Introduction To

Cloud Computing
The Outline

1 Before Cloud Computing

2 Its history

3
The emergence of Cloud
Computing

4 Benefits of Cloud Computing

5 Its architecture

66 The service models of CC

2
Before Cloud Computing
Many challenges have been faced before the emergence of cloud computing like:

• Infrastructure was expensive.

• Less scalability as the infrastructure have been already defined.

• Servers require a huge space.

• Data recovery issues in some cases.

• Deployment might take long time.

• Lack of flexibility

3
The History of Cloud Computing
• There was Client/Server computing which is basically a centralized storage in which all the

software applications, all the data and all the controls are resided on the server side.

• At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can be sold like

a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas, it was

ahead if its time, as for the next few decades, despite interest in the model, the technology

simply was not ready for it.

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The History of Cloud Computing
• In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering applications to users using a simple website. The

applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of computing

sold as utility were true.

• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage, computation and

even human intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the Elastic Compute Cloud in

2006 was a truly commercial service open to everybody existed.

• In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.

• In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have all joined

the game. This proves that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.
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The emergence of Cloud computing
• No server space was required. Nothing must be set in terms of infrastructure.

• No experts are required to perform hardware and software maintenance as it is done by the

cloud provider.

• It assures better data security.

• It handles the data recovery in a good way.

• Deployment operations become easy on cloud platforms.

• Cloud services are cost effective. They are on-demand services.

• Collaboration is efficient on the cloud.

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What is Cloud computing?
• Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand virtualized resources (such as server, database

and software) over the internet.

• It gives the ability to build, design and manage applications on the cloud platform.

• Companies selling/offering these services are called CLOUD PROVIDERS like :

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What is Cloud computing?
The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers on

the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can be

anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

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Operations performed on the Cloud Computing?
Here are the following operations that can be performed on the cloud platforms:

• Developing new applications and services

• Storage, back up, and recovery of data

• Hosting blogs and websites

• Delivery of software on demand

• Analysis of data

• Streaming videos and audios

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Benefits of Cloud computing?
• They are easily upgraded: sometimes the upgrades are managed by the providers themselves

• They are cost efficient: they are on-demand services (you pay as you consume).

• The scalability is unlimited: it can be scaled as much as it is required.

• Flexibility: shifting between infrastructure is easy and possible.

• It provides better security while managing the applications.

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Instances of the Cloud: on-demand services

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Cloud Computing Architecture
Cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store the information

in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts:

• Front End architecture

• Back End architecture

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Cloud Computing Architecture

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Front End Architecture
• Front end platform: client-side interfaces, devices and applications required to access/interact

with applications running on the cloud computing platforms.

• It can be a Web browser (firefox, chrome,IE), local networks, common web apps, mobile devices,

tablets.

• For ex in case of Gmail, the front end architecture is web application which allows users to access

the services offered by the gmail architecture as a whole.

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Front End Architecture
• Front end can be divided in three parts:

• The software part: this includes the software that allows cloud computing software to be run

from the user’s side. Generally, the front-end software architecture generally takes the form

of a web browser or client-side application.

• User interface: The user interface is what the end user directly interacts with in order to

perform tasks on the cloud. This includes for example the interface to send and receive

emails on Gmail. However, in some cases, the UI and software architecture are rolled into

one.

• Client device/network: this includes PCs, smartphones or other input devices. They are not

required to be powerful as most of the tasks are carried on the cloud.

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Back End Architecture
• This part is used/handled by the service provider. It managers the resources required to provide

cloud computing services.

• It provides the support to run the front end architecture.

• It includes components such as hardware, storage, security mechanism, servers, traffic control

mechanisms.

• It is handled by the cloud service provider such as AWS, Microsoft Azure.

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Back End Architecture components
The components of the back end architecture are:

• Application: it includes the server side of the application offered to end users. It coordinates the

various needs of users with resources in the backend.

• Service: what type of service the client would like to access according to the business

requirements (Saas, Paas, Iaas).

• Cloud runtime: this provides the execution and runtime environnent to the virtual machines. It is

where the service actually runs. It is similar to an operating system on the cloud with

technologies such as virtualisation, allowing multiple runtimes to exist on the same server.

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Back End Architecture components
• Storage: this provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

It is where all the data required to operate the cloud software resides.

• Infrastructure: it is the engine powering all cloud software services. It includes hardware and

software components like servers, storage, network devices, virtualisation and other software

used to support the cloud computing model. This includes computing components such as the

Central Processing Unit (CPU), Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), motherboard and all the other

components required for the system to function smoothly, like network cards and additional

specific accelerator cards for special use-cases.

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Back End Architecture components
• Management:

 Its main role is to manage components like application, service, runtime cloud, storage,

infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and coordinate between them.

 The Management software is in charge of allocating specific resources for certain tasks. While

physical resources are abundant in a public cloud solution, ineffective management can

cause bottlenecks. This makes management software essential to the ‘smooth’ functioning of

a cloud environment.

 Management usually takes the form of what is known as ‘middleware’, as it interfaces

between the back end and front end. Middleware is used to divide system resources and

infrastructure in a seamless and dynamic manner. 19

Back End Architecture components
• Security: it is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security
mechanism in the back end.

• Virtual firewalls.

• Preventing data loss and redundancy mechanisms through duplicating the system virtually,

storage backups...

• …

• This is to keep the system running even when it is under potential attacks.
• Internet: it is a medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate
with each other

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More about the Back End…
Hardware

A cloud network is made up of a variety of physical hardware that can be located at multiple

geographical locations.

It includes networking equipment, like switches, routers, firewalls, and load balancers, storage

arrays, backup devices, and servers. Virtualization connects the servers together, dividing and

abstracting resources to make them accessible to users.

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More about the Back End
Storage (con’t)

Within a single datacenter, data may be stored across many disks in a single storage array. Storage

management ensures data is correctly being backed up, that outdated backups are removed

regularly, and that data is indexed for retrieval in case any storage component fails.

Virtualization abstracts storage space from hardware systems so that it can be accessed by users

as cloud storage.

When storage is turned into a cloud resource, you can add or remove drives, repurpose hardware,

and respond to change without manually provisioning separate storage servers for every new

initiative.
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More about the Back End
Network

• The network is composed of physical wires, switches, routers, and other equipment.

• Virtual networks are created on top of these physical resources. A typical cloud network

configuration is composed of multiple subnetworks, each with varying levels of visibility. The

cloud permits the creation of virtual local area networks (VLANs) and assigns static and/or

dynamic addresses as needed for all network resources.

• The cloud resources are delivered to users over a network, such as the internet or an intranet, so

that cloud services can be accessed remotely on demand.

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More about the Back End

Virtualization

Virtualization is a technology that separates IT services and functions from hardware. Software

called a hypervisor sits on top of physical hardware and abstracts the machine's resources, such as

memory, computing power, and storage. Once these virtual resources are allocated into centralized

pools they’re considered clouds.

These concepts will be covered in the next chapters.

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More about the Back End
Virtualization (con’t)

In the examples above, the machine’s types

including memory and CPU can be configured

easily from the interface using few clicks.

This is because all resources are virtualized.

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Accelerators TPU
All cloud service providers provide Accelerators such as Google Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) which

is available to Google Cloud Platform customers to run AI tasks that are complicated and models

requiring weeks to converge.

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Cloud Computing Models

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Cloud Service Models
3 types of Cloud Service Models are offered by the different providers:

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Software as a Service (SaaS)

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It is one of the layers of the cloud computing

platform. It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as servers, networking,

processing, storage, virtual machines, and other resources. Customers access these resources on

the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.

• IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to maintain the IT

infrastructure.

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IaaS (con’t)
IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and hybrid cloud:

• The private cloud implies that the infrastructure resides at the customer-premise.

• In the case of public cloud, the infrastructure is located at the cloud computing platform vendor's

data center.

• The hybrid cloud is a combination of the two in which the customer selects the best of both public

cloud or private cloud.

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IaaS services

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IaaS services (con’t)
IaaS provider provides the following services:

• Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units and virtual main

memory for the Vms that is provisioned to the end- users.

• Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.

• Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components such as routers, switches,

and bridges for the Vms.

• Load balancers: It provides load balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.

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IaaS: advantages
Its main advantages are:

• Shared infrastructure: IaaS allows multiple users to share the same physical infrastructure.

• Web access to the resources: IaaS allows IT users to access resources over the internet.

• Pay-as-per-use model: IaaS providers provide services based on the pay-as-per-use basis. The

users are required to pay for what they have used.

• Focus on the core business: IaaS providers focus on the organization's core business rather than

on IT infrastructure.

• On-demand scalability: On-demand scalability is one of the biggest advantages of IaaS. Using

IaaS, users do not worry about upgrading the software and troubleshooting the issues related to

hardware components. 33
IaaS: disadvantages
• Security: Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the IaaS providers are not able to
provide 100% security.
• Maintenance & Upgrade: Although IaaS service providers maintain the software, but they do not
upgrade the software for some organizations.
• Interoperability issues: It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider to the other, so the
customers might face problem related to vendor lock-in.

Some measure must be considered before

purshasing such service
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IaaS: measures to consider before buying!
• Assess the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's stability and finances.

• Make sure that SLAs (Service Level Agreement) provide backups for data, hardware, network, and

application failures.

• Image portability and third-party support is a plus point.

• The IaaS cloud computing platform vendor can get access to the companies’ sensitive data. So,

engage with credible companies or organizations.

• Study their security policies and precautions.

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IaaS providers

36
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• This provides a runtime environment. It allows programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy

web applications. You can purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-

per use basis and access them using the Internet connection.

• In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so end- users do not need

to worry about managing the infrastructure.

• PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform (middleware,

development tools, database management systems, business intelligence, and more) to support

the web application life cycle.

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PaaS (con’t)
• PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks, Databases, and

Other tools:

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PaaS Services
Programming languages
• PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to develop the
applications. Some popular programming languages provided by PaaS providers are Java, PHP,
Ruby, Perl, and Go.
Application frameworks
• PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand the application development.
Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS providers are Node.js, Drupal, Joomla,
WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.
Databases
• PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Redis to
communicate with the applications.

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PaaS services advantages
Advantages of PaaS:

• Simplified Development: PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without
worrying about infrastructure management.

• Lower risk: No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers only need a
PC and an internet connection to start building applications.

• Prebuilt business functionality: Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business
functionality so that users can avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly
start the projects only.

• Instant community: PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the developer
can get the ideas to share experiences and seek advice from others.

• Scalability: Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without any changes
to the applications.

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PaaS providers

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PaaS disadvantages
Vendor lock-in: One has to write the applications according to the platform provided by the PaaS

vendor, so the migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.

Data Privacy: Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private or not, so if it is not

located within the walls of the company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.

Integration with the rest of the systems applications: It may happen that some applications are local,

and some are in the cloud. So there will be chances of increased complexity when we want to use

data which is in the cloud with the local data.

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Software as a Service (SaaS)
It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through the web
browser means we do not require to download and install these applications.

Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various business services to start-up the business. The
SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship
Management), billing, and sales.

Document Management - SaaS document management is a software application offered by a third

party (SaaS providers) to create, manage, and track electronic documents.

Example: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.

Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general public, so social
networking service providers use SaaS for their convenience and handle the general public's
information.

Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-mail services, many e-
mail providers offering their services using SaaS.
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Software as a Service (SaaS)

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SaaS advantages
• SaaS is easy to buy: SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it allows

organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is less than licensed

applications.

• One to Many: SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single instance of the

application is shared by multiple users.

• Less hardware required for SaaS: The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need

to invest in additional hardware.

• Low maintenance required for SaaS: Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-

up, and daily maintenance for the organizations. SaaS vendors are pricing their applications

based on some usage parameters, such as a number of users using the application. 45
SaaS advantages (con’t)
• No special software or hardware versions required: All users will have the same version of the

software and typically access it through the web browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by

outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.

• Multidevice support: SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops, laptops,

tablets, phones, and thin clients.

• API Integration: SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through standard

APIs.

• No client-side installation: SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using the

internet connection, so do not need to require any software installation.

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SaaS disadvantages
• Security: Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for some users.

• Latency issue: Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a variable distance from the

end-user, there is a possibility that there may be greater latency when interacting with the

application compared to local deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for

applications whose demand response time is in milliseconds.

• Total Dependency on Internet: Without an internet connection, most SaaS applications are not

usable.

• Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult: Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow

task of transferring the very large data files over the internet and then converting and importing

them into another SaaS also. 47

SaaS providers

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cloud computing applications?

Cloud service providers provide

various applications in the field
of art, business, data storage
and backup services, education,
entertainment, management,
social networking.

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