BASICS OF SQL CBSE CLASS 12

CBSE Class 12 SQL covers the basics of Structured Query Language, which is used to create
and manage relational databases. The curriculum typically includes topics such as Data
Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), aggregate functions, the
GROUP BY clause, and JOIN operations. Students learn through examples and exercises to
effectively use SQL for database operations.

Remember to refer to your NCERT textbooks and study materials for comprehensive
coverage of SQL topics.
SQL (Structured Query Language) plays a crucial role in database management by providing a
standardized way to interact with relational databases. Here are the key roles of SQL in database
management:
1. Data Definition: SQL allows database administrators to define the structure of the database,
including creating, altering, and deleting tables and schemas. This is done using Data
Definition Language (DDL) commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.
2. Data Manipulation: SQL enables users to manipulate data stored in the database. Through
Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE,
users can add, modify, or remove data as needed.
3. Data Retrieval: SQL provides powerful querying capabilities to retrieve specific data from
one or more tables. The SELECT statement allows users to filter, sort, and aggregate data,
making it easy to extract meaningful information.
4. Data Control: SQL includes Data Control Language (DCL) commands that manage user
permissions and access to the database. Commands like GRANT and REVOKE help ensure
that only authorized users can perform certain actions on the data.
5. Transaction Management: SQL supports transaction control, allowing users to group
multiple operations into a single unit of work. This ensures data integrity and consistency, as
transactions can be committed or rolled back as needed.
6. Data Integrity: SQL enforces data integrity through constraints such as primary keys, foreign
keys, unique constraints, and check constraints. These rules help maintain the accuracy and
reliability of the data.
7. Data Relationships: SQL facilitates the establishment of relationships between different
tables through foreign keys, enabling complex data models and ensuring referential integrity.
8. Performance Optimization: SQL provides tools for optimizing queries and managing
indexes, which can significantly improve the performance of data retrieval and manipulation
operations.
9. Reporting and Analysis: SQL is widely used for generating reports and performing data
analysis. Aggregate functions and grouping capabilities allow users to summarize and analyze
data effectively.
10. Interoperability: SQL is a standardized language supported by various database management
systems (DBMS), making it easier for developers and analysts to work across different
platforms and systems.
In summary, SQL is essential for managing relational databases, providing the necessary tools for
defining, manipulating, retrieving, and controlling data while ensuring data integrity and performance.
Writing basic SQL queries involves using specific SQL commands to interact with a database. Here are
some fundamental SQL queries along with explanations:

1. Selecting Data
To retrieve data from a table, use the SELECT statement.
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

 Example: Retrieve all columns from the "students" table.

SELECT * FROM students;

2. Filtering Data
Use the WHERE clause to filter records based on specific conditions.
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

 Example: Retrieve students with a score greater than 80.

SELECT * FROM students WHERE score > 80;

3. Sorting Data
Use the ORDER BY clause to sort the results.
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC|DESC;

 Example: Retrieve all students sorted by name in ascending order.

SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY name ASC;

4. Inserting Data
To add new records to a table, use the INSERT INTO statement.
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);

 Example: Add a new student to the "students" table.

INSERT INTO students (name, score) VALUES ('John Doe', 85);

5. Updating Data
Use the UPDATE statement to modify existing records.
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;

 Example: Update the score of a student named 'John Doe'.

UPDATE students SET score = 90 WHERE name = 'John Doe';

6. Deleting Data
To remove records from a table, use the DELETE statement.
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

 Example: Delete a student named 'John Doe'.

DELETE FROM students WHERE name = 'John Doe';

7. Using Aggregate Functions
SQL provides aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, and MAX.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

 Example: Count the number of students.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students;

8. Grouping Data
Use the GROUP BY clause to group records with similar values.
SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;

 Example: Count the number of students in each score category.

SELECT score, COUNT(*) FROM students GROUP BY score;

9. Joining Tables
To combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column, use JOIN.
SELECT a.column1, b.column2 FROM table1 a JOIN table2 b ON a.common_column =
b.common_column;

 Example: Join "students" and "courses" tables.

SELECT students.name, courses.course_name

FROM students
JOIN courses ON students.course_id = courses.id;
These basic SQL queries form the foundation for more complex database operations. Practice writing
and executing these queries to become proficient in SQL.