Ravikumar R SA Lab,Unit 4 Page |1

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UNIT - 4
Introduction to Python Programming:

Python is a high-level, interpreted, and versatile programming language known

for its simplicity, readability, and wide range of applications.
Guido van Rossum created Python in the late 1980s, and it was first
released in 1991.
Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability and a clean syntax,
making it easy for beginners to learn and use effectively.
Key Features of Python:
1. Easy to Learn: Python's syntax is simple and straightforward, making it an
ideal language for beginners to start their programming journey.
2. Highly Readable: The use of indentation for code blocks and the absence of
unnecessary symbols and keywords make Python code highly readable.
3. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line, allowing for
quick prototyping and ease of debugging.
4. Dynamic Typing: Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don't need to
declare variable types explicitly.
5. Extensive Libraries: Python comes with a vast collection of standard
libraries and third-party modules, providing solutions for various tasks.
6. Cross-platform: Python code can run on different platforms without
modification, making it highly portable.

Example 1: Hello, World!

Let's start with the traditional "Hello, World!" program in Python:

print("Hello, World!")
Syntax in Programming:
In programming, "syntax" refers to the set of rules that dictate how code should
be written to be considered valid and executable by a computer. Just like human
languages have grammar rules, programming languages have syntax rules. A
single mistake in the syntax can lead to errors and prevent the code from running
correctly.

Syntax of Python:
The syntax of Python refers to the specific rules and guidelines that must be
followed when writing Python code. Python's syntax is designed to be easy to
read and understand, which makes it popular among beginners and experienced
developers alike.

x = 10
y=5

sum = x + y
difference = x - y
product = x * y
quotient = x / y

print("Sum:", sum)
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print("Difference:", difference)
print("Product:", product)
print("Quotient:", quotient)

age = 18

if age >= 18:

print("You are an adult.")
else:
print("You are a minor.")

# For loop to print numbers from 1 to 5

for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)

# While loop to print numbers from 1 to 5

i=1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1

def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

greet("Alice")
greet("Bob")

Comments in Python:
In Python, comments are non-executable lines of text that are used to add
explanations or notes within the code. Comments are intended for developers to
understand the code better and are ignored by the Python interpreter during
execution. They play a crucial role in making the code more readable and self-
explanatory.

Types of Comments in Python:

Single-line Comments: These comments start with the # symbol and extend only
to the end of the line. Anything written after the # symbol on the same line is
considered a comment and is not executed.
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# This is a single-line comment in Python.

print("Hello, World!") # This is also a comment.

1. Multi-line Comments (Docstrings): Multi-line comments are created using

triple quotes ''' or """. They are used for multi-line explanations and are
often referred to as "docstrings" when used for documenting functions or
modules.

'''
This is a multi-line comment.
It can span multiple lines.
'''
print("Hello, World!")

"""
This is another multi-line comment.
It can also span multiple lines.
"""
print("Hello, Python!")
Example Program with Comments:

# This is a simple Python program to calculate the area of a rectangle.

# Function to calculate the area of a rectangle
def calculate_area(length, width):
# This is a comment inside the function.
area = length * width
return area

# Input values
length = 5
width = 3

# Calculate and print the area

result = calculate_area(length, width)
print("The area of the rectangle is:", result)
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# The program ends here.
In the above program, comments are used to explain the purpose of the
code, the function's working, and the input values. When the program is
executed, all the comments are ignored, and only the executable code is executed.
Comments are an essential part of programming as they improve code
readability, help other developers understand the code, and make code
maintenance easier.

Data Types in Python:

In Python, data types represent the type of data that can be stored in a
variable. Each data type has specific characteristics and operations associated with
it. Python is a dynamically-typed language, meaning you don't need to explicitly
declare the data type of a variable; Python infers it based on the value assigned to
the variable.
Common Data Types in Python:
1. Numeric Types:
1. int: Represents integer numbers (whole numbers without a fractional
part). Example: x = 10

2. float: Represents floating-point numbers (numbers with a decimal

point). Example: y = 3.14

# Integer
x = 10
print(x, type(x)) # Output: 10 <class 'int'>

# Floating-point
y = 3.14
print(y, type(y)) # Output: 3.14 <class 'float'>
2. String:
str: Represents a sequence of characters enclosed within single (' ') or
double (" ") quotes. Example: name = "John"

name = "Alice"
print(name, type(name))
# Output: Alice <class 'str'>
3. Boolean:
bool: Represents the Boolean values True or False (used for logical
operations). Example: is_student = True

is_student = True
print(is_student, type(is_student))
# Output: True <class 'bool'>

4. Sequence Types:
1. list: Represents an ordered collection of elements, enclosed within square
brackets [ ]. Example: my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

2. tuple: Represents an ordered, immutable collection of elements, enclosed

within parentheses ( ). Example: my_tuple = (10, 20, 30)
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# List
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(numbers, type(numbers))
# Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] <class 'list'>

# Tuple
coordinates = (10, 20)
print(coordinates, type(coordinates))
# Output: (10, 20) <class 'tuple'>
5. Mapping Type: dict: Represents a collection of key-value pairs, enclosed
within curly braces { }. Example: my_dict = {'name': 'John', 'age': 25}

person = {'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}

print(person, type(person))

# Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'} <class 'dict'>
6. Set Types:
1. set: Represents an unordered collection of unique elements, enclosed
within
curly braces { }. Example: my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. frozenset: Represents an immutable version of a set. Example:
my_frozenset = frozenset({1, 2, 3})
# Set
unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
print(unique_numbers, type(unique_numbers))

# Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} <class 'set'>

# Frozenset
immutable_numbers = frozenset({1, 2, 3})
print(immutable_numbers, type(immutable_numbers))

# Output: frozenset({1, 2, 3}) <class 'frozenset'>

7. None Type:
None: Represents a special data type that denotes the absence of a value or
a null value. Example: result = None

result = None
print(result, type(result)) # Output: None <class 'NoneType'>
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Introduction to If-Else Statements in Python
1. Introduction to Conditional Statements: Conditional statements in
programming allow us to make decisions based on certain conditions. One of
the most fundamental forms of a conditional statement is the if-else statement.
In Python, the if-else statement is used to execute different blocks of code
based on whether a given condition is True or False.
2. Syntax of the If-Else Statement:
The general syntax of the if-else statement in Python is as follows:

if condition:
# Code to be executed if the condition is True
else:
# Code to be executed if the condition is False

3. Example Program: Let's look at a simple example to understand how if-else

statements work:

# Program to check if a number is even or odd

# Input
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Condition check using if-else
if num % 2 == 0:
print(num, "is even.")
else:
print(num, "is odd.")

4. Explanation of the Program:

We start by taking user input using the input() function and converting it to
an integer using int().
The if statement checks if the remainder of num divided by 2 is equal to 0. If this
condition is True, the code inside the if block is executed, which prints that the
number is even.
If the condition is False, the code inside the else block is executed, which prints
that the number is odd.
5. Nested If-Else Statements: You can also nest if-else statements inside each
other to handle more complex conditions. The inner if-else statements are
indented further.
6. Multiple Conditions: You can use multiple elif (short for "else if") statements to
handle multiple conditions. The program will execute the block of code associated
with the first True condition.
7. Summary: if-else statements are crucial in programming to implement
decision-making logic. They allow us to create programs that respond
dynamically to different scenarios based on conditions. By combining if and else
statements, we can control the flow of our code and make it more versatile and
adaptable.

# Input
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num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# Checking if the number is positive or negative

if num >= 0:
print("The number is positive.")
else:
print("The number is negative.")

# Input
num1 = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter the second number: "))

# Comparing and finding the largest number

if num1 > num2:
print(num1, "is larger.")
else:
print(num2, "is larger.")
# Input
score = int(input("Enter your exam score: "))

# Checking if the student passed or failed

if score >= 50:
print("Congratulations! You passed the exam.")
else:
print("Sorry, you failed the exam. Keep studying!")

# Input
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
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# Categorizing age groups

if age < 18:
print("You are a minor.")
elif age >= 18 and age < 60:
print("You are an adult.")
else:
print("You are a senior citizen.")

# Input
year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

# Checking if the year is a leap year or not

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
print(year, "is a leap year.")
else:
print(year, "is not a leap year.")

Title: Introduction to Loops in Python

Notes:
1. Introduction to Loops: Loops are an essential concept in programming that
allow us to execute a block of code repeatedly. Python provides two main
types of loops: for and while. Loops are incredibly useful for automating
repetitive tasks and processing collections of data.
2. for Loop: The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, or
string) or other iterable objects. It allows you to execute a set of statements a
specific number of times.

3. Syntax of for Loop: The general syntax of the for loop in Python is as follows:

for element in sequence:

# Code to be executed for each element

# Printing numbers from 1 to 5

for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
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# Summing numbers in a list

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
sum = 0

for num in numbers:

sum += num

print("Sum:", sum)

6. while Loop: The while loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as
long as a given condition is True.
7. Syntax of while Loop: The general syntax of the while loop in Python is as
follows:

while condition:
# Code to be executed while the condition is True

# Countdown timer
count = 5
while count > 0:
print(count)
count -= 1

print("Blast off!")

# User input validation

password = "secret"

while True:
user_input = input("Enter the password: ")
if user_input == password:
print("Access granted!")
break # Exit the loop
else:
print("Access denied. Try again.")

10. Infinite Loops and Loop Control: Be cautious with while loops, as they can
potentially result in infinite loops if not properly controlled. You can use the
break statement to exit a loop prematurely, and the continue statement to skip
the current iteration and proceed to the next.

Arrays and Functions in Python

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1. Introduction to Arrays: An array is a collection of elements, each identified by

an index or a key. In Python, arrays are implemented using lists, which are a
versatile and fundamental data structure. Lists can hold a mix of different data
types and are mutable, meaning you can change their content after creation.
2. Creating and Accessing Lists: Lists are created by enclosing comma-separated
values within square brackets [ ]. Elements in a list can be accessed using their
index, starting from 0.

# Creating a list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]

# Accessing elements
print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
print(fruits[2]) # Output: orange

4. Functions in Python: Functions are blocks of organized, reusable code that

perform a specific task. They help improve code modularity, readability, and
reusability. In Python, functions are defined using the def keyword.
5. Syntax of Function Definition: The general syntax of function definition in
Python is as follows:

def function_name(parameters):
# Function code
return result

7. Passing Lists to Functions: You can pass lists as arguments to functions,

allowing you to manipulate and process collections of data within the function.

# Function to calculate average

def calculate_average(numbers):
total = sum(numbers)
average = total / len(numbers)
return average
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# Calling the function
data = [12, 18, 24, 30, 36]
avg = calculate_average(data)
print("Average:", avg) # Output: Average: 24.0

9. Modifying Lists Inside Functions: Lists passed to functions can be modified

within the function. Since lists are mutable, any changes made to the list inside
the function will affect the original list outside the function as well.
10. Return Statements: Functions can return values using the return statement.
You can return multiple values as a tuple.