Optimization and Development of Microstrip Antennas for

5G Technology Applications

PhD Progress Report-I

Submitted By

Vishnu kumar Sharma

21BSTJPPH014

Under the Supervision of

Dr.R.K.Chaurasia
Assistant Professor
The ICFAI University, Jaipur

Submitted To

The ICFAI University, Jaipur

[1]
The ICFAI University, Jaipur

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. Content Page Number

1. Title 3

2. Objective 3

3. Problem Statement 3

4. Brief Introduction 4

5. Details of Work done till date 8

6. Summary of the Report 11

7. Plan for the next six months 11

8. References 12

[2]
1. Title-Optimization and Development of Microstrip Antennas for 5G Technology
Applications

2. Objective-
Most of the currently used Microstrip antennas have a limited bandwidth. The speed of the
communication equipment and the bandwidth are directly correlated. Increases in antenna
bandwidth can result in increases in antenna speed. The limited bandwidth of the current
antennas makes it difficult to support the high speed of 5G technology applications. The goal of
this project is to create an antenna that is tailored for use with 5G technology. The newly created
microstrip antenna for 5G technology will have a larger antenna bandwidth. This will produce a
new antenna that is most effective for 5G applications.

(1) To Optimization and Development, a compact microstrip antenna for 5G technology

applications that exhibits broad bandwidth and efficient gain using HFSS(High Frequency
Structural Simulator).

(2) The launch of 5G technology makes it appear that the current antennas are unable to keep up
with the new technology. This project intends to develop a novel microstrip antenna for 5G
technology in order to boost the antenna's bandwidth in order to tackle the problem of slow
speed. An improved antenna for 5G applications will be produced by the new design.

3. Problem Statement
The majority of current microstrip antennas have a limited bandwidth. The bandwidth and the
speed of the communication equipment are directly correlated. The speed of the antenna also
increases as the antenna's bandwidth does. The existing antennas' limited bandwidth is a
significant obstacle to meeting the high speed requirements of 5G technology applications. In
this work, an antenna is designed and optimised for use with 5G technology. The newly created
microstrip antenna will offer a larger antenna bandwidth for 5G technology. As a result, a new
antenna with the highest efficiency for 5G applications will be created.

[3]
4. Brief Introduction
A wireless communication device contains two antennas, a sending antenna on the transmitter
side and a receiving antenna on the reception side, which enable radio communication. The
antenna of the transmitter receives signals, transforms them into electromagnetic waves, and
broadcasts them into empty space. These electromagnetic waves are captured by the receiving
antenna on the receiver's side and sent to the receiver, which converts them into the original
signal. An antenna is a tool for electromagnetic wave transmission and/or reception. Radio
waves are a common name for electromagnetic waves. The majority of antennas are resonant
structures that function effectively across a constrained frequency range.An antenna is mainly
used as a metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves which is basically used for
transmitting signals, transmitting antenna is used to transmit information and for receiving
signal, receiving antenna is used at receiver end to receive signals.

A transducer known as an antenna transforms radio frequency (RF) signals into alternating
current or the other way around. For transmitting or receiving radio broadcasts, there are both
receiving and transmission antennas. Every radio equipment depends heavily on antennas to
function. As a result, an antenna is crucial to wireless communication systems. Both transmitting
and receiving radio signals utilise antennas. Without antennas, it would not have been possible to
develop technologies like radio and television, mobile phones and Wi-Fi, connected cars, global
positioning systems (GPS), space communications, radars, etc.

Antennas were designed to pick up electric fields, like the antenna are made with rods and plates
while antennas made to pick up magnetic fields are made from loops of wire. Sometimes parts of
electric circuits may have characteristics that unintentionally make them antennas.

According to the foundations of antenna theory, the antenna must be "impedance matched" to the
transmission line in order to radiate. In order to determine how effectively an antenna's
bandwidth is matched, the idea of VSWR is presented. The frequency range that an antenna
radiates over is known as its bandwidth.

4.1 Microstrip Antenna

The creation of a micro strip antenna is one of the newest electromagnetic and antenna
technologies (also known as a patch antenna). In the 1950s, the idea of electromagnetic wave-
radiating microstrip geometries first emerged. Deschamps was the person who initially put forth
the idea of a microstrip antenna in 1953. In 1955, Gutton and Baissinot submitted a patent
application for the microstrip antenna. Prior to this, laboratories produced specialisedmicrostrip
lines and radiators. At the time, antennas were not made practically, and printed circuit boards
with controlled dielectric constants were not commercially accessible. Robert E. Munson created
a prototype antenna after the 1970s, and Munson and Howell really used it to show it. Microstrip
antennas and their arrays have undergone extensive research and development, and this has
resulted in a wide range of applications for them.

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4.2 Types of Antenna

Depending on antenna structure, aperture size and their frequency, an antenna can be classified
[4.1] as:

 Based on“Wire Structure”

 Based on the “Size”
 Based on the “Frequency”

4.2.1 Based on Wire Structure:

Wire antenna is the simplest form of the antenna configuration. Its oldest structure is regarded as
simpler and cheaper. It is the most flexible antenna for many applications. Wire antenna can be
further classified as:

(i). Dipole or Linear Wire Antenna: Dipole or linear wire antennas are an antenna in the form of
straight wire.

(ii). Loop Antenna: Loop antenna is an antenna, where the single wire is used to form a loop.
The loop can take any form, but mostly circular and square loop is used for the ease of analysis
and construction.

(iii). Helical Antenna: Helical antenna is an antenna where the wire is bend in a helical shape. It
is also termed as helix antenna.

4.2.2 Based on Size:

The different antenna that comes under it is as follows:

(i.) Horn Antenna: – It is an antenna which is constructed from the waveguide. The waveguide
is a hollow metallic tube. The shape of the horn antenna depends on the cross section of
thiswaveguide through which the waves propagates. When one end of the waveguide is trapped
to a large opening then it acts as an antenna. The shape of the antenna is either rectangular or
circular in shape.

(ii) Parabolic Disc Antenna: –It is an antenna having a shape of parabola. It is mostly used for
very long distance reception or space reception. It is also termed as reflector antenna.

(iii)Microstrip Antenna: - It is an antenna having radiating patch etched on the substrate. The
other side of the substrate is a metallic ground plane.

(iv) Array Antenna–It is an antenna formed by many single antennas cascaded. They are used
when a single antenna is unable to give the desired features. The desired features can be achieved
by using multi-element in the antenna structure.

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4.2.3 Based on the Frequency:

An antenna can also be classified in terms of frequency, aperture, polarization and radiation. The
frequency is the most important one among these. Therefore, in term of frequency specific class,
the antenna classification is as follow:

(i) Very High Frequency (VHF) & Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Antennas: Yagi-Uda
antennas, log periodic antennas, Helical antennas, Panel antennas, Corner reflector antennas,
parabolic antennas, Disc one antennas are some of the antennas that operates in very high
frequency (VHF- 30 MHz to 300 MHz) & ultra-high frequency (UHF-300 MHz to 3 GHz)
range.

(ii) Super High Frequency (SHF) & Extremely High Frequency (EHF) Antennas: These are
basically microwave antenna that operates beyond 3 GHz frequency range. The different antenna
covers under this category are as parabolic antenna, pyramidal horn antennas, disc one antennas,
monopoles and dipoles antennas, Microstrip patch antennas, fractal antennas, etc.

4.3 Characteristics of Microstrip Antenna

The Microstrip antenna has proved as superb radiator for many applications because of its
several advantages as compared to conventional microwave antennas. Some of the major
advantages are:

i. They act as an efficient radiator.

ii. They are easy to implement on the device

iii. They exhibit resistant to shock and vibration.

iv. They can be made conformal to planar and non-planar surfaces.

v. Their ease of mass production leads to a low fabrication cost.

vi. They occupy low volume.

vii. They allow for dual and triple frequency operations.

viii. They allow both linear polarization and circular polarization with simple feed.

ix. They can be made compact for use in personal mobile communication.

x. They are of low profile planer configuration

xi. They are light in weight

xii. They have low scattering cross section.

xiii. They are mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.

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xiv. They are well compatible for embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices.

xvi. They are easier to integrate with other MICs on the same substrate.

However, there are some Disadvantages as compared to conventional ones. These are:

i. They have low gain.

ii. The efficiency is low.

iii. They have narrow bandwidth

iv. They have low power handling capacity.

v. They have low isolation between radiating elements and feed.

vi. Excitation of surface waves.

vii. Large ohmic loss in the feed structure of arrays.

viii. Extraneous radiation from feed and junctions.

ix. Complex feed structure required for high performance arrays

Besides, both advantages and disadvantages of microstrip antenna, there are some applications
where the size of microstrip antenna is outsized for any use. The size of a microstrip antenna is
inversely proportional to its frequency. At frequencies lower than microwave, microstrip patches
don't make sense because of the sizes required. The narrow bandwidth is one of the main
drawbacks of these types of antennas. A straight forward method of improving the bandwidth is
the increasing substrate thickness. However, with the increase of substrate thickness, surface
wave power increases and radiation power decreases, which leads towards poor radiation
efficiency. Therefore, various other techniques are presented to provide wide-impedance
bandwidths of microstrip antennas. In principle, some of the techniques are suitable feeding
techniques, impedance matching networks and insertion of slot, slit and notches on the
microstrip antennas. Feeding technique has a large number of adjustable parameters like length,
width and shape but with some limitations. Other ways to overcome these limitations are
decreasing dielectric constant of the substrate, increasing thickness of the substrate and width of
the patch.

The traditional microstrip antenna's poor gain is another issue that needs to be fixed. The
two techniques for increasing the gain are cavity backing and lens covering. In contrast to a
traditional microstrip antenna, a cavity backing has been employed to reduce bidirectional
radiation and increase gain. The integrated lens microstrip antenna is extremely beneficial for
high frequency applications because it combines microstrip radiator elements with a dielectric
lens to form a composite antenna. An excellent way to increase the gain of the microstrip
antennas is to use an antenna array.

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5. Details of Work done till date-

HFSS™ uses a numerical technique called the Finite Element Method (FEM). This is a
procedure where a structure is subdivided into many smaller subsections called finite elements.
The finite elements used by HFSS are tetrahedra, and the entire collection of tetrahedra is called
a mesh. A solution is found for the fields within the finite elements, and these fields are
interrelated so that Maxwell’s equations are satisfied across inter-element boundaries. Yielding a
field solution for the entire, original, structure. Once the field solution has been found, the
generalized S-matrix solution is determined.

Ansys HFSS (high-frequency structure simulator) is a commercial finite element method solver
for electromagnetic (EM) structures from Ansys that offers multiple state-of-the-art solver
technologies.Each solver in Ansys HFSS is an automated solution processor for which the user
dictates the geometry, properties of the material and the required range of solution frequencies.
Ansys HFSS primarily to design and simulate high-speed, high-frequency electronics in radar
systems, communication systems, satellites, ADAS, microchips, printed circuit boards, IoT
products, and other digital devices and RF devices. The solver has also been used to simulate the
electromagnetic behavior of objects such as automobiles and aircraft. ANSYS HFSS allows
system and circuit designers to simulate EM issues such as losses due to attenuation, coupling,
radiation and reflection.
The benefits of simulating a circuit's high frequency behavior with high accuracy on a computer
reduces the final testing and verification effort of the system as well as mitigating the necessity
of building costly multiple prototypes, saving both time and money in product development.

Ansys HFSS is a high-frequency structure simulator that can be used to design and simulate
high-frequency electronic items. This includes: antennas, antenna arrays, RF or microwave
components, high-speed interconnects, filters, connectors, IC packages, and printed circuit
boards. Ansys HFSS software is used by engineers all over the world to develop high-frequency,
high-speed electronics that can be found in communications networks, advanced driver
assistance systems (ADAS), satellites, and internet-of-things (IoT) devices.

 Component-to-System EM Workflow
 Encrypted 3D Design Share
 Coupled EM System Solver
 Automatic Adaptive Meshing
The leading adaptive network technology provided by HFSS tool gives design sign-off accuracy.
Its powerful network and solver technologies assist to design with assurance, and the results can
be easily relied on. Other tools merely give answers without any feedback leading to uncertainty
of the solutions. Combined with domain decomposition or distributed frequencies of Ansys HPC,
HFSS can simulate the never thought speed and scale at a speed and scale of the devices. This
optimizes the device’s performance and explores it to its fullest capacity. The designs with HFSS
deliver on the product promise. The patented technology of HFSS Mesh Fusion enables much

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more complex designs with the same precision, accuracy, and consistency of Ansys HFSS. It
completes this by using targeted networking technologies within the identical design, applicable
to the local geometry. HFSS Mesh Fusion continues to remain same with the
“electromagnetically aware” adaptive meshing technology without conceding accuracy due to
fully coupled electromagnetic matrix, solved with each adaptive mesh step and point in a
frequen.cy sweep.

 HFSS is commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures from
Ansys Corp.
 HFSS Stands for High Frequency Structural Simulator.
 It is one of the several commercial tools used for antenna design.
 It was developed by prof.zontalcendes and his students at carnegie Mellon Univ. in the
year 1989.
 Its gold-standard accuracy, advanced solver and compute technology have made it an
essential tool for engineers designing high-frequency and high speed electronics
components.
 HFSS primarily to design and simulate high-speed, high-frequency electronics in radar
systems, communication systems, satellites, ADAS, microchips, printed circuit
boards, IoT products, and other digital devices and RF devices.
 HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from many users and industries. In
industry, Ansoft HFSS is the tool of choice for High productivity research, development
and virtual prototyping.
The six general steps in an HFSS simulation. There are six main steps to creating and solving a
proper HFSS simulation. They are:
1. Create model/geometry
2. Assign boundaries
3. Assign excitations
4. Set up the solution
5. Solve
6. Post-process the results
In Pictures

Generate 3D Apply boundaries and Solution Setup

Structure excitations

Post Process Solve

Figure: 1 HFSS simulation Steps

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In Detail Every HFSS simulation will involve, to some degree, all six of the above steps. While
it is not necessary to follow these steps in exact order, it is good modeling practice to follow
them in a consistent model-to-model manner.
Step One: The building of the physical model that a user intends to evaluate is the first step in
developing an HFSS model. The 3D modeller in HFSS can be used to create this model. A user
can design a structure that is flexible in terms of geometric dimensions and material attributes
using the fully parametric 3D modeller. Hence, a parametric structure is highly helpful when
final dimensions are unknown or design needs to be "tuned." A user also has the option of
importing 3D structures from mechanical drawing software like SolidWorks®, Pro/E®, or
AutoCAD®. Unfortunately, because imported structures have no "history" of how they were
made, they cannot be parameterized. If the structure should be parameterized. A user will need
to manually modify the imported geometry so that parameterization is possible.
Step Two: The assignment of “boundaries” generally is done next. Boundaries are applied to
specifically created 2D (sheet) objects or specific surfaces of 3D objects. Boundaries have a
direct impact on the solutions that HFSS provides; therefore, users are encouraged to closely
review the section on Boundaries in this document.
Step Three: Following the assignment of boundaries, excitations (or ports) should be
implemented. Similar to borders, excitations have a significant influence on the calibre of the
conclusions that HFSS will draw for a particular model. As a result, users are once more urged
to carefully read this document's section on excitations. Although it is crucial to create and use
excitations correctly in order to get the most accurate HFSS results, there are a few helpful rules
of thumb that a user can adhere to. In the excitations section, these regulations are discussed.
Step Four: Once boundaries and excitations have been created, the next step is to create a
solution setup. During this step, a user will select a solution frequency, the desired convergence
criteria, the maximum number of adaptive steps to perform, a frequency band over which
solutions are desired, and what particular solution and frequency sweep methodology to use.
Step Five: The model is now ready to be examined when an HFSS user has finished the first
four phases. The model geometry, solution frequency, and available computer resources all have
a significant impact on how long an analysis takes. A solution can be found in as little as a few
seconds, as long as it takes to grab a coffee, or even overnight. It is frequently advantageous to
transmit a certain simulation run to a different machine that is nearby the user's site using
HFSS's remote solve feature. By doing this, the user's PC will be made available for use on
other tasks.
Step Six: A user can post-process the outcomes after the solution has been completed.
Examining the S-parameters of the device that was modelled or visualising the fields inside and
around the structure can serve as a basic postprocessing step for results. The distant fields
produced by an antenna can also be examined by users. In essence, the post-processor allows for
the plotting of any field quantity or S, Y, Z parameter. Families of curves can also be made if a
parameterized model has been studied.

[10]
6. Summary of the Report
MicroStrip Anteena Design Method
The microstrip antenna designing process starts with problem finding from the literature review.
Once the problem has specified, and then in next phase antenna design parameter iscalculated
with the help of Formulas. Afterwards, standard antenna simulation software used to optimize
antenna design parameters, once simulation process gets desired results then process of
fabrication will start , else iterative process may continue until it meet the specification.

Figure: 2 Flow chart for microstrip antenna design and fabrication

6. Plan for the next six months-

• Aug.–Oct. 2023
Learn about simulation tool and research design.
Software implementation by Using HFSS Tool & Techniques.

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8. References
 Brief Review of the selected paper
Literature reveals that a lot of researches have been done in the field of microstrip patch antenna
design and applications [ref]. Ample studies have been made based on the choice of substrate
selection[ref], bandwidth expansions[ref], developing feeding techniques, improvement in gain,
antenna array designing, substrate dimensions, and compactness of the antennas [ref] that
motivates number of aspects to design compact and efficient microstrip antenna for broad band
applications.
1. kim et al The design and analysis of a broadband dual polarized patchantenna on FR4
substrate were presented in this study. Accurate electrical characterization of the FR4 substrate in
the 5GmmWave frequency band was also presented. A proximityL-probe-fed structure and
parasitic patches were designedto improve the 􀀀10 dB impedance bandwidth of a squarepatch
antenna, and the measured fractional bandwidth of theproposed antenna was 23.1 % (23 _ 29
GHz).
.
2. Deng et al proposed a C band antenna for satellite communications. Their antenna was in
rectangular shaped with dimension of 40mm X 41 mm. They used FR4 substrate with height of
0.5 mm. The observed band characteristics were from 3.2 to 4.25 GHz and 5.05 to 6.15 GHz for
Ultra-wide band applications.
3. . Murugan proposed the work is to design a compact MIMO antenna at 3.5 GHz suitable for
5G applications. MIMO antenna is suitable choice for increasing the signal to noise ratio of
mobile communication systems. He found a four element shorting pin loaded patch antenna is
designed at sub 6 GHz 5G band which covers the frequency range from 3.4 GHz to 3.5 GHz and
reasonable gain of 4 dB is obtained. The gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed 4 element
antenna is increased compared to two element and unit element antennas. The volume of the
proposed antenna is 1084 mm 3, which is suitable for mobile handsets.

4. Zivkovic et al presented a Box shaped antenna structure; the structure of the antenna was
symmetrical and uniform. The monopole antenna has a dimension of 120mmx120mmx30mm for
narrow bending. The broad bending was achieved on smaller dimension of
20mmx20mmx5mm .The radiating element was made from copper with epoxy substrate.
5Yacouba et al proposed x band antenna suitable for microwave communications. They designed
microstrip feed for low profile broadband dielectric resonator antenna. The length and width of
antenna were taken 26.5mm and 1.2mm respectively. They used RT/Duriod substrate with
permittivity2.2. The reported that such antenna offers fractional bandwidth of 50% around the
center frequency 10.16 GHz

6. Yang et al studied a frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna and designed a

frequencytunable antenna by adding a U slot of dimension 32mm X 31 mm on the patch of
dimension 77mm X 57 mm. The substrate of dielectric constant of 2.4 and thickness of 1.524mm
was used. They found the fabricated prototype antenna attains a tunable frequency ranging from
2.6 to 3.35 GHz which is suitable in multichannel systems to reduce crosstalk from adjacent
channel.
7. Islam et aldesigned microstrip antenna for L band wireless communication system
applications. The height of substrate was taken 12.5mmwith patch size is 79mm X 53 mm. They

[12]
used coaxial probe feeding technique. They designed patch in such a way that it comprised of 3
slit on one side of same length but different width of 5mm, 10mm and 15 mm respectively. As a
result of effect of multi slotted patch substrate, they achieved high gain~5 dB and bandwidth of
27.62% in L band frequency range.
8. Liuet al proposed multi-layered planner structures microstrip antenna of 62.5mm X 62.5mm
dimension. The permittivity of the layer was taken as 2.2 and 2.6 respectively. They found that
the bandwidth of L band increases up to 25.7%, with VSWR less than 2 and high gain.
9. Rahayu et al presented a slotted antenna by using different type of slots such as ring slot, L
slot and T slot. They showed simulation results with different combinations of the slots. The
simulation result reveals that the best resonance occurred at 5 GHz with -40 db reflection
coefficient that is useful in WPAN application.
10. He etal proposed E shaped antenna for millimeter frequency range. E shaped patch was
designed with 7mm X 8mm dimension. The height of substrate was taken0.8mm with
permittivity of 3.7. They reported that the bandwidth of such antenna was from 31 GHz to 40
GHz with good impedance matching.
11. Srilaxmiet al presented a single layer compact antenna for X band application, in which the
designed antenna has the total size of 30mm X 22mmwith a patch size of 14.5 X 14.75 on FR4
substrate. Thickness of substrate was 1.6mm and relativity permittivity was 4.6. This double side
printed antenna had shown bandwidth from 6.4 GHz to13.6 GHz. This symmetric proposed
antenna showed an average gain of 4.1dB and stable radiation pattern.

12. Lau et al proposed circularly polarized vertical antenna by simply adding two small stubs to
the vertical patch. The frequency range obtained from simulation result was from 4GHz to 5.5
GHz. They observed that at operating frequency the value of VSWR lies below 2.
13. Tammam et al proposed a small size monopole antenna suitable for WLAN and Wimax
application. They selected semicircular patch etched on epoxy substrate of size 12mm X 18mm
with partial ground plane. The bandwidth achieved by optimization of the slot’s width and
ground plane.
14. Huqueet al designed microstrip array antenna with series feed. They used dielectric substrate
of permittivity 2.2 and height 1.5. The designed antenna delivers reflection coefficients in the
range of -4.21 dB to -25.45dB at around 10 GHz resonance frequency. The gain of the antenna
was found 15dB.They found application of such antenna in x band communication like satellite
communication, radar, mobile, medical applications and other wireless systems.
15. Deshmukh et al suggested E shaped microstrip patch antenna slot for ISM band applications.
The length and width of antenna were taken 27.5mm and 37mm respectively. The height of
substrate was taken 0.158mm with permittivity of 4.2mm. The design was achieved by simply
adding two small slots to the E shaped patch and obtained operating frequency range from
2.35GHz to 2.45 GHz from simulation result.
16. Devang et al proposed a 2 X 2 small size micostrip antenna array for wireless applications.
They used RT roger as substrate material with permittivity of 2.2 and thickness1.5mm. The
simulation results shows that at operating frequency less than 10 GHz, the reflection coefficient,
VSWR and gain were -40.4 dB,1.0 and 13.3 dB respectively with 99.23%radiation efficiency.
17. Azimetalproposed a tapered shaped slot antenna for ultra wide band application .The
optimization has done by taking in to account for the circular, elliptical, square, rectangular and

[13]
tapered shape slot on top of the patch and tuning stub .They observed VSWR less than 2 with
frequency range from 3 to 11.2 GHz.
18. Latif et al prepared printed monopole slot antenna of three different shapes namely straight
shaped L shaped and inverted T shaped by proper selection of antenna parameters such as stub
length, feed line length, and position over the slot, etc. They reported that the designed antenna
exhibit wide impedance bandwidth on introducing L and inverted T slots. The measured
impedance bandwidths of about 60%, 84%, and 80% for the straight, L- and inverted T-slot
antennas, respectively.
19. Sadat et alproposed micro strip square antenna with a ring slot. RO substrate of dimensions
120 mmX 100 mm is used for fabrication. They found that this antenna provides VSWR less
than 2 and reflection coefficient -8.5dB.
20. Lechet al proposed a unique ground flexible microstrip antenna for wireless application.
They used substrate of dielectric constant of 3.44, height of 0.25 mm with dimensions 7 cm x 7
cm. They designed antenna by using two circular coplanar strips curved on this substrate. They
reported that this antenna shows reflection coefficient of -13 dB, and bandwidth from 3 GHz to
15 GHz frequency range.
21. Ghassemi et al presented multilayer microstrip antenna. They used Roger Duriod substrate
with permittivity 2.2. They achieved band width upto 4.0 GHz with single slotandupto 4.2 GHz
with double slot. They also observed VSWR less than 2 with 8 dB gain.
22. Lee et al proposed slot antenna with50mm X 50mmdimensions over theFR4 (relative
permittivity 4.4) substrate of thickness 0. 8mm.They nested a pair of C shaped stubs along with
the feed lines in such a way that it captures all input power at its resonance frequency. Finally
they obtained operating bandwidth from 2.4GHz to 11.6 GHz and VSWR value less than 2. They
suggested that proposed antenna is good for various wireless applications such as Wimax,
Wireless LAN etc.
23. Gao et al proposed a very simple broad band microstrip antenna by using only single patch.
They used circular patch as the main radiator and a H-shaped slot cut in the ground plane below
the feed line. A stepped-width microstrip line was used to feedthe patch through proximity
coupling. They reported that the prototype antenna achieves impedance bandwidth of 26%.
24. Elkorany et al proposed a double slot rectangular microstrip patch antenna. They designed
antenna on epoxy substrate of dimension 100 mm X 100 mm X 4 mm. The rectangular patch size
was taken 30mm X 40 mm. The desired UWB frequency was obtained by optimizing the height
of the substrate and varying position of slot. Such antenna depicts resonance from 4 to 10 GHz
frequency range.

25. Paul et al proposed an antenna provides excellent performance metrics for 5G

communications. The -10 dB bandwidth is 4.846 GHz that supports huge data capacity. The
values of S-parameter and VSWR are -35.03 dB and 1.036, respectively. The antenna also
possesses good average radiation efficiency (≈ 70%) with acceptable gain over the entire large
operating frequency band.

26. Womg et alproposed acircularmicrostripantenna for wideband application. The bandwidth of

their designed antenna was 3.2 timesthatofaconventionalcircularmicrostripantenna.
27. Ramli et al proposed a 3.5 GHz microstrip patch antenna using three different substrates
materials with varying relative permittivity have been designed. the thickness of the substrates

[14]
are slightly different from each other which is 1.6 mm for FR-4, 1.575 mm for RT-5880 and 1.58
mm for TLC-30 have been chosen to carry out this work. The results and the comparison
between substrate materials FR-4, RT-5880 and TLC-30 has been extensively studied. The aim
of the proposed antenna designs was to achieve good performance in terms of gain and
bandwidth while maintaining a reflection coefficient below -10dB and VSWR ≤ 2.

28. Paul et al proposed a directional wideband microstrip line fed rectangular patch antenna has
been proposed for the 28 GHz 5G applications. They observed a piece of 20 × 17 × 1.575 mm3
Rogers RT5880 material having dielectric constant of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009 is used as a
substrate of the proposed cutting edge patch antenna. At step-1 of cutting edge design, a parasitic
element is introduced with the main radiating metallic patch to achieve higher gain and
directivity.

29. Mohammed et al proposed an Improving the Gain Performance of Air Substrate Patch
Antenna Array Using the Effect of Conductive Material Thickness Study for 5G Applications. A
novel 4-element array of microstrip patch antenna with a high gain and good matching capability
operated at 28 GHz resonance was proposed in this paper. The proposed design was succeeding
in combining the benefits of high gain, compact size, and cost-effective antenna manufacturing.
The operating frequency of the antenna was adjusted by varying the thickness of the resonator,
ground and substrate.

30. Anget al proposed a wideband E-shaped microstrip patch antenna forhigh-speed wireless
communication systems. A substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 3.2 mm was
taken. They observed that the reflection coefficient was below −10 dB from 5.05 GHz to 5.88
GHz operating frequency.

31. Guo et al[2.42] proposed monopole antenna has a band width of 9.27 GHz,which can be
useful in Wimax,Wirelass LAN,Bluetooth applications .They observed ,this antenna can be
expanded bandwidth when slot cut made through ground plane.

32. Deshmukh et al reported a compact rectangular microstrip antenna. They found this
antenna provide three time more band width than conventional micro strip antenna by cutting
half-U-slot . The proposed antenna has broadside radiation pattern with gain of 7 dB over the
entire bandwidth.

33. Kang et al Designed a slot antenna with a conductive loading In addition to this , they also
discussed radiated electric field pattern and the efficiency of the non-reflecting slot antenna. The
nonreflecting slot was numerically verified. The pulse radiation and reception characteristics of
the antenna was demonstrated both numerically and experimentally.

34. Jang Wan et al Proposed circular-slot type ultra-wideband antenna with exceptional band-
rejection characteristics with two parasitic patches and a parasitic slot, They observed good
radiation characteristic at ultra wide band frequency range with very good recjection band

35. Jolani et al Presented a very small size microstrip antenna suitable for WLAN application.
The overall dimensions of this antenna has 6mmx6mmx3 mm.The designed antenna comprises
M slot patch with co axial probe feed, such antenna can provide an impedance bandwidth of 21%
. Entire operating bandwidth from 4.93- 6.03 GHz.

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36. Mishra R et al presented the performance characteristics of rectangular patch antenna with
variable thickness of the substrate and width of the patch. One of the parameter is varied keeping
the other fixed and the characteristic effects on resonant frequency, They found bandwidth
enhancement when the width of the patch was around 1.5 time that of the length of broadband
antenna.

37. Gao et al proposed a very simple broad band microstrip antenna by using only single patch.
They used circular patch as the main radiator and a H-shaped slot cut in the ground plane below
the feed line. A stepped-width microstrip line was used to feedthe patch through proximity
coupling. They reported that the prototype antenna achieves impedance bandwidth of 26%.
38. Elkorany et al proposed a double slot rectangular microstrip patch antenna. They designed
antenna on epoxy substrate of dimension 100 mm X 100 mm X 4 mm. The rectangular patch size
was taken 30mm X 40 mm. The desired UWB frequency was obtained by optimizing the height
of the substrate and varying position of slot. Such antenna depicts resonance from 4 to 10 GHz
frequency range.

39. Anget al proposed a wideband E-shaped microstrip patch antenna forhigh-speed wireless
communication systems. A substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 3.2 mm was
taken. They observed that the reflection coefficient was below −10 dB from 5.05 GHz to 5.88
GHz operating frequency.

40. Devang et al proposed a 2 X 2 small size micostrip antenna array for wireless applications.
They used RT roger as substrate material with permittivity of 2.2 and thickness1.5mm. The
simulation results shows that at operating frequency less than 10 GHz, the reflection coefficient,
VSWR and gain were -40.4 dB,1.0 and 13.3 dB respectively with 99.23%radiation efficiency.
41. Liu et al proposed multi-layered planner structures microstrip antenna of 62.5mm X 62.5mm
dimension. The permittivity of the layer was taken as 2.2 and 2.6 respectively. They found that
the bandwidth of L band increases up to 25.7%, with VSWR less than 2 and high gain.
42. Rahayu et al presented a slotted antenna by using different type of slots such as ring slot, L
slot and T slot. They showed simulation results with different combinations of the slots. The
simulation result reveals that the best resonance occurred at 5 GHz with -40 db reflection
coefficient that are useful in WPAN application.
43. He et al proposed E shaped antenna for millimeter frequency range. E shaped patch was
designed with 7mm X 8mm dimension. The height of substrate was taken0.8mm with
permittivity of 3.7. They reported that the bandwidth of such antenna was from 31 GHz to 40
GHz with good impedance matching.

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