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07 A1 BS06 Notes 1

mathematical methods

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Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
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10 views

07 A1 BS06 Notes 1

mathematical methods

Uploaded by

Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT-I

MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

Definition: An ordered set of ‘mn’ numbers, real or complex arranged in a rectangular array of m
rows and n columns is called a matrix of order mxn. It is denoted as
a11 a12 a13 a1n 
 
a 21 a 22 a 23 a2n 
a a a33 a 3n 
 31 32 
 
 
 
a m1 a m 2 a m3 a mn 

You are well aware with types of matrices, square matrices, rectangle matrices, row, column
matrices, diagonal matrices, upper and lower triangular matrices . I don’t want to discuss the types
of Matrices here
ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS:
1.The inter change of any two rows (or columns)
R ←
i → R Stands for interchange of ith row and j th row
j

Ci ←→ C j Stands for interchange of i th column and j th column.


2. The multiplication of any row (or column) by any non-zero number
→ kRi Stands for the multiplication of all elements of i th row by k
Ri 
→ kC i Stands for the multiplication of all elements of i th column by k
Ci 
3. Addition to the elements of any row (or column) with the corresponding elements of any other
row (or column) multiplied by any number
→ Ri ± kR j Stands for add (or subtract) the k times the elements of jth row to
Ri 
(from) the elements of ith row

Equivalent matrix: Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one can be obtained from other by a
sequence of elementary transformations
1 2 3 
Example: Let A = 4 5 6
7 8 9
4 5 6 
→ R2 , B = 1 2 3  Here B is matrix obtained from A by applying elementary
R1 ←
7 8 9 
transformation R1 ←
→ R2
∴ A and B are equivalent

@@SATYA@@
Minor of matrix: If we select any r rows r columns from a matrix A and deleting all other rows
and columns, then the determinant formed by these rxr elements is called the minor of order r
NOTE: 1. We can get different minors of same order by deleting different rows and columns from
the same matrix
2.The element of the matrix is minor of order 1
1 2 3 
Example: A = 4 5 6
7 8 9
A is a minor of order 3
1 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 4 5 4 6 5 6
, , , , , , , , , are all minors of A of order 2
4 5 4 6 5 6 7 8 7 9 8 9 7 8 7 9 8 9

and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are minors of A of order 1


RANK OF THE MATRIX: A matrix is said to be of rank r if (i) it has at least one minor of order r
and (ii) every minor of order higher than r vanishes.
Rank of A is denoted as ρ ( A)
NOTE: 1. Rank of null matrix is zero
2. Rank of non zero matrix is greater than or equal to 1
3. Rank of non singular matrix of order nxn is n
4. Rank of singular matrix of order nxn is less than n
5. Rank of matrix of order mxn is less than or equal to min (m,n)
1 2 3 
Example1. Find the rank of the matrix A = 4 5 6
7 8 9

1 2 3
Solution: A = 4 5 6 = 0
7 8 9

∴ The minor of order 3 is zero

1 2
Now = 5 − 8 = −3 ≠ 0
4 5

i.e. a minor of order 2 is not equal to zero


∴ ρ ( A) = 2

@@SATYA@@
 2 1 3
2. Find the rank of the matrix A = 4 2 6
2 1 3

2 1 3
Solution: A=4 2 6 =0
2 1 3

∴ min or of order 3 is zero


Now
2 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 4 2 4 6
= 0. = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0,
4 2 2 1 2 3 4 6 1 3 2 6 2 1 2 3

2 6
=0
1 3
∴ All min ors of order 2 are zeros
Now we can find at least one minor of order 1 which is non zero
∴ ρ ( A) = 1
Observation: The above process of finding rank of the matrix is very difficult if the matrix is of
large order. To overcome this difficulty we introduce two shortcut methods
1. Normal form 2.Echlon form

@@SATYA@@

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