HIBERNATE - ONE-TO-MANY MAPPINGS

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A One-to-Many mapping can be implemented using a Set java collection that does not contain
any duplicate element. We already have seen how to map Set collection in hibernate, so if you
already learned Set mapping then you are all set to go with one-to-many mapping.

A Set is mapped with a <set> element in the mapping table and initialized with java.util.HashSet.
You can use Set collection in your class when there is no duplicate element required in the
collection.

Define RDBMS Tables:

Consider a situation where we need to store our employee records in EMPLOYEE table which will
have following structure:

create table EMPLOYEE (

id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
salary INT default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

Further, assume each employee can have one or more certificate associated with him/her. So we
will store certificate related information in a separate table which has following structure:

create table CERTIFICATE (

id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
certificate_name VARCHAR(30) default NULL,
employee_id INT default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

There will be one-to-many relationship between EMPLOYEE and CERTIFICATE objects:

Define POJO Classes:

Let us implement our POJO class Employee which will be used to persist the objects related to
EMPLOYEE table and having a collection of certificates in Set variable.

import java.util.*;

public class Employee {

private int id;
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private int salary;
private Set certificates;

public Employee() {}
public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) {
this.firstName = fname;
this.lastName = lname;
this.salary = salary;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
this.firstName = first_name;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
this.lastName = last_name;
}
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary( int salary ) {
this.salary = salary;
}

public Set getCertificates() {

return certificates;
}
public void setCertificates( Set certificates ) {
this.certificates = certificates;
}
}

Now let us define another POJO class corresponding to CERTIFICATE table so that certificate
objects can be stored and retrieved into the CERTIFICATE table. This class should also implement
both the equals and hashCode methods so that Java can determine whether any two
elements/objects are identical.

public class Certificate {

private int id;
private String name;

public Certificate() {}
public Certificate(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName( String name ) {
this.name = name;
}
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (obj == null) return false;
if (!this.getClass().equals(obj.getClass())) return false;

Certificate obj2 = (Certificate)obj;

if((this.id == obj2.getId()) && (this.name.equals(obj2.getName())))
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
public int hashCode() {
int tmp = 0;
tmp = ( id + name ).hashCode();
return tmp;
}
}
Define Hibernate Mapping File:
Let us develop our mapping file which instructs Hibernate how to map the defined classes to the
database tables.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">

<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE">
<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the employee detail.
</meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator />
</id>
<set name="certificates" cascade="all">
<key column="employee_id"/>
<one-to-many />
</set>
<property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/>
<property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/>
<property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/>
</class>

<class name="Certificate" table="CERTIFICATE">

<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the certificate records.
</meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator />
</id>
<property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/>
</class>

</hibernate-mapping>

You should save the mapping document in a file with the format <classname>.hbm.xml. We saved
our mapping document in the file Employee.hbm.xml. You are already familiar with most of the
mapping detail but let us see all the elements of mapping file once again:

The mapping document is an XML document having <hibernate-mapping> as the root

element which contains two <class> elements corresponding to each class.

The <class> elements are used to define specific mappings from a Java classes to the
database tables. The Java class name is specified using the name attribute of the class
element and the database table name is specified using the table attribute.

The <meta> element is optional element and can be used to create the class description.

The <id> element maps the unique ID attribute in class to the primary key of the database
table. The name attribute of the id element refers to the property in the class and the
column attribute refers to the column in the database table. The type attribute holds the
hibernate mapping type, this mapping types will convert from Java to SQL data type.

The <generator> element within the id element is used to automatically generate the
primary key values. Set the class attribute of the generator element is set to native to let
hibernate pick up either identity, sequence or hilo algorithm to create primary key
depending upon the capabilities of the underlying database.

The <property> element is used to map a Java class property to a column in the database
table. The name attribute of the element refers to the property in the class and the column
attribute refers to the column in the database table. The type attribute holds the hibernate
mapping type, this mapping types will convert from Java to SQL data type.
The <set> element sets the relationship between Certificate and Employee classes. We
used the cascade attribute in the <set> element to tell Hibernate to persist the Certificate
objects at the same time as the Employee objects. The name attribute is set to the defined
Set variable in the parent class, in our case it is certificates. For each set variable, we need
to define a separate set element in the mapping file.

The <key> element is the column in the CERTIFICATE table that holds the foreign key to the
parent object ie. table EMPLOYEE.

The <one-to-many> element indicates that one Employee object relates to many
Certificate objects.

Create Application Class:

Finally, we will create our application class with the main method to run the application. We will
use this application to save few Employee's records alongwith their certificates and then we will
apply CRUD operations on those records.

import java.util.*;

import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;

public class ManageEmployee {

private static SessionFactory factory;
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
}catch (Throwable ex) {
System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee();
/* Let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */
HashSet set1 = new HashSet();
set1.add(new Certificate("MCA"));
set1.add(new Certificate("MBA"));
set1.add(new Certificate("PMP"));

/* Add employee records in the database */

Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Manoj", "Kumar", 4000, set1);

/* Another set of certificates for the second employee */

HashSet set2 = new HashSet();
set2.add(new Certificate("BCA"));
set2.add(new Certificate("BA"));

/* Add another employee record in the database */

Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Dilip", "Kumar", 3000, set2);

/* List down all the employees */

ME.listEmployees();

/* Update employee's salary records */

ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000);

/* Delete an employee from the database */

ME.deleteEmployee(empID2);

/* List down all the employees */

ME.listEmployees();

/* Method to add an employee record in the database */

public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname,
int salary, Set cert){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
Integer employeeID = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary);
employee.setCertificates(cert);
employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
return employeeID;
}

/* Method to list all the employees detail */

public void listEmployees( ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list();
for (Iterator iterator1 =
employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasNext();){
Employee employee = (Employee) iterator1.next();
System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName());
System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName());
System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary());
Set certificates = employee.getCertificates();
for (Iterator iterator2 =
certificates.iterator(); iterator2.hasNext();){
Certificate certName = (Certificate) iterator2.next();
System.out.println("Certificate: " + certName.getName());
}
}
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to update salary for an employee */
public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
employee.setSalary( salary );
session.update(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to delete an employee from the records */
public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
session.delete(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
}

Compilation and Execution:

Here are the steps to compile and run the above mentioned application. Make sure you have set
PATH and CLASSPATH appropriately before proceeding for the compilation and execution.

Create hibernate.cfg.xml configuration file as explained in configuration chapter.

Create Employee.hbm.xml mapping file as shown above.

Create Employee.java source file as shown above and compile it.

Create Certificate.java source file as shown above and compile it.

Create ManageEmployee.java source file as shown above and compile it.

Execute ManageEmployee binary to run the program.

You would get following result on the screen, and same time records would be created in
EMPLOYEE and CERTIFICATE tables.

$java ManageEmployee
.......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........

First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 4000

Certificate: MBA
Certificate: PMP
Certificate: MCA
First Name: Dilip Last Name: Kumar Salary: 3000
Certificate: BCA
Certificate: BA
First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 5000
Certificate: MBA
Certificate: PMP
Certificate: MCA

If you check your EMPLOYEE and CERTIFICATE tables, they should have following records:

mysql> select * from employee;

+----+------------+-----------+--------+
| id | first_name | last_name | salary |
+----+------------+-----------+--------+
| 1 | Manoj | Kumar | 5000 |
+----+------------+-----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from certificate;

+----+------------------+-------------+
| id | certificate_name | employee_id |
+----+------------------+-------------+
| 1 | MBA | 1 |
| 2 | PMP | 1 |
| 3 | MCA | 1 |
+----+------------------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>
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