University of Johannesburg

Faculty of Science
Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
Lecturers: PG Dlamini, IK Letlhage & SM Simelane

MATE2A2: Answers to selected exercises

1. First-order differential equations

1.1. Direct integration

1. (a) y = −sin t − cos t + c
1
(b) y = − cos6 x + c
6
1
(c) y = t + cos 2t + c
2
1
(d) y = ln |3x − 1| + c
3
2√ 3
(e) y = 3x − 1 + c
9
1 t
2. (a) x = (2 − 1)
ln 2
1
(b) y = tan2 3t + 1
6
1 x
(c) y = tan−1 + π
2 2
(d) y = cos e−x − e−x − cos 1

3. Refer to prescribed textbook

1.2. Separation of variables

1. y = A(2 + x) − 1

2. cos x = cos t + A

1 1
3. ln y + = − + ln x + c
y x
4. tan x = sec y + c

5. ln |sin x| = tan−1 t
g
6. v = g − t
ek
7. Refer to prescribed textbook

1
1.3. Homogeneous differential equations
1. y2 + x2 = Ax
2 2
2. xy = (x − y2 )2
9
3. y2 = 2x2 (ln x + c)

4. xy + y2 = Ax3
y
q
5. tan−1 = ln A x2 + y2
x
−1 y
6. sinh = ln x + c
x
y c
7. sin =
x x
x−y
8. y = e x

9. 4x = y(ln |y| + 2)2

10. Refer to prescribed textbook

1.4. Exact differential equations

1. xe2y − sin xy + y2 = c

2. x2 + y2 = c

3. xy2 − y cos x − tan−1 y + 1 + tan−1 1 = 0

4. xy = c

5. xy + e x = c

6. cosh x sinh y = c

7. ln |x| + xy + y3 = c

8. Refer to prescribed textbook

1.5. Linear differential equations

1. y = cos x(ln |sec x| + 1)
1 3
2. y = − x + (e2x − 1)
2 4
3(x + 1)4
3. y = + c(x + 1)2
2
4. ye x = x + c

5. y = x(1 + x sin x + cos x)

√
6. r = tan θ − 2 2 sin θ

7. Refer to prescribed textbook

2
1.6. Bernoulli differential equations
sec2 x tan3 x
1. =− +c
y 3
1
2. y =
x(cos x + 1.318)
1
3. y =
cx − x2
4. 1 = 2xy2 + cx2 y2

5. x3 y4 = 4y3 + c

6. 6x = y2 (2x3 + 3x2 + c)

7. Refer to prescribed textbook

1.7. Other transformations

1. y = −x − 1 + tan (x + c)
2.
3.
4. 2y − 2x + sin 2(x + y) = c

5. 4(y − 2x + 3) = (x + c)2
6.
7. Refer to prescribed textbook

1.8. Applications of first-order differential equations

1. t = 115 years

2. t = 195 minutes

3. 187, 09 million

4. E = e−33.333 t−2.996

5. 92%

6. 33.23 minutes

7. Refer to prescribed textbook

3
2. Laplace transforms

2.1. Laplace transforms from first principles

5
1.
s
3
2. 2
s −9
1
3.
s+1
1
4. 2
s
2 1
5. − 2
s s
2e−s
6.
s
1
7. (e−2s − e−4s )
s
8. Refer to prescribed textbook

2.2. Table of Laplace transforms

π
1.
s
24
2. 5
s
!
1 1 s
3. +
2 s s2 + 16
1.5
4.
1
s2 −
4
s−6
5. 2
s +9
e2
6.
s−2
s
7. 2
s −1
6
8.
s+3
9. Please see exercises in the prescribed textbook

2.3. Combination of f (t) . ebt

1
1.
(s + 1)2 + 1
6
2.
(s − 1)5
s+7
3.
(s + 5)2 + 4

4
4
4.
(s + 2)2 + 16
2
5. !2
1
s+ + 16
2
6. Refer to prescribed textbook

2.4. Combination of t . f (t)

6s
1. 2
(s − 9)2
2s(s2 − 3)
2.
(s2 + 1)3
s2 + 2
3.
(s2 − 2)2
1
4. √
(s − 3)2
6
5. 5
s
1
6.
s((s − 4)2 + 1)
7. Refer to prescribed textbook

2.5. Inverse Laplace transforms: Basic rules

1
1. t2
2
1 √
2. √ sinh 3t
3
5
3. sin 2t
2
5 3
4. t
12
1 √
5. √ sin 8t
2
r
3
6. 2 cos t
2
7. 5π e−πt

8. cosh t

9. Refer to prescribed textbook

5
2.6. Inverse Laplace transforms: Combination rules
1. 4et t

1
2. − e−3t t3
3
4 −t √
3. √ e sin 5t
5
4. 4e2t sinh 3t
!
5
5. e3t cos 4t + sin 4t
4
√ √
!
2
6. e−2t cosh 3t − √ sinh 3t
3
!
1 1
7. e 2 t cosh t − sinh t
2
1
8. t sin 2t
4
√
9. 2t cos 2t

3
10. t sin 4t
8
11. Refer to prescribed textbook

2.7. Completing the square

√
2π 3 13
1. √ e 2 t sinh t
13 2
√ √
!
3
2. 2e−3t cos 7t − √ sin 7t
7
√ √
!
1
3. e−2t
cos 3t + √ sin 3t
3
√
5 −1t 3
4. √ e 2 sinh t
3 2
 √ √ 
− 21 t 
 3 1 3 
5. −e cos  t − √ sin t
2 3 2
√ √
!
10
6. e cosh 19t + √ sinh 19t
5t
19
!
3
7. e cos 2t + sin 2t
3t
2
√ √
!
2
8. 2e cosh 2t + √ sinh 2t
2t
2
4 3t 5
9. e 8 sinh t
5 8
5
10. t sin 3t
6
11. Refer to prescribed textbook

6
2.8. Partial fractions
1 −2t
1. 3e + e2t
4
5
2. t2 e4t
2
√ 2 √
3. e2t − cos 3t − √ sin 3t
3
2 t 1 −t
4. e 3 − e 2
3 2
5. et (2 − t) + t

1 t 1 −t
6. e − e − sin t
2 2
5
7. 2e3t + 3 cos 2t + sin 2t
2
8. 2e−2t − e2t − 4e2t t

t 1 1
9. 2 sin − e 3 t
2 3
10. Refer to prescribed textbook

2.9. The solution of differential equations using Laplace transforms

1. y = t e−4t + 2e−4t

2. y = −6e2t + 2t e2t + 6et + 4t et + t2 et

1 3 2t
3. x = t e + e2t
2
1
4. y = t3 e−t + 4e−t + 6t e−t
2
√ 7 √
5. x = e−2t cos 2t + √ e−2t sin 2t
2
6.
1 −x
7. y = e (cos x − 3 sin x) + 2 sin 2x − cos 2x

10
1
8. y = (1 + t − e2t + e2t t)
4
9. x = (2t + 1) cos 5t + t sin 5t

3 3 1
10. y = −2t − t2 + et − cos t − sin t
2 2 2
11. Refer to prescribed textbook

7
2.10. Laplace transform of the unit step function
!
−3s 1 7
1. e +
s2 s
!
−s 2 2 6
2. e + −
s3 s2 s
3e−2(s+1)
3.
s+1
−e−s
4.
(s + 1)2 + 1
s eπs
5. 2
s −1
2.11. Graphs involving step functions
1. (a) .
f(t)

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

(b) f (t) = t u(t − 2) + (1 − t)u(t − 4)

! !
−2s 1 2 −4s 1 3
(c) e + −e +
s2 s s2 s
2. (a) .
f(t)

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

(b) f (t) = 6u(t) + (2 − 2t)u(t − 1) + (2t − 4)u(t − 3)

6 2 −s 2 −3s 2 −3s
(c) − e + 2e + e
s s2 s s

8
3. (a) .

f(t)

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

-3

(b) f (t) = t2 u(t) + (2 − t2 )u(t − 2) − 5u(t − 4)

!
2 −2s 1 1 1 5
(c) 3 − 2e 3
+ 2+ − e−4s
s s s s s
4. .
g(t)

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

-1

-2

5. .
y(x)

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

x
1 2 3 4 5 6

9
6. .
f(t)

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

-5

-10

-15

7. .
f(t)

50

40

30

20

10

t
1 2 3 4 5 6

8. f (t) = −u(t) + (2t + 1)u(t − 1) + (4 − 2t)u(t − 3)

! !
1 −s 2 3 −3s 1 1
L{ f (t)} = − + e + − 2e +
s s2 s s2 2
9. f (t) = t3 + (8 − t3 )u(t − 2) − (t + 8)u(t − 6)

2.12. The inverse Laplace transform of step functions

1. 2e−π(t−5) u(t − 5)

1 √
2. √ sin 7(t − 3) u(t − 3)
7
√ √
!
−3(t−4) 3
3. e cos 3(t − 4) − √ sin 3(t − 4) u(t − 4)
3
1 4(t−2)
4. e − e−(t−2) u(t − 2)
5
√ √ √
5. t − 3 e2(t− 3) u t − 3

10
2.13. Solving DEs involving step functions
1 1
1. y = sin 4t + (t − 3) sin 4(t − 3) u(t − 3)
4 8
!
10 −4t 10 −t 10 −4(t−1) 10 −(t−1)
2. i = − e + e − − e + e u(t − 1)
3 3 3 3
" #
3 3 3
3. x = − cos 2(t − 2) u(t − 2) + cos 2t + sin 2t
2 2 2
2
4. q = 1 − e−5(t−3) u(t − 3)
5
5. x = 0.2(1 − cos 3(t − 3)) u(t − 3)

6. y = et − 1 − 2(et−1 − 1) u(t − 1)
!
1 t 1 t−1
7. y = e + e−t − 1 − e−1 e + e−(t−1) − 1 u(t − 1)
2 2
!
1 1 1 −2(t−1)
8. y = 2t + 3 − (t − 1) − e u(t − 1)
4 2 4
1
9. y = (e−t + et ) − 3 + e3 (1 − et−3 + (t − 3)et−3 ) u(t − 3)
2
10. Refer to prescribed textbook.

2.14. Solving DEs involving Dirac delta functions

1. (a) sin (t − 2π) u(t − 2π) + sin t
1
(b) e−(t−1) sin (t − 1) u(t − 1)
2
5
(c) (t − 2) sin 2(t − 2) u(t − 2)
4

(d) 6 −e−(t−3) + (t − 3)e−(t−3) + e−2(t−3) u(t − 3)

2. (a) x = 2e−t + e−(t−2) u(t − 2) − e−4(t−2) u(t − 2)

(b) y = e−3t (4 sin t − cos t)

(c) p = cos t − sin (t − π) u(t − π)

!
1 1
(d) y = 3e−4(t− 2 ) u t − + 2e−4t
2
2 t 1
(e) y = e − e−4t + et−2 − e−4t+8 u(t − 2)
5 5
1 5t 1
(f) y = − e + 5e + e5t−10 − e−t+2 u(t − 2)
−t
6 3
1
(g) y = sin 4(t − 2π) u(t − 2π)
4
π
(h) x = sin 2(t − π) u(t − π) + cos 2t
2
1 π π
(i) q = t sin t + sin t − u t− + 3 cos t − 3 sin t
2 3 3
(j) y = 2 (sin (t − 2π) u(t − 2π) − sin (t − 4π) u(t − 4π))

(k) Refer to prescribed textbook.

11
2.15. Applications using Laplace transforms
5 2
1. x = e−t − e−4t
3 3
!
38 86 25 50
2. x = e−3t cos t − sin t − cos 4t + sin 4t
51 51 102 51
| {z } | {z }
transient steady
3. q = |{z}
1 + e|−2t {z − 2e−t}
steady transient
 √   √ 
3   71  3  71 
4. q = e− 4 t cos  t + √ sin  t

4 71 4
1
5. y = t e−t sin 4t
8
6. x = 2e−2t (cos 2t + sin 2t)
| {z }
transient
!
3 1
7. x = e−2t 3t + − cos 2t
2 2
| {z } | {z }
transient steady
8. θ = 5e−(t−2) sin (t − 2) u(t − 2) + e−t cos t + e−t sin t

2.16. Systems of ODEs

1. (a) √ √ √ √
(b) y1 = cos kt + sin kt and y2 = cos kt − sin kt
(c) y1 = 100 − 62.5e−0.12t − 37.5e−0.04t and y2 = 100 + 125e−0.12t − 75e−0.04t

2. x = 3 + 5e−2t and y = 1 + 2e−2t

3. y1 = cos t and y2 = sin t

4. x = et − t − 1 and y = 3et + 2t − 3

5. y1 = cos 4t and y2 = 3 cos 4t

6. x = 5 cos t + 5 sin t − e2t − et − 3 and ! y = e2t + 2et − 3 − 5 sin t

1 −t+2π 1 !
7. y1 = cos t+u(t−2π) −cos t + e + et−2π and y2 = sin t+u(t−2π) −sin t + e−t+2π − et−2π
2 2
√ √
8. x = 3 cos t + cos 3t and y = 3 cos t − cos 3t

9. y1 = et + e2t and y2 = e2t

10. y1 = −4et + sin 10t + 4 cos t and y2 = 4et − sin 10t + 4 cos t

11. y1 = cos 2t + sin t and y2 = cos 2t − sin t

12. y1 = 100 − 6.25e−0.24t − 3.75e−0.08t and y2 = 100 + 125e−0.24t − 75e−0.08t

13. Refer to prescribed textbook.

12
3. Fourier series

3.1. Integrals
1. 0

6
2. − if n = odd
nπ
0 n = odd




3. 

4n
 n = even
π(n2 − 1)


n = even
(
4π 1
4. 2
n −1 n = odd

3.2. Fourier expansion

! !
1 2 1 1 1 1
1. f (x) = − 2 cos 2x + cos 6x + . . . + sin 2x − sin 4x + sin 6x − . . .
4 π 9 π 2 3
π 2
!
1 1 1 1
2. f (t) = − cos t + cos 3t + cos 5t + . . . + sin t − sin 3t − sin 4t + . . .
4 π 9 25 3 4
!
1 2 4 1 8
3. f (t) = + −sin t + sin 2t − sin 3t + sin 4t − . . .
2 π 3 3 15
!
1 1 1
4. f (x) = sin 2πx + sin 4πx + sin 6πx + . . .
π 2 3
−π ≤ x < 0
(
0
5. (a) f (x) =
4 0≤x<π
(b) Fairly straightforward!
(c) 2

π2
6. (a)
6
∞
X 9
(b) 2
n=1
n
∞
X 1
7. (−1)n ·
n=0
2n +1
8. Refer to prescribed textbook.

3.3. Even and odd functions

1. Odd
2. Neither
3. Odd
4. Neither
5. Even
6. Odd
7. Odd
8. Even
9. Neither
10. Even

13
3.4. Cosine and sine series
πx 1
! !
16 3πx 4 1 1
1. f (x) = sin + sin + ... − sin πx + sin 2πx + . . .
π 2 3 2 π 2 4
πx 1
!
8 3πx
2. f (x) = 1 − 2 cos + cos + ...
π 4 3 4
!
16 1 1
3. f (x) = sin x + sin 3x + + sin 5x + . . .
π 3 5
!
3 2 1 1
4. f (x) = + sin x + sin 3x + + sin 5x + . . .
2 π 3 5
5. Refer to prescribed textbook.

3.5. Half-range expansion

πx 1
! ! !
2 2 1 2 3πx 1
1. f (x) = + 1 sin − sinπx + 1− sin − sin 2πx + . . .
π π 2 2 3 3π 2 4
π 2+π
!
2
2. f (x) = (2 + π) sin x − sin 2x + sin 3x + . . .
π 2 3
!
4 2 4
3. f (x) = sin 2x + sin 4x + . . .
π 3 15
!
2 4 1 1
4. f (x) = − cos 2x + cos 4x + . . .
π π 3 15
πt 1
!
8 3πt 1 5πt
5. (a) f (t) = 1 − 2 cos + cos + cos + ...
π 2 9 2 25 2
πt 1
!
8 3πt 1 5πt
(b) f (t) = 2 sin − sin + sin − ...
π 4 9 4 25 4
6. Refer to prescribed textbook.

3.6. Harmonic analysis

1. f (x) = 1.35 cos 2x − 1.53 sin 2x

2. f (x) = 1.10 cos 2x − 5.70 sin 2x

0.53
3. f (x) = − + 0.59 cos x + 0.75 cos 2x + . . . − 0.73 sin x − 0.24 sin 2x + . . .
2
3.1
4. f (x) = + 0.15 cos x − 1.31 cos 2x + . . . + 1.03 sin x − 0.03 sin 2x + . . .
2

5.

3.7. Complex Fourier series

∞
X 1 − (−1)n inπx
1. f (x) = e 2
n=−∞,n,0
nπi
∞ inπ
1 X 1 − e− 2 2inπx
2. f (x) = + e
4 n=−∞,n,0 2nπi
3.

14
∞
X i inx
4. f (x) = π + e
n=−∞,n,0
n

5.
6.

c Compiled by SM Simelane

15