PART B: VOCATIONAL SKILLS

Unit-4
WEB APPLICATION AND SECURITY

Session 2 : Networking Fundamentals

Q1) What do you mean by Network?

Ans. A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components
interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of
resources and information.

Q2) Explain P2P Architecture and how it is different from Client Server Architecture?
Ans. Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer
networks. Generally, in such a network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.
Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services
to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s)
which provide services are called servers and the ones that use these services are called
clients.

Q3) Give any three advantages of networking.

Ans. Advantages of Networking are:
 Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the
sharing ofdata.
 Files Transfer: Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents, presentations,
audio files, video files, etc. to other users.
 Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can
also beshared. For example, instead of purchasing 10 printers for each user, one
printer can bepurchased and shared among multiple users thus saving cost.
 Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and
share it among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multip le
Internet connection for each computer. This is very commonly found in Internet
café (browsing centres),schools, colleges, companies etc.
 Usage of network-based applications: Such as web browsers, email
clients, chat application, audio & video calling, etc. is another advantage.

Q4) Explain the term packet with reference to data transfer.

Ans. The data to be transported on a network is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called
packets.

Q5) Explain Wifi and its significance.

Ans. Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device such as computers or
mobile phones to exchange data wirelessly over a network, including high-speed Internet
connections.
WiFi devices such as personal computer, smartphones, video game console, etc. can
connect to a network resource such as Internet through a device called the Wireless Access
Point (WAP).
Wi-Fi is used where cables cannot be run (such as old buildings, outdoor areas) to
provide network and Internet access. Wi-Fi can also be used where users require
mobile connectivity.
Q6) What are the different types of networks?
1)

Compare LAN with WAN.

Ans. A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a
limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building,
or closely positioned group of buildings.
Usually, local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting
computers and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.
A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links
across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular
WAN, and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individ ua l
consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.

Q7) Expand the following terms:

Ans. a. DSL: Digital subscriber line (DSL) provide Internet access by transmitting
digital data over wires of a local telephone network. DSL service is delivered along with
wired telephone service on the same telephone line. On the customer premises, a DSL
filter removes the high frequency interference, enabling simultaneous use of the
telephone and data transmission. For using a DSL connection, you need a DSL modem
and a subscription.
b. ISP: Internet service provider (ISP), company that provides Internet connections and
services to individuals and organizations. In addition to providing access to the Internet,
ISPs may also provide software packages (such as browsers), e-mail accounts, and a
personal Web site or home page.
Or
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing,
using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers can be organised in various
forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
Or
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which provides you with access
to the Internet via a dial-up (using modem) or direct (hard wired) or wireless
connection.
Choosing connectivity depends on the availability of a particular technology, speed and
connection type in your area. Usually small and medium business users, home users use
connectivity types such as DSL, cable modem, dial-up, broadband wireless, WiMAX or
3G. Medium to large business users or customers with more demanding requireme nts
may use high speed connectivity such as DSL (High Speed), ISDN, etc.

c. Modem: Á modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form
(analog signals) that can travel over phone lines. It also re-converts the analog signals
back into digital signals. The word modem is derived from its functio n
Modulator/Demodulator.
d. www: World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the
Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a
web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
e. WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless
communications standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity across
cities and countries through a variety of devices. WiMAX is a long-range system,
covering many kilometres and is typically used where DSL or Cable Internet Access
cannot be used; this could be difficulty in laying out cables for home or offices located in
remote locations but need access to the Internet.
f. Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service
provider (ISP) via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a particular
number provided by the ISP and gain access to the Internet.
Dial-up connections are extremely slow and, in most cases, it is replaced by a high-
speed connection such as DSL or Cable Modem.
g. 3G, short for 3rd Generation is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile
telecommunication services and networks. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) is 3Gmobile telephony communications protocol that allows higher data transfer
speeds and capacity. If support for 3G is available on your mobile phone, you can subscribe
to the 3G connectivity with your ISP in order to get high speed Internet connection on your
phone.

Q8) What are the steps to data transfer on the internet?

Ans. The steps to data transfer are:
 Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. Each
computer on the way decides where next to send the packet. All packets may not
take the same route.
 At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or
damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be re-sent. This continues until all
packets have beenreceived intact.
 The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this is done in seconds.

Q9) What is an IP address and a DNS?

Ans:
IP Address: Each machine, which is connected to the Internet, has a unique IP (Internet
Protocol) address, which other machines use to find the machine.
The IP address is used to identify it to the world and plays an important part in the TCP/IP
protocol. Usually, an IP address is displayed as a group of 4 numbers, separated by dots. Each
part of the IP address can be any number between 0 and 255. Eg: 255.168.9.23

DNS (Domain Name System): The DNS is an Internet service that translates domain
names/hostnames to IP addresses (forward DNS) and IP addresses to their associated domain
names/hostnames (Reverse DNS) with the help of a DNS server.
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. This is one of the crucial
services on the Internet, greatly facilitating the access of users to websites, by helping each
visitor refer to the desired website only by typing its alpha-numeric name (domain name) in
the browser instead of its real numeric system name (IP address).

Q10) Give comparison between Internet and Intranet.

Ans. Internet: The Internet is a global network of several computers connected worldwide
using the Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP). It can include different networks, such as private,
public, organizational, academic, government, etc. It allows users to communicate with each other
and share massive amounts of data in various formats. Internet is available in both modes, wired
and wireless. In wired mode, the data travels through fiber-optic cables, whereas in wireless mode,
the data travels through radio waves.

Intranet: An Intranet is a part of the Internet and is owned and used privately by an
organization. It is mainly used to connect all the computers and establish a private network of an
organization to provide employees the ability to collaborate on projects, manage or update
information, share calendars, and to-do list, etc. Organizations prefer using Intranet to keep their
data inaccessible from outsiders, making their suspicious data and project information secure.
Intranet includes a firewall to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network. An intranet
is a private enterprise network, designed to support an organization’s employees to communicate,
collaborate and perform their roles. It serves a broad range of purposes and uses, but at its core, a
business intranet is there to help employees.

Major Differences between Internet and Intranet:

Attributes Internet Intranet

Definition The Internet is a network of several An Intranet is a private network of computers

computers connected worldwide using designed for a certain group of people and
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP). owned by a particular firm or organization. It
can include several local area networks and
also uses leased lines in the wide-area
network.

Users As stated above, the Internet is a globally Because of a limited range, the total numbers
connected network; users' number is of users on Intranet are limited. When
comparatively much higher than compared to the Internet, Intranet has very
Intranet. few users.

Accessibility The Internet can be accessed and used by Only certain people are authorized to use
anyone. Intranet because it is a company's interna l
network, so accessible by the employees or
admin who have login credentials.

Type of The Internet is a type of public network. The intranet is a type of private network
Network installed mainly for any organiza tio n
operations.

Security Because the internet is a public network, Due to limited access, there is no such
it is a considerably less secure network. possibility or very less possibility of cyber
Cybercriminals usually target people threats in Intranet, making it more secure
using the Internet. compared to that of the Internet.

Information Due to a wider range, the availability of The intranet is limited to group-specific
and Data information and the data is unlimited. information. That means the Intranet
People are free to use the Internet and information and data are limited to any
their knowledge. That is why more and specific company's records, operations,
more data is being added to differe nt inventory, etc. In this case, only certain
fields on the Internet regularly. people with admin privileges are allowed to
add or modify the information.

Traffic Due to a higher number of users and a Intranet has limited users, and so visitor's
public network, the total visitor's traffic traffic is limited and comparatively less than
very high. It is almost uncountable. the Internet. In the case of Intranet, traffic is
countable.

Characteristic The Internet includes several intranets. The intranet is like a subset of the Internet.
Intranet can only be used using the Internet
but with certain restrictions and security
practices.