SECTION 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

TITLE - INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
 It refers to series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and more current
scientific thinking across critical periods in history.
 It is the period when advancements of Science & Technology changed people's perceptions and
beliefs.
 Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their curiosity, critical thinking and creativity to
explore the physical and natural world.
 It reveals how society was transformed by science and technology for it has a lot of improvements
in astronomy, chemistry, mathematics and physics.
 It is where the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people were
challenged and opposed.

 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
 In the early times, people were fascinated with the heavenly bodies.
 They became interested with the stars, sun, moons and planets.
 Their curiosity is focused on the components of the universe and wanted to know the movement
of the heavenly bodies and the effects in the world where they live.
 He developed his own celestial model of a heliocentric planetary system.
 Around 1514, he shared his findings in the Commentariolus.
 His second book on the topic, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, was banned by the Roman
Catholic Church decades after his May 24, 1543, death in Frombork
 CLAUDIUS PTOLOMY
 In the 6th century, he introduced the geocentric model which described the absolute
perception of the universe with the Earth as its center.
 TYCHO BRAHE
 He carefully observed the star, Cassiopeia.
 He developed a compromise between the heliocentric and geocentric models of the
universe.
 He observed the planets over a period of a number of years, and hoped to solve the problem
of exactly how they move.
 He compiled extensive astronomical records.
 JOHANNES KEPLER
 While Copernicus rightly observed that the planets revolve around the Sun, it was Kepler who
correctly defined their orbits.
 Kepler eventually used the records compiled by Brahe to prove heliocentric and to calculate
the orbital laws.
 GALILEO GALILEI
 From 1609, Galileo Galilei used the recently invented telescope to observe the sun, moon and
planets.
 He saw the mountains and craters of the moon, and for the first time revealed the planets to
be worlds in their own right.
 He used his newly invented telescope to discover four of the moons circling Jupiter, to study
Saturn, to observe the phases of Venus, and to study sunspots on the Sun.
 Galileo also provided strong observational evidence that planets orbited the sun.
 Galileo's observations strengthened his belief in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other
planets revolve around the Sun.
 ISAAC NEWTON
 Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica concluded the Copernican
Revolution.
 Scholars did not generally accept the heliocentric view until Isaac Newton, in 1687,
formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation.
 The development of his laws of planetary motion and universal gravitation explained the
presumed motion related to the heavens by asserting a gravitational force of attraction
between two objects.
 This law explained how gravity would cause the planets to orbit the much more massive Sun
and why the small moons around Jupiter and Earth orbited their home planets.

 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 CHARKES DARWIN: THE FATHER OF REVOLUTION
 In 1859, The origin of species, authored by Charles Darwin, was published.
 The book changed how people approach biology forever, and has fundamental impacts on
modern science, religion, and other aspects of the society.
 IMPORTANCE OF DARWIN REVOLUTION
 It is centrally important in the development of scientific and humanist ideas .
 It first made people aware of their place in the evolutionary process when the most powerful
and intelligent form of life discovered how humanity had evolved
 IMPACT OF DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 The development of Darwinism changed the general thinking of the world, while unlocking
the truth behind both Earth and life.
 Beforehand the western world had a general consensus that God was the creator of life and
that we were made in his image.
 How does the theory of evolution help us today?
 Understanding evolution helps us solve biological problems that impact our lives.
 To control hereditary diseases in people, researchers study the evolutionary histories of the
disease-causing genes.
 A knowledge of evolution can improve the quality of human life.

 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis
 He was an Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known as the founder of psychoanalysis.
 Freud's developed a set of therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use
GE7 | SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SECTION 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation.
 In the 19th century, Freud developed his theory of psychoanalysis.
 Sigmund Freud changed the perception of society to psychology.
 Psychoanalysis is “a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts
embedded within one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams and fantasies of the
individual.”
 Among his ideas include the importance of the unconscious and the concept of id, ego, and
superego.
 Freud emphasized the understanding of unconscious because of its importance in human
behavior.
 How does the Freudian revolution transform the society?
 Freud's most obvious impact was to change the way society thought about and dealt with
mental illness.
 Freud revolutionized how we think about and treat mental health conditions.
 Freud founded psychoanalysis as a way of listening to patients and better understanding how
their minds work.
 Psychoanalysis continues to have an enormous influence on modern psychology and
psychiatry.
ACTIVITY: Summary:

GE7 | SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY