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Volume 1
BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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Long before any knowledge of electricity existed people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BC referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and torpedo rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects . Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning (raad) applied to the electric ray. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletos made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.

BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research on electricity in the 18th century, as documented by Joseph Priestley (1767) History and Present Status of Electricity, with whom Franklin carried on extended correspondence. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from [elektron], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature.

BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday formed the foundation of electric motor technology In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian rsted and Andr-Marie Ampre in 1819-1820; Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862. While it had been the early 19th century that had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Nikola Tesla, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Thomas Edison, Otto Blthy, nyos Jedlik, Sir Charles Parsons, Joseph Swan, George Westinghouse, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin, electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution

BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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CHORONOLOGY
1650

The German physicist Otto von Guericke experimented with generating electricity in 1650
1729

The English physicist Stephen Gray discovered electrical conductivity in 1729.

1752

Benjamin Franklin proposes the notion of positive and negative charge, conserving abalance except when a deficit is brought about by some means.
1831

Michael Faraday experimentally characterizes magnetic induction.

1879

Thomas Alva Edison invented the light bulb, and houses, shops, factories, schools, streets, ballparks
1902

Although a flashlight is a relatively simple device, its invention did not occur until the late 19th century because it depended upon the earlier invention of the electric battery and electric light bulb. Conrad Hubert received a US patent in 1903.

BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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Investigating the historical development of electricity

In 1881, Lucien Gaulard of France and John Gibbs of England demonstrated a power transformer in London. George Westinghouse became interested with the transformer and started experimenting with AC networks in Pittsburgh. He worked on refining the transformer's design and on building a practical AC power network. Westinghouse used the transformer to solve the problem of sending electricity to longer distances. This invention made it possible to supply electricity to businesses and homes that were far away from the generating plant. In 1886, Westinghouse and William Stanley installed the first multiple-voltage AC power system in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. A hydropower generator that produced 500 volts AC drove this network. The voltage was transmitted in 3,000 volts and then stepped back down to 100 volts to give power to electric lights. Later that year, Westinghouse formed the "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company". In 1888, Westinghouse and his engineer Oliver Shallenger developed the power meter. This meter looked like a gas meter and this same basic technology is still used today. Westinghouse also influenced history by enabling the growth of the railroad system and by the promotion of the use of electricity for transportation and power. He also invented the hydroelectric development of Niagara Falls in 1896, and he begun placing the generating stations far from the consumption centers. The Niagara plant transmitted incredible amounts of power to Buffalo, New York
BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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(more than 20 miles away). It was Niagara Falls that proved the superiority of the transmission of power with electricity rather that by mechanical means, it also proved the superiority of alternating current (AC) over direct current (DC). Niagara set the standards for the size of the generators and was the fist large system that supplied electricity from one circuit for multiple end-uses like railway systems, lighting and power.

AC & DC Current:
Alternating Current (AC) flows one way, then the other way, continually reversing direction.An AC voltage is continually changing between positive (+) and negative (-).The rate of changing direction is called AC from a power supply This shape is called a sine wave. the frequency of the AC and it is measured in hertz (Hz) which is the number of forwards-backwards cycles per second.Mains electricity in the UK has a frequency of 50Hz.An AC supply is suitable for powering some devices such as lamps and heaters but almost all electronic circuits require a steady DC supply Direct Current (DC) always flows in the same direction, but it may increase and decrease.A DC voltage is always positive (or always negative), but it may increase Steady DC from a battery or regulated power supply, and decrease.Electronic circuits normally this is ideal for electronic circuits. require a steady DC supply which is constant at one value or a smooth DC supply which has a small variation called ripple.Cells, batteries and regulated power supplies provide steady DC which is ideal for electronic circuits.Power supplies contain
BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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a transformer which converts the mains AC supply to a safe low voltage AC. Then the AC is converted to DC by a bridge rectifier but the output is varying DC which is unsuitable for electronic circuits. _____________________________________________________

Special Thanks
The Web Communication Team & Editor Team
Rotaract club of K.V.Pendharkar College (Rotaract Zone 3b) & Rotaract Club of M.L.Dahanukar College (Rotaract Zone 1A)

For their day & night hard work..

Web Communication Team:

Rtr. Akshay Nawale - RC K.V.Pendharkar College Rtr. Akshay Damle RC M.L.Dahanukar College

Editor Team:
Rtr. Neil Lasrado RC K.V.Pendharkar College Rtr. Amruta Talwadekar RC M.L.Dahanukar College
BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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Thank You
Coming soon with the 2nd volume keep watching this space!!!!! Regards,

Rtr Gaurav Hatkar

President RC. K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE (3B)

Rtr. Siddhi Sawant

President RC. M.L.DAHANUKAR COLLEGE (1A)

BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE

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BY ROTARACT CLUB OF K.V.PENDHARKAR COLLEGE & ROTARACT CLUB OF M .L. DAHANUKAR COLLEGE