

Introduction individual disease, selection of the of vertigo. The physician admitted

simillimum on the basis of totality her for 24 hours observation in or-

B enign paroxysmal positional

vertigo (BPPV) is the most
common peripheral vestibular end-
of symptoms and administering the
medicine in the required dosage.
The selection of the dose is as much
der to evaluate her hypertension
and vertigo. She was discharged
from the hospital with routine pre-
organ disease. It is characterised an integral part of the process of scription which didn’t give any re-
by a sudden, transient gyratory making a homoeopathic prescription lief to the patient so she consulted to
sensation which is accompanied by as the selection of the remedy, and an ENT specialist. Audiology was
often quite as important. According done and the case was diagnosed
characteristic nystagmus. Symptoms
to Jahr, in a given case, where the to have BPPV. Now the case was
are provoked by positional changes
symptoms are not clearly developed diagnosed but the treatment was
of the head with respect to gravity and there is an absence or scarcity not helping. Patient did her medi-
and can range in severity from of characteristic features; or where cal shopping from 13/4/18 to 24/4/18
mild dizziness to debilitating two or three remedies seem about without any relief and finally she
episodes that may induce nausea equally indicated, susceptibility and stopped allopathic medicines and
or vomiting, and significantly reaction may be regarded as low. We opted for homoeopathic treatment.
hinder daily functioning. [1] BPPV give, therefore, the remedy which After going through the brief history
has psychosocial consequences in seems most similar, in a low (third of her complaints and the allopathic
terms of medical consultations, to twelfth) potency. But, when most prescriptions, physician decided to
interruption in daily activities, sick symptoms of a case clearly indicate take her chronic case along with the
leaves (work absenteeism). The one remedy, whose characteristic acute case, in order to understand
symptoms correspond closely to the remedy relationship and the need of
association between BPPV and
characteristic symptoms of the case, a deep acting constitutional remedy.
depression, anxiety and diminished
we give the high potencies - thirtieth,
quality of life has been shown in two hundredth, thousandth, or
several studies. [2] higher, according to the prescriber’s Case study
BPPV and its underlying degree of confidence and the Preliminaries: Date: ►
psychosocial consequences can contents of his medicine case. [3] 24/04/18►Name: CBR ►Age:47
be managed with homoeopathic Background: Patient went to allo- years ►Gender: Female ►Religion:
treatment. It needs perceiving of the pathic physician for her complaints Hindu ►Education: MA ►Occupa-

24 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CASE STUDY
ARTICLE

tion: House wife ►Marital Status: Married ►Husband: Private tuition Teacher ►Diet: Veg ►Children: No issue
►Address: Sitaram Nagar, Latur ►Native: Hyderabad

Chief Complaint:

Location Sensation Modalities Accompaniments

EarInnersemicircular Vertigo as if everything < Morning 2
Fear of being alone3
canals of the vestibular around her is moving2 < Head movement2
labyrinth No tinnitus < Standing or sitting
Onset: Since 10 days No deafness posture2 even without any
Fr: Daily No vomiting/nausea head movement
Intensity: Moderate > By rest3
Duration: Till the effect of al- > Head at standstill3
lopathic medicine or till she > Closing/opening eyes3
takes rest
Pace: Status quo

►Family history (F/H): Father, mother and brother - hypertension

►Past history (P/H): hysterectomy, hypertension

Physical generals: ►Appearance: stocky ►Perspiration: normal ►Appetite: normal ►Cravings: milk products2
►Aversion: onion2 ►Thirst: normal ►Sleep: normal ►Dreams: anxious feels better after waking3 ► Stool: nor-
mal ►Urine: normal ►Sexual function: normal ►Thermal state: chilly

Life space: Patient is from her M.A., she got married. Her socialisation. She is health conscious
Hyderabad and belongs to a well husband is private tuition teacher. and gets worried with minute
to do family. Her childhood and Ten years back, they came to Latur ailments. She is calm, emotional, and
educational period was uneventful. with reference of a friend and shy by nature. She likes reading and
Parents were well educated and started private IIT foundation watching television serials. She took
provided everything as per the need tuition classes. Within a short span, lots of treatment for her infertility
of the hour. Since childhood she her husband became famous and but later on stopped it as she didn’t
used to be anxious on small issues. a known figure in Latur. Patient conceive. Patient and her husband
She played only with her siblings occasionally helps her husband in accepted the fact and moved ahead
and had preferred to be within her administration work. She prefers in their life. Occasionally, patient
comfort zone. After completing to be at home with minimum becomes emotional on not having a

Discharge card

Dr SK (DM)
DOA: 13/4/18
DOD: 14/4/18
Clinical diagnosis:
HTN
Giddiness?
Vertigo
Chest pain
Prescription
Tab. Vertin 16
Tab. Tigatel 40
Tab. Prolomet AM 50

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 25

CASE STUDY
ARTICLE

child but later on neglects about it. min, blood pressure: 130/80 mm Systemic examination (S/E): Central
Hg, weight: 58 kg. nervous system: Nothing abnormal
Examination findings: General
appearance: Short stature, stocky No nystagmus. detected. Cardiovascular system:
built, well dressed in a typical south normal. Respiratory system: clear.
Indian attire. Afebrile, pulse: 84/ Romberg’s test: positive Per abdomen: soft.

Dr SM (ENT)
Date: 19/4/18

Clinical diagnosis:
BPPV

Prescription Tab.
Vertin 16

SOS - Tab. Stemetil

5mg (if vertigo
increases)

Audiology report:

Normal

Case processing concomitant, anxiety; Chronic: pathology and moderate level

• Disease diagnosis: benign sycosis: anxiety, indolence, of susceptibility)
paroxysmal positional vertigo reserved nature, infertility, and • Repetition: infrequently [6]
(BPPV) ICD- 10 CM: H81.10[4] hypertension.
• Repertorial totality of symptoms
• Hahnemannian classification • Susceptibility: moderate
of disease: acute [5] • Sensitivity: high
• Miasmatic considerations: • Correspondence: total:
Acute: psora: functional simillimum
pathology and at mind level • Potency: 200 (functional
fear of being alone as a mental

26 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CASE STUDY
ARTICLE

Acute:

Phosphorus: 11/3 (Chilly), Pulsatilla nigricans 10/3 (Hot), Causticum: 9/3 (Chilly)

Chronic:

Phosphorus: 28/8 (Chilly), Sulphur: 22/7 (Hot), Calcarea carbonicum: 21/7 (Chilly)

Phosphorus was a well indicated (fundamental miasm) at bedtime and awaited reaction.
remedy in this case as it was • Overall reactivity at mind and Patient was called after 8 days.
predominantly covering sector body was seen. Follow up: 2/5/18: No vertigo. No
and dispositional totality, i.e. fear of being alone. No complaints.
• Susceptibility was of moderate
acute and chronic. The final She was going out of station to attend
degree.
selection of remedy is Phosphorus. marriage at her native place. As she
The confronting question was • Sector totality was same in spite
was going alone and will stay there
whether to give Phosphorus in a of allopathic medication, i.e. for 1 month, she was having anxi-
single dose or repeated doses. there was no suppression. ety about recurrence of complaints.
The below mentioned conceptual • General vitality was good. Patient complimented by saying,
understanding helped to select the • Correspondence (simillimum) “Doctor you have restored my bal-
appropriate dosage: at acute and chronic level was ance.” O/E – Blood pressure: 110/80
total. mm Hg. Romberg’s test - negative.
• Acute was having a striking
and characteristic mental • Phosphorus is having a tendency Action: Phosphorus 200/single dose
concomitant. to increase vitality or any once in 15 days.
• Pathology of acute disease was genuine stimulation of function.
[7] 6/6/18: No complaints. O/E – nothing
functional with reversible nature abnormal detected. Action: Placebo.
having psora as dominant Therefore, based upon this
miasm, whereas the nature of understanding first prescription was
chronic disease was of sycosis given Phosphorus 200/single dose
August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 27
CASE STUDY
ARTICLE

Conclusion References Revised and enlarge edition. New Delhi: B Jain

Publishers (P) Ltd. 2014.
1. You P, Instrum R, Parnes L. Benign paroxysmal
Homoeopathy is having scope positional vertigo. Laryngoscope investigative
About the author
in the management of functional otolaryngology. 2019 Feb;4(1):116-23.

diseases with reference to BPPV 2. Von Brevern M, Radtke A, Lezius F, Feldmann Dr YOGESH D. NITURKAR MD
M, Ziese T, Lempert T, Neuhauser H.
where allopathic treatment seems Epidemiology of benign paroxysmal positional (Hom) ICR, Mumbai
vertigo: a population based study. Journal of
ineffective. The selection of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2007 Author has been practicing
homoeopathic dose as per the sector Jul 1;78(7):710-5. Classical Homeopathy at Mathura
and dispositional totality enhances 3. http://homeoint.org/books4/close/chapter13.htm Homeopathic Clinic Latur, and he
better patient outcome. 4. https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/
H60-H95/H80-H83/H81-/H81.13
is author of many homeopathic
Acknowledgement: Author would 5. Hahnemann S. Organon of Medicine. Noida: B articles. He is Assistant Professor
like to acknowledge Dr Sunil Bhalin- Jain Publishers; 2004. in Department of Organon of
ge for his expert opinion on correla- 6. Dhawale ML. ICR Symposium Volume on Medicine and Philosophy at V. K.
Hahnemannian Totality. 3rd ed. Mumbai: Dr M
tion between simillimum and the L Dhawale Memorial Trust; 2003. Homoeopathic Medical College and
repetition strategy in acute case. 7. Farrington E. A. Clinical Materia Medica. 4th Hospital, Latur.



• This book is the result of the author’s rich clinical

experience. He went out of his way to describe the
condition of each child in as much detail as possible,
making it very easy for readers to understand and
apply this knowledge in their clinic.
• The narration of cases is presented with gestures
and mimicry that for us 'bring the patient to life'.
• The condition of each child is given in as much
detail as possible, making it very easy for readers
to understand and apply this knowledge in their
clinical practice.
• All the rubrics are taken from Synthesis Repertory
and Complete Repertory.

ISBN: 978-81-319-1804-3 | ` 595 | 192 pp

28 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH REVIEW

Fifty millesimal potencies - an overview

By Aditya Pareek, Nitika Pareek, Chaturbhuja Nayak

Abstract: Fifty millesimal potencies are a radical and remarkable innovation by Hahnemann in his final years. However, due to their
delayed publication and circulation, there has been some reluctance by the homoeopathic fraternity for their large-scale use. This
paper explores the origin of this new scale of potencies; presents the discrepancies in their nomenclature and an overview of the
advantages and limitations of their use. A study of the success stories of stalwarts who had employed this scale in their clinical
practise makes a case for their wider promotion and use by the pharmaceutical industry as well as practitioners of homoeopathy.

Keywords: Fifty millesimal potencies, Q potencies, LM potencies, 6th edition of Organon of Medicine, merits,
limitations
Abbreviations: LM potency – fifty millesimal potency

Introduction used for fifty millesimal potencies. millesimal potencies in early ho-
This variation is not just between moeopathic literature:

I t was in the process of re-

learning, re-proving, re-checking
and evolving that Hahnemann
countries and regions but also within
countries. This is also the case with Divisions infinitesimals
the symbols used to denote it.
discovered the fifty-millesimal This was the term used when
The two commonly used names are fifty millesimal potencies were
potencies. As Hahnemann learnt
“LM potency” and “Q potency”. mentioned for the very first time
more about the vitality and the
in a letter written by Hahnemann’s
action of dynamised drugs became
LM potency wife Melanie to Boenninghausen in
clearer with use – he felt certain
French in the mid 1850s.2
developmental needs in the This is the most commonly used
process of dynamisation. As it is name in the Indian sub-continent
said, “necessity is the mother of and Latin America. This was New dynamisation method
invention”, so was the case with fifty popularized by Rudolf Flury of This term was used when
millesimal potencies. There were Switzerland. In Roman numerals, Hahnemann first referred to fifty
several practical ‘necessities’ that the numeral ‘L’ stands for 50 and millesimal potencies in the 6th
indicated a need to work further on the numeral ‘M’ stands for 1000. edition of Organon of Medicine. The
improving the action of dynamised However, this name is technically first such mention is in footnote 1 of
medicines in terms of depth of incorrect as ‘LM’, when written aphorism 132.
action, absence of aggravation, together, indicates 950 and not
shortening the time taken for action 50,000. HISTORY OF FIFTY MILLESI-
and an earlier possibility of changing MAL POTENCIES
the medicines. The question of dose, Q potency The history of fifty millesimal poten-
repetition of remedy and even ‘Q’ stands for “quinquaginta cies can be best understood in two
succussion were issues already milia” in latin which means 50,000 parts:
discussed in Hahnemann’s articles (Quinquaginta stands for fifty and • Before publication of the 6th
and essays, during the last ten years milia stands for thousand). Thus, edition of Organon of Medicine
he lived in Germany. This articles this name is technically correct. (19th century)
aims to provide a quick overview However, in the Indian sub-
of various facets of fifty millesimal continent, ‘Q’ is incorrectly used to • After publication of the 6th
scale of potentisation. denote mother tinctures. The correct edition of Organon of Medicine
way to denote mother tinctures is to (20th century)
NOMENCLATURE
use ‘ϕ’ (phi). Before publication of 6th Edition of
Currently, there are several names Other terms used to denote fifty Organon of Medicine

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 29

RESEARCH REVIEW

There is consensus among However, the publication of the dynamization, put in a second new
homoeopathic historians and 6th edition did not bring the LM vial (with a drop of water in order
researchers who have studied potencies to the forefront. Neither to dissolve it) and then with 100
Hahnemann’s practice in Paris that Boericke nor Haehl refer to the powerful succussions. With this
his new method of potentisation significance of this new method in alcoholic medicinal fluid globules
was only known to him and his the introduction to their respective are again moistened, spread upon
wife, Melanie. He did not make the editions. Astonishingly, for upto 20 blotting paper and dried quickly,
method public and was intending years after the publication of the 6th put into a well-stoppered vial and
to do so only in the 6th edition of the edition, LM potencies did not gain protected from heat and sun light
Organon of Medicine. spotlight. and given the sign (II) of the second
potency & so on.”5
The communication he had The credit of re-discovering the
with Boenninghausen through LM potencies goes to the swiss
letters in the year 1853 in the last physician, Dr Rudolf Flury.2 He DISPENSING AND ADMINIS-
TRATION
few weeks of his life indicated made his own medicines in LM
that there was something very potencies as no manufacturer
The medicine is dispensed by taking
significant he intended to bring prepared such potencies and used
one poppy seed pellet and placing it
to the world with the 6th edition of only LM potencies in his practise.
in a 100 ml bottle. The bottle is then
the Organon of Medicine. He even He presented numerous papers on
filled to the neck with purified water
sent Boenninghausen two cases the method of their preparation, use
and 15 drops of rectified spirit are
attached to this letter. However, and clinical success.
added. The bottle is succussed ten
Boenninghausen was unable to
times and provided to the patient.
personally clarify the changes
PREPARATION The patient is advised to give 10
intended before Hahnemann’s
downward strokes to the bottle
death. Boenninghausen in his A detailed description of how
against the palm of his hand or a
subsequent writings praised higher Hahnemann made the Q- potencies
leather-bound book. The number
dilutions but never wrote anything can be found in aphorism 270
of succussions, is adjusted to the
directly about Q potencies.2 of the 6th edition of Organon of
sensitivity level of the patient,
Medicine with the relevant footnotes
However, in one of his later articles, typically 4 to 10 times. The patient
-“in order to best obtain this
he clearly mentions: is supposed to pour one teaspoon
development of power, a small part
from the bottle into a cup with
of the substance to be dynamized,
“The immortal Hahnemann, ….. 100ml water, stir it well and take
say one grain, is triturated for three
in the last years of his life, had one teaspoon (5ml) as the daily
hours with three times one hundred
accordingly for some time followed, dose. The patient begins with LM1,
grains sugar of milk up to the one-
in the preparation of his remedies and typically for 2 weeks then moves on
millionth part in powder form. One
in his doses, a method different from to LM2, then LM3.
grain of this powder is dissolved in
that which he had recommended to
500 drops of a mixture of one part Dr Hari Mohan Choudhary, one of
the public in his former works; the
of alcohol and four parts of distilled the stalwarts of Homoeopathy in
modifications then introduced he
water, of which one drop is put in a India, has mentioned the following
intended to publish to the world in
vial. To this are added 100 drops of procedure for dispensing and
the last edition of his Organon.”
pure alcohol and given one hundred administration of fifty millesimal
strong succussions with the hand potencies:
After the publication of the 6th edi- against a hard but elastic body. This
tion of Organon of Medicine: is the medicine in the first degree of “Fill up 3/4th parts of the 4 oz. vial
The 6 edition of Organon of
th dynamization with which 500 small with purified or distilled water. Put
Medicine was translated by William sugar globules which can absorb therein 15 to 20 drops of alcohol for
Boericke and Richard Haehl. one drop of the medicine may then preservation. Put 7 equal marks on
William Boericke’s translation was be moistened and quickly spread it. Now put therein only one No. 10
published by ‘Boericke and Tafel’ on blotting paper to dry and kept globule of 1st potency (LM/1) or 2nd
whereas Richard Haehl’s edition in a well corked vial with the sign or 3rd potency (i.e. , LM/2 or LM/3)
was published by Willimar Schwabe of (I) degree of potency. Only one of your selected medicine, crushing
in 1921. globule of this is taken for further it with sugar of milk. Now this

30 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH REVIEW

medicinal solution is ready for use. 6. As the action is quick, medicine He greatly patronised the Q
The aforesaid medicinal solution selection can be judged in a potencies. He increased the Q
of 7 doses of the lowest degrees of much lesser time. potency by 2 stages when treating
dynamization is to be well succussed 7. No antidote is required if the chronic patients. In his articles
8, 10 or 12 times as necessary, before the medicine is wrongly published in homoeopathic journals,
use. Then take one dose in a clean administered.5 he also mentioned other application
glass and put again 4 oz of pure methods, such as giving one globule
8. Poisonous medicinal
drinking water in it and stir it well of the indicated medicine on the
substances can be used safely in
with a tea-spoon. Then take one tongue.
this scale and can be repeated
dose (one or several tea-spoonfuls)
without fear of toxicity.5 Mathias Dorsci: In chronic diseases,
out of it. This is the first dose. Throw
away the rest. All subsequent doses LIMITATIONS OF FIFTY MIL- he gave the LM6 for 5 weeks and then
are to be taken in this way.” LESIMAL POTENCIES switched over to LM12, followed
by LM30 potency. He always
The below mentioned limitations
However, there is still no unanimity started with LM6 and used to give
have been experienced by the
among homoeopathic physicians 5 drops on the tongue. However, he
authors in their clinical practice.
about the most suitable method admitted that it was impractical for
for dispensing and administering many of his patients.2
the fifty millesimal potencies. Dr 1. Patients’ compliance is poor
Ramanlal Patel, one of the foremost and challenging.2 Pierre Schmidt: He used Q potencies
authorities on this subject in India 2. Limited medicines are readily only with patients who were also
has mentioned the following available in fifty millesimal using allopathic drugs, for example,
possible methods: potencies with manufacturers. anti-epileptics.

1. Preparation of one dose in 2 3. Limited fifty millesimal Tyler and Borland: M L Tyler and
grains of sugar of milk using 2 potencies are readily available. Weir Borland, the famous physicians
pills(no. 10) of selected potency 4. Amount of water needed to be at the Royal London Homoeopathic
of medicine in cases of chronic dissolved with medicine and Hospital, felt that Hahnemann’s
diseases. number of succussions needed new method of potentisation was
2. Dissolve 1 or 2 pills of selected is still not well established. being misinterpreted. According to
medicine in one ounce of water 5. There is no clarity on how them, Hahnemann was only trying
and ask the patient to take a to administer intercurrent to explain the “plussing method” of
teaspoon at prescribed interval. remedies using fifty millesimal the centesimal potencies.2
3. Dissolve 2 pills of selected scale as may be needed in RESEARCH UPDATES
potency in one ounce of water treatment of multi miasmatic
A number of good quality research
and ask the patient to take cases.
papers related to the use of fifty
half ounce in the morning RECEPTION BY FRATERNITY – millesimal potencies have been
and half ounce in the evening STALWARTS’ VIEWS published, a few of which are
after stirring in cases with no Adolf Voegli (1898-1993): He mentioned below.
immediate danger. was one of the important patrons
• A clinical review of cases over
MERITS OF FIFTY MILLESIMAL who popularized LM potencies.
15 years by A Brazilian group
POTENCIES He stated, “In thousands of tests,
of doctors headed by U C
I had to convince myself that the
1. No violent reaction is produced Adler concluded the use of LM
50 millesimal potencies achieve
by Vital force following the potencies to be the more efficient
much stronger and longer lasting
administration of medicine.9 method;
curative effects than the centesimal
2. Quick Action. potencies.” He called them • A multicentric exploratory
“insubstantial biological energy clinical study conducted by
3. Repetition is possible and
units”.2 CCRH concluded that LM
recommended.5
potencies are more effective
4. Can be safely used in hyper Jost Kunzli (1915-1992): He was than centesimal potencies in
sensitive persons.10 a very influential teacher and pain management of cervical
5. No worry of over dosing.9 practitioner in Europe. spondylosis;

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 31

RESEARCH REVIEW

• Another placebo controlled 5. Hahnemann S. Organon of Links. 2005; 18: 87-91

randomized trial conducted Medicine. Translated from the 16. Nayak C, Singh V, Gupta J,
by CCRH revealed that LM fifth edition by R E Dudgeon, Ali MS, Pal R, Arya MD, et al.
potencies were more effective with additions and alterations Homoeopathic Individualized
than placebo in managing as per sixth edition translated LM-Potencies Versus
haemorrhoidal pain; by William Boericke. New Centesimal Potencies For
• A multicentric RCT conducted Delhi B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd; Pain Management Of Cervical
by CCRH revealed LM potencies 2002. Spondylosis: A Multicenter
to be as effective as centesimal 6. Haehl R. Samuel Hahnemann: Prospective Randomized
potencies in symptomatic His Life and Work, Vol. 2 New Exploratory Clinical Study,
uterine fibroids; Delhi B. Jain Publishers, reprint Indian Journal of Research in
ed.1992. Homoeopathy 2012 6(4): 16-23
THE WAY AHEAD 7. Boenninghausen CV. The Lesser 17. Chakraborty PS, Roja V,
• Standardisation of the Writings: The Use of High Majumdar AK, Banoth K,
preparation and administration Attenuations In Homoeopathic Prasad S, Ghosh MS, et al.
of fifty millesimal potencies. Practice, E-Book Radar Opus, Homoeopathic LM potencies for
• Manufacture of a wider range of Page 170 acute attacks of haemorrhoidal
medicines; 8. Banerjee DD. Augmented disease, Indian Journal of
Textbook of Homoeopathic Research in Homoeopathy 2013
• Proving of medicines in fifty
Pharmacy, second ed New 7(2): 72.
millesimal potencies vis-a-vis
conventional provings; Delhi B Jain publishers 2006. 18. Oberai P, Indira B, Roja V, Rath
• Efficacy of homoeopathic 9. Choudhary H. 50 Millesimal P, Sharma B, Soren A, et al.
medicines in centesimal scale potency in Theory and Practice. A Multicentric Randomized
vis-a-vis fifty millesimal scale in 3rd ed. New Delhi. B Jain Clinical Trial Of Homoeopathic
different clinical conditions. Publishers. 2014 Medicines In Fifty Millesimal
Potencies Vis‐À ‐Vis Centesimal
• Addressing the above issues 10. Patel R P. My Experiments with
Potencies On Symptomatic
will ensure wider popularity 50 Millesimal Scale Potencies.
Uterine Fibroids. Indian J Res
and use of fifty millesimal 5th Ed. Kottayam. Hahnemann
Homoeopathy 2016;10:24‐35.
potencies among homoeopathic Homoeopathic Pharmacy. 1986
physicians.
11. Patil SR, Lucas PJ. A Study of LM About the author
Scale Potency in Homoeopathic 1. Dr Aditya Pareek
References Practice. Journal of Medical and
Pharmaceutical Innovation; 8 Consultant Physician and
1. Schmidt J M. History and Director – Pareek Hospital,
relevance of the 6th edition (38) 2021; 15-22
Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
of the Organon of Medicine 12. Schepper L De, LM potencies:
(1842). British Homoeopathic one of the hidden treasures of 2. Dr Nitika Pareek
Journal. 1994; 93: 42 – 48. the sixth edition of the Organon, Consultant Pediatrician and
2. Jutte R. The LM Potencies in British Homoeopathic Journal Director – Pareek Hospital,
Homoeopathy English ed. 1999; 88: 128-134. Agra (U.P.), Uttar Pradesh,
Stuttgart. Institut fur Geschichte 13. Kunzli F J. Die in India
der Medizin der Robert Bosch quagintamillesimal potenzen, 3. Dr Chaturbhuja Nayak
Stiftung; 2008. ZKH 1960 (4): 47-56 Former Director General,
3. Fournier D. LM or Q? 14. Schmidt P. The Hidden Central Council for Research in
Homœopathic Links Autumn Treasures Of The Last Organon. Homoeopathy, under Ministry
2007; 20: 155 – 161. British Homoeopathic Journal of AYUSH, Govt. of India,
4. Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia 1954 44: 134-156. New Delhi and President,
of India, Volume 1, New Delhi, 15. Adler UC, Cesar AT, Adler MS, Homoeopathy University,
Ministry of Health and Family Alves A, Garozzo EN, Galhardi Jaipur, Rajasthan
Welfare, Government of India, WMP, Padula AE, et al. LM or
2003 Q Potencies ± Homoeopathic 

32 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

A narrative review on different aspects of

homoeopathic posology
By Dr Poulamy Singha Roy, Dr Saleema Naaz Tabassum,
Dr Siddharth Kumar Das, Dr Trishita Basu

Abstract: Homoeopathic posology is the doctrine of doses of homoeopathic medicine. In homoeopathy, potentised medicines are
used following the law of similia similibus curentur. The principle, the remedy, and the dose are three essential aliments of this
system. This article discusses the various concept of homoeopathic posology, types of doses, and administration of doses.

Keywords: Homoeopathy, posology, potency, the doctrine of dose, repetition of dose.

Introduction at the end which is the exact scarcely ever be made so small
opposite in nature3. that it shall not able to relieve,

P osology originated from the

Greek word ‘posos’ – mean how
much, and ‘logos’- mean study. By
• Aphorism 130- Hahnemann
advises here to give a single
overpower, indeed cure and
annihilate the uncomplicated
dose in drug proving to obtain natural disease of not long-
posology, we mean the science or the effect in primary activities as standing is analogous to it.”3
doctrine of dosage1. Homoeopathic well as secondary action3. • Doses about chronic diseases
posology includes potency, quantity,
• Doses in relation with drug • Aphorism 161- Hahnemann
form, and number of administration
proving advises to give smaller to
of the medicine. The selection of
• Aphorism 131- Hahnemann gradually higher doses with
the dose is as much an integral
says here, if we give multiple renewed dynamisation. Such
part of the process of making a
doses during drug proving then will increase the original
homeopathic prescription as the
we will not be able to get a clear symptoms towards the end of
selection of the remedy, and often the recovery.3
picture.3
quite as important. A well-selected
• Aphorism 137- Hahnemann • Strength of doses in
remedy may fail utterly, or even do
compares here effects of homoeopathic use
injury, because of the wrong dosage.
Dose, as well as a remedy, must be moderate and large doses. • Aphorism 275- If we
adjusted to the patient’s need1. Moderate doses will give the give too large doses be it
symptoms in the pure form homoeopathically chosen for
Various concept about homoeo- whereas large doses will give the the morbid state, it will only be
pathic posology: symptoms in an intermingled injurious to one health.3
Hahnemannian concept: way.3 • Aphorism 276- Larger doses
• Aphorism 128- Give daily from with higher potencies causes
• Discussion about posology
four to six very small globules more harm to the morbid state.3
in Hahnemann’s Organon of
of 30th potentized dilution of • Aphorism 277- Larger doses
Medicine:
such a substance, moistened will only reduce the degree of
The more Hahnemann became
with little water, on an empty minuteness appropriate for the
convinced of the dynamic nature
stomach, to the experimenter3. gentle redial effect.3
of the disease, the more he sought
the dynamic place in medicine, and • Doses concerning • Aphorism 278- Degree of
the more beneficial he found the homoeopathic aggravation minuteness can only be achieved
administration of the similia2. • Aphorism 159- Hahnemann says by pure experiment, careful
the shorter the dose, the shorter observation, and accurate
• Doses in different actions the amplitude of homoeopathic experience.3
Aphorism 112- Here aggravation.3 • Aphorism 279-“ The dose of
Hahnemann discussed, large • Aphorism 160- “As the dose the homoeopathically selected
doses produced primary action homoeopathic remedy can remedy can never be prepared

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 33

SUBJECTIVE
so small that it shall not be frequently, according to the life. Such persons require high
stronger than the natural intensity and severity of the potency.
disease, and shall not be able to case; as a rule, every hour or • Susceptibility is modified
overpower, extinguish and cure two is often enough, and in by pathological conditions.
it”.3 most acute, as often as every In certain terminal conditions
• Aphorism 285- “The diminution five to ten minutes may be the power of the organism to
of the dose essential for necessary, but all medication react, even to the indicated
homoeopathic use, will also be should cease with commencing homoeopathic remedy, may
promoted by diminishing its improvement. become so low that only material
volume.”3 Dr. Stuart M Close1: doses can arouse it.
• Aphorism 286- Effects of • Choosing of potency- The cure • Susceptibility is modified by
homoeopathic dose of medicine may be much accelerated by habit and environment. People
will increase more if there is selecting the potency or dose who are accustomed to long
greater the quantity of fluid.3 appropriate to the individual and severe labour out of doors,
• Discussion about posology case. who sleep little and whose food
in Hahnemann’s Chronic is coarse, are less susceptible.
Five considerations influence us Idiot, imbeciles, and the deaf
Diseases:
in the choice of the dose: and dumb have a low degree of
• If an antipsoric remedy is given
1. The susceptibility of the susceptibility, as a rule.
in large dose, although it was
patient- The more similar the 2. The seat of the disease.
selected correctly, was too great
remedy, the more clearly and
and caused the fear that no cure 3. The nature and intensity of the
positively the symptoms of the
could be effected through it, disease.
patients take on the peculiar
the large dose will establish a
and characteristic form of 4. The stage and duration of the
disease which in some respect
the remedy, the greater the disease.
is similar, but even greater and
susceptibility to that remedy, 5. The previous treatment of the
more troublesome.4
and the higher the potency disease.
• Hahnemann advises to antidote required.
these large doses when it is • Repetition of the dose:  
• Generally speaking,
known and if not known, The only rule which can be laid down
susceptibility is greatest in
then give another antipsoric with safety is to repeat the dose only
children and young, vigorous
medicine as suitable as possible when improvement ceases.
persons, and diminishes with
to the symptoms and this is a
age.
very moderate dose.4 H. A ROBERTS2:
• The higher potencies are best
• Repetition of doses: 4
Roberts advises that if the symptoms
adapted to sensitive persons
1. Give one remedy at a time—the of the nervous, sanguine, are very similar, we can go with
one most clearly indicated by or choleric temperament; to higher potency. The less sure we
the totality of symptoms. intelligent, intellectual persons, are of our similarity, the lower our
2. Give it preferably at first in quick to act and react; to potencies. As a rule, when there
a medium potency with a zealous and impulsive persons. is pathology, medium or high
tendency to go higher. Lower potencies and larger potencies may be dangerous.
3. So long as improvement and more frequent doses Robert relates doses with the sus-
shows itself, do not change the correspond better to torpid and
ceptibility of the people.
remedy, and better also, do not phlegmatic individuals, dull of
repeat the dose. Learn to wait, comprehension and slow to act. • Laws were given by Robert2 :
for so long as the disease does • Susceptibility is modified • The law of quantity and dose-
not progress any further, after by habit and environment. It states that the quantity of the
giving the medicine, there is It is increased by intellectual drug required is in inverse ratio
no danger in waiting, not until occupation, by the excitement of to the similarity.
new indications appear. the imagination and emotions, • Law of dosage- The remedy,
4. In acute diseases, the doses by sedentary occupation, by must be similar in quantity
may have to be repeated long sleep, by an effeminate and quality to the dose of the

34 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

morbific agent, which caused If one thoroughly follows the impression. Noida: B. Jain
the disease. guidelines then he/she will surely be Publishers (P) Ltd; 2019. p.95.
• The law of quantity- The successful. 10. Sengupta D, Ghosh S. Evolution
quantity of action necessary to of Homoeopathic Posology.
effect any change in nature is References Innovare J Med Sci [Internet].
the least possible. The decisive 1. Close M S. The Genius of 2013Apr.1 [cited 2021 Jun.8];
amount is always a minimum, Homoeopathy Lectures and 1(1):9-12.
an infinitesimal. Essays on Homoeopathic Available from: https://
• The law of quality- It is Philosophy. Reprint edition. innovareacademics.in/journals/
inversely proportional with New Delhi: B. Jain Publishers index.php/ijms/article/view/62
quantity. (P) Ltd:2009. p. 183-211.
• The law of use- The dose and
About the authors
2. Robert A Herbert. The
quantity that will thoroughly Principles and Art of Cure by 1. Dr Poulamy Singha Roy
permeate the organism and Homoeopathy, Reprint ed.: BHMS, MD (PGT- part 1)
make its essential impress upon IBPP; 2006 Mahesh Bhattacharyya
the vital force is that which will Homoeopathic Medical College
3. Hahnemann, S., Organon of
affect the functional sphere of & Hospital
Medicine, 5th & 6th edition,
the individual.
Translated by R. E. Dudgeon & 2. Dr Saleema Naaz Tabassum
• The law of repetition for W.Boericke, New Delhi, B. Jain
proving- Never repeat the dose BHMS, MD (PGT –part 1)
Publishers (P) Ltd Low priced
while symptoms are manifest edition 2002, Mahesh Bhattacharyya
from the dose already taken. Homoeopathic Medical College
4. Hahnemann S; Chronic
And this law also applies in the & Hospital
Diseases Their Peculiar Nature
case of the law of cure. 3. Dr Siddharth Kumar Das
and Their Homoeopathic Cure,
Dr J. T. Kent5: translated from the second BHMS, MD (PGT- part 1)
Enlarged German Edition of Mahesh Bhattacharyya
• Octaves of potency in the series
1835, by Louis H. Tafel; Kolkata. Homoeopathic Medical College
of degrees: “I have settled upon
New Central Book Agency & Hospital
the octaves in the series of
degrees as of 30th, 200th, 1M, 5. Kent J. T. New Remedies 4. Dr Trishita Basu
10M, 50M, CM, DM, and MM. Clinical Cases Lesser Writings
Aphorism and Precepts. 12th Lecturer, Dept. of Materia
Many of my patients’ records Medica
indicate that the patient has impression. Noida: B. Jain
steadily improved after each Publishers (P) Ltd: 2016. p.254- Mahesh Bhattacharyya
potency, to the highest, with 255,359. Homoeopathic Medical College
symptoms becoming fainter, 6. Boericke W. A Compend of the & Hospital
and he grows stronger, mentally Principles of Homoeopathy.
and physically.” 7th impression. Noida: B. Jain 
Publishers (P) Ltd; 2019.
Conclusion 7. Wright E. A Brief Study
Course in Homoeopathy. 7th
Treating a patient homoeopathically
impression. New Delhi: B. Jain
by giving the proper dose is not a
Publishers (P) Ltd; 2015. p.44-
new idea but to date, there exists
46,51.
confusion as to what should be
the right dosage and the potency 8. Miller R. G. A Synopsis of
for any case. Various concepts and Homoeopathic Philosophy.
explanations have been given by Revised ed. New Delhi: B. Jain
various stalwarts to resolve this Publishers (P) Ltd; 2007. p.21-
problem. Some general guidelines 22,25
of dose and potency have been 9. Hughes R. A Manual of
developed from their concepts. Pharmacodynamics. 7th

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 35

RESEARCH REVIEW

Homoeopathic posology: outlook of different stalwarts

By Dr Surabhi Khatta, Dr Neeraj Srivastava

Abstract: In homoeopathy, there is always a tug of war between different physicians about the selection of potency and dose. It
has been always a topic of debate that which potency is best suitable in a particular case. This article represents a sincere effort
to clear the concept of homoeopathic posology as per the viewpoint of different homoeopathic stalwarts.

Keywords: Posology, stalwarts.

Introduction to a case.2  Acute illness with changes

2. Minimum dose – Minimum in vital organs and poor

T he term, posology originates

from the Greek term ‘posos’
and ‘logos. Poso, means how much
dose is that amount of a
medicine, though smallest
response to the medium
potencies even when the
possible quantity, that produce remedy is correct according
how much but in the science, it to the case.
a gentle remedial effect and the
means doctrine of doses. Logos Allergy to chemicals or
least possible excitation of the 
means discourses or study. It is an drugs, such cases need
vital force, and yet sufficient to
important division of pharmacology. same chemical or drug
effect the necessary change in
Paracelsus said that, “all things are administered in high
it.3 Minimum force is sufficient
poisons, for there is nothing without potency.
to disturb as well as to restore
poisonous qualities. It is only the
balance. Hahnemann in his  Cases which no longer
dose which makes a thing poison”
initial application of the law responds to lower potencies,
Potentization is the process which
of similars employed remedies indications remaining the
makes homoeopathy different from
in crude state and in large same.
other system of medicines Posology
doses. When he found that Reaction, poor. High
is the doctrine of doses of medicine. 

severe aggravation invariably potency nosode can be

Homoeopathic posology is based
preceded amelioration, he given in this state.
on the discovery of the opposite
embarked on the classical
action of large and small doses of • Medium potency
experiment of progressive
medicine. It is another application The medium are the
reduction in the dose. This led


of third Newtonian law of motion only potencies that can

to the discovery of potentisation
‘action and reaction are equal and safely be employed in
which has enabled the release
opposite’.1 the hypersensitive type
of potential drug-energy in a
of patients. It should be a
Homoeopathic posology form suited to cure.2
general rule to commence
The fundamentals of homoeopathic Dose can be selected on the the treatment with 30th
posology are represented in the basis of potency selection as potency to avoid probability
trinity of: discussed below2: of an aggravation.
• High potency – Potencies above • Low potency - Potencies below
1. Single remedy – The
200C are termed as termed as 30C are termed as low potencies.
fundamental principle of
high potencies.
homoeopathic practise is  Hypersensitive patients.
selection of a remedy according  When the mental generals  The cases in which
to law of similars. It is obvious in a case are predominant. symptoms of the disease
that at a given point of  When the simillimum predominate, indicating
observation out of a number remedy is close to the gross advanced pathological
of similar remedies only one individualised picture of changes in the tissues and
remedy can be exactly similar the patient. organs.

36 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH REVIEW
 Organopathic remedies decreases gradually as age • High potencies and medium
which are not properly progresses potencies – Functional changes.
proved and are generally • Temperament and constitution • Low potencies – Pathological
employed for particular and irreversible changes.
 High potencies – to
effects in a definite sphere.
sensitive individuals 3. The nature and intensity of the
 Biochemic remedies mostly having nervous, sanguine disease
given in low potencies. or choleric temperament. • High potency – acute diseases
2. Minimum repetition – It comes  Intellectual persons who with marked intensity.
under the domain of second are quick to act and • Low potency – chronic diseases.
prescription, the one that is react.
made after the first that has 4. Stage and duration of the
acted.
 Zealous and impulsive disease
persons. • High potency – diseases with
 Acute cases: The action of a
remedy is known to exhaust
 Medium potencies – to short duration.
early. Here, frequent repetitions oversensitive patients, who • Low potency – diseases with
are indicated. As the response prove any medicines given longer duration, terminal stage.
is obtained the frequency is cut to them.
5. Previous treatment of the
down progressively so that the  Idiosyncratic patients. disease
dose tapers gradually. Low potency – to sluggish,

• Low potency is commonly
 Chronic cases: Repetition should coarse-fibred individuals prescribed in such cases where
be reserved for cases in which having gross habits. previous treatment with other
single-dose stimulation has  Torpid, phlegmatic drugs has been done.
failed or is considered to be persons who are slow
insufficient. Homoeopathic posology by Her-
to act and dull to bert A. Roberts4
 The return of the symptoms comprehend.
that have disappeared under According to him, homoeopathic
• Habit and environment
the action of the remedy. posology is based on certain laws
 High potencies – Intellectual like:
Concept of homoeopathic posol- occupation.
ogy according to Stuart close3 • Law of dosage - The law might
 Bad effects of excitement
be stated as “the curative dose,
The homoeopathic doctrine of from imagination and
like the remedy, must be similar
dosage, like the law of cure, emotions.
in quantity and quality to the
was based upon the discovery  Sedentary occupation. dose of the morbific agent,
of the opposite action of large and
Low potencies – Physical which caused the disease.”
small doses of medicine. It is another 

example of application of the law labour occupation. • The law of quantity and dose
of mutual action in medicine, i.e.  Sleepless individuals. - The quantity of the drug
the third Newtonian law of motion required is in inverse ratio to the
 Exposure to liquor and
- “action and reaction are equal and similarity.
tobacco.
opposite.” • The law of quantity - The
 People associated with quantity of action necessary to
There are five considerations chemicals, drugs and effect any change in nature is
that influence the choice of perfumes. the least possible. The decisive
the homoeopathic dose, i.e.  Idiotic, imbecile, deaf amount is always a minimum,
susceptibility of the patient, seat of and dumb people. an infinitesimal.
the disease, nature and intensity of
• Pathological condition – In • The law of quality - The quality
the disease, stage and duration of
terminal cases, where gross of the action of a homoeopathic
the disease and previous treatment
pathological changes are present remedy is determined by its
taken.
material doses or low potencies quality, in the inverse ratio.
1. Susceptibility of the patient of medicines should be given. • The law of use - The dose and
• Age – Maximum in a child and 2. The seat of the disease quantity that will thoroughly

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 37

RESEARCH REVIEW

permeate the organism and potency.’3 Pharmacy. 2nd (reprint) ed. New
make its essential impress upon Delhi. B Jain Publishers Pvt Ltd;
the vital force is that which will Views of James Tyler Kent,5 2018.
affect the functional sphere of • “When the simillimum is found, • Dhawale ML. Principles and
the individual. the remedy will act curatively Practice of Homoeopathy. 4th
• The law of repetition - Never in a series of potencies. If the ed. New Delhi. B Jain Publishers
repeat the dose while symptoms remedy is only partially similar, Pvt Ltd; 2014.
are manifest from the dose it will act in one or two potencies
and then the symptoms will • Close S. The Genius of
already taken in cases were Homoeopathy: Lectures and
proving of the drugs to be done. change and a new remedy will
be required.” Essays on Homoeopathic
Never repeat the remedy as long Philosophy with word index.
as it continues to act, where it • “It is well to realize that you are Low priced ed. New Delhi. B
has to be given in patients with dealing with razor when dealing Jain Pub Pvt Ltd; 2008.
the disease. with high potencies.”
• Roberts HA. The Principles of
• He advises that if the symptoms Art and Cure by Homoeopathy.
are very similar, one can go
Conclusion
3rd (reprint) ed. New Delhi. B
as high as he wishes. The less • Homoeopathy is based on the
Jain Pub Pvt Ltd; 2009.
sure one is of similarity, the concept of individualisation
where the application of dose • Kent JT. Lectures on
lower must be the potency. As
and potency is an important part Homoeopathic Philosophy. 6th
a rule, when there is pathology,
of prescription. Homoeopathic (reprint) ed. New Delhi. B Jain
medium or high potencies may
posology is about the doctrine Publishers Pvt Ltd; 2009.
be dangerous.
of doses that how much in
The concept of dose according to either quantity or quality the About the authors
Arndt and Schultz, medicines could be given to 1. Dr Surabhi Khatta
• “Small doses stimulate, medium the patients. There are different B.H.M.S., MD (Materia
doses paralyse and large doses views of homoeopathic stalwarts Medica),
kill”.4 regarding the selection of
Senior Research Fellow (H) at
potency according to individual
Selection of dose and potency Central Council for Research
picture of the patient. One can
according to Jahr, in Homoeopathy, Ministry of
conclude that in term of dose,
• Where the symptoms are not AYUSH, Govt. of India.
medium to low potencies is one
clearly developed and there of the safest ways to commence Former House Physician at
is an absence or scarcity of the homoeopathic treatment Dr. B. R. Sur Homoeopathic
characteristic features; or where with. High potencies also may Medical College, Hospital &
two or three remedies seem about be given in certain conditions. Research Centre, Govt. of NCT
equally indicated, susceptibility The potency selection is based of Delhi.
and reaction may be regarded on various factors which needs 2. Dr Neeraj Srivastava
as low and low (third to twelfth) to be look out in every case
potency should be given. But, B.H.M.S., MD Scholar (Part
during case taking/anamnesis. II) Department of Repertory,
when most of the symptoms However, during follow up/
of a case clearly indicate one National Homoeopathic
catamnesis the criteria for Medical College & Hospital,
remedy, whose characteristic the selection of potency has
symptoms correspond closely Lucknow (U.P),
to be re-analysed. A careful
to the characteristic symptoms circumspection on behalf of the Medical Officer (Homoeopathy)
of the case, high potencies physician himself is an integral Govt. of Uttar Pradesh.
should be given - thirtieth, part of the basis of homoeopathic
two hundredth, thousandth, posology.
or higher. ‘The finer, more 
peculiar and more characteristic
symptoms of the remedy appear in References
a case, the higher the degree of • Banerjee DD. Augmented
susceptibility and the higher the Textbook of Homoeopathic

38 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

Posology and homoeopathy

By Dr Goutam Das

Abstract: This article deals with the study of Homoeopathic Posology, on the light of the teaching of Organon of Medicine and
Homoeopathic Philosophy, about the homoeopathic therapeutic doses, choice of the potency, repetition of doses, effect of the
remedy, law of doses are also expressed in this article.

Keywords: Posology–definition-physiological-therapeutic-pathogenetic-action of the drugs-homoeopathic

therapeutic doses–choice of potency-repetition of doses-effect of the remedy-law of doses.

Introduction:[1 p183] reaction are equal and opposite.” employed in homoeopathic practice
Although the physiological antago- for therapeutic purposes.

T here are three essential elements

of Homoeopathy are the
principle, the remedy and the dose.
nism between large and small doses
is an illustration of the homoeopath-
ic law of posology:
The word “pathogenetic” (Gr., pa-
thos, suffering, and genesis, origin,
“producing suffering”) as properly
And the three are of equal impor- • The use of drugs in describing the character of such
tance. “physiological doses” has drug action:
• It is as unreasonable to expect nothing to do with their
to cure all cases with any two or homoeopathic use, because • The “suffering” of the organism
three potencies as it is to expect homoeopathic remedies are never produced by the drug is
to cure all cases with any two or used in physiological doses.
expressed in symptoms, which
three remedies. are the language of disease.
• A well selected remedy may fail Physiological, therapeutic and
• In homoeopathic parlance,
or even do injury, because of pathogenetic action of the
therefore, these are termed
wrong dosage. drugs: [4, 5. 6 pp185, 186, 186]
“pathogenetic symptoms,” a term
• Dose as well as remedy must be Clearly understand of the subject which is preferable because it is
adjusted to the patient’s need. that a distinction be made between accurate and truthful.
three terms, physiological, therapeu-
Definition: [2 p183] Therapeutic means curative, heal-
tic, and pathogenetic, used by the two
schools of medicine to express the ing, alleviating:
‘Posology’ came from the Greek
word ‘posos’ means ‘how much’ nature of the action of the drugs. • A pathogenetic action is never
and ‘logos’ means ‘science’. Posol- curative.
The word “physiological” as cur-
ogy is the doctrine of the ‘science of • The action of a drug may
rently used in medicine in relation
doses’, which teaches us about the be pathogenetic (toxic),
to drug action and dosage is mis-
selection, administration and repeti- or therapeutic (curative),
leading and inaccurate.
tion of the doses. depending upon the size
• The word is suggestive of
and strength of the dose, the
Science of Doses: [3 p184] something normal and healthy.
susceptibility of the patient and
The homoeopathic doctrine of dos- • It’s use tends the fact that the the principle upon which it is
age, like the law of cure, was based kind of drug action is essentially given.
upon the discovery of the opposite a toxic action and therefore
action of large and small doses of medi- really painful and injurious. In the homoeopathic treatment of
disease a drug is never given for its
cine. • The “physiological action” of
pathogenetic action. [[4 p186]]
• It is another application in a drug is not its therapeutic or
medicine of the Law of Mutual curative action. • Pathogenetic doses may be given,
Action – the third Newtonian • It is exactly the opposite of a however, for experimental
law of motion – “action and curative action, and is never purposes to a healthy person,

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 39

SUBJECTIVE

in making what are called disease. Susceptibility is modified by con-

provings. Susceptibility of the patient: [9 p192] stitution and temperament: [11 p194]
• In treating disease According to Jahr, The higher potencies are best adapted
homoeopathically the object is to;
not to produce symptoms but to 1. Where the symptoms are not
• Sensitive persons of the
remove them. clearly developed and there is an
nervous, sanguine or choleric
absence or scarcity of characteristic
• By means of the similar remedy temperament.
features; or
in the minimum dose it is • Intelligent, intellectual persons,
possible to do this in a direct 2. Where two or three remedies
quick to act and react.
manner without producing seem about equally indicated,
susceptibility and reaction • To zealous and impulsive
symptoms.
may be regarded as low (third to persons.
Homoeopathic therapeutic dose: [7
p188]
twelfth) potency. Lower potencies and larger and more
But when the symptoms of a case frequent doses correspond better to;
Homoeopathy requires in proper
clearly indicate one remedy, whose
amount, but in the proper direction • Torpid and phlegmatic
characteristic symptoms correspond
and proper time. individuals.
closely to the characteristic
The homoeopathic dose, therefore, symptoms of the case, we give • Dull of comprehension and
is always a sub-physiological or sub- the high potencies – thirtieth, two slow to act.
pathogenetic dose: hundredth, thousandth, or higher, • To coarse fibered, sluggish
according to the prescriber’s degree individuals of gross habits.
• That is, a dose so small as of confidence and the contents of his • Who possess great muscular
not to produce pathogenetic medicine case. power but who require a powerful
symptoms.
stimulus to excite them.
• For one desires, not to produce Dr Stuart Close advice that the finer,
more peculiar and more characteristic • Large amount of stimulants like
more symptoms, but only
symptoms of the remedy appear in a whiskey, and show little effect from
to remove and obliterate
case, the higher the degree of suscep- it.
symptoms already existing.
tibility and the higher the potency. • When ill they often require low
• It must also be given in a dose so
Susceptibility is modified by potencies or even, sometimes,
small as not to produce a severe
age: [10 p194] material doses.
aggravation of the already
existing symptoms. Generally speaking: Susceptibility is modified by habit
Choice of the potency: [8 p191] • Susceptibility is greatest in children and environment: [12 p194]
Five considerations influence us in and young, vigorous persons and It is increased by;
the choice of the dose: diminishes with age. • Intellectual occupation.
• Children are particularly • By excitement of the imagination
1. The susceptibility of the patient.
sensitive during development, and emotions.
2. The seat of the disease. and the most sensitive organs are
3. The nature and intensity of the those which are being developed. • By sedentary occupations.
disease. • Therefore the medicines which • By long sleep.
4. The stage and duration of the have a peculiar affinity for those • By an effeminate life.
disease. organs should be given in the • Such persons require high
5. The previous treatment of the medium or higher potencies. potencies.

Susceptibility is modified by pathological conditions: [13 p194]

Pathological conditions Susceptibility
Valvular heart disease Digitalis no effect is produced by any potency.
Intercurrent reaction remedies. Given in potentiated form and small doses, resort to the crude drug and increase the dose
to the point of reaction.
Intercurrent remedies. In high potency - Laurocerasus, Carbo vegetabilis, Tuberculinum, Medorrhinum were
given.

40 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

Susceptibility, Habit and Environment: [14 p199]

Habit and environment Susceptibility and potency
Long and severe labour out-of-doors, who sleep little and whose Less susceptible, require low potencies.
food is coarse.
Continual influence of drugs, such as tobacco workers and Require low potencies.
dealers.
Particular drug influence. High potency of the same, best antidote.
Idiots, imbeciles and the deaf and dumb. Low degree of susceptibility.
Crude drugs of allopathic, homoeopathic or “bargain-coun- Require high potencies.
ter” prescription.
Low potencies when exhausted. Require high potencies.
For antidote. High/low vice versa.

The question is entirely one of sus- selection of the remedy, or to the (and vice versa).
ceptibility: [15 p201] selection of the wrong potency of • How then are we to measure
One must learn how to judge the the remedy. these quantities!
degree of susceptibility as homoeo- • If, in carefully reviewing our • The law of similiars or equivalent
pathic prescribers. symptom-record, we find the actions reveals the answer,
remedy rightly chosen. and mechanical potentiation
• By constitution, temperament,
degrees of his susceptibility as • We change the potency to a according to scale gives the unit
modified by the character and higher or lower potency, as of measurement.
stages of his disease and by circumstances may require, after • The real and efficient quantity
previous treatment. a reconsideration of the patient’s of the morbid cause necessary
degree of susceptibility. to produce the disease cannot
• At one stage he may need a low
potency, as already pointed out, Upon the character of those changes be greater than the quantity of the
and at another a high potency. depends the further course of action. medicine necessary to cure it!
• As, for example, that the lower A remedy shows its action: Conclusion: [19 p210]
preparations should be used in 1. By producing new symptoms. This conception, as a logical
chronic disease with tendency conclusion, enables us to put the
to disorganization of tissues and 2. By the disappearance of
matter upon an experimental basis
in acute disease. symptoms.
and draw further conclusions as to
3. By the increase or aggravation the size of the dose.
Repetition of doses: [16 p202] of symptoms.
“Low potencies acted best in acute dis-
The only rule which can be laid down 4. By the amelioration of eases.”
with safety is to repeat the dose only symptoms.
• In the grosser type of the
when improvement ceases. To allow 5. By a change in the order and individual and his lower degree of
a dose, or a remedy, to act as long direction of symptoms. susceptibility, as well as the lower
as the improvement produced by it
grade of his disease process; he
is good practice. The law of dosage: [18 p208]
required a grosser, more material,
• One of the most difficult things The right dose must and can be nothing and lower form of a remedy to cure
is to learn to wait needs wisdom, else than that amount of the indicated him.
courage and patience. quality (or remedy) which is equal to the Infants and aged persons being of
amount of the force of the cause of the low vitality and feeble reactive pow-
Effect of the remedy: [17 p205] disease, and qualitatively runs counter ers, required low potencies for their
• First to be determined whether to its course and motions.” cure:
the remedy has acted at all or not.
• We possess thus, in the very • Have seen curative effects of
• If it has not acted, we have next dose, or quantity of the morbid high potencies in the aged as in the
to determine whether the failure cause, the measure for the quantity young, when both the remedy
to act is due to an error in the of the dose of the drug to be used.” and the potency were indicated.

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 41

SUBJECTIVE

Again one must individualise: the cure of disease, and any About the author
potency may be required in any Dr Goutam Das M.D.
• Low potencies will not cure all given case. (Homoeopathy) Professor, HOD,
acute diseases, all infants, nor
Dept. of Organon of Medicine
all aged persons. References
• Nor will high potencies cure all 1. Close Stuart, The Genius of Homoeopathy. Low
Price Ed. New Delhi: B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.;
forms of disease in all persons. August 2002 [1 p183], [2 p183], [3 p184], [4, 5. 6 pp 185, 186, 186], [7 p188],
[8 p191], [9 p192], [11 p194], [12 p194], [13 p194], [14 p199], [15 p201], [16 p202], [17

• All potencies are required for p205], [18 p208], [19 p210] 

SWEET PILLS
Dr Mayuresh S Mahajan

• The author has compiled his experience and

knowledge with reference to the pain of the patients
in context with their psyche or the emotional
understanding.
• The book is meant to help with recognizing pain
in its diversity and the process of reaching the
similimum based on the symptom of pain.
• In this book, the author has tried to decipher and
direct prescribing remedies based on differentiation
of pain among the different remedies stated in
Materia Medica.
• The author has explained the various types of pain,
be it physical or mental along with its causative
factors which gives a better insight to the physician
about the patient and further helps with the
prescription.

ISBN: 978-81-319-1960-6 | ` 595 | 200 pp

42 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

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SUBJECTIVE

Homoeopathic posology on the purview of susceptibility

By Dr Alok Nath Shaw, Dr Rajat Chatterjee, Dr Rup Nandi

Abstract: Posology is the integral part of homoeopathic drug selection, in various conditions the selection of exact dose and its
repetition depends. The most important condition is susceptibility of the patient which indicates the posology for annihilation of
the disease symptom and establishing cure. Stalwarts in homoeopathy have denoted the need to understand the susceptibility in
order to choose exact posology.

Key words: Homoeopathic posology, susceptibility, Hahnemann, posology.

Introduction choice of the dose: According to Close-

The susceptibility of the patient

P osology is one of those topics in

our literature that though being
frequently discussed in academic
The seat of the disease
The nature and intensity of the
“Susceptibility is one of the fundamental
attributes of life. Upon it depends
all functioning, all vital processes,
set up but mostly gets ignored when disease physiological and pathological.
it comes to bedside. When we are The stage and duration of the disease Digestion, assimilation, nutrition,
in clinics, we mostly go by whims repair, secretion, excretion, metabolism
The previous treatment of the
or by tradition instead of giving and catabolism, as well as all disease
disease
importance to it. This is the most processes arising from infection or
frequent scenario in selection of Spectrum of health, disease, sus- contagion depend upon the power of the
potency and doses. This paper is the ceptibility and posology: organism to react to specific stimuli.”3
outcome of our effort to understand
The spectral concept of health
the fundamental concepts behind CURE
emphasizes that the health of
the susceptibility and posology When a homoeopathically
an individual is not static; it is a
more importantly its proper and selected medicine is administered
dynamic phenomenon and a process
judicious application at bedside. to a sick person, the disappearance
of continuous change, subject to
frequent subtle variations. What is of the symptoms and restoration
Word Meaning: of the patient to health represents
considered maximum health today
The term ‘posology’ originated from the reaction of the susceptible
may be minimum tomorrow?
the greek word- ‘posos’ means how organism to the impression of the
much and ‘logos’ means discourse. That is, a person may function at curative remedy.
Posology is the doctrine of doses of maximum levels if health today,
medicine. and diminished levels of health
Relation with organon and phar- tomorrow. It implies that health is a SUSCEPTIBILITY
macy: state not to be attained once and for
Posology in relation to organon – all, but ever to be renewed. There are
quantum of thrust degrees or “levels of health” as there PROVING
Posology in relation to pharmacy – are degrees or severity of illness. (SYMPTOMATOLOGY)
quantity of doses So it can be easily said that a spectrum When we give a drug to a healthy
Posology in relation to 5th edition of means a spark of light , which is person for the purpose of making
Organon of Medicine – ‘medicament a homoeopathic “proving” or
easily diversion from one corner
c la gouttee’ (centesimal scale)1 test, the train of symptoms which
to other, like that susceptibility is
Posology in relation to 6th edition of follows represents the reaction
modified in different condition or
Organon of Medicine – ‘medicament of the susceptible organism to
state.2 the specific irritant or stimulus
a globule’ (50 millesimal scale)1
administered.
5 points to be considered in the Stuart Close’s View:

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 47

SUBJECTIVE

MORBID SUSCEPTIBILITY AND a true cure, then is he a physician

HEALTHY SUCEPTIBLITY indeed; since cure consists simply in
One must also predicate a state of satisfying the morbid susceptibility
normal susceptibility to remedial of the organism and putting an end
as well as toxic agencies, which it is to the influx of disease-producing
the duty of the physician to conserve causes. To accomplish this he must
and utilise. No agent or procedure know that susceptibility implies and
should be used as a therapeutic includes affinity, attraction, desire,
measure which has the power to hunger, need; that these all exist The “law of the least plus” should
diminish, break down or destroy the and express themselves normally as never be forgotten: - “the quantity
normal susceptibility or reactibility stated and conditions in every living of action necessary to effect any
of the organism, because that is being; but that they may become change in nature is the least pos-
one of the most valuable medical morbid and perverted and so sible”.5
assets we possess. Without it all our causes disease, suffering and death.
efforts to cure are in vain. To use He knows also that susceptibility
ELIZABETH WRIGHT’S VIEW
agents in such a manner or in such implies the existence of the
wherewithal to satisfy susceptibility; • The degree of susceptibility of
a form or quantity as do diminish,
to supply need, hunger, desire, the patient influences potency
impair or destroy the power of the
affinity, attraction, and he knows selection –
organism to react to stimuli, is to a. Certain persons are over-
align ourselves with the forces of how and where to find the necessary
modifying agents. (cure)4 sensitive (often owing to im-
death and disintegration.3 proper homoeopathic treat-
Susceptibility as a state may be in- SUSCEPTIBLITY MORE TO ment) and they will prove
creased, diminished or destroyed. HOMOGENEOUS OR SIMILAR any remedy you give them;
Either of these is a morbid state STIMULI- It is a well-known fact they require, therefore me-
which must be considered thera- dium, low potencies.6
that the living organism is much
peutically from the standpoint of the
more susceptible to homogeneous or
individual patient. Morbid suscep- b. Other patients are very slug-
tibility may be regarded as a nega- similar stimuli than to heterogeneous
gish (often owing to much
tive or minus condition – a state of or dissimilar stimuli.5
allopathic drugging). These
lowered resistance. The problem is will often take a very high
one of adjustment to conditions. The potency to get any action at
point to be kept in mind is to recog- all or they may need a low
nise and conserve normal suscepti- Thus cure is in satisfying the morbid potency repeated every few
bility in all our dealing with the sick susceptibility which constitutes hours until favourable ac-
and to do nothing to impair it.3 disease. As hunger demands food, tion sets in.6
so disease demands medicine. But
REACTION TO THE MEDICINES the demand is always consistent c. A third type of patient is the
with the universal law. It is for the feeble one where the vital
He says that the kind and degree of
symptomatically similar medicine, force is easily overwhelmed.
reaction to the medicines depends Repetition is the greatest
upon the degree of susceptibility of the because that is the only thing that
really satisfies the susceptibility.5 danger here. Actually sick,
patient, and that the kind and degree robust patients will stand
of susceptibility, in any particular repetition of high potencies
case or patient, depends largely until favourable action com-
upon how the case is handled by the mences, although the ideal
This morbid susceptibility which
physician; for it is in his power to is the single dose.6
constitutes disease may exist
modify susceptibility. Indeed, this
toward several different medicines, d. Some individuals have idio-
power to modify susceptibility is
the degree of susceptibility to syncrasies even to homoeo-
the basis of the art of the physician.4
each depending upon the degree pathic potencies of certain
If the physician knows how to of symptom similarity; but the substance. Some degree of
modify susceptibility in such a way highest degree of susceptibility idiosyncrasy to a remedy
as to satisfy the requirements of exists toward the most similar – the must be present or the pa-
the sick organism and bring about similimum or equal.5 tient will not be sensitive

48 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

enough to be cured, but patients where considerable patient is no more improving on

where this is extreme the irritability is evident than in potency after initial improvement,
law of medium potencies those of less susceptibility, one changes routinely to the next
should be preferred.6 where the advance to higher higher potency. Rarely do one
dosage may be more rapid. - § thinks of prescribing lower potency
SUMMARY OF FACTORS MODI- 281. (dose)7 after the medicine stop working
FYING SUSCEPTIBILITY • What is the most suitable degree in a given potency. Following are
of minuteness of the dose or some illustrative examples from the
Susceptibility modifies by certain works of the stalwarts itself-
how small must be the dose
factors, which are as follows –
of each individual medicine
1. Age - infant and young homoeopathically selected for a MASTER HAHNEMANN
adult: susceptibility is high- case of disease to effect the best
er; old age – low. cure? Pure experiment, careful IN CHRONIC DISEASES (vol. one,
2. Occupation – intellectual – observation of the sensitiveness page 127, footnote) –
high ; manual worker – low of each patient and accurate “If it, e.g; has first been given in
3. Constitution and tempera- experience can alone determine the 30th potency, it will now be
ment – a. nervous, san- this in each individual case. - § given in perhaps the 18th, and if a
guine, intellect – higher 278 (dose)7 repetition should be again found
b. torpid, phlegmatic, slug- • Parts in the organism that are serviceable and necessary, it might
gish – lower already affected, highly irritated afterwards be given in the 24th, and
4. Habit, environment - a. are excessively susceptible to later perhaps also in the 12th and
emotional, excitement, similar stimulus. - 282 of 5th 6th, etc; if, e.g; the chronic disease
imaginary – high edition7 should have taken on itself an
b. dull, coarse – low acute character. A dose of medicine
• One may slightly modify
5. Idiosyncratic person – very may also have been suddenly
Jahr’s advise by suggesting;
high counteracted and annihilated by
the clearer and more positively
a grave error in the regimen of the
6. Drug user – low the finer, more peculiar and
patient, when perhaps a dose of the
7. Idiotic, imbecile, deaf, more characteristics symptoms
former serviceable medicine might
dumb – low of the remedy appear in a
again be given with the modification
8. Pathological condition – case, the higher the degree of
mentioned above.”7
susceptibility and the higher the
a. Chronic disease with ir- Similar reference is also mentioned
potency.7
reversible pathological by R. E. DUDGEON in the appendix
change – low • Susceptibility of the patient, this
to Organon of medicine, 5th edition-
b. Chronic disease with is generally and rightly regarded
Aphorism- 287, second note (a) 8
early reversible change as the most important guide in
– high the selection of the dose.7 “This allusion to the employment of
dilutions beyond the 30th occurs first
c. Acute disease with rap- • The more similar the remedy, the
id course – high in the 5th edition. In the earlier parts
more clearly and positively the
of the 2nd edition of the Chronic
d. Acute disease with slow symptoms of the patient take on
Diseases nothing is said about
course – low.3 the peculiar and characteristic
dilutions beyond the 30th, which
form of the remedy, the greater
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF is recommended as the normal
the susceptibility to that remedy,
SUSCEPTIBLITY IN HOMOEO- dose except when the medicine
and the higher the potency
PATHIC PRACTICES: is repeated, when less diluted
required.7
A. POTENCY SELECTION preparations are advised. Thus after
IN FIRST PRESCRIP- B. POTENCY SELECTION IN the 30th, then the 24th, then the 18th,
TION - MASTER HAHN- SECOND PRESCRIPTION – then the 12th, 6th, and so on. But in the
EMANN – This is the most important part of our preface to the 3rd part of the Chronic
• If a cure is to follow, the first paper as this is the area where most Diseases, published in 1839, there
small doses must likewise be of the time we end up prescribing is an approving allusion to the 50th
again gradually raised higher, by the routine than the rules. Here dilution. In this passage Hahnemann
but less and more slowly in in second prescription when ever departs from the caution he gave in

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 49

SUBJECTIVE

his letter to Dr. Schreter, of the 13th improvement- Tuberc. CM. prevails in the patient.
September, 1829: I do not approve Oct. 20 – Tuberc. MM (MM=
of your potentizing the medicines 1000000) Conclusion
higher (as, for instance, up to thirty-
Dec. 17 – Lumps becoming smaller.
six and sixty). There must be some R. E. DUDGEON rightly said that,
limit to the thing; it cannot go on Feb. 2, 1907 – Tuberc. MM. Life may be said to consist of the
to infinity. By laying it down as a March 12 - Lumps increase in size, phenomena resulting from the
rule that all homoeopathic remedies from cold, Two weeks ago. Sore action of certain powers or stimuli
be diluted and potentized up to sensation when turning neck – upon a certain SUSCEPTIBILITY,
thirty, we have a uniform mode of Tuberc. 10 M. THE BALANCE OF WHICH
procedure in the treatment of all April 11 - Sore lumps in neck. Feet CONSTITUTES HEALTH, AND
homoeopathists, and when they swelling. Headache constantly. THE LOSS OF THIS BALANCE, and
describe a cure we can repeat it, as Appetite poor. Tuberc. 10m. DISEASE. Homoeopathic posology
they and we operate with the same April 15 - Feet and ankles painful in many a way is directly depends
tools8. swelling . > when feet elevated. Red upon susceptibility. Unless one
spots swollen. Rheumatic condition. understands the susceptibility, the
Weak, walking difficult. Perspiration choice of remedy may be correct but
JAMES TYLER KENT choice of exact posology will surely
as soon as sleeps, continues until
Some similar glimpses are also seen midnight. Cough at night. Sleepy. differ resulting in failure.
on the keen study of the practise Headache constant. Hands cold . >
of Kent as well. Following is an “Without susceptibility all our
when quiet and can recline. Appetite
example of a case from the KENT efforts to cure are in vain” –Stuart
poor; so thirst. Never fond of meat.
LESSER WRITINGS9 - Close.3
Fond of milk and eggs – Calcarea
“Case – Mrs. J.s; aged about 28 years. carb (Calc. c) 10M
A case of tubercular glands of the May 15 – sac lac References
neck – some have suppurated. June 13 – improving – Calc. c. 10M 1. Hahnemann S. Organon Of
Surgeon said she must have an July 20 – Tubercle in neck improved. Medicine, translated from the
operation, immediately. Pt. is not All symtoms improved.- Tuberc. 5th ed, with an appendix by R
sensitive to cold. Thirst for cold 50m, four powder. E Dudgeon, With additions
water. Has always worked actively. and alterations as per 6th ed
Oct. 4 – Tuberc. 50M.
April 24, 1905 – Tuberculinum translated by William Boericke,
Jan 23, 1908 – Feels well; some old
(Tuberc.) 10M (10M= 10000). and Introduction by James
lumps in neck; face good appearance;
May 9 – No new symptoms Krauss. New Delhi : B.Jain
gaining flesh. –Tuberc. 50M.
Publishers(PVT) LTD, 2000.
Breath fetid odor. Later report says she is in good
Sensitive to cold. 2. Dhawale M . L. Principles and
health with no lumps in the neck9.”
Practice of Homoeopathy, Fifth
Feet , “ cold as ice” in cold weather. The above examples clearly define Reprint Ed. New Delhi : B. Jain
Gland under the chin gives sensation that, while selecting the potency, Publishers (p) Ltd, 2010
of softening in the center – Tuberc. there is no fixed rule or criteria, it
10M. solely depend on the susceptibility 3. Close S. The Genius of
of the patient, seat of the disease, Homoeopathy. Reprint Ed. New
June 1. Improvement , PL
nature of the disease, duration Delhi : B.Jain Publishers(PVT)
June 30. Feels very good- Tuberc. LTD , 1999
of the disease, lastly economy of
10M.
the patient. There is no particular 4. Dey S. P. Essentials of Principles
Aug 8, Sept. 20, Dec. 20 – Tuberc. potency for a particular drug. And Practice Of Homoeopathy.
50M (50M= 50000) Revised and Enlarged Fourth
Homoeopathy knows that a cure can
May 15, 1906 – Pregnancy developed only take place by the reaction of the Edition. Howrah : Smt. Aparna
in july. Has had no medicine vital force against the rightly chosen Bhattacharya, 10, Kali Banerjee
since Dec. Glands enlarge again. remedy that has been ingested, and Lane, 2009
Perspiration and chilliness. – Tuber. that the cure will be certain and 5. Mathur K. N. Guide To
CM (CM= 100000) rapid in proportion to the strength Organon (in question – answer
June 13 – Sme evidence of with which the vital force still format) Reprint edition. New

50 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

Delhi : B. Jain Publishers (p) 9. Kent J. T. New Remedies 2. Prof. (Dr) Rajat Chatterjee,
Ltd, 2005 Clinical Cases Lesser Writings PhD MD (Hom), Principal
6. Wright Elizabeth. A Brief Aphorisms And Precepts. The Calcutta Homoeopathic
Study Course in Homoeopathy Indian Ed. New Delhi : B. jain Medical College and Hospital.
Reprint Edition. New Delhi : B. Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2003 3. Dr Rup Nandi MD (Hom.),
Jain Publishers (p) Ltd, 2004 BHMS (Hons.), MD From NIH,
Kolkata. Ex Resident physician
7. Hahnemann S. The Lesser About the author (Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homo-
Writings, collected and 1. Dr Alok Nath Shaw MD eopathic Medical College and
translated by R.E. Dudgeon (Hom.), BHMS (Hons.), Former Hospital, Government of West
10th impressions. New Delhi : B. SRF posted at Dr. Anjali Bengal, Howrah Working as
Jain Publishers (p) Ltd, 2012 Chatterjee Regional Research MO AYUSH (RBSK) Govt.
8. Dudgeon R. Lectures on Institute, Kolkata Under of India. Former Lecturer
the Theory and Practice of Central Council For Research In Dept. of Medicine, Burdwan
Homoeopathy. 1st ed. New Homoeopathy (CCRH). Former Homoeopathic Medical College
Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Jt. Convenor All India Post and Hospital.
Ltd.; 2003 Graduate Seminar Kolkata. 

A Study on Materia Medica

N. M. Chaudhuri

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:
• Brief depiction of every drug in a story format
starting from its source and goes ahead to
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• Comparative study of drugs in a very simple
language
• Examples of cases along with the drugs which
give the practical aspect of the drug

ISBN: 978-81-319-0210-3 | ` 599 | 1176 pp

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 51

SUBJECTIVE

Posology and Homoeopathy

By Dr Jaspreet Kaur Kapoor

Abstract: The term posology is derived from the greek and posos meaning how much (DOSE) and logos meaning study or
discourse. Posology is defined as the doctrine of dosage. By dose, one means the quantity of the medicine to be taken at one time.
Having selected a remedy in accordance with the principles of similia, then comes the most important question of its administration,
as to the selection of dose, potency, and the interval at which it may need any repetition.

Key words: Posology, dose, potency, repetition, susceptibility, constitution

Introduction 2. Medium :- potencies between 30 -1M

3. High :- potencies above 1M
DEFINITION OF POSOLOGY
Following points will help in selection of potency:

P osology means the doctrine of doses of medicine.

The terminology of “dose” is derived from the greek
word “dosis” which means ‘a giving’ the quantity of a
Susceptibility

drug or other therapeutic agent to be taken or applied

all at a time or in fractional amounts within a stated
period of time.1
Nature and depth Nature
DEFINITION OF HOMOEOPATHIC POSOLOGY of disease of medicine
A homoeopathic “dose” means the particular Nature and depth of disease Nature of
preparation of medicine used, the quantity and form of medicine
that preparation as well as the number of administration
of the medicine.1 1. SUSCEPTIBILITY: -1
In short, homoeopathic dose include potency, form, It is the only guide for the selection of potency. MORE
quantity and number of administration.1 THE SUSCEPTIBILITY HIGHER THE POTENCY, LESS
The study of doctrine of these doses is known as THE SUSCEPTIBILITY LOWE THE POTENCY. For this
“posology”.1 the physician must be qualified through the knowledge
After selecting a remedy in accordance with the of allied subjects and must be unbiased. Following
principles of similia, then comes the most important points effects susceptibility: -
part of its administration, as to the selection of potency,
a) AGE:
dose and interval at which it may need any repetition.2
But this can only be done if the homoeopathic physician Child and young require higher potency because of
is well acquainted with the fundamental laws of lesser wear and tear of tissues and organs because of
pharmaceutics, i.e. source of homoeopathic drugs and high susceptibility.
the process in which they are prepared and used in Old people require medium or lower potency because
sickness.2 of more wear and tear of tissues and organs because of
low susceptibility.
SELECTON OF POTENCY1
b) SEX:
It is one of the important task after selection of medicine.
It has been shown experimentally that in spite of the Females and males those are under less stress, worries
correctly selected medicine on the basis of totality of and anxieties, their nervous system are generally quiet
symptoms, it will not act curatively unless given in in nature and having moderate degree of susceptibility
proper potency. they require medium potency.
Broad division of potency:- Females and males of irritable, sensitive nature, having
high susceptibility require high potency.
1. Low :-potency below 30

52 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

c) Habit and environment:-1

Higher potencies are best adapted to Lower potencies are best adapted to
1. Persons engaged in high intellectual and men- 1. Person engaged in physical labour without
tal work. much mental exertion.
2. Sedentary occupation. 2. Druggists, perfumers, chemical workers.
3. Excitement of the imagination and emotions. 3. Idiots, imbeciles and the deaf and dumb.
4. Long sleep. 4. Who sleep less.
5. An effeminate life. 5. Whose food is course

d) Constitution and temperament:-1

High potency are best adapted to Low potency are best adapted to
1. Sensitive person of nervous, sanguine and 1. Torpid and phlegmatic individuals, dull of
choleric temperament. comprehension and slow to act.
2. Intellectual persons, quick to act and react. 2. Coarse fibred, sluggish individuals of gross
3. Zealous and impulsive. habits.
3. Those how possess great muscular power but
require a powerful stimulus to excite them

2. NATURE AND DEPTH OF THE DISEASE:-1

HIGH POTENCY LOWER POTENCY
1. Acute disease with no structural change. 1. Acute disease with low vitality.
2. Acute manifestation of chronic disease at the 2. Acute manifestation of chronic disease with
beginning of organic change or at functional organic changes.
level. 3. Chronic disease with organic changes.
3. Chronic diseases without organic changes. 4. Secondary manifestation of psora, syphilis and
4. Primary manifestation of psora, syphilis and sycosis.
sycosis. 5. Difficult and incurable diseases require low
5. Previously treated with crude homoeopathic potency to avoid the aggravation.
or allopathic medicines. 6. Organic pathology.
6. Dynamic pathology.

3. NATURE OF MEDICINE: -1 determined by experience or experiments.

a. Nosodes : - it should be given in high potency As a rule, the dose varies according to the age,
b. Some medicines work best in lower potencies temperament, and state of health of individuals.
example: - Crataegus oxyacantha Q Master Hahnemann says, ‘the suitableness of a medicine
for any given case of disease does not depend on its
c. Some medicines are reputed to vary with their
accurate homoeopathic selection alone, but likewise
potency example:- Hepar sulphuricum.
on the proper size, or rather smallness of the dose.’
d. Great care should be taken for the selection of According to the Master, the dose should neither be
potency of deep acting medicines. too large nor too strong if it is quite homoeopathic in its
SELECTION OF DOSES: - selection.
Dose means the quantity of medicine required to Master Hahnemann says, “A medicine whose selection
produce a direct effect on the human body both in state has been accurately homoeopathic must be all the more
of health and disease. In order to produce this effect, salutary the more its dose is reduced to the degree of
fixation of quantity of the drug is required which can be minuteness appropriate for a gentle remedial effect.”2

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 53

SUBJECTIVE

Some doses are of various types: -3 is such amount of dose, which 4. MINIMUM DOSE: - The
can cause death of living being. quantity of medicine which is
1. MAXIMUM DOSE: - It is the
The amount of drug depends though smallest in quantity,
maximum or largest quantity
on the toxicity of the substance. produces the least possible
of medicine, not harmful to
3. DIVIDED DOSE: - It is excitation of the vital force. It is
human life.
fractional dose, after dividing sufficient to effect the necessary
2. FATAL DOSE: -It is known as changes in it.
from big dose, which are taken
toxicological or narcotic dose. It
at short interval.

APPROXIMATE DOSE OF HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES:-3

ADULTS CHILD INFANT
(above 14 years) (3 to 14 years) (Up to 2 years)
Powders 1 grain ½ grain ¼ grain
Tinctures 1 drop ½ drop ¼ drop
Pills 2 pills 1 pill ½ pill
Globules 4 globules 2 globules 1 globule

REPETION OF DOSE: -1 hourly, 8 hourly, 4 hourly. In hence repeated less frequently.

most acute case, every hour, as b. Short acting remedy:-
Factor which are responsible for the often as every 5 minute.
repetition of dose are: - Medicines obtained from
c. As per 6th edition(in 50 vegetable and animal sources
Condition and progress of the patient millesimal scale):- In acute have shorter duration of action
disease, every 2, 3, 4 or 6 hourly and can be repeated frequently.
repetition can be done in urgent
cases repetition can be done Conclusion
every hourly.
From the above description, it is
B. CHRONIC DISEASE: - clear that not only reaching the most
Nature of disease Nature of remedy a. As per 5th edition (in centesimal simillimum medicine can cure the
scale): - Repetition should case unless until given in proper
be every 14, 12, 10, 8 , 7 days. quantity and quality (potency).
1. CONDITION AND PROGRESS
OF THE PATIENT: -1 Lower potency can be repeated
frequently in chronic diseases. All these three points together reach
a. Perceptible and continued to the goal of cure, for this one must
progress of the improvement b. As per 6th edition (in 50 be clear about all the concepts of
contraindicates repetition millesimal scale):- Large doses homoeopathy, susceptibility, nature
(section 245, 5th edition). and repeated doses were of diseases (pathology and practice
advised by Master Hahnemann. of medicine), nature of medicine
b. Repeat the dose only when
improvement ceases. 3. NATURE OF REMEDY :-1 (source). With this knowledge, one
A. POTENCY :- can easily reach towards the mission
c. Repetition may be continued
of physician as stated by Master
till either recovery ensues or a. Medicines in lower potency :-
Hahnemann in Aphorism no. 1.
different groups of symptoms frequently repetition
arise, and thus, demands a b. Medicines in higher potency:
different remedy (Section 248, -not frequently repeated.
References
5thedition). 1. Partha MP, Mandal B. A Text Book of
B. DURATION OF ACTION:- Homoeopathic Pharmacy. B. Jain Publishers;
2. NATURE OF THE DISEASE: -1 2001.
a. Deep acting remedy:- Medicines 2. Rawat PS. Select Your Doses & Potency. B. Jain
A. ACUTE DISEASE:- obtained from elements, Publishers; 2002 Jun 30.
3. Banerjee NK, Sinha N, Saha HP. A treatise on
a. As per 5thedition (in centesimal compounds (inorganic and Homoeopathic Pharmacy. New Allen; 1980.
scale):- In acute disease organic), minerals and nosodes
repetition may be 24 hourly, 12 have longer duration pf action 

54 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

An insight into evolution of homoeopathic

posology and it’s relevance
By Dr Siddhartha Pal, Dr S. Seetha Lakshmi

Abstract: Homoeopathy is a simple system of medicine, based on the use of potentized medicines following the law of similia, law
of simplex and law of minimum. It is the science of determining and understanding of dosage. This article highlights the historical
development and evolution of posology and unfolds the points as described by various stalwarts which has to be kept in mind
while choosing potency and repetition.

Key words: Homoeopathy, posology, potentisation, repetition, susceptibility.

Abbreviation: C: centesimal potency; LM: 50 millesimal potency; MMP: Materia Medica Pura

Introduction 2. The law of quantity and effect or a group of symptoms.

dose: The quantity of the drug For e.g. physiological dose

P osology is the study of law of

dosage. Dose is defined as the least
quantity of substance required to affect a
required is in inverse ratio to
the similarity.
of belladonna is one which is
sufficient to produce dilatation
3. The law of quantity: The of pupil, dryness of mucus
change in nature. The term “posology” quantity of action necessary to membrane, flushing and
originates from greek words ‘posos’ effect any change in nature is turgescence of skin. This is the
meaning ‘how much’ and ‘logos’ the least possible. The decisive quantity of medicine, which
meaning ‘study’. A homoeopathic amount is always a minimum, could be administered with
dose means the potency, quantity an infinitesimal. safety.
and form of medicine as well as • Pathological dose: Quantity of
4. The law of quality: The quality
repetition. Potentisation involves medicine capable of producing
of the action of a homoeopathic
a series of systematic processes pathological change in the
remedy is determined by its
- succussions or trituration. In tissues of the organism, i.e. bio-
quantity, in the inverse ratio.
the words of Dr Stuart Close, chemical changes, biophysical
“homoeopathic potentisation is a 5. The law of use: The dose and changes.
mathematico-mechanical process quantity that will thoroughly
• Toxic dose – Dose which
for the reduction, according to permeate the organism and
produces toxic effects upon the
scale, of crude, inert or poisonous make its essential impress upon
organism.
medical substances to a state of the vital force is that which will
affect the functional sphere of • Lethal dose – Dose which
physical solubility, physiological
the individual. produces deleterious effect
assimilability and therapeutic
upon the organism even death.
activity and harmlessness, for 6. The law of repetition (for
use as homoeopathic healing proving): Never repeat the dose • Therapeutic dose – Least
remedies.”1,2 while symptoms are manifest quantity of medicine required
from the dose already taken. to effect a cure or palliation.
GENERAL LAWS APPLIED IN • Minimum dose – Minimum
7. The law of repetition (for cure):
POSOLOGY:3 dose which is otherwise
Never repeat your remedy so
1. The law of dosage: The law long as it continues to act. known as the sub physiological
might be stated thus that the or homoeopathic dose can
curative dose, like the remedy, TYPES OF DOSES:1,3 be defined as the quantity
must be similar in quantity • Physiological dose: A dose of of medicine required to
and quality to the dose of the drug empirically selected of produce a scarcely perceptible
morbific agent, which caused sufficient quantity and strength homoeopathic aggravation.
the disease. so as to produce predetermined According to Dr Stuart

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 55

SUBJECTIVE

Close, minimum dose is a mentioned in the “Apothecaries medicines in small doses of

dose which is not capable of Lexion” - the use of Sabina in 1grain in 2C/ 3C but gradually
producing symptoms when small doses; Hyoscyamus niger increases potency- mentioned in
use therapeutically. Minimum being prescribed in 0.001-0.002 Volume 1, Introduction of “The
dose is also known as the gram of concentrated juice in Chronic Diseases”. In the mean
infinitesimal dose. solution; Stramonium given time he also embraced the use
as 100th/1000th part of grain of of olfaction method. Sniffing of
EVOLUTION OF POTENTISA- concentrated juice. single medicated globule of 30th
TION:2,4,5,6
• 1800: Arsenicum album potency.
• 1786: No prevailing concept of
prescribed as [1/10,000,000]th • 1833: Finally incorporated
potentisation. Hahnemann has
part of the original solution of succussion and trituration in
mentioned in his work, “On the
remedy. 269 of 5th edition of Organon of
nature and treatment of Veneral
• 1801: First time detailed Medicine.
Disease”, for very sensitive
patients suffering from it, he description about dilutions and • 1838: “Dynamisation is not
used to prescribe 1 grain of its preparation was stated in his mere dilution”- mentioned in
soluble mercury, while others treatise on scarlet fever- here preface to 5th volume of The
usually required 60 grains of Belladonna in serial dilution of Chronic Diseases. Hahnemann’s
soluble mercury. [1/24,000,00]th part was used as earlier advice was to not repeat a
prophylactic. Mentioned about dose due to fear of aggravation,
• 1790: Cinchona bark was taken
the process of succussion. but later he understood that
up by Master Hahnemann
• 1802: Veratrum album was this problem can be overcome
4 drachms twice daily for
used in [1/2000]th part of a grain by slightly increasing the
experimentation after going
whereas Mezereum was used in power of the previous dose by
through Cullen’s Materia Medica.
[1/4,00,000]th part of a grain. potentisation.
• 1796: In the “Essay on a New
• 1805: Makes this discovery • 1839-1843: Hahnemann saw
Principle”, Hahnemann
as foundation stone in the that daily repetition is causing
introduced the concept of
“Medicine of Experience”. problem with weak and
optimal dose.
sensitive patients. Even after
• 1796-1797: No marked reduction • 1812-1815: Prescribed Arnica
olfaction method, this problem
in dosage of medicines seen. He montana in 18th and Nux vomica
was faced. This led to the
prescribed 4grains of Veratrum in 9th centesimal potency.
invention of 1/50,000 dilution,
album for colicodynia, 5 grains • 1816-1822: Started use of 30C i.e. LM potency.
of Ipecacuanha and 4grains of potency in place of mother
Nux vomica for cases of asthma. tinctures. FACTORS THAT LED HAHN-
EMANN TO ARRIVE AT THE
• 1798: Prescribed usual doses • 1825: Hahnemann says these
CONCEPT OF MINIMUM DOSE:4
but has reduced the quantity in are not mere dilutions but
comparison to his other fellow- “dynamisation/ potentisation”. • Hahnemann observed that
mates for preventing the violent medicines exhibited greater
• 1826: Described in MMP under
action of remedy. strength when given in dilution
Thuja occidentalis the entire
than in dry state.
• 1799: For the first time he process of trituration and
spoke about dilutions. The succussion. • He observed the greater power
hint to this has been found in of medicine when given in
• 1827: Representing the
the translation of second part divided dose than given at once.
potentisation process in his
of Edinsberg Dispensatorium. article, “ How can small doses of • Hahnemann observed an
During this period, Boerhaave such very attenuated medicine increasing power of medicine
used to prescribe Silver nitrate as Homoeopathy employs still by a thorough admixture of
in doses of 2grains along with possess great power?” vehicle by means of succussion.
breadcrumbs and sugar, but • Desire to evade prescription
• 1829: The idea had been
Hahnemann considered this of apothecaries who tried
incorporated as hints in 278, 4th
dosage to be too strong and legal proceedings against
edition- footnote 2.
advised for dilution. It is also Hahnemann for invading upon
• 1829-1833: Started prescribing

56 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

their privileges for dispensing and tobacco trade, druggist, to reaction so that indicated
medicines. perfumes, chemical workers remedies will act.
• To avoid aggravation of disease etc. are less susceptible and Jahr’s Law: “The more similar
when given in large doses. require low potencies. Idiots, the remedy, the more clearly
imbeciles, deaf and dumb have and positively the symptoms of
SELECTION OF POTENCY AND low susceptibility hence require the patient, take on the peculiar
DOSE:1 low potencies. and characteristic form of the
For determining the potency and 4. Pathological conditions: In remedy, the greater is the sus-
dose one should assess the suscep- certain terminal conditions the ceptibility to that remedy and
tibility of the patient. While as- power of organism to react higher is the potency required”.
sessing susceptibility one should even to indicate homoeopathic
bear in mind the modifying fac- remedy is low so material Stuart Close modified Jahr’s ad-
tors like age, habits, environment, doses will be needed. This vise by saying the clearer and
pathological conditions, seat, more positive the finer, more
may be due to existence of
character and intensity of disease peculiar and more characteristic
gross pathological lesions, long
and previous abuse of medicine. symptoms of the remedy appear
existent exhausting chronic
Susceptibility can also be assessed in a case the higher the degree of
disease or much previous
by Jahr’s law. susceptibility and the higher the
treatment. If the grade of
1. Age: Susceptibility is greatest in disease is low, the power of potency.
young vigorous persons and in reaction is low; the remedy
children and it diminishes with must be given in low potencies. DIRECTIONS GIVEN BY VARI-
OUS STALWARTS:
age. Children are particularly 5. Seat, character and intensity of
sensitive during development diseases: In certain malignant • According to Stuart Close, there
and most sensitive organs rapidly fatal diseases like are three necessary requirements
are those, which are being Cholera, the susceptibility is for the action of infinitesimal
developed. So children respond low, so it requires material dose- “The development of
more to higher potencies. doses or low potencies. Disease special virtues of medicine by
characterized by diminished the process of potentisation”,
2. Constitution and temperament:
vital activity, torpor, collapse “The increased susceptibility to
High potencies are adapted
and deficient vital reaction medicinal impression produced
to nervous, sanguine choleric
require low potencies and those by the disease” and“The
temperament, to intelligent,
with increased vital action selection of symptomatically
intellectual persons, quick to
require high potencies. similar remedy”.1
act, and react and to zealous
and impulsive patients. Lower 6. Previous abuse of medicines: • Gordian knot of homoeopathy:
potencies and more frequent Due to this we may find that the Posology became a subject
dose correspond to torpid and patient is not at all sensitive even of much misunderstanding,
phlegmatic individuals, coarse to the indicated remedy. Then discussion controversy in the
fibred, sluggish individuals all medication has to be ceased earlier days of homoeopathy.
of gross habits and to those for few days. Then carefully On this subject the profession
of great muscular power who regulate the diet and regimen. was divided into two opposing
require powerful stimuli to Hahnemann recommends the camps. Hahnemann at one
excite them. administration of opium in one time in despair of bringing
3. Habit and environment: of the lowest potencies every his followers to an agreement
Susceptibility is increased 8th or 12th hour until some proposed that one should treat
by intellectual occupation, signs of reaction are perceptible. all the cases with thirtieth
by long sleep and effeminate By this means susceptibility is potency. Later each person
life. Therefore potencies are increased and new symptoms adopted the dosage according to
required for them. Persons of disease are brought to light. his convictions. The materialistic
exposed to continuous influence Carbo vegetabilis, Laurocerasus, minded restricted themselves
of drugs such as tobacco Sulphur and Thuja occidentalis to the crude tinctures and
workers and dealers, distillers, are other remedies, which triturations of very low dilution
brewers, all connected to liquor serve to arouse the organism ranging from 1x to 6x. Other

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 57

SUBJECTIVE

ranged from 3 to 30 potency dilutions as 6th and 12th and of Newtonian model. It was thus
while some other small class of the 30th is such as to make with the discovery of quantum
inclined to metaphysical ideas, me join with unquestioning theory, the interconnectedness of
using only the highest potencies acclamation in their praise. I the dynamic universe and the nano-
ranging from 200 to millionth. have no practical knowledge particles that modern physics has
As physicians differed in their of the 200th, but if I had no come to some strikingly similar
ideas this topic came to be other fact before me than their conclusions that Hahnemann had
regarded as the Gordian Knot to constant use by scientific and already observed and said over
be cut by each individual as best successful a physician as Carroll more than 200 years earlier.
as he could with the instruments Dunham I should be content to
at his disposal. Stuart Close acknowledge their legitimacy.”
Richard Hughes has stated that References
has commented that this
decision should be open to every he has nothing to say in favour 1. Close S. The Genius of Homoeopathy- lectures

practitioner and that each man of high potencies as we have no and essays on homoeopathic philosophy. 11th
Impression. Reprinted. New Delhi: B.Jain
should be competent, willing evidence that can be brought Publishers (P) Ltd. 2013.

and ready to use any potency before us to prove that we 2. Hahnemann S. Organon of Medicine, translated
from the 5th edition, with an appendix by
or preparation of indicated actually develop power as we go R.E.Dudgeon with additions and alterations as
remedy. If he confines himself on attenuating. Moreover, there per 6th edition translated by William Boericke, and
Introduction by James Krauss. New Delhi. B. Jain
to one or two potencies, be is no material particle of the Publishers (P) Ltd. 2013.
drug beyond 12C. Preparation
they low medium or high he is 3. Roberts HA. The Principles and Art of Cure by
of 1000th and beyond according Homoeopathy. Reprinted. New Delhi: B. Jain
limiting his own usefulness and Publishers (P) Ltd. 2014.
to Hahnemann’s directions are
depriving the patient of valuable 4. Dudgeon RE. The Lesser Writings of Samuel
simple impossibilities, for it will Hahnemann. 14th Impression. Reprinted. New
means of relief andcure.1 Delhi: B.Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. 2019.
require lot of time, labour and
• According to H.A.Roberts, cost.9 5. Hahnemann S. Materia Medica Pura. Vol-II.
20th Impression. Reprinted. New Delhi: B.Jain
the law of dosage could be Publishers (P) Ltd. 2017.
• James Tyler Kent in his lesser
summarized to 3 fundamental 6. Hahnemann S. The Chronic Diseases Their
writings says that there is
laws. (1) Law of least action and Peculiar Nature andTheir Homoeopathic Cure.
difference in the activities of a Vol-1. Reprinted. New Delhi: B.Jain Publishers
quantity. (2) Law of quantity (P) Ltd. 2014.
given remedy in the 30th and
and dose. (3) Law of quality. 7. Nash EB. Leaders in Homoeopathic Therapeutics
10M upon the same constitution. With Grouping and Classification. Reprinted.
Infinitesimal dose is one, which
Very high potencies seldom New Delhi: B.Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. 2013.
is so small as not to produce
require repetition in chronic 8. Dunham C. Homoeopathy the science of
too much aggravation of the therapeutics. 1st edition. New Delhi: B.Jain
disease in severe acute disease Publishers (P) Ltd. 2007.
symptoms already present and
several doses in quick succession 9. Hughes R. The Principles and Practice of
never large enough to produce needed. It is better to begin Homoeopathy. 15th Impression. New Delhi. B.
new symptoms.3 Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. 2020.
lower and go higher and higher. 10. Kent JT. Lectures on Homoeopathic philosophy.
• Nash was also strongly in favor Medicines to be given in series 7th edition. New Delhi: B.Jain Publishers (P) Ltd.
of medium and high potencies.7 2007.
of octave potencies. A deep
• Carroll Dunham in Science of acting chronic remedy should
seldom be given in the midst of
About the authors
Therapeutics says that the most
vigorous opposition from a paroxysm or exacerbations but Dr Siddhartha Pal, M.D. (Hom.)
old school as well as chief at close of it.10 National Institute of Homoeopathy,
ground of division among the Kolkata; J.R.F., Dr. Anjali Chatterjee
homoeopaths was upon the
Conclusion Regional Research Institute, Kolkata.
question of infinitesimal dose. Science has failed to explain
He states in favor of infinitesimal Homoeopathy because it still lacks Dr S. Seetha Lakshmi, B.H.M.S;
dose and concludes that there in the essentials to explain its PG Scholar of Dept. of Organon
are many evidences in chronic process. Therefore homoeopathy of Medicine, National Institute of
disease that many medicines remains enigmatic to the scientific Homoeopathy, Kolkata.
have acted in very large doses.8 community. The discovery of
• Richard Hughes in his relativity theory and quantum

Pharmacodynamics says theory in the 20th century ceased the
“My own experience of such classical concept of solid substances

58 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SPECIAL COVID 19 SECTION

Post COVID-19 syndrome and homoeopathy

By Dr Shweta Tiwari

Abstract: COVID-19 has impacted the world immensely. Although most of its victims recover in few weeks without any sequel
or after suffering, there are some people around the world who are facing long term aftereffects of COVID-19. These effects may
last from few weeks to many months. This article reviews all aspects of these aftereffects of COVID-19 and highlights the role of
homoeopathy in managing these effects.

Key words: COVID-19 syndrome, cohort study, palpitations, autoimmune diseases, multisystem inflammatory
syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder (PISD), thromboembolism.

Abbreviation: post-traumatic stress disorder (PISD), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Introduction impaired pulmonary diffusion • vertigo or dizziness especially

capacities and abnormal chest on standing

A group of people who are

been infected with COVID-19
virus are experiencing diverse
imaging manifestation and are
the main target population for
•
•
palpitation
cough
intervention of long-term recovery.
symptoms for many weeks to (1) • dyspnoea or shortness of breath
months after recovering from • chest pain
the COVID-19 illness. These DESCRIPTION • joint pain
symptoms are being referred as Clinical presentations of post-CO- • muscle pain
post-COVID-19 syndrome or long- VID-19 syndrome (2)
COVID. This syndrome consists • thromboembolism
of symptoms similar to COVID-19 Subacute COVID-19/ Long COVID Post-traumatic stress disorder
illness or residual symptoms of (PTSD): COVID-19 disease has
treatment and hospitalisation. Not People who are experiencing impacted badly the mental health
only those with severe COVID-19 different combinations of following of many people around the globe,
illness are experiencing these symptoms from week 4 to week particularly to people who had
symptoms but many people with 12 after first being infected by very severe form of it and required
mild symptoms or asymptomatic COVID-19, are said to have long hospitalisation or who lost their
patients are also experiencing COVID or sub-acute COVID-19. loved ones due to this. This
these symptoms. The symptoms in manifests in the form of anxiety
Following are the symptoms in long
post-COVID-19 syndrome ranges attacks, various fears, sleeplessness,
COVID-19: apathy, palpitation, etc.
from mild symptoms like malaise,
fever, headache to multisystem Symptoms due to multiorgan
• Severe weakness
inflammatory syndrome or involvement: symptoms like
autoimmune diseases. • lack of appetite
swelling on various parts of body
According to a cohort study, at • dullness of mind and reduced function of organ
6 months after acute infections, • difficulty in concentration involved are also being experienced
COVID-19 survivors were mainly • anxiety and sadness by few patients after COVID-19
troubled with fatigue or muscle illness. This is due to inflammatory
• lack of sleep
weakness, sleep difficulties, and involvement of multiple organs
• headache like lung, kidney, brain, heart by
anxiety or depression. Patient who
was more severely ill during their • fever COVID-19 virus. It is still unknown
hospital stay had more severe • loss of smell and taste that how long this condition persists

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 59

SPECIAL COVID 19 SECTION

or if it could lead to any chronic 1. Kalium phosphoricum: One of heaviness of eyelids. Lack of
illness or not. the greatest nerve remedies. muscular coordination. Chill
Prostration. Weak and tired. without thirst.
Management of post-COVID-19 Mental and physical depression 7. Coca: Want of breath.
syndrome: Along with treatment, a are wonderfully improved Haemoptysis, with oppression
few lifestyle modifications can help by this remedy. Headache. of chest and dyspnea. Violent
in managing this condition more Sleeplessness. Night terrors. palpitations. Physical and
effectively. These include:
2. Phosphoricum acidum: Suited mental exhaustion.
Daily exercise or yoga: Some kind to persons who have become 8. Arsenicum album: Anxious,
of physical exercise helps in getting debilitated by violent acute fearful, and restless. Great
rid of many physical and mental disease. Listless, apathetic prostration and fainting. Great
symptoms. It increases oxygen levels especially if there is debility thirst for cold water. Burning
in body and improves stamina. Daily and emaciation. Headache. pain > by heat, hot drinks, hot
practise of yoga improves sleep and Diarrhoea. Cough. Chest applications. Fear of death.
makes the person calmer. weakness. Low types of fever. Attacks of anxiety at night
3. Carbo vegetabilis: For the bad driving out of bed < after
Meditations: Daily practise of effects of exhausting diseases; midnight. Diarrhea. Breathing,
meditation helps in relieving anxiety cachectic person whose asthmatic, unable to lie down
and other stress related symptoms. vitality has become weakened for fear of suffocation.
or exhausted. Weakness of
Healthy diet: Diet plays very 9. Psorinum: Great weakness
memory and slowness of
important role in recovering any and debility remaining after
thoughts. Diarrhoea after
kind of illness. A balanced home acute diseases. Appetite will
eating and drinking. Desire to
cooked food help in recovering from not return. Sleeplessness.
be fanned constantly. Pale face
post- COVID symptoms quickly. Profuse perspiration after
covered with cold sweat.
Protein rich foods, green leafy acute diseases with relief of
4. Kalium carbonicum: Great all suffering. Dyspnoea < open
vegetables, vitamin-C rich fruits
weakness, chilliness, and air. Cough with green sputum.
and vegetables, seasonal fruits,
stitching pain in various Diarrhoea offensive. Headache
unsaturated fats or oils should be
part of body. Full of fear and preceded by dimness of vision.
included in diet.
imagination. Anxiety felt in
10. Avena sativa: Best tonic for
Stay hydrated and limit sugar and stomach. Headache. Swelling
debility after exhausting
salt: Taking plenty of fluids help in over the upper eyelids, like
diseases. Inability to keep
getting rid of post-COVID weakness. little bags. Sweat, backache,
the mind on any one subject.
Excess sugar and salt intake should and weakness are characteristic
Sleeplessness. Nervous
be restricted as it affects immune of this remedy.
exhaustion. (4)
system badly. 5. Chininum arsenicosum: A
general tonic for weariness Conclusion
Homoeopathic treatment of post- and prostration. Weak limbs.
COVID syndrome Cold hands and feet, knees, Homoeopathy has wide range of
and limbs. Great anxiety. medicine that can be highly effective
Homoeopathy can play an in management of symptoms of
important role in the treatment Vertigo worse looking up. Dull
heavy headache. Palpitation. post-COVID. Homoeopathy can be
of various conditions relating to proved a simple and easy way to
aftereffects of COVID-19 infection. Shortness of breath. Must have
open air. Sleeplessness. manage these conditions.
In homoeopathy, many medicines
are available which covers post- 6. Gelsemium sempervirens:
COVID symptomatology and can be General depression. Weakness References
proved greatly beneficial. and trembling of tongue, 1. Chaolin Huang, MD; Lixue
hands, legs, of the entire Huang, MD; 6-month
Indications of some of homoeo- body. Headache preceded by consequences of COVID-19
pathic medicines for post-COVID blindness. Vertigo spreading in patients discharged from
syndrome (3,4) from the occiput. Great hospital: A Cohort study,

60 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SPECIAL COVID 19 SECTION

published on January 08,2021 3. Henry C. Allen, M.D. “Allen’s < - Aggravation.

[Internet] cited on 23 June 2021, Keynotes Rearranged and > - Amelioration.
Available from: Classified with leading
Post-traumatic stress disorder
remedies of the Materia Medica
https://www.thelancet.com/ (PTSD)
and Bowel Nosodes” 10th
journals/lancet/article/PIIS040- edition. New Delhi; B. Jain
6736(20)326568/fulltext About the author
publishers (P) LTD; 2005.
2. Center for Disease Control and Dr Shweta Tiwari
4. William Boericke, M.D.
Prevention, Long term effects of “Boericke’s New Manual of PGT (final year)
COVID-19, [Internet} updated Homoeopathic Materia Medica Department of Case Taking and
apr.8,2021, [Cited June 23, 2021] with Repertory, 3rd Revised, Repertory
Available from: and Augmented edition based State National Homoeopathic
www.cdc.gov/ on 9th edition. New Delhi; B. Medical College and Hospital,
coronavirus/2019-ncov/ Jain publishers (P) LTD; 2016. Lucknow
longterm-effect.html Abbreviations used: 

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 61

CLINICAL
ARTICLE

A clinical observational study on efficacy of Vanadium

metallicum 6c in increasing the haemoglobin
concentration, mean corpuscular volume and serum
ferritin in iron deficiency anaemia
By Mr Shreyank Kotian, Dr Deepa Pais

Abstract:
Background: Anaemia in young adults is a common phenomenon which leads to complications among adolescents affecting their
daily activities. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of Homoeopathic remedy, Vanadium metallicum 6c in increasing
the haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin in cases of iron deficiency anaemia. Materials and
methods: Young adults between the ages of 18 to 25 with haemoglobin levels ≤12 g% and ≥8 g% were investigated for IDA by
measuring serum ferritin and MCV levels. Vanadium metallicum 6c was prescribed for 4 weeks after which the investigations were
repeated. Results: 25 females were identified to have low haemoglobin levels. Symptomatic improvement with mean haemoglobin
levels increasing from 11.612g% to 11.944 g% and MCV from 80.71fL to 81.80fL was seen after treatment. Serum ferritin levels
showed an average decrease from 41.054 ng/dl to 35.649ng/dl. Conclusion: Vanadium metallicum can be used to treat symptoms
and increase Hb levels in IDA but should be used in caution when serum ferritin levels are below par

Key words: Vanadium metallicum, haemoglobin, homoeopathy, iron deficiency anaemia, serum ferritin

Abbreviation: Hb- haemoglobin, IDA – iron deficiency anaemia, MCV – mean corpuscular volume, WHO - World
Health Organization, OPD – outpatient department, SPSS - statistical package for the social sciences.

Introduction cell volume. problem and indicator of poor

nutrition and health, which is at its

N utritional anaemia is one of the

most prevalent micronutrient
deficiencies among young adults in
Iron is one the important
micronutrient that plays a major
role on cellular growth and
peak in South-East Asia, Eastern
Mediterranean and African Regions.
(7)
.
India. Studies shows that up to 33.4% differentiation, oxygen binding,
Homoeopathic remedy, Vanadium
(1)
of individuals between the ages of transport and storage, enzymatic metallicum 6C, is a remedy
18 to 25 years have been recorded reactions, immune function, prescribed for Anaemia for its action
with mild to moderate anaemia cognitive function, mental and predominantly on the haemoglobin.
due to nutritional deficiency. The physical growth etc. Iron deficiency The main function of Vanadium is
prevalence of nutritional anaemia anaemia is characterised by a defect that of an Oxygen carrier and has
worldwide is estimated to be in haemoglobin synthesis, resulting a prominent action on anaemia,
around one billion people with iron in hypochromic and microcytic red especially with emaciation of the
deficiency. (2) blood cells. (4) patient. (8)

The World Health Organization Anaemia is associated with fatigue, This study was conducted to
defines anaemia as blood general malaise, inability to work understand the efficacy of this
haemoglobin values of less than and decreased concentration.(5) It medicine using the main biomarkers
13 g/dl in men and 12 g/dl in has a noticeable effects on learning, of iron deficiency anaemia with both
women (3) .The severity of anaemia cognitive function, behavior, diagnostic and prognostic value.
is measured by the patient’s attention and regular activities of
haemoglobin/haematocrit level. The young students(6). According to AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
mean corpuscular volume is the World Health Organization (WHO), The main objective of the study
measure of the average red blood anaemia is a major public health was to evaluate the efficacy of

62 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CLINICAL
ARTICLE

homoeopathic remedy Vanadium = 1.96 at 95% confidence level ,P= 80 criteria were included in study.52
metallicum 6c, in increasing the , q=100-P, E=relative precision 20% total individuals,42 females and 10
haemoglobin concentration, mean (80% power) (10). Purposive sampling males with complaints of fatigue,
corpuscular volume and serum (non random sampling) was done. weakness and other constitutional
ferritin in cases of iron deficiency symptoms of Iron deficiency
anaemia among young adults. The study was conducted after anaemia who had visited the OPD
obtaining the ethical approval from were screened with haemoglobin
Materials and Methods the Institutional Ethics Committee. levels and other inclusion and
The following study was a clinical exclusion criteria. Unfortunately
The proposed intervention was Rx
observational study that was carried no males could satisfy any of the
VANADIUM METALLICUM 6C
out in the outpatient department inclusion and exclusion criteria.
procured from good manufacturing
of a homoeopathic hospital in Hence, 25 female subjects within
practise (gmp) certified
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India and its the age group of 18 to 25 years were
homoeopathic pharmaceutical
peripheral OPDs. Patients between considered for the study.
unit which was repeated in a
the age of 18 and 25, who attended frequency of 4-0-4 for four weeks. The past treatment history was
the outpatient department with The respondents were asked to have obtained from the subjects and it
complaints of fatigue, recurrent minimal change in their regular was understood that majority of
infections, decreased appetite and pattern to remove the confounding them (80%) had been taking or had
signs like pallor, and those who factors overlapping the action of taken homoeopathic medicines and
had come with reports of below par medicines. (11) 36% of them were taking allopathic
haemoglobin levels were considered medicines for the presenting
for the study. The inclusion criteria Detailed case history was taken
complaints.
for this study were young adults as per the proforma which was
between ages 18 to 25, both male used after its validation of the
and female, with haemoglobin questionnaire by face validity.
levels below normal standards,(3) i.e. Haemoglobin concentration and
less than or equal to 12g% in females mean corpuscular value of all the
and 13g% in males. respondents was investigated and
recorded. Those who satisfied the
Individuals who were under inclusion and exclusion criteria
treatments such as iron were included in the study and their
supplementation, patients blood sample was sent for Serum
who underwent intravenous Ferritin analysis and recorded.
administration of iron preparation
or administration of erythropoiesis Those patients who were prescribed It was seen that the family members
stimulation agents or blood homoeopathic medicine Vanadium (1st degree relatives) of 32%
transfusion within 3 months before metallicum 6c 4-0-4 were observed respondents had similar symptoms/
screening were also not considered for four weeks. All the cases were presentation in their life time (figure
for the study. Those diagnosed monitored and follow-up was taken 1)
with other systemic illness like at the end of 4th week along with all
diabetes, hypertension, thyroid the investigations.
disorders, tuberculosis, etc., are
severely malnourished individuals, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
severely anaemic patients. Cases Data analysis was done by
with excessive menstrual bleeding STUDENTS PAIRED T-TEST. A
or menorrhagia were also excluded statistical package SPSS vers.23.0
from this study. was used to do the analysis where p
<0.05was considered as significant.
With 95% confidence level and 80% (10)
power, the sample size required
for the study was 25 with reference We could see that 60% of the
RESULTS: respondents were staying in hostel
to (9) and was calculated using the
formula N=Zα2 Pq /E2 , Where, Zα Respondents who satisfied the and 40% of the respondents were

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 63

CLINICAL
ARTICLE

staying with their families. (figure 2) physical strength of the individual.

Regular infections in respondents
were also decreased after treatment.
The change in number of individuals
suffering from other symptoms may
be seen in figure 3 above.

The average increase in mean

corpuscular volume before and after
treatment was seen from 80.72 fL to
Symptomatic improvement was 81.8fL as seen in figure 5
seen in majority of respondents with
the intensity decreasing to a higher
degree or even up to complete After treatment with Vanadium
absence of symptoms after the metallicum 6c in frequent doses, the
treatment. Number of individuals mean haemoglobin concentration
having symptoms of pallor among the 25 respondents increased
decreased from 14 individuals to from 11.612 g% to 11.944g% after 4
9. A drastic decrease in patients weeks as seen above in figure 4. This
with fatigue decreased from 15 increase was found to be statistically
individuals to only 1 individual, very highly significant (p<0.001)
thus helping in increasing the (table 1)

TABLE 1 – VALUES BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH VANADIUM METALLICUM 6C

Before After Mean difference t p

Mean SD Mean SD Mean +/-SD
Haemoglobin 11.612 0.93 11.944 0.918 0.302+/-0.421 3.943 <0.001 vhs
MCV 80.72 6.674 81.80 6.245 1.08+/-1.47 3.674 <0.001 vhs
Serum Ferritin 41.054 27.818 35.649 28.136 5.405+/-8.568 3.154 0.004 hs

However, as seen in fig.6 above, the treatment of anaemia to improve with nutritional value and their
there was a gross decrease in the the haemoglobin levels, no study constant academic/ occupational
serum ferritin levels from a mean has been done with this remedy to stress .
value of 41.054 ng/dl to 35.649ng/dl. give a scientific explanation of the
This decrease was seen in in majority treatment. Although there have been We could see that 60% of the
of individuals after a month of numerous studies that have been individuals were residents of hostel
treatment with Vanadium metallicum done on Iron deficiency anaemia and only 40% of them stayed with
6c was found to be statistically using other commonly utilized their families. Although in hostel
significant remedies such as Ferrum metallicum, there is a provision of regular meals,
Ferrum phosphoricum (12) which has eating habits and the nutritional
shown great results with scientific values of food in hostel will differ
Discussion when compared to the home cooked
proof that aided homoeopathic
After in-depth literature review, physicians in their practice. meals.
this is the first study done on
iron deficiency anaemia using the This study was done on young Drastic decrease in dizziness which
homoeopathic remedy Vanadium adults as individuals in this age was in 20% of the subject, was found
metallicum (as per author’s review). has a higher prevalence of iron only in 4% of the subjects after the
Although Vanadium metallicum is a deficiency anaemia with relation remedy. Fatigue also reduced from
commonly prescribed remedy for to their compromised eating habits 60% of the subjects to only 4% after

64 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

CLINICAL
ARTICLE

the treatment. Factors like lack of Conclusion Effectiveness of Homoeopathic Medicine

concentration was reduced from Ferrum metallicum 6X in Increasing the

40% of the subjects to 8%. Vanadium Vanadium metallicum can be used Haemoglobin Concentration of Thirty Paediatric
as a therapeutic agent in improve Iron Deficiency Anaemia Patients Using
metallicum has hence shown its
the common general symptoms Paired’t’Test.
efficacy in treating the general
and haemoglobin levels in cases 10. Mahajan BK, Lal S. Methods in biostatistics for
symptoms, which is a good sign,
of anaemia but should be used in medical students and research workers. Indian
homoeopathically. caution when treating diagnosed Journal of Community Medicine. 1999 Jul
cases of iron deficiency anaemia 1;24(3):140.
Increase in haemoglobin
with low serum ferritin levels.
concentration was seen in majority 11. Khan HM, Sohail M, Ali A, Akhtar N, Khan H,
Rasool F. Symptoms-Based Evaluation of Iron
of individuals, but minimal. Even CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Deficiency Anaemia in Students of Bahawalpur
though the mean corpuscular
Correlated with their Eating Habits. Tropical
volume change was minimal, the None declared.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2014 Sep
increase was statistically significant 11;13(5):769-72.
(p<0.001) References 12. Khurana A, Mittal R, Rath P, Moorthy K, Taneja
1. Jawed S, Tariq S, Tariq S, Kamal A. Frequency D, Singh U, Mishra K, Manchanda RK. Ferrum
Although, unexpectedly, there was
of nutritional anaemia among female medical phosphoricum 3X and Ferrum metallicum 3X
a decrease in serum ferritin seen
students of Faisalabad. Pakistan journal of in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia
in majority of individuals after a
medical sciences. 2017 Mar;33(2):398. in children: Randomized parallel arm study.
month of treatment. Increase in Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy.
2. United Nations Administrative Committee
serum ferritin was seen in only 2020 Jul 1;14(3):171.
on Co-ordination Subcommittee on Nutrition.
3 individuals which also were,
Second report on the world nutrition situation.
minimal. Since there was no much Geneva. W.H.O 1992,; 40-48 About the authors
change in diet and regiment in 1. Mr SHREYANK KOTIAN
3. WHO (2011) Haemoglobin concentrations
this one month, the physiological
for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment BHMS, Intern, Father Muller
increase was also not seen in these of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition
patients Homoeopathic Medical College
Information System. Geneva, World Health
and Hospital, Mangalore,
Organization,(WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1)
The limitations of this study include Karnataka, India
http://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin.
a small sample size, i.e. only 25 pdf, accessed 20/9/2020) 2. Dr DEEPA PAIS
subjects and absence of a control
4. Provan D. Mechanisms and management of BHMS, MD (Hom.) Asst.
group. Duration of this study was iron deficiency anaemia. British journal of professor Dept. of Pathology
limited to one month as the dietary haematology. 1999 Apr 1;105:19-26.
and Microbiology, Father Muller
changes were contraindicated, hence
5. Mehta K. Prevalence of nutritional anaemia Homoeopathic Medical College
a longer duration would be ethically among college students and its correlation
and Hospital, Mangalore,
wrong when treating a patient with their body mass index. Int J Sci Res.
without general management. Karnataka, India
2015;4(3):1882-6.

6. Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA,

However, further studies with 
Auinger P, Szilagyi PG. Iron deficiency and
a larger sample with inclusion cognitive achievement among school-aged
of both sexes would give a children and adolescents in the United States.
broader explanations with more Pediatrics. 2001 Jun 1;107(6):1381-6.
clarity in results. Inclusion of a 7. WHO The global prevalence of anaemia in
placebo- controlled group with 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
randomization of subjects will Organization. 2015
remove the effect of any confounding 8. Boericke W. Pocket Manual of Homoeopathic
factors that has affected the study. Materia Medica & Repertory: Comprising of
Haematological studies are better the Characteristic and Guiding Symptoms of
studied over a longer duration to get All Remedies (clinical and Pahtogenetic [sic])
clarity in results with respect to its Including Indian Drugs. B. Jain publishers; 2002.
physiological functions. 9. Venkatesan H. Statistical Assessment of the

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 65

SUBJECTIVE

Comparison among the homoeopathic drugs which have

a suppurative tendency
By Dr Suman Samanta, Dr Supriya Pramanik, Dr Prabin Kumar Shaw

Abstract: Suppuration is a kind of inflammation mostly due to bacteria (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) comprises
the making of large amount of pus. The chemotoxins which are liberated by bacteria result in a dense accumulation of neutrophils
which undergo autolysis results in tissue destruction. The tissue damage resolution does not occur and causes fibrous scarring.
The suppurative tendency is inherent or acquired tendency of the organism in homoeopathy rather than surgical disease. The
individualistic approach and constitutional medicines eradicated the conditions effectively. Medicines are well mentioned in different
source books and homoeopathic repertories of homoeopathy. It should be treated by dynamic medicine avoiding treatment based
upon local symptoms.

Keywords: Suppuration, homoeopathy, constitutional medicine, susceptibility.

Abbreviations: IL – interleukin, TNF – tumout necrosis factor, WBC – white blood cell

Introduction • Chronic abscess - It is more • Fistula –It is a canal lead-

insidious during its forma- ing from the skin into the

S uppuration which comes from

french word ‘suppuration’
or directly from latin word
tive existence; slower in its
course, little or no pain and
no discoloration of the in-
abscess. From some cause,
the abscess after operating
either by knife or spontane-
teguments. They are very ously, sometimes refuses to
‘suppurationem’. [1]
apt to remain stationary for close up. This causes may
The process of abscess formation is years and sometimes never be the presence of foreign
known as suppuration. When acute discharge but gradually be- body, as a piece of bone or
bacterial infection is accompanied by come reabsorbed.[3] the constant passage of irri-
intense neutrophilic infiltrate in the tating discharges through a
inflamed tissue, it results in tissue • Cold abscess – It is also wound. Whatever the cause
necrosis. A cavity is formed which is known as lymphatic ab- may be, a canal is formed,
called an abscess and contain puru- scess. It occurs with but few permanently open, which
lent exudate or pus causes suppura- if any premonitory symp- eventually has the sides
toms and usually unac- converted into fibrous ma-
tion. An abscess may be discharged
companied by pain at any terial and is a source of con-
to the surface due to increase pres-
time. Cachectic individuals, stant annoyance.[3]
sure inside or may require drainage.
Due to tissue destruction, resolution scrofulous individuals are
does not occur but instead healing particularly prone to it and CAUSATIVE AGENT:
by fibrous scarring takes place. [2] they have a large fluctuat-
ing tumor appearing sud- The most common bacterial
denly in groin, axilla or iliac organisms which are responsible for
Some of the common examples of
suppuration: fossa. The contained fluid suppuration [4]
is thin, purulent, offensive • Staphylococcus aureus
• Boil or furuncle - an acute matter.[3]
inflammation via hair fol- • Streptococcus pyogens
licle in the dermal tissue.[2] • Diffused Abscesses - They
are such as occur in the cel- • Mycobacterium tuberculo-
• Carbuncle - it is seen in lular tissue after erysipelas sis and atypical mycobacte-
untreated diabetes and oc- rial infection
and inflammation and ex-
curred as a loculated ab- tend rapidly in all direction • Fungal infection, a kerion
scess in the dermis and soft forming sinuses and bur-
tissues of the neck.[2] rowing to a great extent.[3] • Viral infection, for example

66 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

- herpes simplex • Metabolic syndrome and only to treat the suppuration but
obesity also to address its underlying cause
• Infestations or parasitic in-
and individual susceptibility. As
fections • Smoking, diabetes, immune far as therapeutic medication is
Suppuration may affect healthy peo- compromise, intravenous concerned from our knowledge
ple in the following circumstances. drug users
of materia medica, there are some
leading remedies which are very
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SUPPURATION [5] – helpful to treat the suppuration
that can be selected on the basis of
cause, sensations and modalities
of the complaints along with the
comparison of different repertories.
[7]

Therapeutics indication – There

are some medicine which are very
useful to treat the suppuration ef-
fectively. These medicines are dis-
cussed here with indications.
• Aconitum napellus [8, 9, 10]:
Red, shining, hot swellings;
violent pains.
Boil highly inflamed; fever
with dry, hot skin.
In hyperaemia, congestion
not after exudation has set
in.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF WHY WE SHOULD CHOOSE Associated with physical
SUPPURATION[6] – HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT and mental restlessness,
FOR SUPPURATIVE TENDENCY? fright, is the most character-
Symptoms of suppuration – There istic manifestation of Aco-
is throbbing pain at the site of Homoeopathy is one of the most nite.
suppuration, which caused due to popular holistic system of medicine. • Anthracinum[8, 9, 10, 11]: In car-
pus or pressure on the nerve ending The selection of remedy is based buncle, malignant ulcer and
by the pus. Fever with or without upon the theory of individualisation complaints with ulceration,
chill, rigors can be present. and symptoms similarity by using sloughing and intolerable
holistic approaches. As we know burning.
Signs of suppuration –
this is very common in day to day • When Arsenicum album or
• Heat life to have continual suppurative the best selected remedy fails
tendency to abscess or boils which to relieve the burning pain of
• Redness
cannot be completely eradicated carbuncle or malignant ulcer-
• Pain (i.e. it recurs again and again) ation.
by surgical means or allopathic Carbuncle; with horrible
• Swelling
treatment procedure but in case burning pains; discharge of
• Fluctuation of homeopathic treatment we ichorous offensive pus.
can eradicate this condition by Malignant pustules; black
• Loss of function constitutional medicine by help or blue blisters; often fatal in
of symptoms similarity. This the twenty-four or forty-eight
MANAGEMENT:
only way through which a state of hours
Surgical treatment-Incision and complete health can be regained by • Arnica montana[8, 9, 10, 11]:
drainage under general or local an- removing all the sign and symptoms Tendency to small, painful
esthesia because the presence of in- from which the patient is suffering. boils, one after another, ex-
fection and pain. The aim of homoeopathy is not tremely sore.

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 67

SUBJECTIVE

Compound fractures and There are times when Silicea is in- with intense pain; malig-
their profuse suppuration dicated and the abscess is in such nant pustules; decubitus;
Concussions and contu- a dangerous place that if Silicea is dark, bluish, purple appear-
sions, results of shock or given the result that naturally be- ance; tend to malignancy.
injury; without laceration of longs to the spreading of that ab- After the pus has formed
soft parts; Prevents suppu- scess is dangerous; in such an in- parts of purplish hue; gan-
ration and septic conditions stance the surgeon must be called to grenous,
and promotes absorption. drain the abscess in a safe manner,
even when we know that if that ab- Worse after sleep.
Crops of small boils, which scess was located in a safe place, it • Mercurius solubilis [8, 9, 10, 11]:
are very painful and sore to would be far better for that patient Suppuration of lungs, after
touch. to have the remedy he needs.12 haemorrhages of pneumo-
• Arsenicum album[8, 9, 10, 11]: • Calcarea sulphuricum[9]: nia.
when an abscess threaten to Suppurative processes In bone diseases, pains
become gangrenous; great come within the range of worse at night; glandular
debility, parts burn like fire. this remedy, after pus has swellings with or without
Great burning; relieved by found a vent. suppuration, but especially
heat; great restlessness, lan- Painful abscesses about the if suppuration be too pro-
cinating pain. anus in cases of fistula. fuse.
Ulcer on the heel with Suppurating stage of ton- Cold swellings; abscesses,
bloody pus. sillitis, when abscess is dis- slow to suppurate.
• Belladonna[8, 9, 10, 11]: Bright charging. When the pus is coming
redness, especially radiat- Yellow, purulent crusts or out and is scanty or after
ing redness; much burning; discharge. pus has formed (never to be
part feel dry and hot. given before the formation
• Fluoricum acidum[8, 9, of pus).
Decided aggravation from 11]
:Dental fistula, with per-
slight jar. sistent bloody, salty dis- Pain is throbbing, burning,
Mammary, hepatic or rather charge. stinging, bloody pus.
glandular abscesses. Lachrymal fistula. • Phytolocca decandra[8, 9,
Boil on shoulder.
11]
-Mammary abscess; fis-
Frequent small boils; car-
tulae, gaping, angry ulcers;
Painful blister containing buncles.
pus sanious, ichorous, foe-
water on the sternum. Periosteal abscess. tid; unhealthy.
• Bryonia alba[10]: In the be- • Hepar sulphuricum[8, 9, 10, 11]: Breast, shows an early ten-
ginning when the part is The slightest injury causes dency to cake; is full, stony,
very pale and hard. suppuration hard and painful, especially
• Calcarea carbonicum[8, 9, 11, In diseases when suppura- when suppuration is inevi-
12]
: There is a pyaemic state, tion seems inevitable, Hepar table
in which there are abscesses sulphuricum may open the Tumefied breast neither
in deep muscles. Abscesses abscess and hasten the cure. heals nor suppurates, is of a
deep in the neck, deep in the purple hue and “hard as old
Abscess of the axillary
thigh, in the abdomen. cheese”.
gland.
Eradicates predisposition to Hastens suppuration.
Buboes, abscesses of the in-
boils.
guinal glands. • Secale cornutum [8, 9, 11]:
Blood-boils: appear on Boils-small, painful with
May be given in high poten-
head, neck and shoulders, green contents, mature very
cy to prevent suppuration
or on thigh instead of his slowly and heal in the same
before the opening of an
asthma, during new moon; manner; very debilitating.
abscess, particularly when
on both cheeks in front of
there is throbbing. Carbuncles; extensive ec-
ears; on right knee, can
press out quantity of pus. Pus which may be bloody chymoses.
smells like old cheese. The skin feels cold to the
In Kent’s Materia Medica, un-
der the remedy Calcarea car- • Lachesis mutus [8, 9, 10, 11]: touch, yet the patient can-
bonicum, it is mentioned: Boils, carbuncles, ulcers not tolerate covering; icy

68 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

coldness of extremities. relapsing; seems to get al- every two weeks ear gathers
Very old, decrepit, feeble most well when disease re- and discharges : Iris.
persons. turns.
below : Nat-h.
• Silicea terra[8, 9, 10, 11]: Small • Tuberculinum[8, 9, 11]-Crops of
wounds in skin heal with small boils, intensely pain- in meatus : Calc-s., crot-h.,
difficulty and easily suppu- ful, successively appear in Hep., mag-c., puls., Sil.
rate. the nose; green, foetid pus.
menses, during : Puls.
• Small wounds suppurate When with a family history
profusely. of tubercular affections, the ERUPTION:boils : Kali-c., sil.,
• Suppuration of skin and cel- best selected remedy fails to spong., sulph., syph.
lular tissues beneath it. relieve or permanently im-
prove, without reference to INFLAMMATION,suppurative
Boils come in crops; ten- name of disease. :Arn., caps.
dency to boils; leave indura-
tions. Emaciation rapid and pro- SUPPURATION, middle ear : Am-
nounced; losing flesh while c., bar-c., Calc-s., calc., caps., carb-
Abscesses speedily point, eating well. an., carb-v., caust., Hep., hydr., Kali-
but secretion of pus is too bi., kali-p., lyc., Merc., nat-m., olnd.,
scanty. Symptoms ever chang-
ing; ailments affecting one puls., sil., spong., stann., sulph.
Very useful when fistulous organ, then another - the
opening has formed. behind ear : Kali-c., nit-ac.,
lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, phyt.
In chronic abscess when stomach, nervous system
discharge is tardy, long- con- - beginning suddenly, ceas- in front of ear : Merc
tinued. ing suddenly.
CHAPTER: NOSE
• Sulphur[8, 9, 10, 11]:Boils: com-
ing in crops in various parts REPORTORIAL DISTRIBUTION
OF SUPPURATION IN THE ABSCESS: Calc., Hep.,lac-c., lach.,
of the body, or a single boil merc., Sil., still.
is succeeded by another as REPERTORY OF THE HOMOEO-
soon as first is healed. PATHIC MATERIA MEDICA BY at root : Puls.
J. T. KENT[13]:
Suppuration: pus thin,
CHAPTER: FACE
black, putrid. CHAPTER: HEAD
Abscesses: pus yellow, of- ABSCESS : Anan., bell., Hep., kali-i.,
fensive, full of air bubbles. ABSCESS: Calc., hep.,lyc., merc., sil Merc., phos., sil.
• Tarentula hispanica[8, 9, 10, 11]: ERUPTION, suppurating : Ars., bar- antrum : Kali-i., lyc., merc.,
Anthrax; carbuncles; atro- m., calc-s., cic., clem., graph., hep., mez., Sil.
cious pains. lyc., mez., psor., rhus-t., sep., staph.,
Sulph., vinc. jaw :Ars., phos.
• Syphilitic buboes, painful
boils, all kinds of abscesses CHAPTER: EYE lip :Anthr.
where pain or inflammation
predominates. FISTULA of the cornea :Sil. upper :Bell.
Carbuncle as large around lachrymalis : Agar., apis., arg-n., aur- parotid glands : Ars., lach.,
at its base as a silver dollar, m., brom., Calc., chel., Fl-ac., hep., lyc., phos., phyt., rhus-t., Sil.
apex studded with small lach., lyc., mill., nat-c., nat-m., nit-ac.,
openings on side of chest; Petr., phyt., Puls., Sil., stann., sulph. submaxillary glands : Calc.,
no pus discharging; in- hippoz., kali-i., lach., phos.,
tense burning and stinging discharging pus on pressure : Puls., sil.
extending to mamma and sil., stann.
down arm; had not slept for ERUPTION, tubercles,suppurating
forty- eight hours. suppurating: Calc., Puls. :Fl-ac., nat-c., sil.

Worse from slightest touch CHAPTER: EAR INFLAMMATION: Parotid Gland:

Sloughing carbuncle, Great ABSCESS behind(See Boils, suppu- suppuration, with : Ars., Brom., bry.,
prostration. ration) : Anan., Aur., bar-m., caps., Calc., con., Hep., lach., Merc., nat-m.,
Complaints are continually carb-an., kali-c., nit-ac., phys., Sil. phos., Rhus-t., Sil., sul-ac.

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 69

SUBJECTIVE

SUPPURATION of lower jaw :Phos. li-i., lach., lyc., Merc., nit-ac., phos., left :Lach
psor., sep., Sil., sul-ac., sulph. FISTULA, vagina :Asar., Calc., carb-
CHAPTER: MOUTH
FISTULÆ :Phos., sil. v., caust., lach., lyc., nit-ac., puls., Sil.
ABSCESS, Gums: Alum., am-c., aur., SWELLING, Cervical
bufo., eupho., hecla., hep., jug-r., lach., CHAPTER: CHEST
glands,suppurative :Calc., cist., hep.,
merc., petr., phos., plb., sil. lith., Merc., nit-ac., Sil., sulph., tub. SUPPURATION of lungs (See Ab-
frequently recurring : Bar-c., calc., scess)
CHAPTER: ABDOMEN
Caust., hep., lyc., nux-v., sil., sulph. ABSCESS
ABSCESS in walls :Hep., rhus-t., sil.,
sensation of : Am-c. sulph. Axilla : Am-c., apis., ars., bell., bufo.,
BOILS, Gums : Agn., anan., arn., cadm., calc-s., calc., cedr., coloc.,
Inguinal region :Hep., merc., sil., crot-h., Hep., kali-bi., kali-c., lac-c.,
aur., carb-an., carb-v., caust., chel., syph.
eupho., jug-r., kali-chl., kali-i., lac-c., merc-i-r., Merc., nat-m., nat-s., Nit-
lyc., merc., mill., nat-m., nat-p., nat-s., Liver :Fl-ac., Hep., kali-c., lach., lyc., ac., petr., ph-ac., prun-s., Rhus-t.,
nux-v., petr., ph-ac., phos., plan., plb., Merc-c., nux-v., Sil., ther. sep., Sil., sulph., thuj.
Sil., staph. Spleen: Hippoz. Lungs: Calc., crot-h., Hep., hippoz.,
small, near left upper canine, pain- FISTULÆ inguinal glands :Hep., kali-c., kali-n., kali-p., lach., led., lyc.,
ful to touch : Agn lach., phos., sil., sulph. mang., merc., Phos., plb., psor., puls.,
sep., Sil., sul-ac., sulph., tub.
FISTULA, Gums : Aur-m., aur., bar- SUPPURATION, inguinal glands
c., calc., canth., Caust., coch., Fl-ac., : Ars., aur., bar-m., bufo., carb-an., left :Calc.
kali-chl., lyc., mag-c., nat-m., nit-ac., chel., crot-h., Hep., Iod., kali-i., Lach., Mammæ : Apis., bell., bry., bufo.,
petr., phos., Sil., staph., sulph. Merc., nit-ac., phos., sil., sulph., thuj. camph., cist., crot-h., graph., Hep.,
near upper right canine : Fl-ac. CHAPTER: RECTUM kreos., lach., Merc., Phos., Phyt.,
sars., Sil., Sulph., tarent-c.
upper incisors : Canth ABSCESS :Calc-s., calc., hep., merc.,
sil., syph., thuj. threatening, on old cicatrices :
SUPPURATION, Gums : Am-c.,
Graph., Phyt.
canth., carb-an., carb-v., caust., hep., just below the coccyx : Paeon.
lach., merc., mez., nat-s., petr., phos., nipples : Cast-eq., cham., merc., sil.
perineum :Hep., merc., sil.
puls., Sil. INDURATION, Mammæ, abscess,
HÆMORRHOIDS, suppurating :
Tongue :Canth., carb-ac., lach., after :Con., graph.
Anan., carb-v., hep., ign., merc., Sil.
merc-c., merc. PAIN, Axilla,in scar of an old ab-
CHAPTER: BLADDER
VESICLES,suppurating :Phos. scess :Thuj.
SUPPURATION (See Urine):
VESICLES, Tongue,suppurating : PAIN, stitching, heart, suppurative
Canth.,sars., ter.
Mag-c. deep in chest :Phos.
CHAPTER: KIDNEY
CHAPTER: TEETH CHAPTER: BACK
ABSCESS :Ars., hep., hippoz., merc.,
ABSCESS of roots : Am-c., bar-c., ABSCESS : Asaf., hep., iod., lach.,
sil.
calc., canth., caust., eupho., hecla., mez., ph-ac., sil., staph., sulph., tarent-
Hep., lach., lyc., merc., petr., phos., INFLAMMATION,suppurative
c.
plb., Sil., sulph. :Ars., hep., hippoz., merc., sil.
Cervical region :Lach., lyc., petr., ph-
CHAPTER: THROAT CHAPTER: PROSTATE GLAND
ac., psor., sec., sil., tarent-c.
SUPPURATION, tonsils : Aesc., SUPPURATION: Hep.,Sil.
old cicatrices : Sil.
alumn., am-m., anac., anan., apis., CHAPTER: GENTALIA MALE
aur., bar-c., Bar-m., bell., calc-s., calc., Lumbar region :Calc-p.
canth., cham., cub., cupr., cur., daph., SUPPURATION, prepuce, under the
psoas :Ars., cupr., ph-ac., sil., staph.,
guai., Hep., ign., kali-bi., lac-c., lach., : Caps., Cinnb., cor-r., hep., jac., jug-
symph., syph.
lyc., manc., merc-c., merc-i-f., merc- r., lyc., Merc-c., merc., nit-ac., sep.
ERUPTIONS, pimples, suppurating
i-r., Merc., phyt., plb., sabad., sang., Testes :Phyt.
:Chlor., kali-bi.
sep., Sil., sulph.
CHAPTER: GENITALIA FEMALE ERUPTIONS,pimples, Cervical re-
right : Bar-c., lyc.
ABSCESS :Hep., kali-p., merc., nit- gion, flattened, suppurating :Calc-
left :Lach. ac., sep., sulph. p., nat-c.
CHAPTER: EXTERNAL THROAT ovaries : Bell., crot-h., hep., lach., FISTULÆ :Calc-p., hep., ph-ac., Phos.,
ABSCESS : Cham., Hep., kali-c., ka- merc., plat., psor., sil. Sil., Sulph.

70 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

CHAPTER: EXTREMITIES scess) :Dros., tep. nat-c., nit-ac., sil.

ABSCESS, joints :Calc-p., hep., merc., Forearm :Lyc., plb. ERUPTIONS, vesicular,suppurating
phos., sil. Fingers : Bor., mang. :Am-m., aur., bov., calc., carb-v.,
tendons :Mez. graph., mag-c., nat-c., nit-ac., petr.,
nails (See Felon) phos., puls., ran-b., ran-s., rhus-t.,
Upper limbs : Anan., sil. around : Con., ph-ac. sars., sulph., vip., zinc.
gangrenous : Anan. under : Form. EXCRESCENCES, condylomata,
wounds, after dissecting : Ars., lach., suppurating :Thuj.
of first finger : Calc., nat-s.
sil. ULCERS, suppurating : Acon., am-
after vaccination : Thuj.
Upper arm : Agar. c., ambr., anac., ant-c., ant-t., arg-m.,
Hip (See Hip Joint Disease) : Ars., arn., ars-i., Ars., Asaf., aur., bar-c.,
deltoid : Agar. asaf., asar., aur., calc-p., calc-s., calc- bell., bov., bry., calc., canth., caps.,
Elbow :Crot-h. sil., calc., Chin., graph., hep., merc., carb-an., carb-s., carb-v., Caust.,
Forearm :Plb. ph-ac., puls., rhus-t., sep., Sil., staph., cham., chel., chin., cic., clem., cocc.,
stram., sulph. con., croc., dros., dulc., graph., hell.,
Hand : Anan., lach. Hep., hyos., ign., Iod., ip., kali-ar.,
Knee :Hippoz., iod.
back of : Plb. kali-c., kali-n., kali-s., kreos., lach.,
Ankle :Arn., hep. led., lyc., mang., Merc., mez., mur-
palm :Ars., cupr., fl-ac., sulph.
Foot :Rhus-v., sec., vip. ac., nat-c., nat-m., nat-p., nit-ac.,
Fingers :Fl-ac., hep., lach., mang. nux-v., petr., ph-ac., phos., plb., Puls.,
scurf :Sil.
Lower limbs :Anan., chin. ran-b., ran-s., Rhus-t., ruta., sabad.,
Sole, sensation of : Calc., kali-n., lyc., sabin., sars., sec., sel., sep., Sil., spig.,
psoas : Arn., asaf., chin., cupr., ph- prun-s., spig. spong., squil., staph., sul-ac., Sulph.,
ac., sil., staph., sulph., symph., syph.
heel :Berb., bor., fago. thuj., viol-t., zinc.
Nates : Carb-o., sulph., thuj.
Toe, under nail of left great toe WARTS, suppurating :Ars., bov.,
Thigh :Hep., lach., Sil., tarent. :Caust calc., caust., hep., nat-c., sil., thuj.
Knee :Bell., calc., guai., hep., hippoz.,
iod., ol-j., Sil. CHAPTER: SKIN CHAPTER: GENERALITIES
gonarthrocace :Ars., Calc., iod., Sil. ERUPTIONS, crusty, suppurating ABSCESSES: Anan., ant-c., ant-t.,
:Ars., plb., sil., sulph. anthr., ars-i., ars., asaf., bar-c., bry.,
Leg :Sulph. Calc-i., Calc-s., calc., caps., carb-v.,
ERUPTIONS, herpetic, suppurating
calf : Chin. cic., cocc., con., croc., crot-h., dulc.,
: Ars., bell., cadm., cic., clem., cocc.,
Ankle joint : Ang., guai., ol-j., sil. guai., Hep., kali-c., kali-chl., Lach.,
con., cycl., dulc., hep., jug-c., led.,
mag-c., Merc., mez., nat-c., nat-m.,
Foot :Merc., sil., tarent. lyc., mag-c., Merc., nat-c., nat-m.,
nit-ac., nux-v., olnd., paeon., petr.,
petr., plb., puls., Rhus-t., sars., Sep.,
heel : Am-c., ars., lach. puls., pyrog., sec., sep., Sil., staph.,
sil., spig., staph., sulph., tarax., thuj.,
stram., sulph., tarent-c.
Toes :Cocc. verat., viol-t., zinc.
burning :Anthr., Ars., pyrog., Tar-
CHILBLAINS, Feet, suppurating ERUPTIONS, pocks, suppurating :
ent-c.
:Lach., sil., sulph. Bell., merc., sulph.
recurrent :Pyrog., syph.
CONTRACTION, Thigh, ham- ERUPTIONS,suppurating : Alum.,
strings, abscess, after :Lach. am-c., Ant-c., ant-t., apis., ars., bar-c., glands : Bar-m., bell., brom., Calc-
bell., bor., cadm., calc-s., calc., carb- s., Calc., canth., carb-v., cist., coloc.,
ERUPTION, elbow, vesicles, suppu-
s., carb-v., caust., Cham., chel., cic., crot-h., dulc., guai., Hep., hyos., ign.,
rating :Sulph.
clem., cocc., con., croc., cycl., dulc., Kali-i., kreos., lach., lyc., Merc., nit-
ERUPTION,Hand, pimples, suppu- euphr., Graph., hell., hep., jug-c., ka- ac., petr., phos., pyrog., rhus-t., sars.,
rating :Anac., elaps. li-c., kali-s., lach., led., Lyc., mag-c., sep., Sil., squil., stram., Sulph., syph.,
ERUPTION, lower limbs, pustules, mang., Merc., mur-ac., nat-a., nat-c., tub.
suppurating : Con., thuj. nat-m., nat-p., Nit-ac., nux-v., olnd., CONVULSION, suppuration, dur-
par., Petr., ph-ac., phos., plb., psor., ing :Ars., bufo., canth., lach., tarent.
ERUPTION, foot, vesicles, suppu- puls., Rhus-t., samb., sars., sec., Sep.,
rating :Con., graph., nat-c., sel Sil., spig., squil., staph., sulph., tarax., FISTULÆ of glands :Phos., sil., sulph.
FELON, suppurativestage :Calc-s., thuj., verat., viol-o., viol-t., zinc. SUPPURATION(See Abscess):
Hep., Sil. ERUPTIONS, tubercles, suppurat- WOUNDS, suppurating (See Skin,
SUPPURATION, elbow (See Ab- ing : Am-c., bov., caust., fl-ac., kali-bi., Unhealthy):

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 71

SUBJECTIVE

UNHEALTHY: Alum., am-c., apis., 15c.%2C%20from%20French%20 augmented edition. New Delhi:

bar-c., bar-m., Bor., bufo., calc-s., suppuration,of%20pus%20 B. Jain Publisher Pvt.ltd.; 2006. p.
Calc., caps., Carb-s., carb-v., Caust., (see%20pus). [Accessed 1 June 7-11, 54, 76-83, 110-15, 144-48, 154-
Cham., chel., clem., con., croc., crot- 2020]. 55, 289-91, 325-28, 387-90, 514-16,
h., fl-ac., Graph., ham., hell., Hep., 578-81, 590-94, 620-23, 633, 655-59.
kali-c., Lach., lyc., mag-c., mang., 2. Mohan H. Text Book of Pathology.
merc., mur-ac., nat-c., nat-p., nit- 6th Edition, Reprint. New 10. Bhanja KC. The Homoeopathic
ac., nux-v., Petr., ph-ac., phos., plb., Delhi: Jaypee Brothers medical Prescriber. 6th Edition. Calcutta:
Psor., puls., Rhus-t., sars., sep., Sil., Publishers (p) Ltd.; 2010. Chapter National Homoeo Laboratory;
squil., staph., still., sulph., tarax., tar- 6, Inflammation and Healing; 2002. p. 94-95, 119-20.
ent. p.145-47. 11. Allen HC. Keynotes And
3. Gilchrist JG. The Homoeopathic Characteristics with Comparisons
Conclusion Treatment of Surgical Diseases. of some of the leading Remedies
1st Edition, Reprint. New Delhi: of the Materia Medica with Bowel
According to Hahnemann “No B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd; 2004. Nosodes. 8th Edition. New Delhi:
external malady can arise, persist or Suppuration; p.341-50. B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd; 2013.
even grow worse without some internal p. 28-29, 41-47, 57-59, 138-39, 149-
4. Oakley, A., 2020. Cutaneous
cause, without the co-operation of the 51, 245-47, 283-85, 291-94, 306-07,
Abscess | Dermnet NZ. [online]
whole organism”. [7] 328-30.
Dermnetnz.org. Available at:
In “The Guiding Symptoms of Our <https://dermnetnz.org/topics/ 12. Kent JT. Lectures on
Materia Medica” under the remedy cutaneous-abscess/> [Accessed 2 Homoeopathic Materia Medica.
Anthracinum, Dr Hering says: “To June 2020]. Reprint edition. New Delhi: B.Jain
call a carbuncle a surgical disease is 5. Brandt, S., Putnam, N., Cassat, Publisher Pvt.ltd.; 2002. Calcarea
the greatest absurdity. An incision is J. and Serezani, C., 2018. Innate Carb; p.273.
always injurious and often fatal. A case Immunity to Staphylococcus 13. Kent JT. Repertory of the
has never been lost under the right kind aureus: Evolving Paradigms Homoeopathic Materia Medica.
of treatment, and it should always be in Soft Tissue and Invasive Reprint Edition. New Delhi: B.
treated by internal medicine only.”[8] Infections. The Journal of Jain Publishers (P) Ltd; 2016.
It should be treated internally Immunology, [online] 200(12), P.107-1423.
by dynamic medicine even in pp.3871-3880. Available at:
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1. Dr Suman Samanta, M.
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considers the patient as a whole. 6. En.m.wikipedia.org. 2020. Metropolitan Homoeopathic
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suppuration#:~:text=early%20 with repertory. 3rd Revised and nn

72 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH REVIEW

The concept of susceptibility in homoeopathy –

stalwart’s views
By Dr Riswana A

Abstract: “The hurdle comes for the selection of the potency which is so great that each and every homoeopath differs, from
Hahnemann to the present generation. So, the potency problem has become a subject of controversy” quoted by a great stalwart
Dr R. P. Patel, clearly provides the importance of understanding susceptibility in homoeopathic cure. The author is intending to work
on the various stalwarts views about concept of susceptibility in homoeopathy.

Keywords: Susceptibility, potency, high, low, medium

Abbreviations: IL – interleukin, TNF – tumout necrosis factor, WBC – white blood cell

Introduction the attack of the morbific cause that influences. The quality of the action
may be present and to be altered in of a homoeopathic remedy is de-

H omoeopathy, a holistic system,

which considers and treats the
patient as a whole. A homoeopathic
its health, deranged and made to
undergo abnormal sensations and
functions, hence they do not pro-
termined by its quantity, in inverse
ratio. Again, this is a problem of the
susceptibility of the patient and the
medicine is selecting after the duce disease in everyone, nor at all similarity of the drug. The closer the
individualising examination of the times. The susceptibility is the pre- relationship between the disease
case and based on the symptoms, disposing and most fundamental symptoms and the drug symptoms,
hence enhance a permanent cure to and determining cause for becom- the greater the susceptibility and,
the suffering humanity. But the real ing sick and for being protected consequently, the higher the poten-
challenge for a homoeopath begins from sickness and it is influenced by cy required. Patient may be suscep-
precipitating events or stressors. tible to number of remedies , but the
after finding out the similimum-
greatest susceptibility is manifest in
choosing the proper potency for the
the most similar The power of as-
individual for the permanent cure in J. T. Kent’s view(2) similation and nutrition is one of the
rapid, gentle, reliable, and harmless phases of susceptibility.
as well as in the shortest way. Disposition and susceptibility are
the cause of diseases that allow
For the selection of potency, one
noxious agents to change health of
needs to analyse the susceptibility Stuart Close’s view(4)
man and begin disease. Susceptibil-
of the individual. Let’s see how
ity underlies all contagion and all The general quality or capability of
homoeopathic stalwarts define cure. We have more power over hu- the living organism of receiving im-
the concept of susceptibility in man beings with drugs than disease pressions the power to react to stim-
homoeopathy. cause, for a man is only susceptible uli. Susceptibility is one of the fun-
Samuel Hahnemann’s view(1) to natural diseases upon a certain damental attributes of life. The kind
plane but we can change potencies and degree of reaction to medicines
In aphorism 31 of Organon of Medi- of drugs to suit different planes. depends upon the degree of suscep-
cine, he has mentioned, “the inimi- Susceptibility ceases when changes tibility of the patient. The physician
cal forces, partly psychical, partly occur in the economy that bar out knows how to modify susceptibility
physical, to which our terrestrial ex- any more influx. in such a way as to satisfy the re-
istence is exposed, which are termed quirements of the sick organism and
morbific noxious agents, do not pos- bring about a true cure; cure con-
H. A. Roberts view(3)
sess the power of morbidly derang- sists simply in satisfying the mor-
ing the health of man uncondition- Everything that has life is more or bid susceptibility of the organism.
ally ; but we are made ill by them less influenced by circumstances The degree of susceptibility to each
only when our organism is suffi- and environment. The reaction of medicine depending upon the de-
ciently disposed and susceptible to organism to external and internal gree of symptom similarity: but the

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 73

RESEARCH REVIEW

highest degree of susceptibility exist M. L. Dhawale’s view(6) must be consistent with the degree
towards the most similar –the simil- Susceptibility is an inherent capacity of sensitivity and susceptibility that
limum, or equal. A dose that would in all living things to react to stimuli calls for the medicine.
produce no perceptible effect upon a in the environment and represents
well person may cause a dangerous a fundamental quality that distin- High susceptibility is appreciated
or distressing aggravation in a sick guishes the living from the non- on the basis of availability of char-
person. living. A homoeopathic physician acteristic expressions. The system
has to accurately assess the suscep- will display an increased activity,
Susceptibility as a state may be in- tibility in a patient before he selects a large number of modalities, char-
creased, diminished or destroyed. the right potency. Any error in this acteristics and concomitants. In
Susceptibility varies in different is immediately reflected in a poor moderate susceptibility, the system
individuals according to age, tem- response or in an exaggerated re- throws up expressions moderately,
perament, constitution, habits, char- sponse even though the remedy has the functional overlay diminishes
acter of diseases, and environment. been correctly selected. The closer and structural changes step in; the
The susceptibility of an individual the similarity a remedy bears to the overall impression being moderate.
to a remedy at, different times also picture presented by the patient, the Low susceptibility exhibits morbid
varies. Idiosyncrasy may exist as a higher is the potency, provided no susceptibility; the morbific influence
modifying factor. Homeopathicity specific contra-indications to the use takes the upper hand using the im-
must always be considered. of high potencies exist in the case. munity at the low ebb; the system
A prescription that is predominant- has not the capacity to exhibit char-
It is important to understand and
ly determined by the mentals in a acteristic individual expressions and
analyse susceptibility which depends
case, gives best results when higher cannot prevent the organic changes.
on various criteria like age, sex,
geographical area, socio-economic potencies are employed.
conditions, constitution, and tem- C. Dunham’s view(8)
perament, nature and depth of the When a remedy is prescribed on
poor indications or only for a par- The living organism possesses a sus-
disease, structural changes, various ceptibility to the action of certain
ticular effect, the potency that act
suppressions, vitality, mental and general stimuli, such as light, heat,
best is the one in the lower range, at
physical reactions to environmental electricity, aliment, atmospheric air,
times even the mother tinctures. For
stimuli, etc. and these factors modi- etc. But these stimuli are continually
this purpose, potencies beyond 30
fies the nature of susceptibility of a varying in proportion, or, in other
should not ordinarily be used.
person. words, the relative susceptibility of
In acute illness affecting vital or- the organism is continually chang-
R. E. Dudgeon’s view(5) gans, a differing response is seen ing.
according to the potency employed:
The susceptibility combined with
the morbific influence and cause the S. P. Dey’s view(9)
1. High potencies frequently
disease, which in its turn formed a repeated lead to crisis The success of homoeopathic treat-
susceptibility for medicinal action, ment depends to a great extent on
and these two latter in union formed 2. Medium or low potencies with
the correct selection of the potency
the medicinal disease, which was frequent repetition lead to lysis.
and the requisite potency should be
easily expelled by the organism, and Ajit Kulkarni’s view(7) selected according to the suscepti-
the harmony of the affected organ or bility of the patient. Medicines will
system with the general organism, Susceptibility denotes the capacity
be able to effect cure only when
which had been interrupted by its of an individual to react to any form
they will be of the susceptibility
presence, was restored by its ejec- of stimulus. It is due to this suscep-
from which disease has originated.
tion. tibility that an individual casts out
In acute diseases, the susceptibility
variable expressions. It is by dint of
generally remains high, because no
There can be no normal dose for all this susceptibility that an organism
organic changes affected.
medicines, for all diseases and for all reacts when a disease attacks the
patients, for medicines differ vastly system. A homoeopathic physician
among themselves in respect to will have to match the drug and the E Shaddel M D’s view(10)
power , diseases in point of intensity patient not only at the level of ex- Pathogenesis of acute disease-two
, and patients in point of susceptibil- pression but also at the susceptibil- determining factors in an affilic-
ity for medicinal impressions. ity level. In other words, the potency tion by a disease: the morbific agent

74 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH REVIEW

power and the susceptibility of pa- a. Similar symptoms : high indicated medicine.
tient when confronting with the b. Age :
pathogen. The specific susceptibility 6. For palliation :
indicates the quality of vital force Children – high a. Terminal cases : low
and some particular pathogen lack- Senile – low b. Pathological conditions –
ing enough power to engage other c. Temperaments : terminal : low
people can cause a disease with this
specific susceptibility. Intellectual – high c. Incurable cases : low
Nervous – high 7. Action of various drugs :
George Vithoulkas’s view (11) Irritable – high A. a. Acute medicines : medium
Backward – low and high
Most of the disease agents which we
are exposed to, the vital force tries Fearful – low b. Chronic medicines: high
to recover without noticeable symp- c. Some medicines act only in
d. Habits :
toms. Disease is a result of a mor- crude form, i.e. Q
bific stimulus which resonates with Drinking, smoking, food – low
B. Nosodes : high
the particular level of susceptibil- e. Drugs :
ity of the organism. Throughout the C. Constitutional drug: high and
Crude – high potency of the infrequent repetition
life, a person remains on a certain
level of susceptibility and it can be same drug – tautopathic way
D. Dual action remedies and
changed by a major influence and if f. Reaction in pathological potencies
the person is not treated by homoe- conditions : low
opathy, will move to the new level. a. Silicea terra: low promotes
g. Oversensitive : low suppuration, high aborts
Nature of susceptibility is mostly
hereditary, but it can also acquired 2. The seat of the disease : b. Hepar sulphuricum : low
and influenced by strong infectious a. Acute and rapid : low promotes suppuration, high
diseases and previous treatments, as aborts
b. Pathological (organs) : low
well as vaccination.
c. Sluggish reaction : high c. Kalium carbonicum: low or
medium heal lesions, high
R P Patel’s view(12) d. Mental symptoms : medium
breaks up healed lesions
and high
If in future the selection of potency
corresponding with the law of simi-
e. Physiological disturbances : Conclusion
lars in homoeopathy is synchro- low and medium
Remedy, potency and dosage are
nised then all diseases can be tack- 3. Stage and duration of the necessarily involved in the operation
led with success and the life of the disease : of prescribing. In general it may be
patients can be prolonged till old a. Low vital reaction : low stated that any curable disease may
age claims reluctant victims. The be cured by any potency, when the
hurdle comes for the selection of the b. Terminal cases : low
indicated remedy is administered;
potency which is so great that each c. Of long duration – depending but that the cure may be much
and every homoeopath differs, from on pathology : low, medium accelerated by selecting the potency
Hahnemann to the present genera-
d. Active vitality :high appropriate to the individual case.
tion. The potency problem has be-
come a subject of controversy and e. Acute condition : medium
a headache to aspiring students. 4. Nature of the disease or References
He says there are no hard and fast magnitude of the disease 1. Hahnemann Samuel. Or-
rules for potencies, from authenti- ganon Of Medicine. Apho-
a. Raid, low vitality : low and
cated authors and literatures he had rism. 5th & 6th edition. New
drawn the following conclusions re- repetition
delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P)
garding potency selection. b. Chronic : high and infrequent Ltd;2005. p.42, 66-67.
repetition
General rules to be followed: 2. Kent J. T. Lectures On Ho-
5. Previous treatment by drugs
moeopathic Philosophy.
1. The susceptibility of the High potency of the same drug if it 6thedition. New Delhi: B.
patient : was given crude or antidote or give Jain Publishers (P) Ltd;

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 75

RESEARCH REVIEW

2005. p. 125-126. 8. Dunham C. Homoeopathy opathy for Research and

The Science Of Therapeu- Education in Homoopathy;
3. Roberts H. A. The Princi- tics, Reprint edition. New p.38-42.
ples and art of cure by ho- Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P)
moeopathy. reprint edition. Ltd ; 2005. p.7.
New Delhi: B.Jain Publish- About the author
ers;1990. p59 ,109,151. 9. Dey S. P. Essentials of prin-
Dr Riswana A is currently
ciples and Practice of Ho-
4. Close Stuart. The Genius moeopathy. Reprint edi- working as Assistant Professor, in
of Homoeopathy, reprint tion. New Delhi: Sabitha Department of Organon of medicine
edition. New Delhi B. Jain Rani Dey Publishers ;2005. with Homoeopathic philosophy at
publishers; 2002. p.76-78. p.193,p.195,p.197 Yenepoya Homoeopathic Medical
College & Hospital (Yenepoya
5. Dudgeon R. E. Lectures On 10. Shaddel F. Pathogenesis deemed to be University),
The Theory And Practice and treatment of diseas- Mangalore, Karnataka, India. She
Of Homoeopathy. Reprint es in the Hahnemann’s completed her BHMS in year 2015
edition. New Delhi: B. Jain view. First edition. New from R V S Homoeopathic Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd ;1997 Delhi : Indian Books and College & Hospital, Tamil Nadu.
.p.445 p.101. Periodicals Publishers; She completed her post graduation
2007,p.11,p.13,p19 in 2018 from Sarada Krishna
6. Dhawale M. L. Principles
and Practice of Homoeopa- Homoeopathic Medical College,
11. Vithoulkas George. The
thy. Third edition. Bom- Tamil Nadu. She has presented her
Science Of Homeopathy.
bay: Institute of clinical scientific research paper at National
First edition. Germany: In-
research Publishers; 2006. Homoeopathic Conference ACE
ternational Academy of Cl
p.245-258,p.276-279. assicalHomoeopathy:2014 2019 held at Kerala. She has attended
.p.85,99-105. numerous conference and webinars
7. Kulkarni Ajit. Homoeo- at National & International level.
pathic Posology – Tailoring 12. Patel R P. My experiments She has scientific publications in
the dose. 2nd Edition. So- with 50 millisimal scale of various journals.
ham Prakashan,38, Bavani- potencies. Kolkata: Dr. R.
peth, Satara., 2005; p. 4-52. P. Patel institute of Homoe- nn

Group Study in
Homoeopathic Materia Medica
Dr J. D. Patil

• Features of new groups in the Plant, Animal, and Mineral kingdom have been
included.
• Nosodes and Sarcodes have been discussed.
• Features Bach flower remedies.
• Exciting and enriching knowledge of homoeopathic remedies has been
explained group wise.
• Gist of each group encompassed in a concise yet comprehensive schematic
diagram. Flow charts have been included so as to simplify the study.

ISBN: 978-81-319-0170-0 | ` 349 | 646pp

76 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH PAPER
ARTICLE

A study to assess the efficacy of Sangunaria nitrica 30 in

acute rhinitis using rhinitis control assessment test scale
By Dr Uma Shenbagakumar, Dr M K Kamath

Objective: A study to assess the efficacy of Sangunaria nitrica 30 in acute rhinitis using rhinitis control assessment test scale
Material and methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 29 cases of acute rhinitis, attending to OPD and
peripheral centers of Father Muller Homoeopathic Medical College Hospital, Mangalore. Diagnosis was based on the clinical
presentation; patients were prescribed a single dose of Sangunaria nitrica 30 depending upon the symptom similarity. Rhinitis
control assessment test scale was used for statistical analysis.
Result: The study showed that males are most commonly affected. And the most common age group affected was 18 – 27.
The values of rhinitis control assessment test scale were compared before and after the treatment with Sangunaria nitrica 30.
Statistical analysis showed they were highly significant, with the ‘p’ value being less than 0.0001.
Conclusion: This study adequately demonstrates the effectiveness of homoeopathic remedy Sanguinaria nitrica 30, in the treatment
of acute rhinitis.

Keywords: homoeopathy, acute rhinitis, rhinitis control assessment test scale, Sangunaria nitrica, paired ‘t’ test.
Abbreviations: OPD – outpatient department., RCAT - Rhinitis control assessement test

Background bacterial rhinitis occur mainly Dr William Boericke(5) writes about

due exposure to the dust, smoke, Sanguinaria nitrica in his Materia

A cute rhinitis is an acute

inflammation of the nasal
mucosa, caused due to viral,
polluted environment, irritating
gases. (1) Homoeopathy has great
Medica as follows -

NOSE - Feels obstructed; profuse,

scope in treating acute rhinitis. The
bacterial, irritant varieties. (1) scope of homoeopathy doesn’t lie watery mucus with burning pain;
Acute rhinitis is the most common in treating the causative agent or its enlarged turbinate at beginning
condition affecting about 10% to ultimate, but in treating the actual of hypertrophic process; secretion
30% of adult and 40% children. morbid vital process by method of scanty, tendency to dryness. Small
Prevalence of the disease is marked individualisation. crusts which bleed when removed.
in all age groups, especially in Post nasal secretion adherents
children it’s more marked. (3) Viral Sangunaria nitrica: Common name: to nasopharynx, dislodged with
acute rhinitis which is also known as Nitrate of sanguinarine. Formula: difficulty. Dry and burning nostrils,
common cold or coryza caused by (C10H14NO4) NO3. Molecular weight: watering of nose, with pressure over
adenovirus, picorna virus, coxsackie 394.00 the root of the nose, nostrils plugged
virus. The infection is usually with thick, yellow, bloody mucus.
obtained through airborne droplets. This remedy is proved by Owens. Sneezing. Rawness and soreness in
(2) Acute bacterial rhinitis, it’s a non- J. H. Clarke in his third volume of posterior nares.
specific infection, it may be either A Dictionary of Practical Materia
primary or secondary. Primary Medica in page 1086 describes Aim and objective:
bacterial acute rhinitis is seen in Sanguinaria nitrica under NOSE for To assess the efficacy of Sangunaria
the children and is caused due to Nasal Congestion, constant itching nitrica 30 in acute rhinitis using
the pneumococcus, streptococcus, of the nose with burning sensation, rhinitis control assessment test scale.
and staphylococcus. Secondary crust formation in the alae nasae,
acute bacterial rhinitis is the result loss of smell, coryza with chilliness. Material and methods:
of bacterial infection supervening Lacrimation and headache Source of data: This study was
acute viral rhinitis. (1), (4) Irritant associated. conducted on patients of OPD of

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 77

RESEARCH PAPER
ARTICLE

Fr Muller Homoeopathic Medical rhinitis were selected as per the set patients depending upon the
College and Hospital, Mangalore. criteria. symptom similarity. One dose,
EMES for a week.
Period of Study: The study was Type of study: Prospective
observational study, without Evaluation of outcome: Rhinitis
carried out from November 2018 to control assessment test scale was used
controls.
April 2019. for statistical analysis.
Remedy prescribed: Sangunaria
Sample size: 29 cases of acute nitrica 30 was prescribed to the

RHINITIS CONTROL ASSESSMENT TEST SCALE 7

Selection Criteria participate in study with new acute complaint that

• Age group 5-60 • All the newly reporting cases of is presenting with the signs and
acute rhinitis. symptoms of acute rhinitis
• Both sexes
• Patients giving consent to • Already registered patients Exclusion criteria -The cases without

78 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH PAPER
ARTICLE

proper follow up were excluded of 18 – 27 years were commonly af- cases (17.24%) belonged to 38 -47
fected which is about (34.48%) with age group, 28 – 37 age group pre-
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS 10 cases, followed by age group of sented with 4 cases (13.79%) and 48
According to the study, age group 58-67 which has 7 cases (24.13%). 5 – 57 age group with 3 cases (10.34%)

Table 1: Distribution of study subjects based on their age group

AGE GROUP NUMBER PERCENTAGE%

18 -27 10 34.48%
28 -37 4 13.79%
38 -47 5 17.24%
48 -57 3 10.34%
58 -67 7 24.13%

It was also observed that in this monly affected with the disease that males, with cases of about 48.27%
study that males were more com- is about 51.72% (15 cases) than fe- (14 cases).

Table 2: Distribution of study based on sex

SEX NUMBER PERCENTAGE%

MALE 15 51.72%
FEMALE 14 48.27%

Table 3: Rhinitis control assessement test scale before and after treatment

Maximum Score: 30

Case no Score – Before Score – After

1 16 24
2 19 26
3 16 25
4 18 26
5 18 27
6 22 26
7 21 26
8 16 24
9 16 18
10 20 25
11 14 23
12 17 25
13 19 26
14 17 20
15 15 24

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 79

RESEARCH PAPER
ARTICLE

16 17 24
17 15 25
18 14 25
19 13 26
20 10 26
21 13 24
22 12 23
23 14 25
24 13 26
25 10 21
26 15 26
27 12 24
28 14 25
29 15 26

SCORE (0-30) BEFORE PERCENTAGE% AFTER PERCENTAGE%

0 -5 0 0% 0% 0%

6 -10 2 6.66% 0 0%

11 – 15 13 43.33% 0 0%

16 – 20 12 40.00% 1 3.33%

21-25 2 6.66% 17 56.66%

26 -30 0 0% 11 36.66%

A total of 29 cases were taken for the study based on the selection criteria and all are subjected to fill the RCAT
scale questionnaire before and after seven days of Sanguinaria nitrica 30 one dose EMES.

Calculation of mean:

Before After

Mean value 15.55 24.58

Calculation of mean difference: before and after assessment of RCAT scale is 9.03

Statistical Evaluation – Paired ‘t’ Test:

• PAIRS = BEFORE with AFTER ( PAIRED)

• Confidence Interval Level 95% = 1.96

80 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

RESEARCH PAPER
ARTICLE

Paired Sample Statistics:

Pair Mean N Std. Deviation S.E. Mean

Before 15.55 29 41.61 7.73

After 24.58 29 20.69 3.84

Paired Samples Correlations:

N CORRELATION SIG.

Pair BEFORE AND AFTER 29 20.06 .337

Paired Sample Test:

Pair Pair Difference

sig.
Std. Std. Error t df
Mean Lower Upper (2-tailed)
Before Deviation Mean
–After 20.065 31.15 5.79 -2.253 +4.253 4.135 28 .000000

Conclusion New Delhi, India: Elsevier; 7. Guyatt GH, Osborn M, Wu

2014. AW, Wywrich KW, George JM.
The calculated ‘p’ value is less than Methods to explain the clinical
2. Maran A, Hussain S. Logan
0.0001. This is considered to be significance of health status
Turner’s Diseases of the Nose,
extremely statistically significant. measures. Mayo Clin Proc
Throat and Ear. Boca Raton:
CRC Press; 2015. 2002;77:317-83.
Result 3. Scott-Brown W, Gleeson M.
Scott-Brown’s otolaryngology,
About the author
The study showed that males are
most commonly affected. And the head and neck surgery. London: 1. Dr Uma Shenbagakumar,
most common age group affected Hodder Arnold; 2008. Intern, Fr Muller HMC,
was 18 – 27. The values of rhinitis Mangalore.
4. Maqbool M, Maqbool S.
control assessment test scale were Textbook of ear, nose and throat 2. Dr M K Kamath, Dept of
compared before and after the diseases. London: J.P.Medical Medicine, Fr Muller HMC,
treatment, with Sangunaria nitrica Ltd; 2013. Mangalore
30. Statistical analysis showed they
5. Boericke W. Boericke’s new
were highly significant, with the ‘p’
manual of homoeopathic
value being less than 0.0001.
Materia Medica with repertory.
New Delhi: B Jain Publishers;
Conclusion 2007.
This study adequately demonstrates 6. Meltzer E O., Schatz M,
the effectiveness of homoeopathic Nathan R, Garris c, Stanford
remedy Sanguinaria nitrica 30, in the R H, Kosinski M. Reliability,
treatment of acute rhinitis. validity, and responsiveness of
nn
the Rhinitis Control Assessment
Test in patients with rhinitis.
References
J Allergy Clin Immuno 2013;
1. Dhingra P, Dhingra S, Dhingra 131-2:379-386.
D. Diseases of ear, nose and
throat & head and neck surgery.

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 81

SUBJECTIVE

Vitamin-D Deficiency an lifestyle disorder and its

homoeopathic approach
By Dr J. Senthilkumar, Dr M. Prabhu and Dr B.A. Vetrivelan

Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency occurs when people do not have an appropriate dietary intake or exposure to UVB rays. Symptoms
may include muscle weakness, bone fragility, fracture of bone and fatigue. Complications may leads to rickets in children and
osteomalacia, osteoporosis in elderly.

Keywords: vitamin D deficiency, homoeopathy.

Abbreviations: ultraviolet B(UVB), highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART), parathyroid hormone(PTH),
milligram(mg), international unit(IU), Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Introduction a fat-soluble vitamin. There are to 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)

two chemical forms of vitamin D), which is further hydroxylated

T he natural form of vitamin D,

cholecalciferol or vitamin D3, is
D; ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
Ergocalciferol is present in food.
in the kidneys to 1,25-dihydroxy-
vitamin D (1,25 (OH)2D), the active
form of the vitamin. 1,25 (OH)2D
formed in the skin by the action of
Cholecalciferol is synthesized in the
UV light on 7-dehydrocholesterol, activates specific intracellular
skin on exposure to sunlight from
a metabolite of cholesterol. Few receptors which influence calcium
7-dehydrocholesterol.
foods contain vitamin D naturally metabolism, bone mineralisation
Physiology and tissue differentiation.(1)
and skin exposure to sunlight is
the main source.(1) Vitamin D is Vitamin D is converted in the liver

Functions
Table showing functions of vitamin D(2)

Intestine Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

Bone Stimulates normal mineralization, enhances bone reabsorption, affects collagen maturation.
Kidney Increases tubular reabsorption of phosphate, variable effect on reabsorption of calcium.
Other Permits normal growth.

Causes Obesity- sequestration of vitamin D 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Reduced skin synthesis: in body fat Nephrotic syndrome
Sunscreen use- absorption of UVB Increased catabolism Decreased synthesis of
radiation by sunscreen Anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Skin pigment- absorption of UVB HAART (AIDS treatment) and Chronic kidney disease(3)
radiation by melanin antirejection medications
Clinical features
Aging- reduction of Breast feeding
Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets,
7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin Poor vitamin D content in human which is usually seen in young
Skin grafts for burns- reduction of milk children between the age of six
7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin Decreased synthesis of months and two years.
Decreased bioavailability 25-hydroxyvitamin D At birth, neonatal rickets may
Malabsorption- reduction in fat Liver failure present as ‘craniotabes’.
absorption Increased urinary loss of In the first few years of life there may

82 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

be widened epiphyses at the wrists ‘looser’s zones’- linear areas BELL. Kali-p.
and beading at the costochondral of low density surrounded by
junctions, producing the ‘rickety sclerotic borders. Children - RICKETS, rachitis
rosary’, or a groove in the rib cage • Iliac crest biopsy with am-c. arg-met. ars. ASAF. bar-c. Bell.
(Harrison’s sulcus). double tetracycline labelling bufo CALC. CALC-P. caust. cic. con.
In older children, lower limb is occasionally necessary if Ferr. Ferr-i. ferr-m. Ferr-p. Guaj. hecla
deformities are seen. biochemical tests are equivocal. hed. Hep. iod. Ip. iris Kali-i. Lac-c. Lyc.
A ‘myopathy’ may also occur. • Serum fibroblast FGF-23 is MERC. mez. Nit-ac. nux-m. Ol-j. op.
petr. Ph-ac. PHOS. plb. Psor. Puls.
‘Hypocalcaemic tetany’ may occur in sometimes elevated in tumour-
rhod. Rhus-t. ruta sacch. sanic. Sep.
severe cases. associated osteomalacia.(4) SIL. Staph. Sulph. tarent. ther. thuj.
In adults, vitamin D deficiency may Prevention and treatment
result in osteomalacia. Children - RICKETS, rachitis - cur-
• Treatment should be directed vature, especially spine and long
Adult osteomalacia produces vague towards correction of the cause bones
symptoms of bone or muscle pain and where possible, with increase in
tenderness. vitamin D intake and sunlight CALC.
Pathological fractures occur. exposure.
Children - RICKETS, rachitis -
Occasionally a marked proximal • Calcium and vitamin D. Daily curve, tendency to
myopathy leads to a characteristic intakes of 700-1000 mg of
‘waddling’ gait. calcium and 400-800 IU of Calc-p.
Deformity is uncommon. In modern vitamin D are recommended. In
practice many cases are detected those with low dietary calcium Children - RICKETS, rachitis -
soften or bend, disposed to
biochemically in high-risk patients, intake and at risk from vitamin
especially the elderly and those with D insufficiency, calcium and Ferr.
gastrointestinal disease or surgery, vitamin D supplement should
before clear symptoms are present. be advised. Diseases - OSTEOPORUS, brittle
Occasionally, tetany or other • Gentle exercise in the elderly bones
hypocalcaemic features may occur.(4) may reduce the risk of falls
bufo Calc. calc-f. CALC-P. carc. sil.
and improve the protective symph.
Investigations responses to falling.
• Increased serum alkaline • Smoking cessation. Smoking Bones - PAIN, bones
phosphatase, indicating is associated with lower bone
increased osteoblast activity, is abies-n. acon. Agar. agn. am-c. am-
mineral density and increased
the most common abnormality. m. anac. Arg-met. arn. ars. ars-i.
fracture risk. Alcohol abuse ASAF. Aur. bar-c. bell. Berb. bism.
• Plasma calcium is usually should be avoided. bry. Calc. Calc-p. calc-s. cann-s.
normal, in association with • Physiotherapy and assessment canth. Caps. carb-an. carb-v. carbn-
secondary hyperparathyroidism of home safety are helpful. Hip s. caust. Cham. chel. Chin. chinin-s.
and a raised PTH, but may be protectors do reduce fractures choc. cic. Cinnb. clem. Cocc. colch.
low in severe cases. in the elderly in residential care. Coloc. Con. Cupr. cycl. dig. dios.
• Serum phosphate may be dros. dulc. EUP-PER. euph. ferr. Fl-
• Monitoring of serum calcium, ac. glon. graph. guaj. hell. Hep. ign.
low, owing to increased PTH- alkaline phosphatase and renal
dependent phosphaturia, iod. IP. kali-bi. kali-c. kali-s. kreos.
function should be undertaken lach. led. Lyc. Lyss. mag-c. mag-m.
though this is variable. regularly to screen for mang. MERC. merc-i-f. Mez. nat-c.
• Serum 25OHD is usually low. hypercalcaemia. Normalisation nat-m. NIT-AC. olnd. op. petr. PH-
Serum 1,25(OH)2D levels are of alkaline phosphatase is a AC. Phos. plb. PULS. ran-s. Rhod.
also usually low. good measure of healing.(4) Rhus-t. RUTA sabad. Sabin. samb.
• X-rays are often normal in Sars. sec. Sep. Sil. spig. spong. Staph.
Vitamin D deficiency in repertory still. stront-c. Sulph. teucr. ther. thuj.
adults, but may show defective
MURPHY’S REPERTORY valer. verat. viol-t. zinc.
mineralization, especially in
the pelvis, long bones and the Children - EMACIATION - rickets, Bones - CURVATURE, of bones
ribs, with pseudo fractures or with am-c. asaf. bell. CALC. CALC-F.

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 83

SUBJECTIVE

HECLA hep. lyc. Merc. nit-ac. Phos. Bar-m. bell. bry. CALC. CALC-F. Calcarea carbonica
puls. rhus-t. sep. SIL. staph. SULPH. calc-i. Calc-p. CALC-S. Carb-v.
carbn-s. caust. cic. clem. coloc. Con. Defective formation of bone. Late
Bones - CURVATURE, of bones -
dros. dulc. ferr-i. hecla hep. ip. kali-c. learning to walk, because the legs
curving, and bowing of
lach. Lyc. Merc. MERC-C. mez. are so weak. Open fontanalles.
Calc. Calc-p. HECLA lyc. Sil. Emaciated children, with big
nat-c. nat-m. op. PH-AC. Phos. plb.
SYNTHESIS REPERTORY 9.0 psor. Puls. rhus-t. ruta sabin. sep. head and big belly. Malnutrition.
GENERALS - BONES; complaints SIL. staph. SULPH. syph. tarent. Weakness of ankle in children, turn
of - porous ther. thuj. tub. inward, while walking. Tired of
phos. short walk.(9)
EXTREMITIES - PAIN - Bones BBCR REPERTORY Calcarea phosphorica
agar. ang. Arg-met. Arn. Ars. ars-s-f. HEAD - External - enlarged (rickets,
ASAF. Aur. bamb-a. Calc. Calc-p. hydrocephalus, etc.) Fontanelles remain open too long.
carb-v. caust. Cham. chin. choc. Cranial bones soft and thin.(6) Neck
Apis bar-c. CALC. Calc-p. coloc. hell.
cinnb. Cocc. Colch. Con. Cupr. Dros. too thin and weak to support head.
op. SIL. Sulph.
EUP-PER. Ferr. Fl-ac. gels. graph. Rickets.(7)
HEAD - External - enlarged (rickets,
Guaj. Hep. iod. Ip. kali-c. Kali-i. lach.
hydrocephalus, etc.) - body, with Phosphoricum acidum
Led. Lyc. mag-s. mang. MERC. Merc-
weak
i-f. mez. mur-ac. nat-m. nat-ox. NIT- Weak. Tearing pains in joints, bones
AC. NUX-V. ozone PH-AC. Phos. Sil.
and periosteum. Great debility.
phyt. plut-n. positr. pot-e. PULS. BONES - Fracture - disposition to Pains at night. as if bones were
PYROG. Rhod. Rhus-t. RUTA Sars. MERC. scraped. Stumbles easily and makes
Sep. Staph. sul-i. Sulph. Syph. tarent. missteps. Rachitis.(6)
BONES - Porous
ther.
Phos.
EXTREMITIES - PAIN - Bones - Phosphorus
fractures; in old BONES - Curvature, curve,
deformed, etc., rachitis Joints; stiff, with little pain sprains;
bamb-a. symph.
am-c. ASAF. bar-c. BELL. bufo easily dislocated; weak spells in
GENERALS - RICKETS joints, aggravation exertion. Bone
CALC. Calc-p. caust. cic. FERR.
am-c. arg-met. Ars. ASAF. Bell. HEP. iod. ip. LYC. MERC. Mez. fragility. Ankles; as if to break; easy
CALC. Calc-p. con. Ferr. Ferr-i. NIT-AC. petr. PH-AC. PHOS. plb. dislocation. Tottery; stumbles easily.
ferr-m. ferr-p. Guaj. hecla hed. Hep. PULS. rhod. Ruta SEP. SIL. Staph. Joints suddenly give way. Knees
iod. Ip. Kali-i. lac-c. Lyc. mag-c. SULPH. ther. thuj. cold; in bed.(9)
mag-m. MERC. mez. Nit-ac. nux-m. Therapeutics
Ol-j. op. Ph-ac. PHOS. pin-s. Psor. Silicea terra
Puls. Rhus-t. ruta sacch. sanic. Sep. Asafoetida
SIL. Staph. Sulph. tarent. ther. thuj. Scrofulous rachitic children; with
thyr. large head, open fontanelles; slow
Darting pain and caries in bone. in walking, and wasted in body
GENERALS - BRITTLE bones Periosteum painful, swollen, especially legs. Emaciation. Mal-
Asaf. bufo Calc. carc. Lac-ac. LYC. enlarged. Tearing stitches in upper nutrition. Weak ankles and feet.(9)
MERC. Ph-ac. phos. SIL. SULPH. arm and forearm down to tips
Symph. syph. thuj. thyr. fingers. Pain as of splinter sticking Sulphur
GENERALS - OSTEOPOROSIS in right fibula.(7)
Nutrition is affected on account
arg-met. bacls-7. calc-f. cortico. Belladonna of defective assimilation, in spite
cortiso. dys. fl-ac. morg-p. palo. of voracious appetite, the patient
GENERALS - OSTEOPOROSIS - Arms benumbed and painful. emaciates. Fontanelles remain open
old people; in Pressure, with sharp pains in the too long. Curvature of spine.(9)
carpal and metacarpal bones.
germ-met.
Frequent dislocation of the joints Symphytum officinale
BACK - CURVATURE of spine of the fingers. Bending of the knees
acon. agar. ant-c. ASAF. aur. bar-c. and of the feet in walking.(7) Injuries to cartilages; periosteum;

84 | The Homoeopathic Heritage August 2021

SUBJECTIVE

with excessive pain. Comminuted 2. Park K. Park’s textbook of 9. Phatak SR. Materia medica of
fractures. Non-union of fractures.(9) preventive and social medicine. homoeopathic medicines. B.
23rd. Jabalpur, India: M/S Jain Publishers; 2002.
Lycopodium clavatum Banarsidas Bhanot. 2015.
3. Holick MF. Vitamin D About the authors
It affects the nutrition; due to
weakness of digestion. Stiff deficiency. New England Dr J. Senthilkumar, B.H.M.S, M.D
back. Emaciation about the neck. Journal of Medicine. 2007 Jul (HOM), Professor, PG Guide, Head
Curvature and caries of bones. 19;357(3):266-81. of Department, Department of
Emaciation of one hand and one leg. 4. Kumar P, Kumar CM. Clark’s Repertory, Vinayaka Mission’s
Toes bend when walking.(9) clinical medicine. Edinburgh: Homoeopathic Medical College &
Saunders Elsevier. 2009. Hospital, A Constituent college of
VMRF- Deemed to be University,
Conclusion 5. Murphy R. Homoeopathic
Salem, Tamilnadu.
medical repertory.
Thus, vitamin D deficiency can
be treated by proper dietary 1sted. New Delhi: Indian books Dr M. Prabhu, B.H.M.S, M.D (HOM)
supplements and sun exposure. & Periodical Assistant Professor, Department
Homoeopathic medicine works Syndicate; 1994. of Repertory, Vinayaka Mission’s
by initiating the body’s inherent Homoeopathic Medical College &
6. William Boericke. Pocket
reaction, which then stimulates the Hospital, A Constituent college of
manual of homoeopathic
body to heal by itself. The weak and VMRF- Deemed to be University,
materia medica and repertory.
brittle bones due to demineralisation Salem, Tamilnadu.
can be effectively treated using 9thed. New Delhi: B. Jain
homoeopathic medicines. publishers (p) Ltd; Dr B.A. Vetrivelan, B.H.M.S, Post
7. Clarke J H. A dictionary of Graduate Student, Department of
practical materia Repertory, Vinayaka Mission’s
References Homoeopathic Medical College &
1. Ralston SH, Penman ID, medica, vol-1. Reprint ed. New
Hospital, A Constituent college of
Strachan MW, Hobson R, Delhi: B Jain publishers;
VMRF- Deemed to be University,
editors. Davidson’s Principles 8. Schroyens F. The Essential Salem, Tamilnadu.
and Practice of Medicine Synthesis Repertory. 9.1
E-Book. Elsevier Health version. Rep. Indian Edition.
Sciences; 2018 Feb 2. New Delhi: B. nn

August 2021 | The Homoeopathic Heritage | 85

B Jain Pays
Homage to Dr Prafull Vijayakar and
Dr Anwar Amir Ansari on their
unexpected demise
Dr Prafull Vijayakar, the legendary
homoeopath, passed away at 6.20
pm on 17.12.2020. He was the master
of “cure for the incurables” and
was practising medicine since 1974.
After his training as a physician, he
started out as medical doctor in a
hospital. He soon turned with heart
and soul to classical homeopathy
– Predictive Homoeopathy. Dr
Prafull Vijayakar was not only a
popular homoeopath and a gifted
prescriber; his reputation as a
scholar and lecturer was impeccable. Dr Vijayakar with his powerful
orator ship has won many laurels in all his seminar lectures. He was really
a torchbearer and a genius master in homoeopathy.

We will also miss our beloved, renowned homoeopathic physician, Dr Anwar Amir
Ansari, from Mumbai who passed away unexpectedly on 19th July, 2021. Beside
being a part of B Jain family, he was a great homoeopath who achieved great heights
in the field of homoeopathy and brought new perspectives in our field.

May God give courage to all

the family members, friends and
homoeopathic fraternity to bear this
irreversible loss and rest in peace to
these noble departed souls.
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