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HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR-PHYSICS

NAME :
STANDARD : 11 SECTION :
SCHOOL :
EXAM NO :

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE

PART – I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 At 100 K ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠1 ∝ √100 and at 10,000K ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠2 ∝ √10000 Hence
1. A particle of mass m is moving with speed u in a direction
which makes 60° with respect to x axis. It undergoes elastic 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠2 10000
=√ = 10 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠2 = 10 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠1
collision with the wall. What is the change in momentum in 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠1 100
x and y direction? Answer (c) increased by 10 times
(a) Δpx = −mu, Δpy = 0
(b) Δpx = −2mu, Δpy = 0 4. Two identically sized rooms A and B are connected by an open door. If the room A is
(c) Δpx = 0, Δpy = mu air conditioned such that its temperature is 4°C lesser than room B, which room has
(d) Δpx = mu, Δpy = 0 more air in it?
(a) Room A (b) Room B
Solution :-
(c) Both room has same air (d) Cannot be determined
 Here initial velocity ‘u’ can be resoloved in to two perpendicular components (i.e) Solution :-
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° along x – axis and
 Let T be the temperature of Room B, then temperature of Room A = T − 4℃ (i.e.)
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° along y – axis.
𝑇𝐴 < 𝑇𝐵
 Simillarly final velocity 𝑣 (= 𝑢 ) since it is elastic collision also be resolved in to  Since the room A and room B are identical, both rooms have same volume and at
two perpendicular components (i.e.) same pressure (i.e.) 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 & 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵
𝑣𝑥 = − 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° along x – axis and
 From ideal gas equation, 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑘 𝑇
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° along y – axis 1
 Hence change in momentum along x – axis is  Here P, V and k are constants, we have 𝑁 ∝
𝑇
∆𝑝𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑚 𝑢𝑥  Since 𝑇𝐴 < 𝑇𝐵 , we have 𝑁𝐴 > 𝑁𝐵 (i.e.) the number of air molecules in room A is
1
∆𝑝𝑥 = −𝑚 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° − 𝑚 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° = − 2 𝑚 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° = −2 𝑚 𝑢 × = −𝑚 𝑢 greaterthan room B
2
 And change in momentum along y – axis is Answer (a) 𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒎 𝑨
∆𝑝𝑦 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑚 𝑢𝑦 5. The average translational kinetic energy of gas molecules depends on
∆𝑝𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° − 𝑚 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° = 0 (a) number of moles and T (b) only on T
Answer (a) ∆𝒑𝒙 = −𝒎 𝒖, ∆𝒑𝒚 = 𝟎 (c) P and T (d) P only
Solution :-
2. A sample of ideal gas is at equilibrium. Which of the following quantity is zero?
3
(a) rms speed (b) average speed  The average translational kinetic energy of a gas molecule is : ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑘 𝑇
(c) average velocity (d) most probable speed 3
 Hence average translational kinetic energy of all gas molecule is ; ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑁𝐴 𝑘 𝑇
Solution :-
Answer (a) number of moles and T
 The molecules move in all possible directions in an ideal gas at equilibrium.
 Since momentum is a vector quantity for every direction of motion of the molecules, 6. If the internal energy of an ideal gas U and volume V are doubled then the pressure
there exists an opposite direction of motion of the other. (a) doubles (b) remains same
 Hence, the average momentum is zero for an ideal gas at equilibrium (c) halves (d) quadruples
 But momentum is given by, ⃗⃗⃗𝑝 = 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣 Solution :-
3 3
 Since the average momentum is zero, then the average velocity must be zero.  The internal energy of ideal gas ; 𝑈 = 𝑁 𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑃 𝑉
2 2
Answer (c) 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 2 𝑈
 Thus pressure is ; 𝑃 = ( )
3. An ideal gas is maintained at constant pressure. If the temperature of an ideal gas 3 𝑉
2 2𝑈 2 𝑈
increases from 100K to 10000K then the rms speed of the gas molecules  If 𝑈 → 2𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 → 2𝑉, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ; 𝑃! = ( ) = ( ) = 𝑃
3 2𝑉 3 𝑉
(a) increases by 5 times (b) increases by 10 times Answer (b) remains the same
(c) remains same (d) increases by 7 times
Solution :-
3𝑅𝑇
 The rms speed of the gas molecules is given by ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∝ √𝑇
𝑀

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE
𝑪𝑷 10. Which of the following shows the correct relationship between the pressure and
7. The ratio 𝜸 = for a gas mixture consisting of 8g of helium and 16g of oxygen is
𝑪𝑽
density of an ideal gas at constant temperature?
(a) 23/15 (b) 15/23 (c) 27/17 (d) 17/27
Solution :-
𝑚ℎ𝑒 8𝑔
 Number of moles in helium ; 𝜇1 = = 4 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑀ℎ𝑒
𝑚 𝑂2 16 𝑔 1
 Number of moles in oxygen ; 𝜇2 = = 32 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑀𝑂 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 7 27
𝐶𝑃 5 𝜇1 +7 𝜇2 (5×2)+(7× ) (10+ ) ( ) 27 Solution :-
2 2 2
 The ratio ; 𝛾 = = = 1 = 5 = 17 =  From ideal gas equation ; 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑅 𝑇
𝐶𝑉 3 𝜇1 +5 𝜇2 (3×2)+(5× ) (6+ ) ( ) 17
2 2 2
𝑛𝑀𝑅𝑇
Answer (c) 27/17 𝑃𝑉=
𝑀
8. A container has one mole of monoatomic ideal gas. Each molecule has f degrees of 𝑛𝑀𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝑛𝑀
𝑪
freedom. What is the ratio of = 𝑷 ? 𝑃 = = 𝜌 [∵ = 𝜌 → 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦]
𝑪𝑽 𝑉𝑀 𝑀 𝑉
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓+2  At constant temperature, 𝑃 ∝ 𝜌
(a) 𝑓 (b) (c) (d)
2 𝑓+2 𝑓
Solution :-
 From law of equpartition of energy, the average kinetic energy associated by each Answer (d)
̅̅̅̅ = 1 𝑘 𝑇
degree of freedom per molecule, 𝐾𝐸
2
𝑓
 If each molecule has ‘f ‘degrees of freedom, then, ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑘 𝑇
11. A sample of gas consists of μ1 moles of monoatomic molecules, μ2 moles of diatomic m
2
𝑓 𝑓
 Then total energy of 1 mole of gas, 𝑈 = 𝑘 𝑇 × 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑅 𝑇 olecules and μ3 moles of linear triatomic molecules. The gas is kept at high
2 2
temperature. What is the total number of degrees of freedom?
𝑑𝑈 𝑑 𝑓 𝑓
 Thus, 𝐶𝑉 = = 𝑑𝑇 (2 𝑅 𝑇) = 2 𝑅 (a) [3μ1 + 7(μ2 + μ3)] NA (b) [3μ1 + 7 μ2 + 6μ3] NA
𝑑𝑇
(c) [7μ 1 + 3( μ2 + μ3)] NA (d) [3μ1 + 6( μ2 + μ3)] NA
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓+2
 and 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = ( + 1 ) 𝑅 = ( ) 𝑅 Solution :-
2 2 2
(
𝑓+2
)𝑅
 At high temperature, Degrees of freedom for Monoatomic = 3, Diatomic = 7 and
𝑪𝑷 2 𝑓+2
 Therefore, 𝜸 = = 𝑓 = Triatomic = 7
𝑪𝑽 ( )𝑅 𝑓  Hence number of molecules for
2
𝒇+𝟐 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝜇1 𝑁𝐴
Answer (d) 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝜇2 𝑁𝐴
𝒇 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝜇3 𝑁𝐴
9. If the temperature and pressure of a gas is doubled the mean free path of the gas  Thus the number of degrees of freedom for
molecules 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 3 𝜇1 𝑁𝐴
(a) remains same (b) doubled 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 7 𝜇2 𝑁𝐴
(c) tripled (d) quadrapoled 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 7 𝜇3 𝑁𝐴
Solution :-  Therefore total number of degrees of freedom is,
𝑘𝑇
 Mean free path of the gas molecules ; 𝜆 = 2 𝑓 = 3 𝜇1 𝑁𝐴 + 7 𝜇2 𝑁𝐴 + 7 𝜇3 𝑁𝐴 = [3 𝜇1 + 7 (𝜇2 + 𝜇3 )] 𝑁𝐴
√2 𝜋 𝑑 𝑃
𝑘 (2 𝑇) 𝑘𝑇 Answer (a) [𝟑 𝝁𝟏 + 𝟕 (𝝁𝟐 + 𝝁𝟑 )] 𝑵𝑨
 If 𝑃 → 2 𝑃 & 𝑉 → 2 𝑉, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆! = 2 = 2 = 𝜆
√2 𝜋 𝑑 (2 𝑃) √2 𝜋 𝑑 𝑃
Answer (a) 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE
12. If sP and sV denote the specific heats of nitrogen gas per unit mass at constant pressure 15. The following graph represents the pressure versus
and constant volume respectively, then number density for ideal gas at two different
(a) sP - sV = 28R (b) sP - sV = R/28 temperatures T1 and T2. The graph implies
(c) sP - sV = R/14 (d) sP - sV = R (a) T1 = T2
Solution :- (b) T1 > T2
 We have, 𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑠 ∆𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 𝜇 𝐶 ∆𝑇 (c) T1 < T2
𝑚𝑠 (d) Cannot be determined
 Thus, 𝑚 𝑠 = 𝜇 𝐶 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐶 = =𝑀𝑠
𝜇 Solution :-
𝑚 28 𝑔
 For Nitrogen gas, molar mass ; 𝑀 = = = 28 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒  For ideal gas, we have
𝜇 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
 From Mayer’s relation ; 𝑃𝑉=𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅 𝑁
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃= 𝑘𝑇= 𝑛𝑘𝑇
𝑀 𝑠𝑃 − 𝑀 𝑠𝑉 = 𝑅 𝑉
𝑅 𝑅 𝑃 𝑃
𝑠𝑃 − 𝑠𝑉 = = ∴ = 𝑘 𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) ∝ 𝑇
𝑀 28 𝑛 𝑛
𝑠𝑃 − 𝑠𝑉 = 𝑅/28 𝑃
Answer (b)  In the given graph, = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 Thus for higher temperature, the slope is high and
𝑛
13. Which of the following gases will have least rms speed at a given temperature? vice versa. Here the slope is greater for temperature 𝑇1 than 𝑇2 . So 𝑇1 > 𝑇2
(a) Hydrogen (b) Nitrogen
Answer (b) 𝑻𝟏 > 𝑻𝟐
(c) Oxygen (d) Carbon dioxide
Solution :-
3𝑅𝑇 1
 The RMS speed of a molecule ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∝
𝑀 √𝑀
 Thus at given temperature, rms speed is inversely proportional the molar mass of
the gas. Therefore, the gas with lowest molecular mass will have maximum RMS
speed.
 Molar mass of hydrogen (H2) ; 𝑀 = 2 × 𝐻 = 2 × 1 = 2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
 Molar mass of nitrogen (N2) ; 𝑀 = 2 × 𝑁 = 2 × 14 = 28 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
 Molar mass of oxygen (O2) ; 𝑀 = 2 × 𝑂 = 2 × 16 = 28 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
 Molar mass of carbondioxide (CO2) ; 𝑀 = 𝐶 + (2 × 𝑂) = 12 + (2 × 16) = 44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
 Here carbondioxide has highest molecular mass compared to other gasses. So, it will
have mimimum RMS speed.
Answer (d) Carbon dioxide
14. For a given gas molecule at a fixed temperature, the area under the Maxwell-
Boltzmann distribution curve is equal to
𝑃𝑉 𝑘𝑇 𝑃
(a) (b) (c) (d) 𝑃
𝑘𝑇 𝑃𝑉 𝑁𝑘𝑇
Solution :-
 The area under the Maxwill – Boltzmann distribution curve will give the number of
molecules in the system.
𝑃𝑉
 From the ideal gas equation, 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑘 𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁= 𝑘𝑇
𝑷𝑽
Answer (a)
𝒌𝑻

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE
 For a fixed temperature, the average translational kinetic energy ∈ will remain
PART – II & III 2 AND 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS constant. It implies that
1. What is the microscopic origin of pressure? 𝑷 𝑽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
 As the molecules of the gas are in random motion, they collides with each other 𝟏
(𝒐𝒓) 𝑷 ∝
and also with the walls of the container. 𝑽
 During each collision, they impart certain momentum on the wall and hence the  Therefore, pressure of a given gas is inversely proportional to its volume
walls experience a continuous force. provided the temperature remains constant. This is Boyle’s law.
 The force experienced per unit area of the walls of the container determines the 6. Deduce Charles’ law based on kinetic theory.
pressure exerted by the gas. Charle’s law :
2. What is the microscopic origin of temperature?  We know that,
 Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness. 𝟐 𝟐
𝑷𝑽 = 𝑼= 𝑵∈=𝑵𝒌𝑻
 But according to kinetic theory, the temperature of a gas is a measure of the 𝟑 𝟑
average translational kinetic energy per molecule of the gas.  For a fixed pressure, the volume of the gas is proportional to internal energy of
 The average kinetic energy of the molecule is directly proportional to absolute the gas or average kinetic energy of the gas and the average kinetic energy is
temperature of the gas. directly proportional to absolute temperature. It implies that
3. Obtain the internal energy of the gas. 𝑽
𝑽 ∝ 𝑻 (𝒐𝒓) = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Internal energy of ideal gas : 𝑻
 By multiplying the total number of gas molecules with average kinetic energy of  This is Charles’ law.
each molecule, the internal energy of the gas is obtained. 7. Deduce Avogadro’s law based on kinetic theory.
1 𝟑 Avagadro’s law :
𝑈 = 𝑁 ∈ = 𝑵 [ 𝑚 ̅̅̅ 𝑣2] = 𝑵𝒌𝑻  LetvN1 and N2 are the number of gas molecules in two different gases.
2 𝟐
 From this equation, we understand that the internal energy of an ideal gas depends  Here ̅̅̅̅
𝑣12 and ̅̅̅̅
𝑣22 are the mean square speed for two gases.
only on absolute temperature and is independent of pressure and volume.  According to kinetic theory of gases,
4. Obtain the relation between pressure and mean kinetic energy. 1 ̅̅̅̅2 = 1 𝑁 𝑚 ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑉= 𝑁1 𝑚1 𝑣 𝑣2
Relation between pressure and mean kinetic energy : 3 1
3 2 2 2
 The internal energy of the gas is given by  Hence,
1 ̅̅̅̅2 = 1 𝑁 𝑚 𝑣
𝑁1 𝑚1 𝑣 ̅̅̅̅2
3 1 3 2 2 2
3 3
𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 = 𝑃𝑉 𝑁1 𝑚1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑣12 = 𝑁2 𝑚2 𝑣 ̅̅̅̅2
2 − − − − − − (1)
2 2  At the same temperature, average kinetic energy per molecule is the same for
2𝑈 2 𝑈
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃= = 𝑢 − − − − − − (1) [∵ 𝑢 = ] two gases. (i.e.)
3𝑉 3 𝑉 1 1
Where, 𝑢 of internal energy per unit volume or internal energy density 𝑚1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑣12 = 𝑚2 𝑣 ̅̅̅̅2
2
2 2
 But pressure in terms of mean kinetic energy density is (𝑜𝑟) ̅̅̅̅2
𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 ̅̅̅̅
2
− − − − − − − (2)
1 1
𝑃 = 𝑛 𝑚 ̅̅̅
𝑣2 = ̅̅̅2
𝜌 𝑣 [∵ 𝜌 = 𝑚 𝑛]  Using equation (2) in (1) , we get,
3 3 𝑵𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐
Where ρ = nm = mass density (Note n is number density)
 It implies that at constant temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases
 Multiply and divide R.H.S of equation by 2, we get
𝟐 𝟏 ̅̅̅𝟐 𝟐 contain the same number of molecules. This is Avogadro’s law or Avogadro’s
𝑷 = [ 𝝆 𝒗 ] = ∈ − − − − − (2) hypothesis or Avogadro’s Principle.
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 8. Define root mean square speed.
5. Deduce Boyle’s law based on kinetic theory.
 Root mean square speed (𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) is defined as the square root of the mean of the
Boyle’s law :
2 square of speeds of all molecules.
 We have, 𝑃𝑉= 𝑈
3
 But the internal energy of an ideal gas is ; 𝑈 = 𝑁 ∈ 𝟑𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √̅̅̅ 𝒗𝟐 = √ = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐√
2 𝒎 𝒎
∴ 𝑃𝑉= 𝑁∈
3
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9. What are the inferences obtained from root mean square value? Examples for degree of freedom :
1) rms speed is directly proportional to square root of the temperature and inversely  A free particle moving along x - axis (one dimension) needs only one coordinate
proportional to square root of mass of the molecule. It infer that at a given to specify it completely. So it has one degree of freedom.
temperature the molecules of lighter mass move faster than the molecules with  A particle moving over a plane (two dimension) has two degree of freedom.
heavier masses.  A particle moving in space (three dimension) has three degree of freedom.
2) The root mean square speed in terms of universal gas constant is, Note :
𝟑𝑹𝑻  If we have N number of gas molecules in the container, then the total number of
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √ degrees of freedom is ; 𝒇=𝟑 𝑵
𝑴
 If the system has “q” number of constraints, then the degrees of freedom is ;
 Thus increasing the temperature will increase the r.m.s speed of molecules 𝒇=𝟑 𝑵−𝒒
10. Why the Moon has no atmosphere? 16. Give the degrees of freedom for mono atomic molecule.
 The escape speed of gases on the surface of Moon is much less than the root mean Type of molecule Low temperature High temperature
square speeds of gases due to low gravity. Traslational 3 3
 Due to this all the gases escape from the surface of the Moon. Mono atomic
Rotational 0 0
11. Why there is no hydrogen in Earth’s atmosphere? (He, Ne, Ar)
Vibrational 0 0
 As the root mean square speed of hydrogen is much less than that of nitrogen, it Total Degrees of freedom f=3 f=3
easily escapes from the earth’s atmosphere. 17. Give the degrees of freedom for di- atomic molecule.
12. Define average speed. Type of molecule Low temperature High temperature
 It is defined as the mean (or) average of all the speeds of molecules. Traslational 3 3
Diatomic
𝟖𝑹𝑻 𝟖𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻 Rotational 2 2
̅𝒗 = √ = √ = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 √ (H2, N2, O2 )
Vibrational 0 2
𝝅𝑴 𝝅𝒎 𝒎
13. Define most probable speed of a gas molecule. Total Degrees of
 It is defined as the speed acquired by most of the molecules of the gas. freedom f=5 f=7
𝟐𝑹𝑻 𝟐𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻
𝒗𝑴𝑷 = √ = √ = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒 √
𝑴 𝒎 𝒎
14. Compare rms speed, average speed and most probable speed of a gas molecule. 18. Give the degrees of freedom for tri- atomic molecule.
Type of molecule Low temperature High temperature
3𝑅𝑇 3𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
 Root mean square speed ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √ = 1.732√ Traslational 3 3
𝑀 𝑚 𝑚 Linear Tri atomic
Rotational 2 2
8𝑅𝑇 8𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇 (CO2)
 Average speed ; ̅𝑣 = √ = √ = 1.60 √ Vibrational 0 2
𝜋𝑀 𝜋𝑚 𝑚
2𝑅𝑇 2𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
 Most probable speed ; 𝑣𝑀𝑃 = √ = √ = 1.414 √ Total Degrees of
𝑀 𝑚 𝑚 freedom f=5 f=7
 Thus we have,
𝟖
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 ∶ ̅𝒗 ∶ 𝒗𝑴𝑷 = √𝟑 ∶ √ ∶ √𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 ∶ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 ∶ 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒 Traslational 3 3
𝝅 Non linear triatomic
Rotational 3 3
15. What is degree of freedom? Give examples (H2O, SO2)
Vibrational 0 0
 The minimum number of independent coordinates to specify the position and
configuration of a thermodynamic system in space is called the degree of freedom Total Degrees of
of the system. freedom f=6 f=6

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19. State law of equipartition of energy.
 According to kinetic theory, the average kinetic energy of system of molecules in
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
thermal equilibrium at temperature “T” is uniformly distributed by to all degrees 1. Write down the postulates of kinetic theory of gases.
of freedom (′𝑥′ or ′𝑦′ or ′𝑧′ directions of motion). Postulates of kinetic theory of gases :
𝟏  All the molecules of a gas are identical, elastic spheres.
 So that each degree of freedom will get " 𝒌 𝑻 " of energy. This is called law of
𝟐  The molecules of different gases are different.
equipartition of energy.  The number of molecules in a gas is very large and the average separation
20. What is mean free path? between them is larger than size of the gas molecules.
 According to kinetic theory, the molecules of a gas are in random motion and  The molecules of a gas are in a state of continuous random motion.
they collide with each other.  The molecules collide with one another and also with the walls of the container.
 Between two successive collisions, a molecule moves along a straight path with  These collisions are perfectly elastic so that there is no loss of kinetic energy
uniform velocity. during collisions.
 The average distance travelled by the molecule between collision is called mean  Between two successive collisions, a molecule moves with uniform velocity.
free path (𝝀)  The molecules do not exert any force of attraction or repulsion on each other
21. What are the factors affecting the mean free path? except during collision.
 Mean free path increases with increasing temperature. 𝜆 ∝ 𝑇  The molecules do not possess any potential energy and the energy is wholly
 Mean free path increases with decreasing pressure and diameter of the gas kinetic.
1
molecule (𝜆 ∝ )  The collisions are instantaneous.
𝑃𝑑
22. Why odor from an open perfume bottle takes some time to reach us even if we  The time spent by a molecule in each collision is very small compared to the time
are closer to the room? elapsed between two consecutive collisions.
 The time delay is because the odor of the molecules cannot travel straight to us  These molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion even though they move randomly.
as it undergoes a lot of collisions with the nearby air molecules and moves in a 2. Derive the expression of pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of the
zigzag path. container.
23. Increase the temperature of diatomic gas molecules by 1°C require more heat Pressure exerted by the gas :
energy than mono atomic molecules. Why?  Consider a mono atomic gas of “N” molecules each of mass “m” in a cubical
𝟓 𝟑 container of side "𝑙"
 For mono atomic molecules, 𝑪𝑷 = 𝑹 & 𝑪𝑽 = 𝑹
𝟕
𝟐
𝟓
𝟐  As the molecules collides with each other and with the walls, their momentum
 For diatomic molecules, 𝑪𝑷 = 𝑹 & 𝑪𝑽 = 𝑹 changes. Let the velocity of a molecule be ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 having components 𝑣𝑥,𝑣𝑦,𝑣𝑧
𝟐 𝟐
 Thus 𝑪𝑷 and 𝑪𝑽 are higher for diatomic molecules than the mono atomic  Let the molecule hits the right side wall, since the collision is elastic , the
molecules. molecule rebounds with same speed and its x - component is reversed.
24. Why the smell of hot sizzling food reaches several meter away than smell of cold  Hence the change in momentum of the molecule along x - axis
food? = − 𝑚 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑚 𝑣𝑥 = − 2 𝑚 𝑣𝑥
 Because mean free path increases with increasing temperature ( 𝜆 ∝ 𝑇)  According to law of conservation of momentum, the change in momentum of wall
 As the temperature increases, the average speed of each molecule will increase. = + 2 𝑚 𝑣𝑥
𝑁
 Let area of the wall be “A” and number of molecules per unit volume be n (= ) ,
𝑉
then number of molecules hitting the right side wall in time t
𝑛 𝑛
𝑁𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑋 𝑉 = 𝐴 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡 − − − − − (1)
2 2
 In the same interval of time t, the total momentum transferred by the
molecules,
𝑛
∆𝑝 = 𝑁𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑋 2 𝑚 𝑣𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑣𝑥 ∆𝑡 𝑋 2 𝑚 𝑣𝑥
2
2
∆𝑝 = 𝐴 𝑣𝑥 𝑚 𝑛 ∆𝑡 − − − − − − (2)

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 From Newton’s second law, the change in momentum in a small interval of time  The average kinetic energy of a molecule is directly proportional to the absolute
gives rise to force. Thus temperature of the gas (∈ ∝𝑻)
∆𝑝 𝐴 𝑣𝑥2 𝑚 𝑛 ∆𝑡 2  Also, average kinetic energy of a molecule is independent of its mass.
𝐹= = = 𝐴 𝑚 𝑛 𝑣𝑥
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡  The internal kinetic energy of the gas is
 By definition, pressure exerted by the molecules on the wall of area “A” is, 1 𝟑
𝐹 𝐴 𝑣𝑥2 𝑚 𝑛 𝑈 = 𝑁 ∈ = 𝑵 [ 𝑚 ̅̅̅ 𝑣2] = 𝑵𝒌𝑻
2 𝟐
𝑃= = = 𝑚 𝑛 𝑣𝑥2 − − − (3)
𝐴 𝐴  Thus the internal energy depends only on absolute temperature and is
 Since all molecules moves in random motion, they do no have same speed. independent of pressure and volume
 So we can replace the term 𝑣𝑥2 by the average 𝑣 ̅̅̅̅
2
𝑥 and we get, 4. Explain in detail the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution function.
𝑃 = 𝑚 𝑛 ̅̅̅̅ 𝑣𝑥2 − − − − − − − (4) Maxwell Boltzmann distribution function :
 Neglecting gravity on the molecules, they have same average speed in all  In a classroom, the air molecules are moving
directions. So 𝑣 ̅̅̅𝑥 = ̅̅̅
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣̅𝑧 . Hence in random directions.
̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅̅
2
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 = 3 𝑣𝑥̅̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅̅
2 ̅̅̅̅
2  The speed of each molecule is not the same
1 even though macroscopic parameters like
(𝑜𝑟) ̅̅̅̅
𝑣𝑥2 = ̅̅̅
𝑣2 temperature and pressure are fixed.
3
 Put this in equation (4)  Each molecule collides with every other
1 𝟏 𝑵 molecule and they exchange their speed.
𝑃 = 𝑛 𝑚 ̅̅̅ 𝑣2 = 𝒎 ̅̅̅ 𝒗𝟐 − − − − − − − − (5)  We calculated the rms speed of each
3 𝟑 𝑽
 The pressure exerted by the molecules depends on molecule and not the speed of each molecule
(i) Number density (n) which is rather difficult.
(ii) Mass of the molecule (m)  In general our interest is to find how many
(iii) Mean square speed (𝑣 ̅̅̅2 ) gas molecules have the range of speed from
3. Explain in detail the kinetic interpretation of temperature. v to v + dv.
Kinetic interpretation of temperature :  This is given by Maxwell’s speed distribution
 Pressure exerted by the gas molecules function,
3
1 𝑁 𝑚 2 2 − 𝑚 𝑣2
𝑃 = 𝑚 ̅̅̅𝑣2 𝑁𝑣 = 4 𝜋 𝑁 [ ] 𝑣 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇
3 𝑉 2𝜋𝑘𝑇
1  It is clear that, for a given temperature the number of molecules having lower
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑚 ̅̅̅ 𝑣2
3 𝑚 𝑣2
 From the ideal gas equation, 𝑃 𝑉 =𝑁 𝑘 𝑇 speed increases parabolically (v2) but decreases exponentially (𝑒 − 2 𝑘 𝑇 ) after
 Comparing these two equations, reaching most probable speed.
1  In general the number of molecules within the range of speed v and v+dv is given
𝑁𝑘𝑇 = 𝑁 𝑚 ̅̅̅ 𝑣2 by,
3 𝑣+∆𝑣
1 3
𝑚 2 2 − 𝑚 𝑣2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑚 ̅̅̅
𝑣2 ∫ 4𝜋𝑁 [ ] 𝑣 𝑒 2 𝑘 𝑇 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑁
3 2𝜋𝑘𝑇
3
 Divide by [ ] on both sides, 𝑣
2
3 3 1
𝑘𝑇 = 𝑋 𝑚 ̅̅̅ 𝑣2 5. Define law of equipartition of energy. Deduce the average kinetic energy for
2 2 3 mono, di and triatomic molecule
3 1
𝑘𝑇 = 𝑚 ̅̅̅
𝑣2 Law of equipartition of Energy:
2 2
 Here RHS represents average kinetic energy (𝐾𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ ) of a molecule, Hence  According to kinetic theory, the average kinetic energy of system of molecules in
𝟑 thermal equilibrium at temperature T is uniformly distributed to all degrees of
∈ = 𝑲𝑬̅̅̅̅ = 𝒌 𝑻 − − − − − − − − (𝟏) 𝟏
𝟐 freedom (x or y or z), so that each degree of freedom will get 𝒌 𝑻 of energy.
𝟐
 The above equation implies that, the temperature of a gas is a measure of the This is called equipartition of energy.
average translational kinetic energy per molecule of the gas
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Average Kinetic energy of mono , di and tri atomic molecules :  The ratio of two molar specific heats,
1) For mono atomic molecule, 𝒇 = 𝟑 . So the average kinetic energy is , 7
𝐶𝑃 𝑅 7 2 𝟕
𝟏
[𝑲𝑬]𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒐 = 𝟑 𝑿 𝒌 𝑻 = 𝒌 𝑻
𝟑 𝛾= = 2 = 𝑋 = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝐶𝑉 5 2 5 𝟓
𝑅
2) For di atomic molecule, at low temperature, = 𝟓 . So the average kinetic energy 2
7 7
𝟏 𝟓  Simillarly at high temperature, 𝑈 = 𝑘 𝑇 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑅 𝑇
[𝑲𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒘 ]𝒅𝒊𝒂 = 𝟓 𝑿 𝒌 𝑻 = 𝒌 𝑻 2 2
𝟐 𝟐 𝑑𝑈 𝑑 7 𝟕
For di atomic molecule, at hightemperature, = 𝟕 . So the average kinetic energy ∴ 𝐶𝑉 = = [ 𝑅 𝑇] = 𝑹 − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝟐
𝟏 𝟕 7 𝟗
[𝑲𝑬𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 ] = 𝟕 𝑿 𝒌 𝑻 = 𝒌 𝑻 & 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 𝑹 − − − − − − − (𝟓)
𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝟐 𝟐 2 𝟐
3) For Linear tri atomic molecule, 𝒇 = 𝟕 . So the average kinetic energy is 9
𝟏 𝟕 𝐶𝑃 𝑅 9 2 𝟗
[𝑲𝑬𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 ]𝒕𝒓𝒊 = 𝟕 𝑿 𝒌 𝑻 = 𝒌 𝑻 ∴ 𝛾= = 2 = 𝑋 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖
𝟐 𝟐 𝐶𝑉 7 2 7 𝟕
For Non - Linear tri atomic molecule, = 𝟔 . So the average kinetic energy is 𝑅
2
𝟏 3) Tri atomic molecules :
[𝑲𝑬𝒏𝒐𝒏−𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 ]𝒕𝒓𝒊 = 𝟔 𝑿 𝒌 𝑻 = 𝟑 𝒌 𝑻 7 7
𝟐  For linear tri atomic molecule, 𝑈 = 𝑘 𝑇 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑅𝑇
6. Derive the ratio of two specific heat capacities of mono atomic, di atomic and tri 2 2
atomic molecules.  By definition,
𝑑𝑈 𝑑 7 𝟕
Application of law of equipartition energy in specific heat of a gas : 𝐶𝑉 = = [ 𝑅 𝑇] = 𝑹 − − − − − (𝟒)
 Meyer’s relation 𝑪𝑷 − 𝑪𝑷 = 𝑹 connects the two specific heats for one mole of an 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝟐
ideal gas. 7 𝟗
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 𝑹 − − − − − (𝟓)
 Equipartition law of energy is used to calculate the value of 𝐶𝑃 and 𝐶 𝑉 and the 2 𝟐
𝑪 9
ratio between them 𝜸 = 𝑷 Here γ is called adiabatic exponent. 𝐶𝑃 𝑅 9 2 𝟗
𝑪𝑽
∴ 𝛾= = 2 = 𝑋 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖
1) Mono atomic molecules : 𝐶𝑉 7 2 7 𝟕
𝑅
3 3 2
 Total energy of a mole of gas, 𝑈 = 𝑘 𝑇 × 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑅 𝑇  Simillarly for Non - linear tri atomic molecule is ; 𝑈 = 3 𝑘 𝑇 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 = 3 𝑅 𝑇
2 2
 For one mole, the molar specific heat at constant volume and constant  By definition,
pressure 𝑑𝑈 𝑑
𝑑𝑈 𝑑 3 𝟑 𝐶𝑉 = = [3 𝑅 𝑇] = 𝟑 𝑹 − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝐶𝑉 = = [ 𝑅 𝑇] = 𝑹 − − − − − (𝟏) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝟐 & 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅 = 3 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 𝟒 𝑹 − − − − − − − (𝟓)
3 𝟓
And 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅 = 𝑅+𝑅 = 𝑹 − − − − − (𝟐) 𝐶𝑃 4𝑅 𝟒
2 𝟐 ∴ 𝛾= = = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑
 The ratio of two molar specific heats, 𝐶𝑉 3𝑅 𝟑
5 7. Derive an expression for mean free path of the gas
𝐶𝑃 𝑅 5 2 𝟓
= 2
Mean free path:
𝛾= = × = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝐶𝑉 3 2 3 𝟑  The average distance travelled by the molecule between collisions is called mean
𝑅
2 free path based on kinetic theory.
2) Di atomic molecules : Expression for mean free path :
5 5
 Total energy of a mole of gas 𝑈 = 2 𝑘 𝑇 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 = 2 𝑅 𝑇  Consider a system of molecules each with diameter “d” and assume that only one
 By definition, molecule is in motion.
𝑑𝑈 𝑑 5 𝟓  Number of molecules/volume =n
𝐶𝑉 = = [ 𝑅 𝑇] = 𝑹 − − − − − (𝟒) Average speed of molecule = 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝟐
5 𝟕 Distance travelled in time “t” = 𝑣 𝑡
& 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑅 = 𝑅+𝑅 = 𝑹 − − − − − (𝟓) In this time “t” the molecule to move in imaginary cylinder of volume = 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑣𝑡
2 𝟐
The number of molecules in this imaginary cylinder, = 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑣𝑡𝑛

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 That molecule collides with any molecule and the number of collisions is equal to  This leads to the motion of the particles in a random and zig–zag.
the number of molecules in the volume of the imaginary cylinder.  But when we put our hand in water it causes no random motion because the
 Thus the mean free path (𝜆) is given by mass of our hand is so large that the momentum transferred by the molecular
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 collision is not enough to move our hand.
𝜆=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 Factors affecting Brownian Motion
𝒗𝒕 𝟏 1) Brownian motion increases with increasing temperature.
𝝀 = = − − − − − − − − − − (𝟏)
𝝅 𝒅𝟐 𝒗 𝒕 𝒏 𝝅 𝒅𝟐 𝒏 2) Brownian motion decreases with bigger particle size, high viscosity and density
 We assume that, only one molecule is in motion, but in practice all the molecules of the liquid (or) gas.
are in random motion.
 So the average relative speed of one molecule with respect to other molecules
has to be taken in to account
 Hence the correct expression for mean free path,
𝟏
𝝀 = − − − − − − (𝟐)
𝟐
𝝅 𝒅 𝒏 √𝟐
𝟏
 Thus, ∝ . It implies that, when number density increases, the molecular
𝒏
collisions also increases, so it decreases mean free path.
 The above equation is rewritten as
𝑚
𝜆 = [∵ 𝑚 𝑛 = 𝜌]
2
𝜋 𝑑 𝑚 𝑛 √2
𝒎
𝝀 = − − − − − − − (3)
𝝅 𝒅𝟐 𝝆 √𝟐
𝑁 𝑃
 But, 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑘 𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑃 = 𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑛 𝑘 𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑛 =
𝑉 𝑘𝑇
 Substituting this, we get,
 ,
𝒌𝑻
𝝀 = − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝝅 𝒅𝟐 𝑷 √𝟐
 Thus. Mean free path increases with increasing temperature.
 Mean free path increases with decreasing in pressure and diameter of the
molecule.
8. Describe the Brownian motion.
Brownian motion
 The random (Zig - Zag path) motion of pollen suspended in a liquid is called
Brownian motion.
 In fact we can observe the dust particle in water moving in random directions.
 After a systematic study, Wiener and Gouy proposed that Brownian motion is due
to the bombardment of suspended particles by molecules of the surrounding fluid.
 But during 19th century people did not accept that every matter is made up of
small atoms or molecules.
 In the year 1905, Einstein gave systematic theory of Brownian motion based on
kinetic theory and he deduced the average size of molecules.
 According to kinetic theory, any particle suspended in a liquid or gas is
continuously bombarded from all the directions so that the mean free path is
almost negligible.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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3
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS (b) The average kinetic energy per molecule is = 𝑘 𝑇 . It depends only on absolute
2
temperature of the gas and is independent of the nature of molecules. Since both
1. A football at 27°C has 0.5 mole of air molecules. Calculate the internal energy of
the gas molecules are at the same temperature, they have the same average
air in the ball.
kinetic energy per molecule. k is Boltzmaan constant.
Solution :- 3 3
 The internal energy of ideal gas ̅̅̅̅ = ∈ = 𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑋 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 (27 + 273)
𝐾𝐸
3 3 2 2
𝑈= 𝑁𝑘𝑇= 𝜇𝑅𝑇 [∵ 𝑁 𝑘 = 𝜇 𝑅] 3
̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐸 = ∈ = 𝑋 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 300 = 3 𝑋 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 150
2 2 2
3
𝑈 = 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 8.31 𝑋 (27 + 273) ̅̅̅̅ = ∈ = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝑱
𝑲𝑬
2
3 3
= 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 8.31 𝑋 300 (c) Average kinetic energy of total oxygen molecules ; ∈𝑜𝑥𝑦 = 𝑁𝑜𝑥𝑦 𝑘 𝑇
2
2 where 𝑁𝑜𝑥𝑦 - number of oxygen molecules in the room
= 1.5 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 8.31 𝑋 300
3
U = 1870 J Average kinetic energy of total hydrogen molecules ; ∈ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝑁ℎ𝑦𝑑 𝑘 𝑇
2
 This is approximately equivalent to the kinetic energy of a man of 57 kg running where 𝑁ℎ𝑦𝑑 - number of hydrogen molecules in the room.
with a speed of 8 m s-1. It is given that the number of oxygen molecules is 3 times more than number of
2. A room contains oxygen and hydrogen molecules in the ratio 3:1. The hydrogen molecules in the room (i.e.) 𝑁𝑜𝑥𝑦 ∶ 𝑁ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 3 ∶ 1
temperature of the room is 27°C. The molar mass of 02 is 32 g mol-1 and of H2 is So the ratio of average kinetic energy of oxygen molecules with average kinetic
2 g mol-1. The value of gas constant R is 8.32 J mol-1 K-1 energy of hydrogen molecules is
Calculate (a) rms speed of oxygen and hydrogen molecule (b) Average kinetic 3
energy per oxygen molecule and per hydrogen molecule (c) Ratio of average ∈𝑜𝑥𝑦 𝑁𝑜𝑥𝑦 𝑘 𝑇 𝑁𝑜𝑥𝑦 3
= 2 = =
kinetic energy of oxygen molecules and hydrogen molecules ∈ℎ𝑦𝑑 3 𝑁𝑜𝑥𝑦 1
𝑁 𝑘𝑇
Solution :- 2 𝑜𝑥𝑦
(a) rms speed of oxygen (𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 ), ∈𝒐𝒙𝒚 ∶ ∈𝒉𝒚𝒅 = 𝟑 ∶ 𝟏
3. Ten particles are moving at the speed of 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7 and 9 m s -1.
3𝑅𝑇 3 𝑋 8.32 𝑋 (27 + 273)
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √ Calculate average speed , rms speed, and most probable speed.
𝑀 32 𝑋 10−3 Solution :-
1) Average speed, ,
3 𝑋 8.32 𝑋 300 7488 𝑋 103 2 +3+4+5+5+5+6+6+7+9 52
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √
32 𝑋 10−3 32 𝑣̅ = = = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
10 10
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟕 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 ≅ 𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 2) RMS speed,
rms speed of hydrogen (𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 ), 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 52 + 52 + 62 + 62 + 72 + 92
̅̅̅
𝑣2 =
10
3𝑅𝑇 3 𝑋 8.32 𝑋 (27 + 273) 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 36 + 36 + 49 + 81 306
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √ ̅̅̅
2
𝑣 = = = 30.6
𝑀 2 𝑋 10−3 10 10
Thus root mean square speed (rms speed)
3 𝑋 8.32 𝑋 300 7488 𝑋 103
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √ = √3744 𝑋 103 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √̅̅̅𝑣 2 = √30.6
2 𝑋 10−3 2 𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
 Note that the rms speed is inversely proportional to M and the molar mass of 3) The Most probable speed is 5 m s-1 because three of the particles have that speed.
oxygen is 16 times higher than molar mass of hydrogen. It implies that the rms Hence, 𝒗𝑴𝑷 = 𝟓 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
speed of hydrogen is 4 times greater than rms speed of oxygen at the same
1934
temperature. [
484
= 4]

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4. Calculate the rms speed, average speed and the most probable speed of 1 mole  The specific heat of the mixture at constant pressure
of hydrogen molecules at 300 K. Neglect the mass of electron 5 7 𝑅
𝐶𝑃 = 𝜇1 𝑅 + 𝜇2 𝑅 = (5 𝜇1 + 7 𝜇2 )
Solution :- 2 2 2
 The hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. The mass of electron is  The specific heat of the mixture at constant volume
negligible compared to the mass of proton. Mass of a proton = 1.67 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔 3 5 𝑅
𝐶𝑉 = 𝜇1 𝑅 + 𝜇2 𝑅 = (3 𝜇1 + 5 𝜇2 )
 One hydrogen molecule = 2 hydrogen atoms. Hence, 2 2 2
𝑚 = 2 𝑋 1.67 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔 = 3.34 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔  The adiabatic exponent γ for mixture
1) Average speed: (k  Boltzmaan constant) 𝑪𝑷 𝟓 𝝁𝟏 + 𝟕 𝝁𝟐
𝜸= =
𝑪𝑽 𝟑 𝝁𝟏 + 𝟓 𝝁𝟐
8𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
̅𝑣 = √ = 1.6 √ 6. An oxygen molecule is travelling in air at 300 K and 1 atm, and the diameter of
𝜋𝑚 𝑚 oxygen molecule is 1.2 × 10−10m. Calculate the mean free path of oxygen
molecule.
1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 300
̅𝑣 = 1.6 √ Solution :-
3.34 𝑋 10−27  Ideal gas equation,,
𝑁 𝑃 𝑃
414 𝑋 104 414 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑘 𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑛 =
̅𝒗 = 1.6 √ = 1.6 𝑋 102 √ = 1.6 𝑋 102 𝑋 1.113 𝑋 101 𝑉 𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
3.34 3.34  Number density ‘n’
̅𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑃 1.013 𝑋 105 1.013 𝑋 1028
𝑛 = = =
2) RMS speed : 𝑘𝑇 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 300 414
𝑛 = 2.447 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1028
3𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇 𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆/𝒎𝟑
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = 1.732𝑋 102 √ = 1.732 𝑋102 𝑋 1.113 𝑋 101
𝑚 𝑚  Hence mean free path,
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 1
𝜆 =
3) Most probable speed : 2
𝜋 𝑑 𝑛 √2
1
2𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇 𝜆 =
𝑣𝑀𝑃 = √ = 1.414𝑋 102 √ = 1.414 𝑋102 𝑋 1.113 𝑋 101 3.14 𝑋 (1.2 𝑋 10 ) 𝑋 2.447 𝑋 1025 𝑋 1.414
−10 2
𝑚 𝑚 1
𝜆 =
𝒗𝑴𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 3.14 𝑋 1.2 𝑋 1.2 𝑋 2.447 𝑋 1.414 𝑋105
𝜆 = 6.392 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 10−5
Note : Here, 𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 > ̅𝒗 > 𝒗𝑴𝑷 𝝀 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎
5. Find the adiabatic exponent γ for mixture of μ1 moles of monoatomic gas and
μ2 moles of a diatomic gas at normal temperature (27°C)
Solution :-
 Specific heat of one mole of mono atomic gas,
5 3
𝐶𝑃 = 𝑅 & 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅
2 2
Then for 𝜇1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
5 3
𝐶𝑃 = 𝜇1 𝑅 & 𝐶𝑉 = 𝜇1 𝑅
2 2
 Specific heat of one mole of di atomic gas,
7 5
𝐶𝑃 = 𝑅 & 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅
2 2
Then for 𝜇2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
7 5
𝐶𝑃 = 𝜇2 𝑅 & 𝐶𝑉 = 𝜇2 𝑅
2 2
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3. Calculate the temperature at which the rms velocity of a gas triples its value at
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS S.T.P. (standard temperature T1 = 273 K)
1. A fresh air is composed of nitrogen N2(78%) and oxygen O2(21%). Find the rms Solution :-
speed of N2 and O2 at 20°C.  At standard temperature and pressure (STP) ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 = 𝑣 & 𝑇1 = 273 𝐾
Solution :- NA - Avagadro number and 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1  At new temperature and pressure ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 = 3 𝑣 & 𝑇2 =?
1) Nitrogen molecule (N2) :  By definition,
 Atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14, Then One Nitrogen molecule = 2 × 14 = 28
3 𝑅 𝑇1
 Thus 28 g nitrogen gas contains NA number of nitrogen molecules 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 = √ − − − − − − (1)
 Hence, Molecular mass of one mole of nitrogen molecule , 𝑀
M = 28 g/mol = 0.028 kg/mol 3 𝑅 𝑇2
 RMS speed of nitrogen molecule, (𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 = √ − − − − − − (2)
𝑀
3𝑅𝑇 3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 (20 + 273)  Divide equation (2) by (1)
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √
𝑀 0.028
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 √3 𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑀
3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 293 = = √
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = 510.9 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝑇1
0.028 √3 𝑅 𝑇1
𝑀
2) Oxyzen molecule (O2) : 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 2 𝑇2
 Atomic mass of Oxygen = 16. Then One Oxygen molecule = 2 × 16 = 32 [ ] =
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝑇1
 Thus 32 g Oxygen contains NA number of oxygen molecules 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 2 3𝑣 2
 Hence, Molecular mass of one mole of oxygen molecule ∴ 𝑇 2 = 𝑇1 [ ] = 273 𝑋 [ ] = 273 𝑋 9
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝑣
M = 32 g/mol = 0.032kg/mol
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟕 𝑲
 RMS speed of oxygen molecule, (𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 )
4. A gas is at temperature 80°C and pressure 5 × 10−10N m−2. What is the number of
3𝑅𝑇 3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 (20 + 273) molecules per m3 if Boltzmann’s constant is 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = √ Solution :-
𝑀 0.032
 From ideal gas equation, 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑘 𝑇 . Hence
3 𝑋 8.314 𝑋 293 𝑃𝑉 5 𝑋 10−10 𝑋 1 5 𝑋 1013
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = 477.9 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑛= = −23
=
0.032 𝑘𝑇 1.38𝑋 10 𝑋 (80 + 273) 1.38 𝑋 353
−2 13
2. If the rms speed of methane gas in the Jupiter’s atmosphere is 471.8 m s -1, show 𝑛 = 1.026 𝑋 10 𝑋 10
that the surface temperature of Jupiter is sub-zero. 𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏
Solution :-
 Molecular formula for methane is 𝐶𝐻4
 Its molecular mass = (1 × 12) + (4 × 1) = 12 + 4 = 16 5. If 1020 oxygen molecules per second strike 4 cm 2 of wall at an angle of 30° with
 Molecular mass of 1 mole of methane gas : 𝑀 = 16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.016 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 the normal when moving at a speed of 2 × 103 m s-1, find the pressure exerted on
 RMS speed of methane molecule ; 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 471.8 𝑚 𝑠 −1 the wall. (mass of one oxygen atom = 2.67 × 10−26 kg)
Solution :-
2
3𝑅𝑇 3𝑅𝑇 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑀  Mass of one oxygen atom = 2.67 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔
∴ 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 =
𝑀 𝑀 3𝑅  Mass of one oxygen molecule (O2) ; 𝑚 = 2 × 2.67 × 10−26 = 5.34 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔
(471.8)2 𝑋 0.016 471.8 𝑋 471.8 𝑋 0.016  Horizontal component of velocity = 𝑣 cos 30°
∴ 𝑇= =  Initial momentum of colliding molecule = 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30°
3 𝑋 8.314 24. 942
𝑇 = 142.8 𝐾 ≈ 143 𝐾  Final momentum of rebounding molecule = −𝑚𝑣 cos 30°
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑 = −𝟏𝟑𝟎℃  Change in momentum due to collision = 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30° − (− 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30°)
 Thus surface temperature of Jupiter planet is less than 𝟎℃ = 2 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30°

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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 The rate of change of momentum (i.e.) force exerted in ′n′ collisions,  The mean free path,
𝐹 = 2 𝑛 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30° 1
𝜆 =
 Pressure exerted on the wall due to this force , 𝜋 𝑑2 𝑛 √2
𝐹 2 𝑛 𝑚 𝑣 cos 30° 1
𝑃= = 𝜆 =
𝐴 𝐴 3.14 𝑋 (3 𝑋 10 −10 )2 𝑋 2.688 𝑋 1025 𝑋 1.414
√3 1
2 𝑋 1020 𝑋 5.34 × 10−26 𝑋 2 𝑋 103 𝑋
𝑃= 2 = 5.34 × 1.732 × 10 𝜆 =
3.14 𝑋 9 𝑋 2.688 𝑋 1.414 𝑋105
4 𝑋 10 −4 2 𝜆 = 9.313 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10−5
𝑃 = 5.34 × 1.732 × 5 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 𝑵 𝒎−𝟐 𝝀 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒎
6. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a mixture of monatomic and 8. A gas made of a mixture of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles of argon at
diatomic gases is found to be proportional to the cube of the temperature. Find temperature T. Calculate the energy of the gas in terms of RT. Neglect the
𝑪
the value of 𝜸 = 𝑷 vibrational modes.
𝑪𝑽
Solution :- Solution :-
 Equation for adiabatic process in terms of T and P is,  Oxygen (𝑂2 ) is a di atomic molecule. Its number of degrees of freedom 𝑓 = 5
𝑃 1−𝛾 𝛾
𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡  Argon (𝐴𝑟) is a mono atomic molecule. Its number of degrees of freedom 𝑓 = 3
𝛾  For mono atomic molecule, total energy of  mole of gas,
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃 𝑇 1−𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − − − − − − (1) 3 3
 For mono atomic and diatomic gasses, 𝑈1 = 1 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 𝑘 𝑇 = 1 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇
2 2
𝑃 ∝ 𝑇3  For di atomic molecule, total energy of  mole of gas,
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃 𝑇 −3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − − − − − − (2) 5 5
 Compare the powers on both sides in equations (1) and (2) 𝑈2 = 2 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 𝑘 𝑇 = 2 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇
2 2
𝛾  Hence total energy of gas mixture ,
= −3
1−𝛾 𝑈 = 𝑈1 + 𝑈2
𝛾 =−3+3𝛾 3 5
3𝛾− 𝛾 = 3 𝑈 = 1 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇 + 2 𝑋 𝑅 𝑇
2 2
2𝛾 =3 3 5
𝟑 𝑈= 4 𝑋 𝑅𝑇+ 2 𝑋 𝑅𝑇
𝜸= 2 2
𝟐 𝑈 = 6 𝑅 𝑇 + 5𝑅 𝑇
7. Calculate the mean free path of air molecules at STP. The diameter of N2 and O2 is
𝑼 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑹 𝑻
about 3 × 10−10 m
Solution :-
 At STP 𝑃 = 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑁𝑚−2 & 𝑇 = 273 𝐾 9. Estimate the total number of air molecules in a room of capacity 25 m 3 at a
temperature of 27°C.
 By Ideal gas equation,
𝑁 𝑃 𝑃 Solution :-
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑘 𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑛 =  From ideal gas equation, 𝑃𝑉 =𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑉 𝑘𝑇 𝑘𝑇
 The number density, 𝑃 𝑉 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑋 25
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 = =
𝑃 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑘𝑇 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 (27 + 273)
𝑛 = = 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑋 25
𝑘𝑇 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 273 𝑁 =
1.013 𝑋 1028 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 300
𝑛 = 1.013 𝑋 25 𝑋 1028
1.38 𝑋 273 𝑁 =
𝑛 = 2.688 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1028 414
𝟐𝟓 𝟑 𝑁 = 6.116 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1028
𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔/𝒎
𝑵 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE
9. If the temperature and pressure of a gas is doubled the mean free path of the gas
NAME : EXAM NO molecules
(a) remains same (b) doubled
UNIT – 9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES (c) tripled (d) quadrapoled
10. Which of the following shows the correct relationship between the pressure and
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks density of an ideal gas at constant temperature?
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15
Note : (i) Answer all the questions
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and
corresponding answer
1. A particle of mass m is moving with speed u in a direction (a) (b) (c) (d)
which makes 60° with respect to x axis. It undergoes elastic 11. A sample of gas consists of μ1 moles of monoatomic molecules, μ2 moles of diatomic
collision with the wall. What is the change in momentum in x molecules and μ3 moles of linear triatomic molecules. The gas is kept at high
and y direction? temperature. What is the total number of degrees of freedom?
(a) Δpx = −mu, Δpy = 0 (a) [3μ1 + 7(μ2 + μ3)] NA (b) [3μ1 + 7 μ2 + 6μ3] NA
(b) Δpx = −2mu, Δpy = 0 (c) [7μ1 + 3( μ2 + μ3)] NA (d) [3μ1 + 6( μ2 + μ3)] NA
(c) Δpx = 0, Δpy = mu 12. If sP and sV denote the specific heats of nitrogen gas per unit mass at constant pressure
(d) Δpx = mu, Δpy = 0 and constant volume respectively, then
2. A sample of ideal gas is at equilibrium. Which of the following (a) sP - sV = 28R (b) sP - sV = R/28
quantity is zero? (c) sP - sV = R/14 (d) sP - sV = R
(a) rms speed (b) average speed 13. Which of the following gases will have least rms speed at a given temperature?
(c) average velocity (d) most probable speed (a) Hydrogen (b) Nitrogen
3. An ideal gas is maintained at constant pressure. If the temperature of an ideal gas (c) Oxygen (d) Carbon dioxide
increases from 100K to 10000K then the rms speed of the gas molecules 14. For a given gas molecule at a fixed temperature, the area under the
(a) increases by 5 times (b) increases by 10 times Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve is equal to
(c) remains same (d) increases by 7 times 𝑃𝑉 𝑘𝑇 𝑃
4. Two identically sized rooms A and B are connected by an open door. If the room A is (a) (b) (c) (d) 𝑃
𝑘𝑇 𝑃𝑉 𝑁𝑘𝑇
air conditioned such that its temperature is 4°C lesser than room B, which room has 15. The following graph represents the pressure versus number
more air in it? density for ideal gas at two different temperatures T1 and T2.
(a) Room A (b) Room B The graph implies
(c) Both room has same air (d) Cannot be determined (a) T1 = T2
5. The average translational kinetic energy of gas molecules depends on (b) T1 > T2
(a) number of moles and T (b) only on T (c) T1 < T2
(c) P and T (d) P only (d) Cannot be determined
6. If the internal energy of an ideal gas U and volume V are doubled then the pressure
(a) doubles (b) remains same PART - II 6 X 2 = 12
(c) halves (d) quadruples
𝑪 Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
7. The ratio 𝜸 = 𝑷 for a gas mixture consisting of 8 g of helium and 16 g of oxygen is (ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory
𝑪𝑽
(a) 23/15 (b) 15/23 (c) 27/17 (d) 17/27 16. Deduce Charles’ law based on kinetic theory.
8. A container has one mole of monoatomic ideal gas. Each molecule has f degrees of 17. Define root mean square speed.
𝑪
freedom. What is the ratio of = 𝑷 ? 18. Why the Moon has no atmosphere?
𝑪𝑽
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓+2 19. What is degree of freedom? Give examples
(a) 𝑓 (b) (c) (d) 20. State law of equipartition of energy.
2 𝑓+2 𝑓
21. Why odor from an open perfume bottle takes some time to reach us even if we are
closer to the room?
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT –9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES COMPLETE GUIDE
22. Why the smell of hot sizzling food reaches several meter away than smell of cold food?
23. Estimate the total number of air molecules in a room of capacity 25 m 3 at a
temperature of 27°C.
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
24. Obtain the internal energy of the gas.
25. Obtain the relation between pressure and mean kinetic energy.
26. Deduce Avogadro’s law based on kinetic theory.
27. Compare rms speed, average speed and most probable speed of a gas molecule. மனதில் உறுதி வேண்டும்
28.
29.
Give the degrees of freedom for di- atomic molecule.
Deduce the average kinetic energy for mono, di and triatomic molecule
ோக்கினிவே இனிமம வேண்டும்
30. Find the adiabatic exponent γ for mixture of μ1 moles of monoatomic gas and μ2 நிமனவு நல்ேது வேண்டும்
moles of a diatomic gas at normal temperature (27°C) நநருங்கின நபாருள் மைப்பட வேண்டும்
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15 ைனவு நமய்ப்பட வேண்டும்
Note : (i) Answer all the questions மைேசமாேது விமைவில் வேண்டும்
தனமும் இன்பமும் வேண்டும்
31. Write down the postulates of kinetic theory of gases.
(OR)
Derive the expression of pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of the container. தைணியிவே நபருமம வேண்டும்
32. Explain in detail the kinetic interpretation of temperature.
(OR)
ைண்திறந்திட வேண்டும்
Describe Brownian motion. ைாரியத்திலுறுதி வேண்டும்
33. Derive the ratio of two specific heat capacities of mono atomic, di atomic and tri நபண் விடுதமே வேண்டும்
atomic molecules.
(OR)
நபரிய ைடவுள் ைாக்ை வேண்டும்
Derive an expression for mean free path of the gas மண்பயனுற வேண்டும்
ோனமிங்கு நதன்படவேண்டும்
உண்மம நின்றிட வேண்டும்
ஓம்! ஓம்!! ஓம்!!!
- மைாைவி சுப்பிைமண்ய பாைதியார்

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502