DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
Mamalapuram Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

V SEMESTER

EE6501-Power system Analysis

Regulation – 2013

Academic Year 2018-19

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERRING

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT : EE6501-Power system Analysis
SEM / YEAR: V SEMESTER / ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

UNIT I -INTRODUCTION
Need for system planning and operational studies – basic components of a power system.-Introduction
to restructuring - Single line diagram – per phase and per unit analysis – Generator - transformer –
transmission line and load representation for different power system studies.- Primitive network -
construction of Y-bus using inspection and singular transformation methods – z-bus.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1 Mention the requirement of planning the operation of power system BT-1 Remember
2 Define per unit value of an electrical quantity and write equation for BT-2 Understand
base impedance for three phase power system
3 Define bus admittance matrix, bus impedance matrix? BT-1 Remember
4 A generator rated 25MVA, 11KV has a reactance of 15%. Calculate BT-6 Create
its p.u. reactance for a base of 50MVA and 10KV
5 What is single line diagram BT-2 Understand

6 Prepare the single phase equivalent circuit of three winding BT-3 Apply
transformer
7 Point out the approximations made in impedance diagram? BT-4 Analyze

8 Write equation for per unit impedance if change base occurs BT-3 Apply
9 What is the need of base values BT-1 Remember
10 Contrast the π circuit representation of a transformer with off – BT-4 Analyze
nominal ratio ‘α’
11 What are the function of modern power system BT-2 Understand

12 How are the loads are represented in the reactance and impedance BT-4 Analyze
diagram
13 Summarize the functions of power system analysis? BT-2 Understand
14 Examine the applications of Y-bus and Z-bus matrix? BT-5 Evaluate
15 Define restructure power system? BT-1 Remember
16 Define off nominal transformer ratio? BT-1 Remember
17 Define primitive network? BT-1 Remember
18 Order the methods available for forming bus impedance matrix BT-5 Evaluate
19 Distinguish bus admittance matrix is preferred in load flow? BT-3 Apply
20 Discuss the restructure Models? BT-6 Create

PART - B
1 The single line diagram of a simple power system is shown in BT-2 Understand
Fig. The rating of the generators and transformers are given
below:
Generator 1: 25MVA, 6.6KV, X=0.2p.u
Generator 2: 5MVA, 6.6KV, X=0.15p.u
Generator 3: 30MVA, 13.2KV, X=0.15p.u
Transformer1: 30MVA, 6.9∆/115Υ KV, X=10%
Transformer2: 15MVA, 6.9∆/115Υ KV, X=1 0%
Transformer3: Single phase units each rated 10MVA, 6.9/69
KV, X=10%
Examine the impedance diagram and mark all values in p.u
choosing a base of 30MVA,
6.6KV in the generator 1 circuit. (13)

2 Examine the reactance diagram for the power system BT-3 Apply
shown in fig. Neglect resistance and use a base of
100MVA, 220kV in 50KΩ line. The ratings of the
generator motor and transformer are give below. (13)

Generator: 40MVA, 25KV, X’’ =20%.

Synchronous Motor: 50MVA, 11KV, X’’ =30%
T1: Y-Y transformer : 40MVA 33/220KV, X=15%
T2:Y- Y transformer : 30 MVA 11/220KV, X=15%
3 Prepare a per phase schematic of the system in fig. and show all BT-2 Understand
the impedance in per unit on a 100 MVA, 132 KV base in the
transmission line circuit. The necessary data are
Given as follows. (13)
G1 : 50MVA, 12.2KV, X=0.15 pu.
G2 : 20MVA, 13.8KV, X=0.15 pu.
T1 : 80MVA, 12.2/161KV, X=0.1 pu.
T2 : 40MVA, 13.8/161KV, X=0.1 pu.
LOAD: 50MVA, 0.8 power factor lag operating at 154KV.
Evaluate the p.u impedance of the load. (13)

4 (i) The parameters of a four system are as under: BT-3 Apply

Line Line Line Line Line Charging

No. starting ending impedance(pu) Admittance(pu)
bus bus
1 1 2 0.2+j0.8 j0.02
2 2 3 0.3+j0.9 j0.03
3 2 4 0.25+j1.0 j0.04
4 3 4 0.2+j0.8 j0.02
5 1 3 0.1+j0.4 j0.01
Point out the Network and find bus admittance matrix. (10)

(ii) Generalize the impedance and reactance diagram? Explain with

assumptions. (3).

5 ( i) Discuss the primitive network matrix and represent its BT-4 Analyze
forms? Prove Ybus =At[y]A using singular
t ransformation? (7)

ii)Estimate the Ybus for the given network:

Element Positive sequence reactance 1-
2 j1.0
2-3 j0.4
2-4 j0.2
3-4 j0.2
3-1 j0.8
4-5 j0.08 (6)
6 (i) Show that the per unit equivalent impedance of a two BT-1 Remember
winding transformer is the same whether the calculation is
made from the high voltage side or the low voltage side (7)
(ii) Explain the π model for a transformer with off nominal tap
ratio. (6)
7 Give p.u impedance d i a g r a m o f the power system of figure. BT-4 Analyze
Choose base quantities as 15 MVA and 33 KV.

Generator: 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X ′′ = 1.6 ohms.

Transformers T 1 & T2 : 15 MVA, 33/11 KV, X = 15 ohms
referred to HV Transmission line: 20 ohms / phase.
Load: 40 MW, 6.6 KV, 0.85 lagging p.f. (13)
.

8 Draw the p.u impedance diagram for the system shown in figure. BT-5 Evaluate
Choose Base MVA as 100 MVA and Base KV as 20 KV. (13)

9 Explain in detailed the three major restructure Models in power BT-1 Remember
system (13)
10 (i).Explain the structure of modern power system with neat sketch. BT-1 Remember
(7)
(ii).Describe about representation of loads. (6) Remember
BT-1
11 (i)Estimate the per unit impedance diagram shown in fig below. BT-6 Create

Generator1: 30MVA, 10.5KV, X’’ =1.6 ohms

Generator2: 15MVA, 6.6KV, X’’ =1.2 ohms
Generator3: 25MVA, 16.6KV, X’’=0.56ohms
Transformer T1(3Φ):15MVA,33/11 KV,X=15.2 HT Side
Transformer T2(3Φ):15MVA,33/6.2 KV,X=16 HT Side
Transmission line: 20.5Ω/phase
Load A: 15MW, 11KV, 0.9 LPF
Load B: 40MW, 6.6KV, 0.85 LPF (7)
(ii). Express the per unit equivalent circuit of single phase
transformer? (6)
12 A 90 MVA 11KV 3Φ generator has a reactance if 25%.The BT-5 Evaluate
generator supplies two motors through transformer and transmission
line as shown in fig. The transformer T1 is a 3Φ transformer, 100
MVA, 10/132 KV, 6% reactance. The transformer T2 is composed
of 3 single phase units each rated, 300 MVA, 66/20 KV, with 5%
reactance. The connection of T1 and T2 are shown fig. The motors
are rated at 50 MVA and 400 MVA both 10KV and 20% reactance.
Taking the generator rating as base. Show reactance diagram.
Reactance of the line is 100Ω. (13)

13 Form Y bus of the test system shown in figure using singular BT-3 Apply
transformation method. The impedance data is given in Table Take
(1) as reference node (13)

Element No Self Mutual

Bus code Impedance Bus code Impedance
1 1-2 0.5
2 1-3 0.6 1-2 0.1
3 3-4 0.4
4 2-4 0.3

14 (i) The sub transient reactance of a 500MVA, 18kV generator BT-2 Understand
is 0.25p.u on its rating. It is connected to a network
through a 20/400kV transformer. Find out the sub transient
reactance of the generator on a base of 100MVA and 20kV
(ii) A transformer interconnects a strong 400kV and weaker
200kV system and is provided with a tap changer on the
400 kV side. What is the effect of setting the tap such that
the voltage ratio is 410/200kV on the 400 and 200kV sides
(iii) Draw the pu reactance diagram of a three winding
transformer whose three phase rating are: primary wye-
grounded 15MVA,66kV Secondary (S) wye-
grounded,10MVA 13.2 kV tertiary (t) delta connected 5
MVA 2.3 kV. Mark the appropriate value of the impedance
are ZPS=7% ON 15MV;ZPT=9% on 15 MVA and 66KV
ST=8% ON 10MVA and 13.2kV
PART - C
1 Examine modelling of transformer, transmission line, loads and BT-5 Evaluate
generators for a load flow, short circuit and stability studies (15)

2 BT-5 Evaluate
The parameter pf a 4 bus system are as under
Line Starting Line Ending Line impedance Line charging admittance
Bus bus
1 2 0.2+j0.8 j0.02
2 3 0.3+j0.9 j0.03
2 4 0.25+j1.0 j0.04
3 4 0.2+j0.8 j0.02
1 3 0.1+j0.4 j0.01
Draw the network and find admittance matrix (15)

3 Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in figure. BT-6 Create
The ratings of generator, motor and transformers are given below.
Neglect resistance and use a base of 50MVA, 13.8kV in the 40 ohm
line

Generator G1: 20MVA,18kV, X”=20%

Generator G2: 40MVA 18kV,X”=20%
Synchronous motor:30MVA,13.8kV,X”=20%
3phase Y-Y Transformer:20MVA 13.8/20kV, X=10%
4 Prepare a per phase schematic of the system shown in figure and BT-6 Create
show all the impedance in per unit on a 100 MVA,132 kV base in the
transmission line circuit. The necessary data are given follows

G1:50MVA 12.2kV X=0.15p.u

G2:20MVA,13.8kV,X=0.15p.u

T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X=0.1p.u

T2: 40MVA, 13.8/161kV,X=0.1p.u

Load: 50MVA,0.8 pf lag operating at 154 kV

Determine the p.u impedance of the load

UNIT II- POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
Importance of power flow analysis in planning and operation of power systems - statement of power
flow problem - classification of buses - development of power flow model in complex variables form -
iterative solution using Gauss-Seidel method - Q-limit check for voltage controlled buses – power
flow model in polar form - iterative solution using Newton-Raphson method .

PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1 Mentioned the various types of buses in power system with specified BT-1 Remember
quantitates for each bus
2 What is the need for slack bus in power flow analysis BT-4 Analyze

3 When will the generator bus is treated as load bus BT-2 Understand
4 Extend the acceleration factor in Gauss Seidal Method BT-5 Evaluate
5 Prepare the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss Seidal method BT-3 Apply
6 What is the need for load flow analysis BT-1 Remember
7 Associate with load flow studies are important for planning the BT-2 Understand
existing system as well as the future expansion
8 Relate why bus admittance matrix is used in Gauss Seidal instead of BT-3 Apply
bus impedance matrix

9 Show the general power flow equation BT-4 Analyze

10 Describe the need for power flow study BT-1 Remember
11 Compare GSM and NRM with respect to number of iterations taken BT-4 Analyze
for convergence and memory requirement
12 Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in the load flow solution BT-2 Understand
algorithm
13 What are the disadvantage NR method BT-3 Apply
14 What are the advantage FDLF method BT-1 Remember
15 Compare GS and NR method. BT-5 Evaluate
16 Explain what do you mean by flat voltage start BT-6 Create
17 Define bus incidence matrix BT-1 Remember
18 Tabulate practical load flow problem BT-6 Create
19 What is jocobian matrix BT-2 Understand
20 Define voltage controlled bus and load bus BT-1 Remember

PART - B
1 Prepare the load flow algorithm using Gauss Seidal method with BT-1 Remember
flow chart and discuss the advantages of the method. (13)
2 For the sample system shown in the fig. the generators are connected BT-3 Apply
at all four buses while the loads are at buses 2 and 3. Assuming a flat
voltage start, examine bus voltages and bus angles at the end of first
Gauss seidal iterations and consider the reactive power limitas 0.2 ≤
Q2 ≤1 . (13)

Bus P in Q in V in Remarks
pu pu pu
1 - - 1.04∟0o Slack bus

2 0.5 - 1.04pu PV bus

3 -1.0 0.5 - PQ bus

4 0.3 -0.1 - PQ bus

3 Using Gauss Seidal method examines bus voltages for the fig BT-3 Apply
shown. Take base MVA as100, α=1.1.
(13)
4 In the power system network shown in figure, bus 1 is slack bus BT-6 Create
with V1= 1.0 + j0.0 per unit and bus 2 is a load bus with S2 =
280MW = j60MVAR. The line impedance on a base of 100MVA is
Z = 0.02 + j0.04 per unit. Using Gauss – Seidal method, give V2.Use
(0)
an initial estimate of V2 = 1.0 + j0.0 and perform four iterations.
Also find S1 and the real, reactive power loss in the line, assuming
that the bus voltages have converged. (13)

5 The system data for a load flow problem are given in table. BT-3 Apply
(i) Compute Y bus.
(ii) Solve bus voltages at the end of first iteration by G-S
method by taking α =1.6. (16)
Line Bus Admittance
no code in pu
1 1-2 2-j8
2 1-3 1-j4
3 2-3 0.6-j2.6

6 Fig shown below a three bus system Bus 1: slack bus V=1.05 ∟0 BT-4 Analyze
p.u. Bus 2:PV bus│=1.0 p.u, P e=3 p.u.Bus 3:PQ bus PL=4 p.u,
QL=2p.u. examine one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss
seidel method. neglect limits on reactive power generation?
(13)
7 A three bus power system is shown in figure. the relevant per unit BT-5 Evaluate
line admittance on 100MVA base are indicated on the diagram and
bus data are given in table. form Ybus and Give the voltage at bus 2
and bus 3 after first iteration using gauss seidal method. Take the
acceleration factor α=1.6. (13)

Bus Type Generation Load Bus voltage

Number PG QG PG QG V(p.u) δ
deg
(MW) (MW)
(MVAR) (MVAR)

1 Slack - 0 0 1.02 0

2 PQ 25 15 50 25 - -

3 PQ 0 0 60 30 - -

8 Explain the types of buses and derive the power flow equations in BT-1 Remember
load flow analysis. (13)

9 Solve necessary expressions for the off-diagonal and diagonal BT-2 Understand
elements of the sub- matrices J1 , J2 , J3 and J4 for carrying
out a load flow study on power system by using N-R method in
Polar form. (13)

10 The converged load flow solution is available how do you BT-1 Remember
determine the slack bus complex power injection and system
total loss? (13)
11 (i) Give the classification of various types of buses in a power BT-1 Remember
system for load flow studies (5)
(ii) Give the advantages and limitations of Newton Raphson
method (5)
(iii) What is meant by decoupled load flow study (3)
12 Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus power BT-5 Evaluate
system with generation at buses at 1 and 2.the voltage at bus 1 is
V=1+j0.0 V per unit. Voltage magnitude at bus 2 is fixed at 1.05 p.u.
with a real power generation of 400 MW. A Load consisting of
500MW and 400 MVAR base. For the purpose of hand calculation,
line resistance and line charging susceptances are neglected

Using Newton-Raphson method, start with the initial estimates of

0 0
V2 =1.05+j0.0 and V3 =1.05+j0.0, and keeping │V2│=1.05 p.u.,
examine the phasor values v2 and v3.perform two iterations. (13)

13 Derive N-R method of load flow algorithm and explain the BT-2 Understand
implementation of this algorithm with the flowchart. (13)

14 ( i) Derive the static load flow equations of n-bus system. (7) BT-4 Analyze

(ii) Compare GSLF, NRLF Methods. (6)

PART - C
1 Draw and explain the step by step procedure of load flow solutions BT-6 Create
for the Gauss seidal method when PV buses are present (15)

2 The Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple 3 bus system with BT-3 Apply
generation at buses 1 and 3 . Line impedance are marked in p.u on a
100 MVA base. Determine the bus voltages at the end of second
iteration using Gauss seidal method (15)
3 Consider the power system with following data BT-5 Evaluate

Generation Load Voltage

Bus No Type P Q P Q Mag. Ang.

1 Slack - - - - 1.0 0˚

2 P-V 5.0 - 0 - 1.05 -

3 P-Q 0 0 3.0 0.5 - -

Assume that the bus 2 can supply any amount of reactive power.
With a flat start, perform the first iteration of power flow analysis
using Newton Raphson method (15)

4 With a neat flow chart explain the computational procedure for load BT-5 Evaluate
flow solving using Newton Raphson iterative method when the
system contain all types of buses (15)
UNIT III FAULT ANALYSIS – BALANCED FAULTS
Importance of short circuit analysis - assumptions in fault analysis - analysis using Thevenin’s
theorem - Z-bus building algorithm - fault analysis using Z-bus – computations of short circuit
capacity, post fault voltage and currents
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1 Examine the order of severity and symmetrical fault? BT-4 Analyze

2 Define short circuit capacity of power system BT-1 Remember

3 Show the oscillation of short circuit current when an unloaded BT-3 Apply
generator is subjected to a symmetrical fault clearly marking sub-
4 Discuss the prefault currents are usually neglected in fault BT-4 Analyze
computation?
5 What is meant by fault calculations BT-2 Understand
6 Point out the various types of shunt and series faults BT-5 Evaluate
7 Distinguish between symmetrical and unsymmetrical short circuits. BT-5 Evaluate
8 Define bolted fault? BT-1 Remember
9 The Z bus method is very suitable for fault studies on large system BT-4 Analyze
infer?
10 Summarize two approximations made in short circuit studies BT-1 Remember

11 How do Short circuits occur in power system and Summarize two BT-3 Apply
objective of Short circuit analysis?
12 Discover the main differences in representation of power system for BT-2 Understand
load flow and short circuit studies.
13 Compose, What is meant by doubling effect? BT-2 Understand
14 Explain the need for fault analysis in power system? BT-6 Create
15 Explain the sub transient reactance and transient reactance? BT-1 Remember
16 Summarize the reason for transients during short circuit? BT-6 Create
17 State and explain symmetrical fault BT-3 Apply
18 Define synchronous reactance, transient reactance, sub transient BT-1 Remember
reactance
19 Define fault level. BT-1 Remember
20 Summarize the applications of short circuit analysis BT-2 Understand
PART - B
1 Explain the step by step procedure for systematic fault analysis for a BT-1 Remember
three phase fault using bus impedance matrix. (13)

2 A generator is connected through a transformer to a synchronous BT-2 Understand

motor. The sub transient reactance of generator and motor are
0.15 p.u and 0.35p.u respectively. The leakage reactance of the
transformer is 0.1 p.u . All the reactance are calculated on a common
base. A three phase fault occurs at the terminal of the motor
when the terminal voltage of the generator is 0.9p.u .The output
current of generator is 1p.u and 0.8 pf leading. Find the sub transient
current in p.u in the fault, generator and motor. Use the terminal
voltage of generator as reference vector. (1 3 )
3 Two synchronous motor are connected to the bus of BT-5 Evaluate
large system through a short transmission line shown
in fig. The rating of the various components is given.
MOTOR (each): 1 MVA, 440V, 0.1 p.u.
Transient reactance line: 0.05Ω (reactance)
Large system: Short circuit MVA at its bus at 440V is 8
When the motor are operating at 400V, examine the short
circuit current (symmetrical) fed into a three phase fault at motor
bus. (13)

4 Explain the step by step procedure to find the fault current of three BT-1 Remember
phase symmetrical fault by using thevenin’s theorem. (13)

5 For the radial network shown in figure , a 3 phase fault occurs at BT-4 Analyze
point F. examine the fault current. (13)
6 A symmetrical fault occurs on bus 4 of system shown in figure; BT-1 Remember
examine the fault current, post fault voltages, line flows.
Generator G1 ,G2 :100MVA,20KV,X1=15%.
Transformer T1, T2:, Xleak=9%, Transmission line L1,L2: X1=10%

(13)

7 Examine the bus impedance matrix using bus building algorithm for BT-2 Understand
the given network.

(13)

8 . (i)Determine Bus Impedance matrix by Bus Building Algorithm.(6) BT-3 Apply

ii) Point out Bus impedance matrix. Describe the construction of Bus
impedance matrix ZBus using Bus building algorithm for lines BT2 Understand
without mutual coupling .(6)
9 BT-2 Understand

A symmetrical fault occurs on bus 4 of system through

Zf=j0.14 pu in figure. Using bus building algorithm,
calculate the fault current, post fault voltages, line flows.
G1,G2:100MVA,20kV,X+=15%
Transformer T1,T2: Xleak=9%

Transmission line L1,L2, X+=10%. (13)

10 A 3-phase 5MVA, 6.6 KV alternators with a reactance of 8% is BT-3 Apply

connected to a feeder of series impedance (0.12+j0.48)
ohm/phase/Km through a step up transformer. The transformer
is rated at 3 MVA, 6.6 KV/33KV and has a reactance of 5%.
Calculate the fault current supplied by the generator operating
under no load with a voltage of 6.9 KV when a three phase
symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15Km along the feeder.(13)

11 Two generator are connected in parallel to the low voltage side BT-5 Evaluate
of a 3Φ delta star transformer as shown in figure. generator 1 is
rated 60,000 KVA, 11 KV.generator 2 is rated 30,000 KVA,
11KV.each generator has a sub transient reactance of
”
Xd =25%.the transformer is rated 90,000 KVA at 11 KV-
delta/66KV star with a reactance of 10%.before a fault occurred,
the voltage on the HT side of the transformer is 63KV.the
transformer is unloaded and there is no circulating current
between the generators. Calculate the sub transient current in each
generator when a three phase fault occurs on the HT side of the
transformer. (13)
12 A generator transformer unit is connected to a line circuit BT-4 Analyze
breaker.the unit rating are:
Generator: 10MVA, 6.6KV; Xd”=0.1 p.u, Xd’=0.2 p.u and
Xd=0.8 p.u
Transformer:10mva,6.9/33KV,X=0.08 p.u,
The system is operating on no load at a line voltage of 30 KV,
when a 3Φ fault occurs on the line jest beyond the circuit breaker.
Solve
(i) The initial symmetrical rms current in the breaker.
(ii) The maximum possible dc offset current in the breaker.
(iii)the momentary current rating of the breaker
(iv) the current to be interrupted by the breaker and the interrupting
KVA
(v) the sustained short circuit current in the breaker. (13)
13 BT-4 Analyze
A 25,000 KVA, 13.8 kV generator with X” d = 15% is connected
through a transformer to a bus which supplies four identical motors
as shown in Fig. The sub transient reactance X” d of each motor is
20% on a base of 5000 KVA, 6.9 kV. The three-phase rating of the
transformer is 25,000 KVA, 13.8/6.9 kV, with a leakage reactance
of 10%. The bus voltage at the motors is 6.9 kV when a three-
phase fault occurs at point p. for the fault specified, Point out
(i) The sub transient current in the fault (ii) the sub transient
current in breaker A and (iii) the symmetrical short-circuit
interrupting current in the fault and in breaker A. (13)

14 With help of detailed flow chart, explain how symmetrical fault can BT-1 Remember
be analysed using Zbus (13)

PART - C
1 A 3 phases 5 MVA, 6.6 kV alternator with a reactance of 8% is BT-4 Analyze
connected to a feeder series impedance (0.12+j0.48) ohm/phase/km
through a step up transformer. The transformer rated at 3 MVA, 6.6
kV/33kV and has reactance of 5%.Determine the fault current
supplied by the generator operating under no load with a voltage of
6.9 kV, when a 3 phases symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15km
along the feeder. (15)

2 A 3 phase transmission line operating at 33kV and having resistance BT-5 Evaluate
of 5 Ω and reactance of 20Ω is connected to the generating station
through 15,000 KVA step up transformers. Connected to the bus bar
are two alternators one of 10,000KVA with 10% reactance and
another of 5000 KVA with 7.5% reactance. Draw the single line
diagram and calculate the short circuit KVA for symmetrical fault
between phases at the load end of the transmission line (15)
3 For the network shown in fig.Find the sub transient current in per BT-5 Evaluate
unit from generator 1 and in line 1-3 and the voltages at bus 1 and 2
for a three phase fault on bus 3. Assume that no current is flowing
prior to the fault and that the pre fault voltage at bus 3 is 1 p.u . Use
(i) bus impedance method (ii) network reduction method for
calculation (15)

4 For the radial network shown in figure 3 phase fault occurs at point BT-3 Apply
F. Determine the fault current and the line voltage at 11.8 kV bus
under fault condition
UNIT IV FAULT ANALYSIS – UNBALANCED FAULTS
Introduction to symmetrical components – sequence impedances – sequence circuits of synchronous
machine, transformer and transmission lines - sequence networks analysis of single line to ground,
line to line and double line to ground faults using Thevenin’s theorem and Z-bus matrix.

PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1 Point out the order of severity and occurrence of different types of BT-1 Remember
fault?
2 Why the neutral grounding impedance Zn appears as 3Zn in zero BT-2 Understand
sequence equivalent circuit
3 Point out the sequence network diagram for line to line BT-5 Evaluate
fault with fault impedance
4 Evaluate the sequence network diagram for line to ground BT-3 Apply
with fault impedance
5 Explain the significance of sub transient reactance and transient BT-2 Understand
reactance in short circuit studies

6 Write boundary conditions for single line to ground faults BT-1 Remember

7 Describe the symmetrical component of phase ‘a” in ters of the BT-4 Analyze
current
8 Describe the equation for sub transient and transient internal voltage BT-3 Apply
9 Define doubling effect and DC off-set current BT-1 Remember
10 Summarize different between sub transient and transient reactance
11 Explain the features of zero sequence current? BT-3 Apply
12 Discuss the symmetrical components of three phase system BT-5 Evaluate
13 Define negative sequence and zero sequence components BT-1 Remember
14 Define short circuit capacity BT-1 Remember

15 Discover the symmetrical components Va1, Va2 and Va0 in BT-4 Analyze
terms of unbalanced vectors Va, Vb and Vc.
16 Write down the equation determine symmetrical currents for un BT-6 Create
balanced current
17 What are symmetrical components BT-2 Understand
18 Demonstrate the zero sequence network diagram of a BT-4 Analyze
delta-delta connected transformer.

19 In which fault, the negative and zero sequence currents are absent? BT-6 Create
20 Develop the connection of sequence networks for line –to-line BT-2 Understand
fault without fault impedance.
PART – B
1 Examine the sequence impedance of synchronous machine, BT-5 Evaluate
transmission lines and Star connected loads. (13)
2 Label the transformer zero sequence equivalent circuits for the BT-1 Remember
various winding connections and delta connected load (13)
3 A 25MVA, 11KV, three phase generator has a sub transient BT-6 Create
reactance of 20%. The generator supplies two motors over a
transmission line with transformers at both ends as shown in one
line diagram a of figure. The motors have rated inputs of 15 and
7.5 MVA both 10KV with 25% sub transient reactance. The
three phase transformers are rated 30MVA, 10.8/121KV, and
connection delta-star with leakage reactance of 10% each. The
series reactance of the line is 100 ohms. Label the positive and
negative sequence networks of the system with reactance
marked in per unit.
(13)

4 Examine the sequence network for a double line to ground (LLG) BT-2 Understand
fault. (13)

5 A salient pole generator without dampers is rated 20 MVA, 13.6 BT-3 Apply
KV and has direct axis sub – transient reactance of 0.2 per unit.
The negative and zero sequence reactance’s are, respectively,
0.35 and 0.1 per unit. The neutral of the generator is solidly
grounded. With the generator operating unloaded at rated voltage
with Ean=1.0 ∟0° per unit, a single line to ground fault occurs at
the machine terminals, which then have per -unit voltage to
ground,
Va = 0; Vb = 1.013∟-102.25°;
Vc=1.013∟102.25°

Give the sub transient current in the generator and the line to line
voltage for sub transient conditions due to the fault. (13)

6 Discuss the expression for fault current in single line to ground BT-1 Remember
fault on unloaded generator. Draw an equivalent network showing
the inter connection of networks to simulate single line to ground
fault (13)
7 Show the expression for fault current in double line to ground fault BT-1 Remember
on unloaded generator. Draw an equivalent network showing the
inter connection of networks to simulate double line to ground fault
(13)

8 Show the expression for fault current in line to line fault on BT-2 Understand
unloaded generator. Draw an equivalent network showing the inter
connection of networks to simulate double line to line fault. (13)

9 A 25 MVA,13.2KV alternator with solidly grounded neutral has a BT-3 Apply

sub transient reactance os 0.25.the negative and zero sequence
reactance are 0.35 and 0.01 p.u .respectively if a double line to
ground fault occuers at the terminals of the alternator. Point out the
fault current and line to line voltage at the fault. (13)

10 Point out the expression for fault current for a line to line fault taken BT-2 Understand
place through impedance Zb in a power system. (13)
11 A Double Line to Ground fault occurs on line b and c at point F in BT-3 Apply
the system of figure . Point out the sub transient current in phase c of
the machine 1.assuming pre fault current to be zero. Both machine
are rated 1200 KVA,600 V with reactance of X’’=X 2=10% AND
XO=5%.each tree phase transformer is rated 1200KVA,600V-
delta/300V-star with leakage reactance of 5%.the reactance of the
transmission line are X1=X2=20% and X0=40% on the base of 1200
KVA,3300V.the reactance of the neutral of the grounding reactors
are 5% on the KVA base of the machines. (13)

12 . Calculate the sub transient current in each phase for a dead short BT-4 Analyze
circuit on the one phase to ground at bus ‘q’ for the system shown in
figure below. (13)

13 . The one-line diagram of a power system is shown below. (16) BT-4 Analyze

The following are the p.u. reactances of different elements on a

common base

Generator 1: Xg0 = 0.075; X n = 0.075; X 1 = X2 = 0.25

Generator 2: Xg0 = 0.15; X n = 0.15; X 1 = X2 = 0.2
Generator 3: Xg0 = 0.072; X1 = X2 = 0.15
Transformer 1: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.12
Transformer 2: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.24
Transformer 3: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.1276
Transmission line 2 – 3 X0 = 0.5671; X1 = X2 = 0.18
Transmission line 3 – 5 X0 = 0.4764; X1 = X2 = 0.12
Prepare the three sequence networks and determine reactances
Zbus0,Zbus1,Zbus2
14 Give the Zero sequence diagram for the system BT-5 Evaluate
whose one line diagram is shown in fig. (16)

PART - C
1 BT-5 Evaluate

It is proposed to conduct fault analysis on two

alternative configuration of the 4 bus system
G1,G2:100MVA,200kV.X+=X-=Xd”=20%,X0=4%,Xn=5%
T1,T2:100MVA,20kV/345kV,Xleak=8%
L1,L2:X+=X-=15%;X0=50% on a base of 100MVA
For a three phase to ground (solid) fault at bus 4, determine the fault
current and MVA at faulted bus, post fault bus voltages, fault current
distribution in different elements of the network using Thevenine
equivalent circuit. Draw a single line diagram showing the above
results

2 A 50 Hz 50 MVA,13.2kV star grounded alternator is connected to a BT-4 Analyze

line though a Δ-Y transformer as shown in figure. The positive,
negative, zero sequence impedance of the alternator ar j0.1,j0.1,j0.05
respectively. The transformer rated at 13.2 kV Δ /120kV Y,50Hz
with Y solidly grounded has the sequence impedance
Xʺ=X2=X0=j0.1p.u. The line impedance between Q and R are
X1ʺ=j0.03,X2=j0.03,X0=j0.09. Assuming that the fault to be takes
place at Q, determine the sub transient fault for a (i) 3 phase fault (ii)
L-G fault (iii) L-L-G fault. Draw the connection diagram for the
sequence diagram in each fault (15)
3 Explain the concept of symmetrical component is used short circuit BT-3 Apply
studies in the power system (15)

4 (i) What are the assumption to made in short circuit studies (7) BT-6 Create
(ii) Deduce and the draw the sequence network for LLG fault at
the terminals of unloaded generator (8)
UNIT V -STABILITY ANALYSIS
Importance of stability analysis in power system planning and operation - classification of power
system stability - angle and voltage stability – Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system:
Development of swing equation - equal area criterion - determination of critical clearing angle and
time – solution of swing equation by modified Euler method and Runge-Kutta fourth order method.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1 A four pole,60HZ synchronous generator has a rating of BT-6 Create
200MVA,0.8 power factor lagging. the moment of inertia of the
rotor is 45100 kg-m2.formulate M and H
2 Define stability BT-1 Remember
3 Infer the significance of critical clearing time BT-4 Analyze
4 Discuss transient stability. BT-2 Understand
5 Summarize assumptions upon transient stability BT-4 Analyze
6 Define steady state stability limit? BT-1 Remember
7 Explain transient stability limit? BT-3 Apply
8 Examine ,How to improve the transient stability limit of power BT-5 Evaluate
9 Classify steady state stability limit. Define them BT-2 Understand
10 Discover the machine problems seen in the stability study BT-3 Apply
11 Give the expression for swing equation. Explain each term BT-1 Remember
along with their units.
12 Order are the assumptions made in solving swing equation? BT-2 Understand
13 Define swing curve. What is the use of swing curve? BT-1 Remember
14 pointout the control schemes included in stability control BT-3 Apply
15 Generalize the systems design strategies aimed at lowering system BT-4 Analyze
16 Point out equal area criterion BT-1 Remember
17 Give the expression for critical clearing time BT-6 Create
18 List the types of disturbances that may occur in a single machine BT-5 Evaluate
19 Define critical clearing angle. BT-1 Remember
20 List the assumptions made in multi machine stability studies BT-2 Understand
PART - B
1 Examine swing equation used for stability studies in power system. BT-1 Remember
(13)
2 Describe the equal area criterion for transient stability analysis of a BT-4 Analyze
system (13)
3 Interpret the computation algorithm for obtaining swing curves BT-2 Understand
using modified Euler’s method (13 )

4 . Examine a short note on BT-1 Remember

i. Factors influencing transient stability (7)
ii. Voltage collapse (6)
5 . Given the system of figure below where a three phase fault is BT-2 Understand
applied at a point P as shown.

Examine the critical clearing angle for clearing the fault with
simultaneous opening of the breakers 1 and 2. The reactance
vales of various components are indicated on the diagram.
The generator is delivering 1.0 p.u power at the instant
preceding the fault. The fault occurs at point P as shown in
above figure. (13)

6 Examine the swing equation of a synchronous machine swinging BT-6 Create

against an infinite bus. Clearly state the assumption in deducing the
swing equation. (13)

7 (i) Derive Expression for critical clearing angle. (6) BT-4 Analyze

(ii) A 150 MVA generator – transformer unit having an overall

reactance of 0.3 p.u. is delivering 150 MW to infinite bus bar
over a double circuit 220 KV line having reactance per phase
per circuit of 100 ohms. A 3 - phase fault occurs midway along
one of the transmission lines. Give the maximum angle of
swing that the generator may achieve before the fault is cleared BT-4 Analyze
without loss of stability. (7)

8 A 50 Hz, 500 MVA, 400 KV generator (with transformer) is BT-5 Evaluate

connected to a 400 KV infinite bus bar through an
interconnector. The generator has H = 2.5 MJ/MVA, Voltage
behind transient reactance of 450 KV and is loaded 460 MW.
The transfer reactances between generator and bus bar under
various conditions are :
Prefault 0.5 Pu
During Fault 1.0 Pu
Post fault 0.75 Pu
Calculate the swing curve using intervals of 0.05 sec and
assuming that the fault is cleared at 0.15 sec. (13)

9 Explain the modified Euler method of analyzing multi machine BT-1 Remember
power system for stability, with neat flow chart. (13)
10 The single line diagram of a system is shown in fiqure.there are four BT-2 Understand
identical generators of rating 555 MVA,24 KV,60 HZ supplying
power infinite bus bus bar through two transmission circuits. the
reactance shown in figure are in p.u. on 2220 MVA,24 KV
base(refer to the voltage side of the transformer).resistance are
assumed to be negligible. the initial operating conditions, with
quantities expressed in p.u on 2220 MVA,24 KV base is as follows:
P=0.9,Q=0.436(over exited),Et=1.0<28.34,Eb=0.90081<0.
The generator are modeled as a single equivalent generator
represented by the classical modal with the following parameter
in per unit on 2220 MVA, 24KVbase.
Xd’=0.3,H=3.5MWs/MVA,KD=0. circuit 2 experiences a solid
three phase fault at point f, and the fault is cleared by isolating the
fault circuit. Calculate the critical clearing time and critical clearing
angle by computing the time response of the rotor angle, using
numerical integration. (13)

11 In the power system shown in Fig three phase fault occurs at P BT-3 Apply
and the faulty line was opened a little later. Find the power
output equations for the pre-fault, during fault and post-fault
condition.if delivering 1.0 p.u jest before fault occurs, calculate
δcc. (13)
12 .(i)A 60HZ synchronous generator has a transient reactance of 0.2 BT-3 Apply
p.u and an inertia constant of 5.66MJ/MVA. the generator is
connected to an infinite bus through a transformer and a double
circuit transmission line, as shown in fiqure.resistsnce are
neglected and reactance are expressed on a common MVA base
and are marked on the diagram. the generator is delivering a real
power of 0.77 p.u to bus bar 1. Voltage magnitude at bus 1 is 1.1
p.u.the infinite bus voltage V=1.06<0 p.u. evaluate the generator
excitation voltage and swing equation. (10)

(ii)A synchronous motor having a steady state stability limit of

200 MW is receiving 50 MW from the infinite bus bars. Find
the maximum additional load that can be applied suddenly
without causing instability. (3)

13 BT-3 Apply
. (i) A 2-pole 50 Hz, 11kV turbo alternator has a ratio of 100 MW,
power factor 0.85 lagging. The rotor has a moment of inertia of
2
10,000 kgm . Evaluate H and M .(4)
(ii) A 50 HZ generator is delivering 50% of the power that it is
capable of delivering through a transmission line to an infinite
bus. A fault occurs that increases the reactance between the
generator and the infinite bus to 500% of the value before the fault.
When the fault is isolated, the maximum power that can be
delivered is 75% of the original maximum value. Evaluate the
critical clearing angle for the condition described (9)

14 Develop the Runge-Kutta method of solution of swing equation for BT-1 Remember
multi-machine systems. (13)

PART - C
1 (i) A generator is operating 50Hz,delivers 1.0 p.u power to an infinite BT-3 Apply
through a transmission circuit in which resistance is ignored. A fault
taken place reducing a maximum power transferable to 0.5 p.u.
Before the fault, this power was 2.0 p.u and after the clearance of the
fault it is 1.5p.u. By using equal area criterion ,determine the critical
clearing angle (10)
(ii) Discuss the method by which transient stability improved (5)

2 Derive the swing equation and discuss the importance of stability BT-4 Analyze
studies in power system planning and operation (15)

3 Explain the equal area criteria for the following applications BT-4 Analyze
(i) Sustained fault
(ii) Fault with subsequent clearing (15)

4 A synchronous motor is receiving 30% of the power that it is BT-3 Apply

capable of receiving from on infinite bus. If the load on the motor is
doubled, calculate the maximum value of δ during the swinging of
the motor around its new equilibrium position (15)