CHAPTER

6 Electromagnetic Induction

Magnetic Flux N = number of turns in the coil; A = area of one turn ;

  
φ = B . A = BA cos θ weber for uniform B . B = magnetic induction; ω = uniform angular velocity of the coil;
   E0 = maximum induced emf.
φ = ∫ B . d A for non uniform B .

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction Self Induction and Self Inductance

The property of the coil or the circuit due to which it opposes
(i) An induced emf is setup whenever the magnetic flux
any change of the current coil or the circuit is known as Self -
linking that circuit changes.
Inductance. It’s unit is Henry.
(ii) The magnitude of the induced emf in any circuit is
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux φs
Coefficient of Self inductance L = or φs = Li
dφ i
linking the circuit, ε α . L depends only on;
dt
(i) Shape of the loop and
Lenz’s Laws (ii) Medium
The direction of an induced emf is always such as to oppose the
i = current in the circuit.
cause producing it.
φs = magnetic flux linked with the circuit due to the
Law of EMI current i.
dφ d φs d di
e = − . The negative sign indicated that the induced emf self induced emf es = – =− (Li) = − L (if L is
dt constant) dt dt dt
opposes the change of the flux.
Mutual Induction
Motional EMF If two electric circuits are such that the magnetic field due to a
When a conductor is moved across a magnetic field, an current in one is partly or wholly linked with the other, the two
electromotive force (emf) is produced in the conductor. If the coils are said to be electromagnetically coupled circuits . Then any
conductors forms part of a closed circuit then the emf produced
change of current in one produces a change of magnetic flux in the
causes an electric current to flow round the circuit. Hence an emf
other and the latter opposes the change by inducing an emf within
(and thus a current) is induced in the conductor as a result of its
itself. This phenomenon is called Mutual Induction.
movement across the magnetic field. This is known as motional
emf. Induced emf in the latter circuit due to a change of current in the
former is called Mutually Induced EMF.
EMF Induced across a moving Straight Conductor The circuit in which the current is changed, is called the primary
in Uniform Magnetic Field and the other circuit in which the emf is induced is called the
  
E = BLv sin θ volt where ( if L ⊥ ν and B ) secondary.
B = flux density in wb/m2; The co-efficient of mutual induction (mutual inductance) between
L = length of the conductor (m); two electromagnetically coupled circuit is the magnetic flux linked
v = velocity of the conductor (m/s); with the secondary per unit current in the primary.
θ = angle between direction of motion of conductor & B. φm flux linked with secondary
Mutual inductance = M = =
Ip current in the primary
Coil Rotation in Magnetic Field Such that Axis of
d φm d dI
Rotation is Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field Mutually induced emf (Em) = = − (MI) = − M
M depends on dt dt dt
Instantaneous induced emf. E = NABω sin ωt = E0 sin ωt, where
(1) geometry of loops (2) medium (3) orientation and distance
between the loops.

Solenoid

i L
core = time constant of the circuit.
Axis of solenoid R
There is a uniform magnetic field along the axis the solenoid E
I0 = .
(ideal : length >> diameter) R
B = µ ni where; (i) L behaves as open circuit at t = 0 [i = 0]
µ = magnetic permeability of the core material;
(ii) L behaves as short circuit at t = ∞.
n = number of turns in the solenoid per unit length;
i = current in the solenoid;
Self inductance of a solenoid L = µn2Al;

A = area of cross section of solenoid.

Super Conducting Loop in Magnetic Field

R = 0; ε = 0. Therefore φtotal = constant. Thus through a
L
superconducting loop flux never changes. Curve (1) → Large
R
Energy Stored in an Inductor: L
Curve (2) → Small
1 2 R
U= LI .
2 Decay of Current
Energy of interaction of two loops U = I1φ2 = I2φ1

Initial current through the inductor = I0; Current at any instant i
= MI1I2, where M is mutual inductance.
= I0e−Rt/L
Growth of a Current in an L−R Circuit
E
I= (1 − e−Rt/L). [If initial current = 0]
R

  

16 JEE (XII) Module-2 PW