Karnataka Law Society’s

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Udyambag, Belgaum – 590008
“DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS”

A Project Report on QUANTUM COMPUTERS

Submitted in
Partial fulfillment for the learning objective of outcome-based education
Paradigm in
2nd semester, B.E, Engineering physics

Submitted by:
S STUDENT’S NAME U.S.N ROLL NO.
No.
1. NITISH KUMAR KUSHWAHA GIT19CS161-T 745
2. PRATYUSH PRAKASH GIT19IS034-T 744
3. SHOAIL AHMED GIT19CS152-T 742
4. SHREYAS JAMKHANDI GIT19CS006-T 730
Under the guidance of
Mr.S.S.Kulkarni
Karnataka Law Society’s
GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Udyambag, Belgaum – 590008
“DEPARTMENT OF Engineering physics”
Academic year 2019-2020

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “QUANTUM COMPUTERS” is a
bonafide record work done by NITISH KUMAR KUSHWAHA, PRATYUSH
PRAKASH, SHOAIL AHMED, SHREYAS JAMKHANDI under my supervision
and guidance for required academic session, Gogte Institute of Technology,
Belgaum for the academic year 2019-2020.

Prof. Mr. S.S.Kulkarni Dr.Zendale

(Guide) (H.O.D)
(Dept. of Engineering Physics) (Dept. of Engineering Physics)
Introduction
Gordon Moore , Intel Co-founder said that the numbers of transistors economically
crammed into a single computer chip was doubling every two years.

Classical Computers
 Accurate and speedy computation machine
 Part of life because logical work can also done
 Advantages
o Makes work easy and faster
o Any complex computation or logical work like laboratory work
become easy .
 Many kinds of numerical problems cannot be solved using conventional
computers.
 Example: Factorization of a number
 The computer time required to an factor an integer containing N digits is
believed to increase exponentially with N.

U S E S O F
C O M P U T E R S
Limitations
Speed
Storage Space Issue
Energy Consumption

Therefore these limitations are fulfilled under the umbrella of Quantum, hence
Quantum Computers are having these characteristics .
Very first What is Quantum?

Quantum
 It is smallest possible discrete unit of any physical property , such as energy
or matter.
 It is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction.
 A photon is a single Quantum of light .
 The energy of an electron bound within an atom is quantized and can exist
only in certain discrete values.
 Quantization of energy and its influence on how energy and matter interact
(quantum electrodynamics) is part of the fundamental framework for
understanding and describing nature.
History
 In early 1980s physicist Paul Benioff proposed a quantum mechanical
model of the Turing machine.
 Richard Feynman and Yuri manin later suggested that a quantum computer
had the potential to stimulate things that a classical computer could not.
 In 1994 , Peter Shor developed a Quantum algorithm for factoring integers
that had the potential to decrypt all secured communications.
 On 23 October 2019, Google AI, in partnership with the U.S. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), published a paper in which
they claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy.

Concept of Quantum Computers

Quantum Computer
 Quantum computing is the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena such as
superposition and entanglement to perform computation.
 A quantum computer is used to perform such computation, which can be
implemented theoretically or physically.
 There are currently two main approaches to physically implementing a
quantum computer: analog and digital. Analog approaches are further
divided into quantum simulation, quantum annealing, and adiabatic quantum
computation.
 Digital quantum computers use quantum logic gates to do computation. Both
approaches use quantum bits or qubits.
Quantum Superposition
 An electron has dual nature.
 It can exhibit as a particle and also as wave.
 Wave exhibits a phenomenon known as superposition of waves.
 This phenomena allows the addition of waves numerically.
 Superposition occurs all the time at the quantum level
o i.e any quantum objects like a electron or proton is in superposition

Quantum Entanglement
 In Quantum Mechanics , it sometimes occurs that a measurement of one
particle will effect the state of another particle , even through classically
there is no direct interaction.
 When this happens , the state of two particle is said to be entangled.

Qubits
 Qubits are fundamental to quantum computing and are somewhat analogous
to bits in a classical computer
 Qubits can be in a 1 or 0 quantum state, or they can also be in a
superposition of the 1 and 0 states.
 When qubits are measured the result is always either a 0 or a 1; the
probabilities of the two outcomes depends on the quantum state that they
were in.
Qubit: How it works
A physical implement of a qubit could use the two energy level of an atom. An
excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.

What Special About Quantum Computer

Why Quantum Computers
 Moore`s law slowing down in 2020 it is fattened out .
 Transistor cannot be made smaller due to the law of Quantum Mechanics
starts to take over
 Post silicon era.

Famous Quantum Computers

Quantum computer based on superconducting qubits developed by IBM
Research in Zürich, Switzerland. The device shown here will be inserted into a
dilution refrigerator and cooled to under 1 kelvin.

Sycamore (Google`s Quantum Computer) took only 200 seconds to perform a

calculation that the researchers estimated would have taken a state-of-the-art
supercomputer 10,000 years to compute

Applications
 Cryptography
 Quantum networking
 Quantum simulation
 Artificial Intelligence
 Solving linear equations
 Quantum supremacy
 Teleportation

Quantum Teleportation
 Quantum teleportation is a technique used to transfer information on a
quantum level, usually from one particle to another.
 Its distinguished feature is that it can transmit the information present in a
quantum superposition , useful for quantum communication and
computation.

Quantum Networking
 One possible use of quantum computers is that of networking , both intranet
and internet .
 Quantum Teleportation using light beam may be able to carry a great deal
more information , enough perhaps to support practical computing .
 But the issue in this is , creating large enough beam of light in both locations
, sending and receiving , to send all of the data within a reasonable amount
line .

Scenario of Quantum Computers in India

 The Indian government invest ₹8,000 cores($1.12 billion) in Budget 2020
for Quantum computing research over five years.
 The country`s finance minister , Nirmala Sitharaman , Said the scheme will
boost the research for technology under the National Mission of Quantum
Technology and Application project .

Conclusion
 If we built this computer completely then it would revolutionized our human
society
 Quantum computing could provide a radical changes in the way computation
is performed.
 Classical computers will be significant larger than Quantum computers for
the foreseeable future .