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Lesson 5 VENTILATION 2024

Ventilation

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kvijitha2005
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11 views

Lesson 5 VENTILATION 2024

Ventilation

Uploaded by

kvijitha2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VENTILATION

The modern concept of ventilation implies not only the replacement of


polluted air with an influx of fresh outdoor air, but also the quality control of
incoming air, taking into account its temperature, humidity and cleanliness, in order
to create a comfortable thermal environment free from the risk of infection.
Ventilation standards
The establishment of ventilation standards is very difficult, most ventilation
standards are based on the effectiveness of ventilation in eliminating body odor.
1) Cubic space: Various workers advocate minimum fresh air supply
standards in the range of 300 to 3,000 cubic feet per hour per person. The widely
cited standard is the De Chaumont standard, which advocated fresh air supply in the
amount of 3,000 cubic feet per person per hour on the following grounds: It has been
observed that that as long as the amount of carbon dioxide released during breathing
did not exceed 2 parts per 10,000 parts of air, the indoor air seemed fresh and slightly
different from the outside air. Assuming that, on average, a person emits 0.6 cubic
feet of carbon dioxide per hour and 0.0002 cubic feet of CO in one cubic foot of air
as an "permissible impurity", it was calculated that 0.6/0.0002 or 3,000 cubic feet of
air would be required by a man at rest per hour. This ventilation standard is no longer
followed.
2) Air change: it has now been established that the carbon dioxide theory is
not entirely correct, because even if the CO content in the air exceeds 5% and the O
content decreases to 18%, there will be no harmful effects as long as the "cooling
power" of the air remains unchanged. the air was satisfactory. Ventilation is more
important than space requirements. It is recommended that 2-3 air changes be carried
out in residential premises in one hour, and from 4 to 6 air changes in working rooms
and meetings. With more frequent air changes, i.e. more than 6 times in one hour, a
draft may occur, which should be avoided. Based on this concept, it is currently
considered that a space of 1,000 to 1,200 square feet per person is quite enough. The
number of air changes per hour is calculated by dividing the total hourly air supply
to the room by the volume of the room.
Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) of CO2 for a classroom – 0.1%
for a hospital ward – 0.07%
3) Floor space: the area of the room per person is even more important than
the volume of the room in cubic capacity. Heights exceeding 10-12 feet are
ineffective from the point of view of ventilation, since respiratory products tend to
accumulate at lower levels. Therefore, when calculating the volume of a room, a
height of more than 10-12 feet is not taken into account. The optimal requirements
for room space per person range from 50 to 100 square feet.
Types of ventilation
1. NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural ventilation is the simplest ventilation system for small residential
buildings, schools and offices. In this method, the main focus is on certain forces
that operate in nature. These include:
1) WIND: Wind is an active force in ventilation. When air passes through a
room, it is called purging. When an obstacle occurs, the air goes around and has a
suction effect at its end - this is called aspiration. Doors and windows facing each
other provide "cross ventilation". There is no cross-ventilation in houses located
close to each other, and therefore their construction is prohibited.
2) DIFFUSION: Air passes through the smallest openings or gaps due to
diffusion. This is a slow process, and therefore it cannot be used as the only means
of ventilation.
3) INEQUALITY OF TEMPERATURE: air moves from high density to low;
when slightly heated, it rises and exits through openings located high in the room.
Cooler and denser outdoor air enters the room through air intakes located low. The
greater the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air, the greater
the velocity of the incoming air. In the tropics, the outside air may be hotter than the
inside air, and the opposite may happen. These properties of the air are best used
when windows, doors, fans and skylights are properly positioned. The main
disadvantage of natural ventilation is that it is impossible to regulate the speed of
incoming air, as well as its temperature or humidity.

2. MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical or artificial ventilation of the lungs can be of the following types:
1) Exhaust ventilation.
2) Supply ventilation.
3) Balanced ventilation.
4) Air conditioning.
1) EXHAUST VENTILATION: In this system, the air is drawn out by exhaust
fans, usually powered by electricity. When the air is released, a vacuum is created
that allows fresh air to enter the room through windows, doors and other inlets.
Exhaust ventilation is a development as a rule, they are installed in large halls and
classrooms to remove polluted air. Exhaust fans are located in openings in the outer
walls, located high above the ceiling, which facilitates the removal of the upper
layers of heated light air. Ventilation can be adjusted by adjusting the fan rotation
speed. Local exhaust ventilation is widely used in industry to remove dust, vapors
and other concentrated pollutants from the source of their formation.
2) SUPPLY VENTILATION: In this system, centrifugal fans pump fresh air
into the room, creating overpressure and displacing polluted air. The supply or
propulsion system is used to supply air to buildings and factories equipped with air
conditioners. The air is supplied through the ducts to the desired points. The
usefulness of this system is limited.
3) BALANCED VENTILATION: this is a combination of exhaust and supply
ventilation systems. The exhaust fan must balance the exhaust fan. When using this
system, natural ventilation is completely eliminated.
4) AIR CONDITIONING: Air conditioning is defined as "the simultaneous
control of all or at least the first three factors affecting both the physical and chemical
conditions of the atmosphere in any enclosed space or room." Such factors include
temperature, humidity, air movement, air distribution, dust, bacteria, odors and toxic
gases, most of which affect human health and comfort to a greater or lesser extent."
Air conditioning is popular in large institutions, hospitals, industrial enterprises and
residential areas. Its use in operating rooms is of particular importance for the control
of pathogenic organisms in the air. The air coming from the room into the air
conditioning system is filtered. Excess humidity is removed, and after heating or
cooling, the air returns back to the room so that the room temperature reaches the
required comfort zone. The percentage of fresh and recycled air is regulated. Large
institutions or hospitals often install a central air conditioning system for the entire
building, instead of installing equipment for individual rooms. The central air
conditioning system provides better management and savings.
Where the temperature difference between the outside atmosphere and the air-
conditioned room is large, a "transition room" is sometimes provided in which an
intermediate temperature is maintained to prevent sudden exposure to high or low
temperatures,

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