B.

To explain how digital scanners work

Craft and Structure - Text Structure and
Purpose level 2. C. To call attention to von Ahnʼs book-digitizing
project
1. Historians Tiya Miles and Roy E. Finkenbine
D. To indicate how popular reCAPTCHA is
have both documented the assistance Indigenous
peoples gave to Black freedom seekers leaving the
South before the US Civil War. Much of the 3. Composer Florence Price won first place for her
historical evidence of this help comes from score Symphony in E Minor at the 1932
Indigenous oral traditions and from Wanamaker Foundation Awards. The piece was
autobiographies written by the freedom seekers. performed the following year by the Chicago
One such narrative is Jermain Loguenʼs Symphony Orchestra, a significant recognition of
autobiography, which tells about how Neshnabé its quality. Price continued to compose many
(Potawatomi) villagers offered him food, lodging, musical pieces throughout her career, blending
and directions during his 1835 journey from traditional Black spirituals with classical European
Tennessee to Canada.
Romantic musical traditions. In recent years,
Priceʼs concertos and symphonies have been
Which choice best describes the function of the
performed and recorded by several major
underlined sentence?
orchestras, further preserving her work for others to
A. It provides an example of an autobiography that enjoy.
describes help given by an Indigenous people to a Which choice best states the main purpose of the
Black freedom seeker. text?

B. It shows why Loguen decided to write in great A. To provide examples of Priceʼs importance as a
detail about his experiences traveling from composer
Tennessee to Canada in his autobiography. B. To argue that more major orchestras should
perform Priceʼs compositions
C. It argues that autobiographies are particularly
important sources of information about geography C. To describe the musical styles that inspired
in the United States before the Civil War. many of Priceʼs symphonies
D. To compare Priceʼs scores with those of
D. It suggests that most historians believe that
classical European composers
Neshnabé villagers were more successful in
assisting freedom seekers than other people were.
4. Some bird species donʼt raise their own chicks.
2. In 2007, computer scientist Luis von Ahn was Instead, adult females lay their eggs in other nests,
working on converting printed books into a digital next to another bird speciesʼ own eggs. Female
format. He found that some words were distorted cuckoos have been seen quickly laying eggs in the
enough that digital scanners couldnʼt recognize nests of other bird species when those birds are out
them, but most humans could easily read them. looking for food. After the eggs hatch, the
Based on that finding, von Ahn invented a simple noncuckoo parents will typically raise the cuckoo
security test to keep automated “bots” out of chicks as if they were their own offspring, even if
websites. The first version of the reCAPTCHA test the cuckoos look very different from the other
asked users to type one known word and one of the chicks.
many words scanners couldnʼt recognize. Correct Which choice best describes the function of the
answers proved the users were humans and added underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
data to the book-digitizing project.
A. It introduces a physical feature of female
Which choice best states the main purpose of the cuckoos that is described later in the text.
text?
B. It describes the appearance of the cuckoo nests
A. To discuss von Ahnʼs invention of reCAPTCHA mentioned earlier in the text.
C. It offers a detail about how female cuckoos carry 7. The following text is from Georgia Douglas
out the behavior discussed in the text. Johnsonʼs 1922 poem “Benediction.”
D. It explains how other birds react to the female Go forth, my son,
cuckoo behavior discussed in the text. Winged by my heartʼs desire!
Great reaches, yet unknown,
5. The following text is adapted from Louisa May
Alcottʼs 1869 novel An Old-Fashioned Girl. Polly, Await
a teenager, is visiting her friend Fanny. For your possession.
Fannyʼs friends did not interest Polly much; she I may not, if I would,
was rather afraid of them [because] they seemed so
Retrace the way with you,
much older and wiser than herself, even those
younger in years. They talked about things of My pilgrimage is through,
which she knew nothing and when Fanny tried to But life is calling you!
explain, she didnʼt find them interesting; indeed,
some of them rather shocked and puzzled her. Which choice best states the main purpose of the
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
text? A. To express hope that a child will have the same
A. To portray Pollyʼs reaction to Fannyʼs friends accomplishments as his parent did

B. To identify the topics Polly talks about with B. To suggest that raising a child involves many
Fannyʼs friends struggles

C. To explain how Fanny met some of her friends C. To warn a child that he will face many
challenges throughout his life
D. To illustrate how Fannyʼs friends feel about
Polly D. To encourage a child to embrace the experiences
life will offer

6. San Francisco is known for the colorful murals

painted on many of its buildings. The densest 8. In most building demolitions, the building
collection of murals is found on Balmy Alley in the materials are destroyed and sent to landfills. City
Mission District neighborhood. In the 1970s, Latina officials in Portland, Oregon, wanted to reduce this
artists painted vivid scenes of community life on waste. The officials passed a law requiring
walls along this block. As the original murals have demolition companies to deconstruct some
faded, later generations of artists have painted new buildings instead. Deconstruction involves
ones over them. As a result, Balmy Alley has carefully taking buildings apart piece by piece.
become a living showcase of San Franciscoʼs Damage to the materials is avoided so that they can
artistic spirit, with its murals reflecting changes in be reused in new constructions. A 2019 study
the cultural life of the city. found that 27 percent of materials from
Which choice best states the main purpose of the deconstructions in Portland were able to be reused.
text? The remaining materials were processed for
recycling instead of going to a landfill.
A. To compare the Balmy Alley murals to other
murals in San Francisco Which choice best states the main purpose of the
text?
B. To offer an overview of the history and
importance of the Balmy Alley murals A. To explain an effort made by the city of
Portland to reduce demolition waste and some
C. To urge people to protect the murals of San results of that effort
Francisco from decay
B. To show that popular support for measures that
D. To describe the rise of mural painting in San reduce demolition waste has increased since 2019
Francisco beginning in the 1970s
C. To argue that building deconstruction is not as A. To compare the narratorʼs reaction to a new
effective as other measures at reducing demolition home with his wifeʼs reaction
waste B. To give an example of Juliusʼs knowledge about
D. To discuss laws aimed to reduce demolition soil
waste in Portland and compare them to similar laws C. To show that the narrator and Julius often hunt
in other cities and fish together
D. To explain different ways in which Julius was
9. The following text is from Holly Goldberg helpful
Sloanʼs 2017 novel Short.
More than two years ago my parents bought a 11. Jackie Ormesʼs Torchy Brown in Dixie to
piano from some people who were moving to Utah. Harlem (1937–38) was the first comic strip by a
Mom and Dad gave it to my brothers and me for Black woman to appear in a widely read
Christmas. I had to act really happy because it was newspaper. The strip tells the story of Torchy, a
such a big present, but I pretty much hated the young woman who leaves Mississippi to become a
thing from the second it was carried into the performer in New York City. Torchyʼs story
hallway upstairs, which is right next to my reflects the experience of the Great Migration
bedroom. The piano glared at me. It was like a (1910–1970), when millions of Black Americans
songbird in a cage. It wanted to be set free. left the South in search of opportunities in other
parts of the United States. Torchy Brown thus
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
shows how Ormes used comics to comment
text?
humorously on issues affecting Black Americans,
A. It explains why the narrator always wanted a which she continued to do throughout her career.
piano close to her bedroom.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
B. It establishes how the narrator feels about the text?
piano.
A. To show how Ormesʼs Torchy Brown inspired
C. It suggests that the narratorʼs brothers are other Black women to write comic strips in the
talented piano players. 1930s
D. It describes the event that led the narratorʼs B. To illustrate how the subjects Ormes addressed
parents to buy a piano. in her comic strips changed over the course of her
career
10. The following text is adapted from Charles C. To give an example of how Ormes presented the
Chesnuttʼs 1899 short story “Mars Jeemsʼs experiences of Black Americans in her comic strips
Nightmare.” The narrator and his wife have
recently moved to the southern United States, and D. To claim that several characters in Torchy Brown
were based on people that Ormes knew personally
Julius is their carriage driver.
Julius [was] very useful when we moved to our
12. Streams and rivers carry soil and rocks from
new residence. He had a thorough knowledge of
one location to another. But there is another way
the neighborhood, was familiar with the roads and
for these geological materials to move. Scientists
the watercourses, knew the qualities of the various
call this process “aeolian transport.” In aeolian
soils and what they would produce, and where the
transport, winds move small particles of soil or
best hunting and fishing were to be had. He was a
rock over potentially great distances. Geologist
marvelous hand in the management of horses and
Melisa Diaz and her team studied dust in Antarctica
dogs.
to find out if it was moved by aeolian transport.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the They discovered that the dust matched geological
text? material in Australia. Aeolian transport had carried
it from one continent to another, across thousands
of miles of open ocean.
Which choice best describes the function of the Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole? underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
A. It presents Melisa Diazʼs remarks about A. It emphasizes Ac Ko Mok Kiʼs desire to
difficulties that her team encountered. represent other tribes on the map.
B. It introduces a scientific term that is used in the B. It explains how Ac Ko Mok Ki developed an
discussion that follows. interest in mapmaking.
C. It emphasizes the surprising nature of the C. It identifies some reasons why the map is
findings that are presented. impressive.
D. It explains the difference between two kinds of D. It details how the map was used for hunting and
geological material. trading purposes.

13. Hiroshi Senju is known worldwide for his 15. Genetic studies have led researchers to suggest
paintings of waterfalls. These paintings are large that turtles are most closely related to the group
and tend not to show the entire waterfall. Instead, that includes modern crocodiles. But studies of
Senju focuses on just the point where the falling fossils have suggested instead that turtles are most
water reaches the pool below, keeping the top of closely related to other groups, such as the one that
the waterfall out of view. While Senjuʼs paintings contains modern snakes. However, many of the
are rooted in art movements originating in the fossil studies have relied on incomplete data sets.
United States, the artist uses traditional Japanese For a 2022 investigation, biologist Tiago R. Simões
techniques and materials that make his work and colleagues examined more than 1,000 reptile
instantly recognizable. fossils collected worldwide. From this large data
set, they found clear agreement with the results of
Which choice best describes the overall structure of
the genetic studies.
the text?
Which choice best describes the function of the
A. It introduces an artist and then explains some
underlined sentence?
common characteristics of well-known paintings by
that artist. A. It offers an overview of the tools scientists use
to examine fossils.
B. It explains a specific painting technique and then
provides examples of artists who use the technique. B. It describes a limitation of some studies about
the origin of turtles.
C. It describes a famous painting and then
compares it to a lesser-known painting from the C. It summarizes previous research on the
same time period. evolution of crocodiles.
D. It gives an opinion on an artist and then suggests D. It criticizes a widely held belief about genetic
multiple reasons why the artistʼs work has been studies of reptiles.
largely overlooked.

14. In 1801, a Blackfoot chief named Ac Ko Mok

Ki drew a finely detailed map of the Upper
Missouri region. This work demonstrates a vast
amount of topographic knowledge, as the map
features specific names of mountains and rivers, as
well as the first-known sketch of the drainage
network of the Missouri River. The map is
specially notable because Ac Ko Mok Ki also
included details about the numerous tribes that
lived in the area.