Fishmeal(58%protein) zox 100=41.

7 • Required quantity of oil cake should be soaked in double

the quantity of water at least 20- 24 hours prior to usage
and the oily water from the surface of the mixture should
be discarded.
Rice bran (10%protein) 28 x 100= 58.3
• Rice bran and fish meal should be sieved properly.
Sum• 48 • Broken rice should be boiled, if used.
All the ingredients should be mixed thoroughly m a
Example 2: More than two ingredients: container
Using fish meal (C.P. 60%), GNOC (48%) De-oiled bran (C.P. • Flour should be boiled in the
15%) and tapioca (C.P. 4%) a prawn diet with 32 % crude required quantity of water to
protein can be prepared as follows: make it sticky (Oil Cake
Group the ingredients with less than 20% crude protein and soaked in water) Ingredients
average their protein content, should be mixed with this
De-oiledricebran(l5.6) + Tapioca(4)= 19.6% sticky batter to form a paste
Average = 9.8% and finally small feed balls
Group the ingredients with more than 20% crude protein and should be prepared.
average their protein content.
8. Feedapplication
Fishmeal(60%)+GNOC (48%)= 108%
Normally most of the fish feeds during the day. For that
Average = 54 %
reason, the daily ration should be divided into two portions.
Now the average protein contents are put on the two left corners
One portion should be applied in the morning at around 10 - 11
of the square, and the rest is same.
am and second portion in the afternoon at 3 - 4 pm. Feed

[§]
De- oiled rice bran1- 9.8'\ 22.2
Tapioca should be provided to the fish in feed trays to avoid feed loss
and to maintain good water quality. To feed carps, the feed
F1sh meal+ GNOC
trays should be placed 1 foot below the water surface. If feed
540;; 22
tray is not possible for any reason, feed should be applied daily
22.2 -1- 22 = 44.2 in a few particular locations in the pond.
Now add the figures on the right hand side corners of the Simplified ffeed'u1.2 srra-re Ja v for the f,
square. 22.2)
JJeoiled rice bran+ Tapioca= - x IOU= 50.22% Body weight of fish Amount of feed Feeding frequency
( 44.2
Upto-50gm 3.0gm 3 times /day
IFiSh meal+ GNOC =( )x 100 = 49.77%1 50-100 gm 4.5gm 2-3
100 -250 gm 5.0gm 2
De-oiled rice 250-500 gm 6.5gm 2

bran Tapioca = 50.22/2 = 25.11% 500- 750 gm 8.0gm 2

750 -1000 gm JO gm 2
Fishmeal = 50.22/2 = 25.11% > lOOOgm 12gm 2
GNOC = 49.77/2 = 24.885%
= 49.7712 = 24.885%
The composition of the feed is 9. Conclusion
De-oiled rice bran = 25.11% The technical knowledge on the methodology for feed
Tapioca =25.11% preparation needs some experience on mechanical aspects of
Fishmeal = 24.885% feed manufacturing which is considered to be an art rather than
GNOC =24.885% science. Knowledge on both theoretical and practical aspects of
Total =100.0 feed formulation is a must for the production of an ideal
feed.
7. Feed preparation
Prepared by
T. Sivaramakrishnan, K. Saravanan, Venkatesh R Thakur, Anuraj, A,
Fish feed can easily be prepared using different J. Raymond Jani Angel, J. Praveenraj, Arunjyoti Baruah, Design & Print: Mis Bala Graphics, Molzanpura I Ph: 232562

ingredients. Fish farmers can also prepare feed by themselves. A.K.O. Ratheesh, S. Monalisha Devi, Kiruba Sankar, R,
K. Lohith Kumar, Benny Varghese and S. Dam Roy
lf possible feed should be prepared by using feed pelleting F
Contact: The Director, ICAR-CIARJ, Port Blair i
machine. The preparation techniques of mixed fish feed is
November, 2015 s
described briefly here.
heries Science Division
ICAR - Central Island Agricultural Research Institute
Post Box No. 181, Port Blair- 744105, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
f
[ \
CIARI
ICAR
<flRITm
2. Pre-requisite for fish feed formulation
no much deficiency of other nutrients. The nutritional Protein Duse used Required
Protein
Attributes to be noted prior to the feed formulation of Ingredients available in
demand of fish depends on age and species. Studies have oontent(%) (%) quantity (g) feed(%)
fishes are given below
shown that the nutrient (protein) demand of carps is 35 - 40 Fishmeal 60 10 100 g 6
Food and feeding habit of targeted fish species.
%. Therefore, to obtain maximum yield, 35 - 40 % protein GNOC 48 40 400 g 19.2
ii. Nutritional requirement of targeted fish at different life Rice bran 12 40 400 g 4.8
should be present in the supplied feed. However, fish receive
stages. Flour 4.5 7 70 g 0.315
only 5 - 15 % of total protein requirement from the natural
iii. Local availability of feed ingredients. Vit & min . 3 30g
iv. Cost of locally available feed ingredients. feeds. Based on all the above mentioned facts, prepared feed premix
v. Chemical composition of feed ingredients. with 25 - 30 % protein could be considered as a balanced Total 100 1000 g 30.315
vi. Digestibility of the nutrients in the targeted feed feed.
6. Methods of feed formulation
ingredients. Nutritional requirements of cultivable carps
Pearson's Square Method
vii. Anti nutritional factors present in the ingredients. Juveniles
Fry and Brood This method may be used in case of two or more feed
v111. The processing or pre-treatment techniques for the SI.No Nutrients% and
fingerlings gl'Owers fish ingredients and is preferable in a trial and error method.
removal of anti nutritional factors from these
1 Protein 40-45 35-40 30-35 Examples of feed formulations with two and more
ingredients 2 Carbohydrate 22-26 30-35 35-40 ingredients are shown below.
1x. Inclusion level of feed ingredients. 3 Fats 6.8 5 5
4 Vitamins 1 1 1 Example 1:- Two Ingredients.
x. Type of feed to be prepared (Type of processing of feed is
5 Minerals 1 1 1 Find the proportions of rice bran and fish meal (Tilapia)
needed).
6 Digestible 310 280 280 required for making a feed containing 30% crude protein.
x1. Information about the additives. cncrgy(Kcal/ lOO!llll)
1. Draw a square.
xii. Season and environmental conditions (temperature)
2. Place the desired protein level at the center of the square.
xiii. Pellet stability. 5. Calculating nutritional composition of feeds
In thiscase, 30%.
The above mentioned information should be critically The studies on commonly used fish feed ingredients
3. Place the two ingredients on the two left corners of the
considered before making pellets which may otherwise availablein our country shows that the ingredientscontain high
square along with the protein content of each.
affect the quality and economics of the feed. nutrient content. The nutrient analysis of some of the
4. Calculate the difference in crude protein content of the
ingredients are given below
two ingredients(58 and 10) and record this number (48)
3. Criteria for selection of feed
Name of the Nutrient content(%) nearthe lower left corner of the square.
The fish farmers in our country mainly use oil cake and ingredients Protein Carbohydrate Livid 5. Subtract the desired protein level (30%) of the feed from the
rice bran as supplementary feed for fish. Other than these Rice bran 12.6 37.5 11.3
Wheat bran 15.5 37 5.5 protein content of each ingredient. Ignore positive or
two, farmers use those types of feed materials that are not
Groundnut 48 30 13.8 negative signs. The difference between percentages of
economically profitable and even a few ingredients are
cake protein in rice bran and in the feed (20) represents the
detrimental for pond ecosystem. The main objective of the Mustard oil 30.33 34.38 13.44 amount of fish meal needed. The difference between fish
application of supplementary feeding is generating higher cake
Coconut cake 17 47 5.6 meal and the feed (28) represents the amount of rice bran
weight gain in fishes. Therefore, while selecting feeds for
Tapioca flour 4 86 1.3 needed.
aquaculture, the following important aspects should be Broken rice 13 70 4.5
6. Add the differences obtained at the right corners of the
considered. Fishmeal 60 11.6 3.7
Easy availability of ingredients Duckweed 14.02 60.88 1.92 square (20 and 28) and record their sum (48) near the
Financial ability of fish farmers bottom right corner. The sum in the right corner should
While calculating nutrient content of fish feed in general, equal the difference in protein content recorded near the
Cost of ingredients
Preferred feed for fish protein is the only nutrient that is estimated. The nutrient lower left corner of the square.
Nutrient demand of fish content of feed prepared from more than one ingredient can 7. Divide the differences obtained in step 5, which were 20 and
High feed conversion ratio easily be determined using general unitary method. The 28 by the sum obtained in step 6, which was 48 and then
technique for calculating protein content in feed is shown multiply each by 100 to obtain the percentage of each
4. Nutritional requirement of fish
below. Suppose, I kg of feed is to be prepared by using fish ingredient needed for the feed. Thus, 42 Kg of fish meal and
For having a healthy fish with rapid growth, a balanced
meal, groundnut oil cake (GNOC), rice bran and flour as 58 Kg of rice bran are combined to make 100 Kg offish feed
diet is essential. However, among all the nutrients, protein is
binder. The ratio of the ingredients to be used are fish meal - containing 30% crude protein. The feed can also be
required in large quantity. For that reason, the nutrient demand
10%, GNOC - 40%, rice bran - 40%, flour - 7%, Vitamin described as being composed of 42% fish mealand 58% rice
of fish is generally known as protein demand. All other
and min premix 3%. Here the protein content of the feed bran.
nutrients like carbohydrate, lipid and minerals are mostly
prepared from these ingredients can be calculated as:
present in the other ingredients that are used in the preparation
of fish feed. Accordingly if protein demand is fulfilled, there is