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Node.js Interview Questions and Answers For Freshers

This section will provide you with the Basic Node.js interview questions which will primarily help
freshers.

1. What is Node.js? Where can you use it?

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment and library to run web
applications outside the client’s browser. It is used to create server-side web applications.

Node.js is perfect for data-intensive applications as it uses an asynchronous, event-driven model.

You can use I/O intensive web applications like video streaming sites. You can also use it for
developing: Real-time web applications, Network applications, General-purpose applications, and
Distributed systems.

2. Why use Node.js?

Node.js makes building scalable network programs easy. Some of its advantages include:

It is generally fast

It rarely blocks

It offers a unified programming language and data type

Everything is asynchronous

It yields great concurrency

3. How does Node.js work?

3. How does Node.js work?

A web server using Node.js typically has a workflow that is quite similar to the diagram illustrated
below. Let’s explore this flow of operations in detail.

Clients send requests to the webserver to interact with the web application. Requests can be
non-blocking or blocking:

Querying for data

Deleting data

Updating the data

Node.js retrieves the incoming requests and adds those to the Event Queue

The requests are then passed one-by-one through the Event Loop. It checks if the requests are
simple enough not to require any external resources

The Event Loop processes simple requests (non-blocking operations), such as I/O Polling, and
returns the responses to the corresponding clients

A single thread from the Thread Pool is assigned to a single complex request. This thread is
responsible for completing a particular blocking request by accessing external resources, such
as computation, database, file system, etc.

Once the task is carried out completely, the response is sent to the Event Loop that sends that
response back to the client.

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4. Why is Node.js Single-threaded?

Node js is single-threaded for async processing By doing async processing on a single-thread

Node.js is single threaded for async processing. By doing async processing on a single thread
under typical web loads, more performance and scalability can be achieved instead of the typical
thread-based implementation.

5. If Node.js is single-threaded, then how does it handle concurrency?

The Multi-Threaded Request/Response Stateless Model is not followed by the Node JS Platform,
and it adheres to the Single-Threaded Event Loop Model. The Node JS Processing paradigm is
heavily influenced by the JavaScript Event-based model and the JavaScript callback system. As a
result, Node.js can easily manage more concurrent client requests. The event loop is the
processing model's beating heart in Node.js.

6. Explain callback in Node.js.

A callback function is called after a given task. It allows other code to be run in the meantime and
prevents any blocking. Being an asynchronous platform, Node.js heavily relies on callback. All
APIs of Node are written to support callbacks.

7. What are the advantages of using promises instead of callbacks?

The control flow of asynchronous logic is more specified and structured.

The coupling is low.

We've built-in error handling.

Improved readability.

8. How would you define the term I/O?

The term I/O is used to describe any program, operation, or device that transfers data to or
from a medium and to or from another medium

Every transfer is an output from one medium and an input into another. The medium can be a
physical device, network, or files within a system

9. How is Node.js most frequently used?

Node.js is widely used in the following applications:

1 Real time chats

1. Real-time chats

2. Internet of Things

3. Complex SPAs (Single-Page Applications)

4. Real-time collaboration tools

5. Streaming applications

6. Microservices architecture

10. Explain the difference between frontend and backend development?

Front-end Back-end

Backend refers to the server-side of an

Frontend refers to the client-side of an application
application

It is the part of a web application that users can It constitutes everything that happens behind
see and interact with the scenes

It generally includes a web server that

It typically includes everything that attributes to
communicates with a database to serve
the visual aspects of a web application
requests

HTML, CSS, JavaScript, AngularJS, and ReactJS

Java, PHP, Python, and Node.js are some of
are some of the essentials of frontend
the backend development technologies
development
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If you are curious to explore interview questions related to frontend development, you can check
out our article on ReactJS Interview Questions and Answers.

11. What is NPM?

NPM stands for Node Package Manager, responsible for managing all the packages and
modules for Node.js.

Node Package Manager provides two main functionalities:

Provides online repositories for node.js packages/modules, which are searchable on

search.nodejs.org

Provides command-line utility to install Node.js packages and also manages Node.js versions
and dependencies

12. What are the modules in Node.js?

Modules are like JavaScript libraries that can be used in a Node.js application to include a set of
functions. To include a module in a Node.js application, use the require() function with the
parentheses containing the module's name.

Node.js has many modules to provide the basic functionality needed for a web application. Some
of them include:

Core Modules Description

Includes classes, methods, and events to create a Node.js
HTTP
HTTP server

util Includes utility functions useful for developers

Includes events, classes, and methods to deal with file I/O

fs
operations

url Includes methods for URL parsing

query string Includes methods to work with query string

stream Includes methods to handle streaming data

zlib Includes methods to compress or decompress files

13. What is the purpose of the module .Exports?

In Node.js, a module encapsulates all related codes into a single unit of code that can be parsed
by moving all relevant functions into a single file. You may export a module with the module and
export the function, which lets it be imported into another file with a needed keyword.
14. Why is Node.js preferred over other backend technologies like Java and PHP?

Some of the reasons why Node.js is preferred include:

Node.js is very fast

Node Package Manager has over 50,000 bundles available at the developer’s disposal

Perfect for data-intensive, real-time web applications, as Node.js never waits for an API to
return data

Better synchronization of code between server and client due to same code base

Easy for web developers to start using Node.js in their projects as it is a JavaScript library

15. What is the difference between Angular and Node.js?

Angular Node.js

It is a frontend development framework It is a server-side environment

It is written in TypeScript It is written in C, C++ languages

Used for building single-page, client-side web Used for building fast and scalable server-side
applications networking applications

Splits a web application into MVC

Generates database queries
components
Also Read: What is Angular?

16. Which database is more popularly used with Node.js?

MongoDB is the most common database used with Node.js. It is a NoSQL, cross-platform,
document-oriented database that provides high performance, high availability, and easy
scalability.

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17. What are some of the most commonly used libraries in Node.js?

There are two commonly used libraries in Node.js:

ExpressJS - Express is a flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a wide set
of features to develop web and mobile applications.

Mongoose - Mongoose is also a Node.js web application framework that makes it easy to
connect an application to a database.

18. What are the pros and cons of Node.js?

Node.js Pros Node.js Cons

Fast processing and an event-based model Not suitable for heavy computational tasks
Uses JavaScript, which is well-known amongst Using callback is complex since you end up
developers with several nested callbacks

Node Package Manager has over 50,000 packages Dealing with relational databases is not a
that provide the functionality to an application good option for Node.js

Best suited for streaming huge amounts of data Since Node.js is single-threaded, CPU
and I/O intensive operations intensive tasks are not its strong suit

19. What is the command used to import external libraries?

The “require” command is used for importing external libraries. For example - “var http=require
(“HTTP”).” This will load the HTTP library and the single exported object through the HTTP
variable.

Now that we have covered some of the important beginner-level Node.js interview questions let
us look at some of the intermediate-level Node.js interview questions.

Node.js Interview Questions and Answers For Intermediate Level

20. What does event-driven programming mean?

An event-driven programming approach uses events to trigger various functions. An event can be
anything, such as typing a key or clicking a mouse button. A call-back function is already
registered with the element executes whenever an event is triggered.

21. What is an Event Loop in Node.js?

Event loops handle asynchronous callbacks in Node.js. It is the foundation of the non-blocking
i t/ t ti N d j ki it f th ti t t i t lf t
input/output in Node.js, making it one of the most important environmental features.

22. Differentiate between process.nextTick() and setImmediate()?

The distinction between method and product. This is accomplished through the use of nextTick()
and setImmediate(). next Tick() postpones the execution of action until the next pass around the
event loop, or it simply calls the callback function once the event loop's current execution is
complete, whereas setImmediate() executes a callback on the next cycle of the event loop and
returns control to the event loop for any I/O operations.

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23. What is an EventEmitter in Node.js?

EventEmitter is a class that holds all the objects that can emit events

Whenever an object from the EventEmitter class throws an event, all attached functions are
called upon synchronously

24. What are the two types of API functions in Node.js?

The two types of API functions in Node.js are:

Asynchronous, non-blocking functions

Synchronous, blocking functions

25. What is the package.json file?

The package.json file is the heart of a Node.js system. This file holds the metadata for a
particular project. The package.json file is found in the root directory of any Node application or
module

This is what a package.json file looks like immediately after creating a Node.js project using the
command: npm init

You can edit the parameters when you create a Node.js project.

26. How would you use a URL module in Node.js?

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The URL module in Node.js provides various utilities for URL resolution and parsing. It is a built-in
module that helps split up the web address into a readable format.

27. What is the Express.js package?

Express is a flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a wide set of features to
develop both web and mobile applications

28. How do you create a simple Express.js application?

The request object represents the HTTP request and has properties for the request query
string, parameters, body, HTTP headers, and so on

The response object represents the HTTP response that an Express app sends when it
receives an HTTP request
29. What are streams in Node.js?

Streams are objects that enable you to read data or write data continuously.

There are four types of streams:

Readable – Used for reading operations

Writable − Used for write operations

Duplex − Can be used for both reading and write operations

Transform − A type of duplex stream where the output is computed based on input

30. How do you install, update, and delete a dependency?

31. How do you create a simple server in Node.js that returns Hello World?

Import the HTTP module

Use createServer function with a callback function using request and response as parameters.

Type “hello world."

Set the server to listen to port 8080 and assign an IP address

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32. Explain asynchronous and non-blocking APIs in Node.js.

All Node.js library APIs are asynchronous, which means they are also non-blocking

A Node.js-based server never waits for an API to return data. Instead, it moves to the next API
after calling it, and a notification mechanism from a Node.js event responds to the server for
the previous API call

33. How do we implement async in Node.js?

As shown below, the async code asks the JavaScript engine running the code to wait for the
request.get() function to complete before moving on to the next line for execution.

34. What is a callback function in Node.js?

A callback is a function called after a given task. This prevents any blocking and enables other
code to run in the meantime.

In the last section, we will now cover some of the advanced-level Node.js interview questions.

Node.js Interview Questions and Answers For Experienced Professionals

This section will provide you with the Advanced Node.js interview questions which will primarily
help experienced professionals.

35. What is REPL in Node.js?

REPL stands for Read Eval Print Loop, and it represents a computer environment. It’s similar to a
Windows console or Unix/Linux shell in which a command is entered. Then, the system responds
with an output

36. What is the control flow function?

The control flow function is a piece of code that runs in between several asynchronous function
calls.

37. How does control flow manage the function calls?

38. What is the difference between fork() and spawn() methods in Node.js?

fork() spawn()

fork() is a particular case of spawn() that Spawn() launches a new process with the available
generates a new instance of a V8 engine. set of commands.

This method doesn’t generate a new V8 instance,

Multiple workers run on a single node code
and only a single copy of the node module is active
base for multiple tasks.
on the processor.

39. What is the buffer class in Node.js?

Buffer class stores raw data similar to an array of integers but corresponds to a raw memory
allocation outside the V8 heap. Buffer class is used because pure JavaScript is not compatible
with binary data

40. What is piping in Node.js?

Piping is a mechanism used to connect the output of one stream to another stream. It is normally
used to retrieve data from one stream and pass output to another stream

41. What are some of the flags used in the read/write operations in files?
. at a e so e o t e ags used t e ead/ te ope at o s es?

42. How do you open a file in Node.js?

43. What is callback hell?

Callback hell, also known as the pyramid of doom, is the result of intensively nested,
unreadable, and unmanageable callbacks, which in turn makes the code harder to read and
debug

improper implementation of the asynchronous logic causes callback hell

44. What is a reactor pattern in Node.js?

A reactor pattern is a concept of non-blocking I/O operations. This pattern provides a handler that
is associated with each I/O operation. As soon as an I/O request is generated, it is then
submitted to a demultiplexer

45. What is a test pyramid in Node.js?

46. For Node.js, why does Google use the V8 engine?

The V8 engine, developed by Google, is open-source and written in C++. Google Chrome makes
use of this engine. V8, unlike the other engines, is also utilized for the popular Node.js runtime.
V8 was initially intended to improve the speed of JavaScript execution within web browsers.
Instead of employing an interpreter, V8 converts JavaScript code into more efficient machine
code to increase performance. It turns JavaScript code into machine code during execution by
utilizing a JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler, as do many current JavaScript engines such as
SpiderMonkey or Rhino (Mozilla).

47. Describe Node.js exit codes.

48 Explain the concept of middleware in Node js

48. Explain the concept of middleware in Node.js.

Middleware is a function that receives the request and response objects. Most tasks that the
middleware functions perform are:

Execute any code

Update or modify the request and the response objects

Finish the request-response cycle

Invoke the next middleware in the stack

49. What are the different types of HTTP requests?

HTTP defines a set of request methods used to perform desired actions. The request methods
include:

GET: Used to retrieve the data

POST: Generally used to make a change in state or reactions on the server

HEAD: Similar to the GET method, but asks for the response without the response body

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DELETE: Used to delete the predetermined resource

50. How would you connect a MongoDB database to Node.js?

To create a database in MongoDB:

Start by creating a MongoClient object

Specify a connection URL with the correct IP address and the name of the database you want
to create

51. What is the purpose of NODE_ENV?

52. List the various Node.js timing features.

As you prepare for your upcoming job interview, we hope that this comprehensive guide has
provided more insight into what types of questions you’ll be asked.

53. What is WASI, and why is it being introduced?

The WASI class implements the WASI system called API and extra convenience methods for
interacting with WASI-based applications. Every WASI instance represents a unique sandbox
environment. Each WASI instance must specify its command-line parameters, environment
variables, and sandbox directory structure for security reasons.

54. What is a first-class function in Javascript?

First-class functions are a powerful feature of JavaScript that allows you to write more flexible
and reusable code. In Node.js, first-class functions are used extensively in asynchronous
programming to write non-blocking code.

55. How do you manage packages in your Node.Js project?

Managing packages in your Node.js project is done using the Node Package Manager (NPM),
which allows you to install and manage third-party packages and create and publish your
packages.

56. How is Node.js better than other frameworks?

Node.js is a server-side JavaScript runtime environment built on top of the V8 JavaScript engine,
the same engine that powers Google Chrome. It makes Node.js very fast and efficient, as well as
highly scalable.

57. What is a fork in node JS?

The Fork method in Node.js creates a new child process that runs a separate Node.js instance
and can be useful for running CPU-intensive tasks or creating a cluster of Node.js servers.

58. List down the two arguments that async. First, does the queue take as input?

The async.queue function in Node.js takes two arguments as input: a worker function and an
optional concurrency limit. It is used to create a task queue executed in parallel.

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59. What is the purpose of the module.exports?

The module. exports object in Node.js is used to export functions, objects, or values from a
module and is returned as the value of the require() function when another module requires a
module.

60. What tools can be used to assure consistent code style?

In summary, several tools can be used in Node.js to ensure consistent code style and improve
code quality, including ESLint, Prettier, and Jest.

61. What is the difference between JavaScript and Node.js?

Node.js is a runtime environment for executing JavaScript code outside of a web browser, while
JavaScript is a programming language that can be executed in both web browsers and Node.js
environments.
62. What is the difference between asynchronous and synchronous functions?

Synchronous functions block the execution of other code until they are complete, while
asynchronous functions allow other code to continue executing while they are running, making
them essential for writing scalable Node.js applications.

63. What are the asynchronous tasks that should occur in an event loop?

Asynchronous tasks that should occur in an event loop in Node.js include I/O operations, timers,
and callback functions. By performing these tasks asynchronously, Node.js can handle a large
number of concurrent requests without blocking the event loop.

64. What is the order of execution in control flow statements?

In Node.js, control flow statements are executed in a specific order. The order of execution is
determined by the event loop. The event loop is a mechanism in Node.js that allows for the
execution of non-blocking I/O operations.

65. What are the input arguments for an asynchronous queue?

An asynchronous queue in Node.js is a data structure that allows for the execution of functions
in a specific order. Functions are added to the queue and are executed in the order that they were
added. An asynchronous queue is useful when you want to execute a series of functions in a
specific order.

66. Are there any disadvantages to using Node.js?

Node.Js is not suitable for CPU-intensive tasks. This is because Node.js is single-threaded,
meaning it can only execute one task at a time. Node.js is not suitable for applications that
require a lot of memory. This is because Node.js uses a lot of memory for each connection. If you
have a large number of connections, it can quickly consume a lot of memory.

67. What is the primary reason for using the event-based model in Node.js?

The main reason to use the event-based model in Node.js is performance. The event-based
model allows for non-blocking I/O operations, which means that Node.js can handle a large
number of connections without using a lot of resources.

68. What is the difference between Node.js and Ajax?

Ajax and Node.js are two different technologies that are used for different purposes. Ajax is a
client-side technology that allows for asynchronous communication between the client and the
server. It is typically used to update parts of a web page without requiring a full page reload.

Node.js, on the other hand, is a server-side technology that is used for building fast, scalable, and
efficient server-side applications. It is typically used for real-time applications, such as chat
applications, online games, and streaming services.

69. What is the advantage of using Node.js?

Node.js is fast and scalable. Node.js is easy to learn and use. Node.js is well-suited for real-time
applications, such as chat applications, online games, and streaming services. This is because
Node.js can handle a large number of connections and can perform non-blocking I/O operations,
which makes it ideal for real-time communication.

70. Does Node run on Windows?

Yes, Node.js runs on Windows. Node.js is a cross-platform runtime environment, which means
that it can run on a variety of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.

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71. Can you access DOM in Node?

No, you cannot access the DOM in Node.js. The DOM is a browser-specific API that allows for the
manipulation of HTML and XML documents. Since Node.js does not run in a browser, it does not
have access to the DOM.

72. Why is Node.JS quickly gaining attention from JAVA programmers?

Node.js is quickly gaining attention from Java programmers because it is fast, scalable, and
j q yg g p g , ,
efficient. Java is a popular server-side technology, but it can be slow and resource-intensive.
Node.js, on the other hand, is built on the V8 JavaScript engine, which is known for its speed and
performance.

73. What are the Challenges with Node.js?

Node.js is single-threaded, which means that it can only execute one task at a time. Node.js is
relatively new compared to other server-side technologies, such as Java and PHP. This means
that there needs to be more support and more resources available for Node.js. Node.js is only
suitable for applications that require a little memory.

74. What is "non-blocking" in node.js?

In Node.js, non-blocking refers to the ability of the runtime environment to execute multiple tasks
simultaneously without waiting for the completion of one task before starting the next. This is
achieved through the use of asynchronous I/O operations, which allow Node.js to handle multiple
requests concurrently.

75. How does Node.js overcome the problem of blocking I/O operations?

Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that allows it to handle I/O operations more
efficiently. By using callbacks, Node.js can continue processing other tasks while waiting for I/O
operations to complete. This means that Node.js can handle multiple requests simultaneously
without causing any delays. Additionally, Node.js uses a single-threaded event loop architecture,
which allows it to handle a high volume of requests without any issues.

76. How can we use async await in node.js?

To use async/await in Node.js, you'll need to use functions that return promises. You can then
use the async keyword to mark a function as asynchronous and the await keyword to wait for a
promise to resolve before continuing with the rest of the code.

77. Why should you separate the Express app and server?

Firstly, separating your app and server can make it easier to test your code. By separating the
two, you can test your app logic independently of the server, which can make it easier to identify
and fix bugs.

Secondly, separating your app and server can make it easier to scale your application. By
i h li l i f diff hi h
separating the two, you can run multiple instances of your app on different servers, which can
help to distribute the load and improve performance.

Finally, separating your app and server can make it easier to switch to a different server if
necessary. By keeping your app logic separate from your server logic, you can switch to a
different server without having to make any major changes to your code.

78. Explain the concept of stub in Node.js.

In Node.js, a stub is a function that serves as a placeholder for a more complex function. Stubs
are typically used in unit testing to replace a real function with a simplified version that returns a
predetermined value. By using a stub, you can ensure that your unit tests are predictable and
consistent.

79. What is the framework that is used majorly in Node.js today?

There are many frameworks available for Node.js, but the two most popular ones are Express and
Koa.

80. What are the security implementations that are present in Node.js?

One of the most important security features in Node.js is the ability to run code in a restricted
environment. This is achieved through the use of a sandboxed environment, which can help to
prevent malicious code from accessing sensitive data or causing any damage to the system.

Another important security feature in Node.js is the ability to use TLS/SSL to encrypt data in
transit. This can help to prevent eavesdropping and ensure that sensitive data is protected.

81. What is Libuv?

Libuv is a critical component of Node.js, and it's what makes it possible to handle I/O operations
in a non-blocking and efficient manner.

82. What are global objects in Node.js?

Global objects in Node.js are objects that are available in all modules without the need for an
explicit require statement. Some of the most commonly used global objects in Node.js include
process, console, and buffer.

83 Why is assert used in Node js?

83. Why is assert used in Node.js?

An assert module is an important tool for writing effective tests in Node.js.

84. Why is ExpressJS used?

Express is a great choice for building web applications in Node.js, and its popularity and active
community make it a safe and reliable choice for developers of all levels.

85. What is the use of the connect module in Node.js?

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The Connect module can be used to handle different types of middleware, such as error-handling
middleware, cookie-parsing middleware, and session middleware. Error-handling middleware is
used to handle errors that occur during the request/response cycle. Cookie parsing middleware
is used to parse cookies from the request header. Session middleware is used to manage user
sessions.

86. What's the difference between 'front-end' and 'back-end' development?

Front-end developers focus on the client side of the application, while back-end developers focus
on the server side of the application. Both roles are important for building a successful web
application and require different skill sets and expertise.

87. What are LTS releases of Node.js?

LTS stands for Long-term support. LTS releases of Node.js are versions that are supported for an
extended period, usually for 30 months from the time of release. These releases are typically
more stable and reliable than non-LTS releases and are recommended for production use.

88 What do you understand about ESLint?

88. What do you understand about ESLint?

ESLint is a popular open-source tool that is used to analyze and flag errors and potential
problems in JavaScript code.

89. Define the concept of the test pyramid. Please explain the process of implementing them in
terms of HTTP APIs.

The test pyramid is a concept that is often used in software testing to illustrate the ideal
distribution of different types of tests. The pyramid consists of three layers: unit tests, integration
tests, and end-to-end tests. The idea is that the majority of tests should be at the unit level, with
fewer tests at the integration and end-to-end levels.

To implement the test pyramid in terms of HTTP APIs, you can start by writing unit tests for each
endpoint in the API. These tests should focus on testing the functionality of the endpoint in
isolation without making any external requests or dependencies. Once the unit tests are passed,
you can write integration tests that test the interaction between different endpoints and
components in the API. Finally, you can write end-to-end tests that test the entire API, from the
user interface to the database.

90. How does Node.js handle the child threads?

Node.js handles child threads by creating separate instances of the Node.js runtime environment
that can be used to execute code in parallel with the main process.

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91. What is an Event Emitter in Node.js?

An Event Emitter is a Node.js module that facilitates communication between objects in a

Node.js application. It is an instance of the EventEmitter class, which provides a set of methods
to listen for and emit events. In Node.js, events are a core part of the platform, and they are used
to handle asynchronous operations.

92. How to Enhance Node.js Performance through Clustering?

Clustering can be used to improve the performance of HTTP servers, database connections, and
other I/O operations. However, it is important to note that clustering does not guarantee a linear
increase in performance.

93. What is a thread pool, and which library handles it in Node.js?

A thread pool is a collection of threads that are used to execute tasks in parallel. In Node.js, the
thread pool is handled by the libuv library, which is a multi-platform support library that provides
asynchronous I/O operations.

94. How are worker threads different from clusters?

Worker threads and clusters are two different approaches to leveraging the power of multiple
CPUs in Node.js. While clusters create multiple instances of a Node.js process, each running on a
separate CPU core, worker threads provide a way to create multiple threads within a single
process.

95. How to measure the duration of async operations?

The console.time and console.timeEnd methods allow you to measure the duration of a block of
code. The console.time method is used to start the timer and the console.timeEnd method is
used to stop the timer and log the duration to the console.

The performance.now method provides a more precise way to measure the duration of async
operations. It returns the current timestamp in milliseconds, which can be used to calculate the
duration of a task.

96. How to measure the performance of async operations?

There are several tools and techniques you can use to measure performance, including using the
built-in --prof flag, using the perf tool, and using third-party libraries like benchmark.js.

97. What are the types of streams available in Node.js?

There are four types of streams available in Node.js, including readable streams, writable
d l d f
streams, duplex streams, and transform streams.

98. What is meant by tracing in Node.js?

Tracing is a technique used in Node.js to profile the performance of an application. It involves

recording the function calls and events that occur during the execution of the application and
analyzing the data to identify performance bottlenecks.

99. Where is package.json used in Node.js?

The package.json file is located in the root directory of an application and it is used by the npm
package manager to install and manage the dependencies of an application.

100. What is the difference between readFile and create Read Stream in Node.js?

Create Read Stream is a better option for reading large files, while the read file is a better option
for small files. It is important to choose the right method based on the size of the file and the
requirements of the application.

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101. What is the use of the crypto module in Node.js?

The crypto module is widely used in Node.js applications to generate secure random numbers,
create digital signatures, and verify signatures. It also provides support for various encryption
algorithms such as AES, DES, and RSA.

102. What is a passport in Node.js?

Passport is a popular authentication middleware for Node.js. It provides a simple and modular
way to implement authentication in Node.js applications. Passport supports many authentication
mechanisms including username/password social logins like Facebook and Google and JSON
mechanisms, including username/password, social logins like Facebook and Google, and JSON
Web Tokens (JWTs).

103. How to get information about a file in Node.js?

In Node.js, the fs module provides methods for working with the file system. To get information
about a file, you can use the fs. stat() method. The fs. stat() method returns an object that
contains information about the file, such as the file size, creation date, and modified date.

104. How does the DNS lookup function work in Node.js?

In Node.js, the DNS module provides methods for performing DNS lookups. DNS stands for
Domain Name System, and it is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses. The
DNS. lookup() method is used to perform a DNS lookup and resolve a domain name into an IP
address.

105. What is the difference between setImmediate() and setTimeout()?

The setTimeout() method schedules code execution after a specified delay, measured in
milliseconds. On the other hand, the setImmediate() method schedules code execution to occur
immediately after the current event loop iteration completes. This means that setImmediate()
has a higher priority than setTimeout().

106. Explain the concept of Punycode in Node.js.

Punycode is a character encoding scheme used in the domain name system (DNS) to represent
Unicode characters with ASCII characters. It is used to encode domain names that contain non-
ASCII characters, such as Chinese or Arabic characters.

107. Does Node.js provide any Debugger?

Yes, Node.js provides a built-in debugger that can be used to debug Node.js applications.

108. Is cryptography supported in Node.js?

Yes, Node.js provides built-in support for cryptography through the crypto module.

109. Why do you think you are the right fit for this Node.js role?

As a Node js developer I have experience in building scalable and efficient server-side

As a Node.js developer, I have experience in building scalable and efficient server side
applications using Node.js. I am a team player and have excellent communication skills. I believe
that my experience and skills make me a strong candidate for this Node.js role.

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110. Do you have any past Node.js work experience?

Yes, my past Node.js work experience has given me a solid foundation in building scalable and
efficient server-side applications using Node.js.

111. Do you have any experience working in the same industry as ours?

Yes, I have worked on several Node.js projects in the past.

112. Do you have any certification to boost your candidature for this Node.js role?

Yes, I am OpenJS Node. Js Services Developer (JSNSD) Certified.

Conclusion

We believe that these Node.js interview questions would help you understand what kind of
questions may be asked to you in an interview, and by going through these Node.js interview
questions, you can prepare and crack your next interview in one go.

For more in-depth training on this increasingly popular web application development framework,
enroll in Simplilearn’s Full Stack Java Developer course today, which can prepare you even more
for any upcoming Node.js interviews.

Best of luck with your upcoming job interview!

Node.js Interview Questions and Answers
Node.js is an open-source and cross-platform runtime environment built on
Chrome’s V8 JavaScript engine for executing JavaScript code outside of a
browser. It provides an event-driven, non-blocking (asynchronous) I/O, and
cross-platform runtime environment for building highly scalable server-side
applications using JavaScript.

In this article, we will discuss over 50 frequently asked Node interview

questions with answers. Whether you are a fresher or an experienced
developer with 5, 8, or 10 years of experience, these interview questions will
give you enough confidence to ace your Node.js interview.

Node.js Interview Questions & Answers

Before proceeding to check NodeJS interview questions and answers you can
learn Node.js with NodeJS Tutorial. This tutorial teaches all important Node.js
concepts like modules, file systems, NPM, databases, etc which are often
asked in Node Interviews.

Table of Content

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Node Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers
Intermediate Node Interview Questions and Answers
Advanced Node Interview Questions for Experienced
Now let’s discuss interview questions on Node.js. These questions will be
helpful in clearing the interviews for the backend developer or full stack
developer role.

Node.js Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

This set contains the basic questions asked in the interview.

1. What is Node.js?

Node.js is a JavaScript engine used for executing JavaScript code outside the
browser. It is normally used to build the backend of the application and is
highly scalable.

2. What is the difference between Node.js and JavaScript?

JavaScript is a scripting language whereas Node.js is an engine that provides

the runtime environment to run JavaScript code.

JavaScript: It is a light-weighted programming language (“scripting

language”) used to develop interactive web pages. It can insert dynamic
text into the HTML elements. JavaScript is also known as the browser’s
language.
Node.js: It is used to run JavaScript programs outside the browser and it
mostly runs server-side code. It cannot be used to run HTML tags.

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Yes, Node.js is a single-threaded application as it is built using the single-
threaded event loop model architecture.

4. What kind of API function is supported by Node.js?

There are two types of API functions supported by Node.js:

Synchronous: These API functions are used for blocking code.

Asynchronous: These API functions are used for non-blocking code.

5. What is the difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous

functions?

Synchronous function: These are the function that block the execution of
the program whenever an operation is performed. Hence these are also
called blocking operations. We use these functions to perform lightweight
tasks
Asynchronous function: These are the operations that do not block the
execution of the program and each command is executed after the previous
command even if the previous command has not computed the result. We
use these functions to perform heavy tasks.

6. What is a module in Node.js?

In Node.js Application, a Module can be considered as a block of code that

provide a simple or complex functionality that can communicate with external
application. Modules can be organized in a single file or a collection of multiple
files/folders. Modules are useful because of their reusability and ability to
reduce the complexity of code into smaller pieces. Some examples of modules
are. http, fs, os, path, etc.

7. What is npm and its advantages?

NPM stands for Node Package Manager. It is an online repository for Node.js
packages. We can install these packages in our projects/applications using the
command line.

8. What is middleware?
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Middleware is the function that works between the request and the response
cycle. Middleware gets executed after the server receives the request and
before the controller sends the response.

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9. How does Node.js handle concurrency even after being single-threaded?

Node.js internally uses libuv library for handling all async call. This library
creates multiple thread pools to handle async operations.

10. What is control flow in Node.js?

Control Flow functions are executed whenever there is an async call made in
the program. These functions define the order in which these asynchronous
functions will be executed.

11. What do you mean by event loop in Node.js?

Event Loop in Node.js is used to handle callbacks. It is helpful in performing

non-blocking I/O operations. An event loop is an endless loop, which waits for
tasks, executes them, and then sleeps until it receives more tasks.

12. What is the order in which control flow statements get executed?

The order in which the statements are executed is as follows:

Execution and queue handling

Collection of data and storing it
Handling concurrency
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13. What are the main disadvantages of Node.js?

Since Node.js is single-threaded so multi-threaded engines are better and can

handle tasks more efficiently. Also, we do not use relational databases with
Node.js like MySQL mostly non-relational databases like MongoDB is used.

14. What is REPL in Node.js?

REPL in Node.js stands for Read, Evaluate, Print, and Loop. It is a computer
environment similar to the shell which is useful for writing and debugging
code as it executes the code in on go.

15. How to import a module in Node.js?

We use the require module to import the External libraries in Node.js. The
result returned by require() is stored in a variable which is used to invoke the
functions using the dot notation.

16. What is the difference between Node.js and AJAX?

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that runs on the server side

whereas AJAX is a client-side programming language that runs on the
browser.

17. What is package.json in Node.js?

package.json is a file that is used to store the metadata of all the contents of
the project. It is used to describe the module used, run commands, and other
useful information about the project.

18. How to write hello world using node.js?

Javascript

const http = require('http');

// Create a server object

http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.write('Hello World!');
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}).listen(3000);
Run this program from the command line and see the output in the browser
window. This program prints Hello World on the browser when the browser
sends a request through http://localhost:3000/.

19. What is the most popular Node.js framework used these days?

The most famous Node.js framework used is Express.js as it is highly scalable,

efficient, and requires very few lines of code to create an application.

20. What are promises in Node.js?

A promise is basically an advancement of callbacks in NodeJS. In other words,

a promise is a JavaScript object which is used to handle all the asynchronous
data operations. While developing an application you may encounter that you
are using a lot of nested callback functions which causes a problem of callback
hell. Promises solve this problem of callback hell.

Intermediate Node.js Interview Questions and Answers

In this set we will be looking at intermediate Node Interview Question for
candidates with over 2 years of experience.

21. What is event-driven programming in Node.js?

Event-driven programming is used to synchronize the occurrence of multiple

events and to make the program as simple as possible. The basic components
of an Event-Driven Program are:

A callback function ( called an event handler) is called when an event is

triggered.
An event loop that listens for event triggers and calls the corresponding
event handler for that event.

22. What is buffer in Node.js?

The Buffer class in Node.js is used to perform operations on raw binary data.
Generally, Buffer refers to the particular memory location in memory. Buffer
and array have some similarities, but the difference is array can be any type,
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resizable. Each integer in a buffer represents a byte. console.log() function is
used to print the Buffer instance.

23. What are streams in Node.js?

Streams are a type of data-handling method and are used to read or write
input into output sequentially. Streams are used to handle reading/writing files
or exchanging information in an efficient way. The stream module provides an
API for implementing the stream interface. Examples of the stream object in
Node.js can be a request to an HTTP server and process.stdout are both
stream instances.

24. Explain crypto module in Node.js

The crypto module is used for encrypting, decrypting, or hashing any type of
data. This encryption and decryption basically help to secure and add a layer
of authentication to the data. The main use case of the crypto module is to
convert the plain readable text to an encrypted format and decrypt it when
required.

25. What is callback hell?

Callback hell is an issue caused due to a nested callback. This causes the code
to look like a pyramid and makes it unable to read To overcome this situation
we use promises.

26. Explain the use of timers module in Node.js

The Timers module in Node.js contains various functions that allow us to

execute a block of code or a function after a set period of time. The Timers
module is global, we do not need to use require() to import it.

It has the following methods:

setTimeout() method
setImmediate() method
setInterval() method

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The process.nextTick() method is used to add a new callback function at the
start of the next event queue. it is called before the event is processed. The
setImmediate is called at the check phase of the next event queue. It is created
in the poll phase and is invoked during the check phase.

28. What is the difference between setTimeout() and setImmediate()

method?

The setImmediate function is used to execute a particular script immediately

whereas the setTimeout function is used to hold a function and execute it after
a specified period of time.

29. What is the difference between spawn() and fork() method?

Both these methods are used to create new child processes the only difference
between them is that spawn() method creates a new function that Node runs
from the command line whereas fork() function creates an instance of the
existing fork() method and creates multiple workers to perform on the same
task.

30. Explain the use of passport module in Node.js

The passport module is used for adding authentication features to our website
or web app. It implements authentication measure which helps to perform
sign-in operations.

31. What is fork in Node.js?

Fork is a method in Node.js that is used to create child processes. It helps to

handle the increasing workload. It creates a new instance of the engine which
enables multiple processes to run the code.

32. What are the three methods to avoid callback hell?

The three methods to avoid callback hell are:

Using async/await()
Using promises
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33. What is body-parser in Node.js?

Body-parser is the Node.js body-parsing middleware. It is responsible for

parsing the incoming request bodies in a middleware before you handle it. It is
an NPM module that processes data sent in HTTP requests.

34. What is CORS in Node.js?

The word CORS stands for “Cross-Origin Resource Sharing”. Cross-Origin

Resource Sharing is an HTTP-header based mechanism implemented by the
browser which allows a server or an API to indicate any origins (different in
terms of protocol, hostname, or port) other than its origin from which the
unknown origin gets permission to access and load resources. The cors
package available in the npm registry is used to tackle CORS errors in a
Node.js application.

35. Explain the tls module in Node.js?

The tls module provides an implementation of the Transport Layer Security

(TLS) and Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocols that are built on top of
OpenSSL. It helps to establish a secure connection on the network.

For further reading, check out our dedicated article on Intermediate

Node Interview Questions and Answers. Inside, you’ll discover 20+
questions with detailed answers.

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Advanced Node.js Interview Questions for Experienced
In this set we will be covering Node interview question for experienced
developers with over 5 years of experience.

36. What is a cluster in Node.js?

Due to a single thread in node.js, it handles memory more efficiently because

there are no multiple threads due to which no thread management is needed.
Now, to handle workload efficiently and to take advantage of computer multi-
core systems, cluster modules are created that provide us the way to make
child processes that run simultaneously with a single parent process.

37. Explain some of the cluster methods in Node.js

Fork(): It creates a new child process from the master. The isMaster returns
true if the current process is master or else false.
isWorker: It returns true if the current process is a worker or else false.
process: It returns the child process which is global.
send(): It sends a message from worker to master or vice versa.
kill(): It is used to kill the current worker.

38. How to manage sessions in Node.js?

Session management can be done in node.js by using the express-session

module. It helps in saving the data in the key-value form. In this module, the
session data is not saved in the cookie itself, just the session ID.

39. Explain the types of streams in Node.js

Types of Stream:

Readable stream: It is the stream from where you can receive and read the
data in an ordered fashion. However, you are not allowed to send anything.
For example, fs.createReadStream() lets us read the contents of a file.
Writable stream: It is the stream where you can send data in an ordered
fashion but you are not allowed to receive it back. For example,
fs.createWriteStream() lets us write data to a file.
Duplex stream: It is the stream that is both readable and writable. Thus
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socket.
Transform stream: It is the stream that is used to modify the data or
transform it as it is read. The transform stream is basically a duplex in
nature. For example, zlib.createGzip stream is used to compress the data
using gzip.

40. How can we implement authentication and authorization in Node.js?

Authentication is the process of verifying a user’s identity while authorization

is determining what actions can be performed. We use packages like Passport
and JWT to implement authentication and authorization.

41. Explain the packages used for file uploading in Node.js?

The package used for file uploading in Node.js is Multer. The file can be
uploaded to the server using this module. There are other modules in the
market but Multer is very popular when it comes to file uploading. Multer is a
node.js middleware that is used for handling multipart/form-data, which is a
mostly used library for uploading files.

42. Explain the difference between Node.js and server-side scripting

languages like Python

Node.js is the best choice for asynchronous programming Python is not the
best choice for asynchronous programming. Node.js is best suited for small
projects to enable functionality that needs less amount of scripting. Python is
the best choice if you’re developing larger projects. Node.js is best suited for
memory-intensive activities. Not recommended for memory-intensive
activities. Node.js is a better option if your focus is exactly on web applications
and website development. But, Python is an all-rounder and can perform
multiple tasks like- web applications, integration with back-end applications,
numerical computations, machine learning, and network programming. Node.js
is an ideal and vibrant platform available right now to deal with real-time web
applications. Python isn’t an ideal platform to deal with real-time web
applications. The fastest speed and great performance are largely due to
Node.js being based on Chrome’s V8 which is a very fast and powerful engine.
Python is slower than Node.js, As Node.js is based on fast and powerful
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Error handling in Python takes significantly very little time and debugging in
Python is also very easy compared to Node.js.

43.Tutorial
NodeJS How toNodeJS
handle database
Exercises NodeJSconnection in Buffer
Assert NodeJS Node.js?
NodeJS Console NodeJS Crypto NodeJS

To handle database connection in Node.js we use the driver for MySQL and
libraries like Mongoose for connecting to the MongoDB database. These
libraries provide methods to connect to the database and execute queries.

44. How to read command line arguments in Node.js?

Command-line arguments (CLI) are strings of text used to pass additional

information to a program when an application is running through the command
line interface of an operating system. We can easily read these arguments by
the global object in node i.e. process object. Below is the approach:

Step 1: Save a file as index.js and paste the below code inside the file.

Javascript

let arguments = process.argv ;

console.log(arguments) ;

Step 2: Run the index.js file using the below command:

node index.js

45. Explain the Node.js redis module

Redis is an Open Source store for storing data structures. It is used in multiple
ways. It is used as a database, cache, and message broker. It can store data
structures such as strings, hashes, sets, sorted sets, bitmaps, indexes, and
streams. Redis is very useful for Node.js developers as it reduces the cache
size which makes the application more efficient. However, it is very easy to
integrate Redis with Node.js applications.
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46. What is web socket?

Web Socket is a protocol that provides full-duplex (multiway) communication

i.e. allows communication in both directions simultaneously. It is a modern web
technology in which there is a continuous connection between the user’s
browser (client) and the server. In this type of communication, between the
web server and the web browser, both of them can send messages to each
other at any point in time. Traditionally on the web, we had a request/response
format where a user sends an HTTP request and the server responds to that.
This is still applicable in most cases, especially those using RESTful API. But a
need was felt for the server to also communicate with the client, without
getting polled(or requested) by the client. The server in itself should be able to
send information to the client or the browser. This is where Web Socket comes
into the picture.

47. Explain the util module in Node.js

The Util module in node.js provides access to various utility functions. There
are various utility modules available in the node.js module library.

OS Module: Operating System-based utility modules for node.js are

provided by the OS module.
Path Module: The path module in node.js is used for transforming and
handling various file paths.
DNS Module: DNS Module enables us to use the underlying Operating
System name resolution functionalities. The actual DNS lookup is also
performed by the DNS Module.
Net Module: Net Module in node.js is used for the creation of both client
and server. Similar to DNS Module this module also provides an
asynchronous network wrapper.

48. How to handle environment variables in Node.js?

We use process.env to handle environment variables in Node.js. We can

specify environment configurations as well as keys in the .env file. To access
the variable in the application, we use the “process.env.VARIABLE_NAME”
syntax. To use it we have to install the dotenv package using the below
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npm install dotenv

49. Explain DNS module in Node.js

DNS is a node module used to do name resolution facility which is provided by

the operating system as well as used to do an actual DNS lookup. Its main
advantage is that there is no need for memorizing IP addresses – DNS servers
provide a nifty solution for converting domain or subdomain names to IP
addresses.

50. What are child processes in Node.js?

Usually, Node.js allows single-threaded, non-blocking performance but

running a single thread in a CPU cannot handle increasing workload hence the
child_process module can be used to spawn child processes. The child
processes communicate with each other using a built-in messaging system.

51. What is tracing in Node.js?

The Tracing Objects are used for a set of categories to enable and disable the
tracing. When tracing events are created then tracing objects is disabled by
calling tracing.enable() method and then categories are added to the set of
enabled trace and can be accessed by calling tracing.categories.

For further reading, check out our dedicated article on Advanced Node
Interview Questions. Inside, you’ll discover 20+ questions with detailed
answers.

Summary
This Node interview questions and answers gives you an overview of what
type of questions can be asked on Node.js in your interview. Node.js is very
important JavaScript framework that is asked in job interviews for Node.js
Developer, Full-Stack Node.js Developer, DevOps Engineer with Node.js, etc.
Many big companies like Netflix, PayPal,Meta, Uber, etc hire for Node.js expert.

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article consists of top 50+ Node interview questions, and cover important
1. What is Express.Js?

Express is a small framework that sits on top of Node.js’s web server

functionality to simplify its APIs and add helpful new features. It makes it
easier to organize your application’s functionality with middleware and routing;
it adds helpful utilities to Node.js’s HTTP objects; it facilitates the rendering of
dynamic HTTP objects.

Express is a part of MEAN stack, a full stack JavaScript solution used in

building fast, robust, and maintainable production web applications.

2. Why use Express.Js?

Express.js is a lightweight Node.js framework that gives us ability to create

server-side web applications faster and smarter. The main reason for choosing
Express is its simplicity, minimalism, flexibility, and scalability characteristics. It
provides easy setup for middlewares and routing.

3. Write a ‘Hello World’ Express.js application?

To create a simple Express.Js application first we need to install Express in our

NodeJs application.

npm install express

After that in the app.js file write the code

Javascript
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require('express');
const app = express();
const PORT = 8000;

app.get('/', (req, res) => {

res.send('Hello World!');
});

app.listen(PORT, () => {
console.log(`Server is listening at port :${PORT}`);
});

4. Differentiate between Node.js and Express.js?

Node.js is the runtime environment that allows you to execute JavaScript on

the server side, on the other hand Express.js is a framework built on top of
Node.js that provides a set of tools for building web applications and APIs.

Express.js is not the only framework available for Node.js, but it is widely used
because to its simplicity and flexibility.

5. Is Express JS a front-end or a back-end framework?

Express.js is a JavaScript backend framework. It is mainly designed to develop

complete web applications and APIs. Express is the backend component of the
MERN stack which stands for MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js.

6. Mentions few features of Express.js.

Few features of the Express.js includes

Routing: Express provides a simple way to define routes for handling HTTP
requests. Routes are used to map different URLs to specific pieces of code,
making it easy to organize your application’s logic.
Middleware: Express uses middleware functions to perform tasks during
the request-response cycle. Middleware functions have access to the
request, response, and the next middleware function.
HTTP Utility Methods: Express mainly used for handling HTTP methods
like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE. This makes it easy to define how the
application should respond to different types of HTTP requests.
Static File Serving: It can also serve static files, such as images, CSS, and
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Security: It includes features and middleware to strengthen the security of
your web applications, such as the helmet middleware to secure your app.

7. Explain the structure of an Express JS application?

The structure of an Express JS application can vary greatly depending on its

complexity and the specific needs of the project. However, here is a basic
approach that is commonly used:

Entry point: This is the starting point of the application where you set up
your server, connect to your database, add middleware, and define the main
routes.
Routes directory: This directory contains files for the app’s routes.
Controllers directory: This directory contains files that define the logic to
handle requests for a specific route.
Models directory: This directory is used for creating the schema models for
the different data.
Middleware directory: This directory contains custom middleware functions
that you can use in your routes.
Views directory: If you’re using a templating engine, this directory contains
your view templates.
Public directory: This directory contains static files that are served directly
by the server such as images, CSS files, and JavaScript files.

This structure separates concerns in a logical way, making the application

easier to understand and maintain.

8. What are some popular alternatives to Express JS?

There are several popular alternatives to Express.js which includes: Koa.js,

Hapi.js, Sails.js, Fastify etc.

9. Which major tools can be integrated with Express JS?

There are many tools and libraries that can be integrated with Express.js such
as:

Database tools: MongoDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL.

Template Engines: EJS, Pug, Mustache.
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Logging libraries: Morgan, Winston.
Validation libraries: Joi, express-validator.
ORM libraries: Sequelize, Mongoose.

10. What is .env file used for?

The .env file is used for storing sensitive information in a web application
which we don’t want to expose to others like password, database connection
string etc. It is a simple text file where each line represents a key-value pair,
and these pairs are used to configure various aspects of the application.

11. What are JWT?

Json Web Tokens are mainly a token which is used for authentication and
information exchange. When a user signs in to an application, the application
then assigns JWT to that user. Subsequent requests by the user will include
the assigned JWT. This token tells the server what routes, services, and
resources the user is allowed to access. Json Web Token includes 3 part
namely- Header, Payload and Signature.

12. Create a simple middleware for validating user.

Javascript

// Simple user validation middleware

const validateUser = (req, res, next) => {
const user = req.user;

// Check if the user object is present

if (!user) {
return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Unauthorized - User not found' });
}

// If the user is valid, move to the next middleware or route handler

next();
};

// Example of using the middleware in an Express route

app.get('/profile', validateUser, (req, res) => {
const user = req.user;
res.json({ message: 'Profile page', username: user.username });
});
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13. What is Bcrypt used for?

Bcrypt is a password hashing function which is used to securely hash and

store user passwords. It is designed to be slow and computationally intensive,
making it resistant to brute-force attacks and rainbow table attacks. Bcrypt is a
key component in enhancing the security of user authentication systems.

14. Why should you separate the Express app and server?

In Express.js, it is recommended to separate the Express App and the server

setup. This provides the modularity and flexibility and makes the codebase
more easier to maintain and test. Here are some reasons why you should
separate the Express app and server:

Modularity: You can define routes, middleware, and other components in the
Express app independently of the server configuration.
Ease of Testing: Separation makes it easier to write unit tests for the
Express app without starting an actual server. You can test routes,
middleware, and other components in isolation.
Reusability: You can reuse the same Express app in different server
configurations.
Configuration Management: Separating the app and server allows for
cleaner configuration management.
Scalability: It provides a foundation for a scalable code structure. As your
application grows, it will easier to maintain the code.

15. What do you understand about ESLint?

EsLint is a JavaScript linting tool which is used for automatically detecting

incorrect patterns found in ECMAScript/JavaScript code. It is used with the
purpose of improving code quality, making code more consistent, and avoiding
bugs. ESLint is written using Node.js to provide a fast runtime environment
and easy installation via npm.

16. Define the concept of the test pyramid.

The Test Pyramid is a concept in software testing that represents the

distribution of different types of tests. It was introduced by Mike Cohn, and it
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majority of tests at the base and fewer tests as you move up. The Test Pyramid
consists of three levels: Unit Tests, Integration Tests, and End-to-End (E2E)
Tests.

17. Differentiate between res.send() and res.json().

Both res.send() and res.json() serves similar purposes with some difference. So
it depends on the data type which we are working with. Choose res.json()
when you are specifically working with JSON data. Use res.send() when you
need versatility and control over the content type or when dealing with various
data types in your responses.

18. What is meant by Scaffolding in Express JS?

Scaffolding in Express.js refers to the process of generating a basic project

structure automatically. This can speed up the initial setup and help maintain
consistency in the way projects are structured, especially in large teams.

19. How would you install an Express application generator for scaffolding?

Express application generator are used for quickly setting up a new Express
application with some basic structure. You can install it using Node Package
Manager (npm), which comes with Node.js.

To install it globally:

npm install -g express-generator

20. What is Yeoman and how to install Yeoman for scaffolding?

Yeoman is a scaffolding tool for web applications that helps developers to

create new projects by providing a generator-based workflow.

To install Yeoman run the following command:

npm install -g yo

Yeoman works with generators, which are packages that define the
structure and configuration of a project. You can install a generator like this:
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npm install -g generator-express

Once installed, you can use Yeoman to create a new application:

yo appname

21. Explain what CORS is in Express JS?

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security feature implemented by

web browsers to control how web pages in one domain can request and
interact with resources hosted on another domain.

In the context of Express.js, CORS refers to a middleware that enables Cross-

Origin Resource Sharing for your application. This allows the application to
control which domains can access your resources by setting HTTP headers.

22. What are Built-in Middlewares?

Express.js, includes a set of built-in middlewares that provide common

functionality. These built-in middlewares are included by default when you
create an Express application and can be used to handle various tasks. Here
are some of the built-in middlewares in Express:

express.json(): This middleware is used to parse incoming JSON requests. It

automatically parses the request body if the Content-Type header is set to
application/json.
express.Router(): The express.Router() function is often used to create
modular route handlers. It allows you to group route handlers together and
then use them as a middleware.
express.static(): This middleware is used to serve static files, such as
images, CSS, and JavaScript files, from a specified directory.

23. How would you configure properties in Express JS?

In Express JS, you can configure properties using the app.set() method. This
method allows you to set various properties and options which affects the
behavior of the Express application.

app.set(name, value);
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Here, name represents the name of the property you want to configure, and
value is the value you want to assign to that property. Express provides a wide
range of properties that you can configure based on your application’s
requirements.

24. Which template engines do Express support?

Express.js supports any template engine that follows the (path, locals,
callback) signature.

25. Elaborate on the various methods of debugging on both Linux and

Windows systems?

The debugging is the vital need at the time of software development to

identifying issues in the application’s logic, handling of HTTP requests,
middleware execution, and other aspects specific to web development. Here
are some methods commonly used for debugging an Express.js application on
both Linux and Windows:

Console.log: The simplest way to debug an Express JS application is by

using console.log(). You can output messages to the console which can be
viewed in the terminal.
Node Inspector: This is a powerful tool that allows you to debug your
applications using Chrome Developer Tools. It supports features like setting
breakpoints, stepping over functions, and inspecting variables.
Visual Studio Code Debugger: VS Code provides a built-in debugger that
works on both Linux and Windows. It supports advanced features like
conditional breakpoints, function breakpoints, and logpoints.
Utilizing debug module: The debug module is a small Node.js debugging
utility that allows you to create debugging scopes.

26. Name some databases that integrate with Express JS?

Express.js can support a variety of the databases which includes:

MySQL
MongoDB
PostgreSQL
SQLite
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27. How would you render plain HTML using Express JS?

In Express.js, you can render plain HTML using the res.send() method or
res.sendFile() method.

Sample code:

Javascript

//using res.send

const express = require('express');

const app = express();
const port = 8000;

app.get('/', (req, res) => {

const htmlContent = '<html><body><h1>Hello, World!</h1></body></html>';
res.send(htmlContent);
});

app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is listening on port ${port}`);
});

Javascript

//using res.sendFile

const express = require('express');

const path = require('path');
const app = express();
const port = 8000;

app.get('/', (req, res) => {

const filePath = path.join(__dirname, 'public', 'index.html');
res.sendFile(filePath);
});

app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is listening on port ${port}`);
});

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The response.cookie() function in Express.js is used to set cookies in the HTTP
response. Cookies are small pieces of data sent from a server and stored on
the client’s browser. They are commonly used to store information about the
user or to maintain session data.

Basic syntax of response.cookie():

res.cookie(name, value, [options]);

29. Under what circumstances does a Cross-Origin resource fail in Express

JS?

When a Cross-Origin Resource Sharing request is made, the browser enforces

certain security checks, and the request may fail under various circumstances:

No CORS Headers: The server doesn’t include the necessary CORS headers
in its response.
Mismatched Origin: The requesting origin does not match the origin
specified in the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header.
Restricted HTTP Methods: The browser enforces restrictions on which
HTTP methods are allowed in cross-origin requests.
No Credentials: The browser makes restrictions on requests that include
credentials (such as cookies or HTTP authentication).

30. What is Pug template engine in Express JS?

Pug is a popular template engine for Express.js and other Node.js frameworks.
You can use Pug to render dynamic HTML pages on the server side. It allows
you to write templates using a syntax that relies on indentation and concise
tags.

31. What is meant by the sanitizing input process in Express JS?

Sanitizing input in Express.js application is an important security practice to

prevent various types of attacks, such as Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and SQL
injection. It involves cleaning and validating user input before using it in your
application so that it does not contain malicious code or can be a security risk.

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To generate a skeleton for an Express.js application using the terminal, you can
use the Express application generator which is a command-line tool provided
by the Express.js framework. This generator will setup a basic directory
structure which includes necessary files, and installs essential dependencies.

Steps to generate:

Step 1: Open your terminal and install the Express application generator
globally using the following command:

npm install -g express-generator

Step 2: After that you can use the express command to generate your
Express.js app.

express my-express-app

Step 3:Now go to the app directory and install the dependencies and start the
app by running-

npm install
npm start

33. What are middlewares in Express.Js?

Middleware functions are those functions that have the access to request and
response object and the next middleware or function. They can add
functionality to an application, such as logging, authentication, and error
handling.

34. What are the types of middlewares?

There are mainly five types of Middleware in Express.js:

Application-level middleware
Router-level middleware
Error-handling middleware
Built-in middleware
Third-party middleware
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35. List the built-in middleware functions provided by Express.

Express.js comes with several built-in middleware functions. Few of them are:

express.json: This is used for parsing incoming requests with JSON

payloads.
express.static: This is used to serve static files like images, CSS files, and
JavaScript files.
express.urlencoded: This is used for parsing incoming requests with URL-
encoded payloads.
express.raw: This is used for parse incoming requests with a raw body.
express.text: This is used for parse incoming requests with a text body.

36. Mention some third-party middleware provided by Express JS.

Express.js allows you to use third-party middleware to extend and enhance

the functionality of your web application. Here are some commonly used third-
party middleware in Express.js:

body-parser: This middleware is used to parse incoming request bodies,

allowing you to access form data or JSON payloads on req.body.
cors: This module provides middleware to enable Cross-Origin Resource
Sharing (CORS) in your Express application.
morgan: Morgan is a middleware module that provides request logging
functionality.
helmet: Helmet helps to secure Express apps by setting various HTTP
headers.
express-session: This middleware is used for managing user sessions in
your Express application.
passport: This middleware is used for implementing authentication and
authorization in Express applications.

37. When application-level Middleware is used?

Application-level middlewares are bound to an instance of the Express

application and are executed for every incoming request. These middlewares
are defined using the app.use() method, and they can perform tasks such as
logging, authentication, setting global variables, and more.

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Router-level middlewares are specific to a particular router instance. This type
HTMLof middleware
CSS JavaScriptis bound to anjQuery
TypeScript instance of express.Router().
AngularJS ReactJS Next.js Router-level
React Native NodeJS Expre
middleware works similarly to application-level middleware, but it’s only
invoked for the routes that are handled by that router instance. This allows you
to apply middleware to specific subsets of your routes, keeping your
application organized and manageable.

39. How to secure Express.Js application?

It is very important to secure your application to protect it against various

security threats. We can follow few best practices in our Express.js app to
enhance the security of our application.

Keep Dependencies Updated: Regularly update your project dependencies,

including Express.js and other npm packages.
Use Helmet Middleware: The helmet middleware helps secure your
application by setting various HTTP headers. It helps prevent common web
vulnerabilities.
Set Secure HTTP Headers: Configure your application to include secure
HTTP headers, such as Content Security Policy (CSP), Strict-Transport-
Security (HSTS), and others.
Use HTTPS: Always use HTTPS to encrypt data in transit. Obtain an SSL
certificate for your domain and configure your server to use HTTPS.
Secure Database Access: Use parameterized queries or prepared
statements to prevent SQL injection attacks. Ensure that your database
credentials are secure and not exposed in configuration files.

40. What is Express router() function?

The express.Router() function is used to create a new router object. This

function is used when you want to create a new router object in your program
to handle requests.

Syntax:

express.Router( [options] )

41. What are the different types of HTTP requests?

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the main HTTP
methods:

GET: The GET method is used to request data from a specified resource.
POST: The POST method is used to submit data to be processed to a
specified resource.
PUT: The PUT method is used to update a resource or create a new
resource if it does not exist.
PATCH: The PATCH method is used to apply partial modifications to a
resource.
DELETE: The DELETE method is used to request that a specified resource
be removed.

42. Do Other MVC frameworks also support scaffolding?

The Scaffolding technique is supported by other MVC frameworks also which

includes- Ruby on Rails, OutSystems Platform, Play framework, Django,
MonoRail, Brail, Symfony, Laravel, CodeIgniter, YII, CakePHP, Phalcon PHP,
Model-Glue, PRADO, Grails, Catalyst, Seam Framework, Spring Roo, ASP.NET,
etc.

43. Which are the arguments available to an Express JS route handler

function?

In Express JS route handler function, there are mainly3 arguments available

that provide useful information and functionality.

req: This represents the HTTP request object which holds information about
the incoming request. It allows you to access and manipulate the request
data.
res: This represents the HTTP response object which is used to send the
response back to the client. It provides methods and properties to set
response headers, status codes, and send the response body.
next: This is a callback function that is used to pass control to the next
middleware function in the request-response cycle.

44. How can you deal with error handling in Express.js?

Express.js provides built-in error-handling mechanism with the help of the

next() function. When an error occurs, you can pass it to the next middleware
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middleware to your application that will be executed whenever an error
occurs.

45. What is the difference between a traditional server and an Express.js

server?

A traditional server is a server that is built and managed independently.

Traditional server may provide a basic foundation for handling HTTP requests
and responses. While an Express.js server is built using the Express.js
framework. It runs on top of Node.js. Express.js provides a simple and efficient
way to create and manage web applications. It offers a wide range of features
and tools for handling routing, middleware, and request or response objects.

46. What is the purpose of the next() function in Express.js?

The next() function is used to pass control from one middleware function to
the next function. It is used to execute the next middleware function in the
chain. If there are no next middleware function in the chain then it will give
control to router or other functions in the app. If you don’t call next() in a
middleware function, the request-response cycle can be terminated, and
subsequent middleware functions won’t be executed.

47. What is the difference between app.route() and app.use() in Express.js?

app.route() is more specific to route handling and allows you to define a

sequence of handlers for a particular route, on the other hand app.use() is a
more general-purpose method for applying middleware globally or to specific
routes.

48. Explain what dynamic routing is in Express.js.

Dynamic routing in Express.js include parameters, which allows you to create

flexible and dynamic routes in your web application. This parameters are used
in your route handlers to customize the behaviour based on the data provided.

In Express, dynamic routing is achieved by using route parameters, denoted by

a colon (:) followed by the parameter name.

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Javascript

const express = require('express');

const app = express();

// Dynamic route with a parameter

app.get('/users/:userId', (req, res) => {
const userId = req.params.userId;
res.send(`User ID: ${userId}`);
});

// Start the server

const port = 8000;
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is listening on port ${port}`);
});

49. How to serve static files in Express.Js?

In Express.js, you can serve static files using the built-in express.static
middleware. This middleware function takes the root directory of your static
files as an argument and serves them automatically.

50. What is the use of app.use() in Express.js?

app.use() is used to add middleware functions in an Express application. It can

be used to add global middleware functions or to add middleware functions to
specific routes.

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