Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

Lecture Notes
Of
Partial Derivatives and Its Applications

Program (UG): B. TECH

Name of Department: Mathematics and

Humanities

Academic Year: 2023-2024

Semester: 1st

Subject Code: 10000101

Subject Name: Engineering Mathematics I

Name of the Institute: Gandhinagar Institute of

Technology

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Limit:
The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is called a real-valued function of two or more variables if
there are two or more independent variables.
e.g., The area of a rectangle with sides of lengths 𝑥 and 𝑦 is given by 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦. Here, 𝐴
(area) depends on 𝑥 and 𝑦. So, 𝐴 is dependent variable and 𝑥 and 𝑦 are independent
variable.
Definition:
If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a function of two variables, 𝑥, 𝑦 then lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙. In general,
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏)
for any chosen number 𝜖 > 0 however small, there exists a number 𝛿 > 0 such that
|𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑙| < 𝜖 for all values of (𝑥, 𝑦) for which |𝑥 − 𝑦| < 𝛿 and |𝑦 − 𝑏| < 𝛿
Working Rules to find the limit
Let lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a limit function. Consider the following cases:
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏)
Case 1: If 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0 i.e. (𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ (0,0) then
Step 1: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 𝑏 and 𝑥 → 𝑎
Step 2: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑥 → 𝑎 and 𝑦 → 𝑏
• If the values of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) in Step 1 and Step 2 are same, then the limit exists and
that value is the limit of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) otherwise limit does not exist.
Case 2: If 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0 i.e. (𝑎, 𝑏) = (0,0) then
Step 1: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 0 and then 𝑥 → 0
i.e. lim lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓1 (Say)
𝑦→0 𝑥→0
Step 2: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑥 → 0 and then 𝑦 → 0
i.e. lim lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓2 (Say)
𝑥→0 𝑦→0
• If 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 then Go to step 3.
Step 3: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 𝑚𝑥 and then 𝑥 → 0
i.e. lim lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓3 (Say)
𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥
• If 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 ≠ 𝑓3 then limit of a function does not exist.
• If 𝑓3 is a function of 𝑚 only then limit of a function does not exist.
• If 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 𝑓3 then go to step 4.

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Step 4: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 𝑚𝑥 𝑛 and then 𝑥 → 0

i.e. lim lim 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓4 (Say)
𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥
• If 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 𝑓3 ≠ 𝑓4 then limit of a function does not exist. If 𝑓4 is a function of
𝑚 only then limit does not exist. If 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 𝑓3 = 𝑓4 = 𝑙 (say) then limit of a
function exists.
Thus,
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
𝑥𝑦
Example 1.1: Evaluate lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution:
Here, (𝑎, 𝑏) = (0,0)
Step 1: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 0 and then 𝑥 → 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
lim lim 2 2 = lim (lim 2 2) = lim 0 = 0 = 𝑓1 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑦→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦→0
Step 2: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑥 → 0 and then 𝑦 → 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
lim lim = lim (lim ) = lim 0 = 0 = 𝑓2 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑥→0 𝑦→0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑦→0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0
Here, 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 then Go to step 3.
Step 3: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 𝑚𝑥 and then 𝑥 → 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥2𝑚 𝑚
lim lim = lim ( lim ) = lim 𝑥 2 +𝑚2 𝑥 2 = lim 1+𝑚2 =
𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑚
𝑓 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
1+𝑚2 3
Here, 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 ≠ 𝑓3 then limit of a function does not exist as 𝑓3 is a function of 𝑚 only.
Thus, the limit of a given function does not exist.

𝒙𝟑 −𝒚𝟑
Example 1.2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
(𝒙,𝒚)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
Solution:
Here, (𝑎, 𝑏) = (0,0)
Step 1: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 0 and then 𝑥 → 0
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑦3
lim lim = lim (lim ) = lim (− 𝑦2 ) = lim (−𝑦) = 0 =
𝑦→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦→0 𝑦→0
𝑓1 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
Step 2: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑥 → 0 and then 𝑦 → 0
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥3
lim lim = lim (lim ) = lim (𝑥 2 ) = lim 𝑥 = 0 = 𝑓2 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑥→0 𝑦→0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑦→0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Here, 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 then go to step 3.
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Step 3: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 𝑚𝑥 and then 𝑥 → 0

𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 3 −𝑚3 𝑥 3 𝑥 3 (1−𝑚3 )
lim lim = lim ( lim ) = lim 𝑥 2 +𝑚2 𝑥 2 = lim 𝑥 2(1+𝑚2 ) =
𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
0 = 𝑓3 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
Here, 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 𝑓3 then go to step 4
Step 4: Find the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) along 𝑦 → 𝑚𝑥 2 and then 𝑥 → 0
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 3 −𝑚3 𝑥 6 𝑥 3 (1−𝑚3 𝑥 3 )
lim lim 2 = lim ( lim 2 ) = lim 𝑥 2 +𝑚2 𝑥 4 = lim 𝑥 2(1+𝑚2 𝑥 2) = 0 =
𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑓4 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
Here, 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 𝑓3 = 𝑓4
Hence, the limit of given function exists. Thus,
𝑥3 − 𝑦3
lim =0
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Exercise: Evaluate the following Limits.

1
𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦 4𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦 − 2 (𝑦−1)2
(1) lim (2) lim (3) lim (4) lim 𝑒 𝑥 (5)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) √𝑥−√𝑦 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥+2𝑦 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,1)
3𝑥 2 𝑦
lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,2) 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 +5
Answers: (1) 0 (2) 0 (3) Does not exist (4) 0 (5) 3/5

Continuity:
• A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be continuous at a point (0,0) if
(i) lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) exists and
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏)
(ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)

• Discontinuity: A function which is not continuous is said to be discontinuous.

𝟐𝒙𝒚
; (𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
Example 2.1: Show that 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = {𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 is continuous at
𝟎 ; (𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
every point except at the origin.
Solution:
Step 1:
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2𝑥𝑦
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim (lim ) = lim 0 = 0
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥→0 𝑦→0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥→0
Step 2:
2𝑥𝑦
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim (lim ) = lim 0 = 0
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑦→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦→0
Step 3:
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑚𝑥 2 2𝑚
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim ( lim 2 ) = lim =
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,𝑚𝑥) 𝑥→0 𝑦→𝑚𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 4𝑚2 𝑥 2 1 + 4𝑚2

Here, the limit depends on 𝑚 and 𝑚 is not fixed. So, the limit does not exist.
Hence, the given function is not continuous at origin (0,0).
Let (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎, 𝑏) is an arbitrary point in 𝑋𝑌-plane, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers.

2𝑥𝑦 2𝑎𝑏
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim (lim ) =
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑦→𝑏 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
And
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑎𝑏
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim (lim ) =
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏) 𝑦→𝑏 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Thus, limit of a given function at arbitrary point exists.
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑎𝑏
lim =
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2𝑎𝑏
Also, 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏
Hence,
2𝑥𝑦
lim = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
By definition of continuity, the given function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous at arbitrary point
(𝑎, 𝑏).
Hence, the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous at every point except at the origin.
Exercise: Check the continuity of the following functions:
𝑥
(1) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = at (0,0) Ans. Discontinuous
3𝑥+5𝑦
𝑥2𝑦2
(2) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = at (0,0) Ans. Discontinuous
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4
𝑥𝑦
; (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
(3) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {𝑥 2+𝑦2 at origin Ans. Discontinuous
0 ; (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)

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Partial Derivatives
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a function of two independent variables 𝑥 and 𝑦. The derivative
of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 as a constant is called the partial derivative of 𝑓 with
𝜕𝑓
respect to 𝑥 and is denoted by or 𝑓𝑥 .
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

= lim
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥→0 𝜕𝑥
Similarly, the partial derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦, keeping 𝑥 as a constant is
𝜕𝑓
called the partial derivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦 and is denoted by or 𝑓𝑦 .
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

= lim
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦→0 𝜕𝑦

Geometrical interpretation of partial derivatives:

𝜕𝑓
• The function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) represents a surface. The derivative at some point 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
represents the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
𝜕𝑓
• The derivative represents the slope of the tangent to the curve which is the
𝜕𝑦
intersection of 𝑥 = 𝑎 and the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

Higher Order Partial Derivatives:

• Partial derivatives of higher order of a function 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) are obtained by
partial differentiation of first order partial derivative. Thus, if 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) then

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= ( )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= ( )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= ( )
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= ( )
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
are called second order partial derivatives. Similarly, other higher order
derivatives can also be obtained.

Remarks:
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(1) The derivatives 𝑢𝑥𝑦 or and 𝑢𝑦𝑥 or are known as mixed partial
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
derivatives of second order.
(2) Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be continuous on the interval and the domain 𝐷 contains the
point (𝑎, 𝑏). If the function 𝑓𝑥𝑦
and 𝑓𝑦𝑥 both are continuous on 𝐷 then 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏).

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
Example 3.1: Find and at point (𝟒, −𝟓) where 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝟏.
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Solution:
Here, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 1
Differentiating 𝑓 partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
∴( ) = −7
𝜕𝑥 (4,−5)
Now, differentiating 𝑓 partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑓
= 3𝑥 + 1
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
∴( ) = 13
𝜕𝑦 (4,−5)

𝟏
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
Example 3.2: If 𝒖 = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )−𝟐 then show that 𝒙 −𝒚 = 𝒖 𝟑 𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Solution:
1
Here, 𝑢 = (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2
Differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑢 1 1
= − (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2−1 . (−2𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2

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1 3
= − (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2 . (−2𝑦)
2 3
= 𝑦(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2

Now, differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑦,we get

𝜕𝑢 1 1
= − (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2−1 . (−2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 2
1 3
= − (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2 . (−2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
2
3
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2
So,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2 −
3
2 −
3
𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑥 [𝑦(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) ] − 𝑦 [(𝑥 − 𝑦)(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) 2 ]
2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
3 3
= 𝑥𝑦(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2 − 𝑥𝑦(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2
3
+ 𝑦 2 (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2
3
= 𝑦 2 (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−2
1 3
2 2 )−2
= 𝑦 [(1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ] = 𝑦 2 𝑢3

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Hence, 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑢3 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝒚 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Example 3.3: If 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 then find
𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
Solution:
𝑦
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥
Differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕 𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥 (𝑥 𝑦 ) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦−1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
Now, differentiating partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑦
= ( )= (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦−1 )
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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By product rule of differentiation,

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 log 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 log 𝑥)

𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Example 3.4: If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙𝒚 , show that =
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
Solution:
2
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
Differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑢 2
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
Again differentiating partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 2 2
= ( ) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
2
= 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 2 + 1) ------------------------ (1)
Now, differentiating 𝑢 with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑢 2
= 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
Again differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 2 2
= ( ) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2
= 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (1 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) --------------------------- (2)
From (1) and (2), we get
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
=
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
Example 3.5: If 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛), prove that ( + + ) 𝒖 =
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝟗
− (𝒙+𝒚+𝒛)𝟐
Solution:

Here, 𝑢 = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

Differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑥, we get

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

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𝜕𝑢 1
= 3 3 3
(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧
∴ =
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
Similarly,
𝜕𝑢 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
and
𝜕𝑢 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦
=
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
Now,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑧
+ + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥)
=
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥)
3
=
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
Now,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
( + + ) 𝑢=( + + )( + + )𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
=( + + )( + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3
=( + + )( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

𝜕 3 𝜕 3 𝜕 3
= ( )+ ( )+ ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
3 3 3
=− − −
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2
9
=−
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2
Hence,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 9
( + + ) 𝑢=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

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𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Example 3.6: If 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ), show that 𝒙 =𝒚
𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛𝝏𝒙
Solution:
Here, 𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
Firstly, differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑧, we get
𝜕𝑢 2𝑧
= 2
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑢
Again differentiating partially with respect to 𝑦 , we get
𝜕𝑧
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )(0) − 2𝑧(2𝑦)
= ( )=
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
4𝑦𝑧
=− 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
So,
𝜕2𝑢 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑥 =− 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
Now,
Differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑥,we get
𝜕𝑢 2𝑥
= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝜕𝑢
Again differentiating partially with respect to 𝑧, we get
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )(0) − 2𝑥(2𝑧)
= ( )=
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
4𝑥𝑧
=− 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
So,
𝜕2𝑢 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦 =− 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2

From (1) and (2), we get

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 =𝑦
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

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𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Example 3.7: If 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒂𝒕) + 𝒈(𝒙 − 𝒂𝒕), prove that 𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙
Solution:
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)
Differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑡 , we get
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)(𝑎) + 𝑔′ (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)(−𝑎)
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑎𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) − 𝑎𝑔′(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)
𝜕𝑢
Again differentiating partially with respect to 𝑡, we get
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
2
= ( ) = 𝑎𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)(𝑎) − 𝑎𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)(−𝑎)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
= 𝑎2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑔′′(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡) ------------------------ (1)
Now, differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)(1) + 𝑔′ (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)(1)
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔′ (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)
𝜕𝑢
Again differentiating partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
2
= ( ) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)(1) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔′′(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡)
So,
2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑎 2
= 𝑎2 (𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔′′(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡))
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑎2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡) --------------------------
(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
=𝑎
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Example 3.8: If 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒓) and 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , prove that 𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ =
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛𝟐
𝟐
𝒇′′ (𝒓) + 𝒇′(𝒓)
𝒓
Solution:
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟), 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Firstly, differentiating 𝑟 partially with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 respectively, we get

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

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𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
2𝑟 = 2𝑥 ⇒ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
Similarly, = and =
𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
Now,
Differentiating 𝑢 partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑓(𝑟) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
= = ⋅ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) ⋅ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
𝜕𝑢
Again differentiating partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 ′ (𝑟)
𝑥
= ( ) = (𝑓 ⋅ )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
𝑥 𝜕𝑓′(𝑟) 1 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 1
= + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥 ( )
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟

𝑥 ′′ 𝜕𝑟 1 1 𝜕𝑟
𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥 (− 2 )
=
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝑥 ′′ 𝑥 1 𝑥
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥 3
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕2𝑢
∴ 2
𝜕𝑥
𝑥 2 ′′ ′
1 𝑥2 ′
= 2 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) − 3 𝑓 (𝑟) − − − − − − − − (1)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Similarly, we get
𝜕 2 𝑢 𝑦 2 ′′ ′
1 𝑦2 ′
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) − 3 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑟
− − − − − − − (2)
And
𝜕 2 𝑢 𝑧 2 ′′ ′ (𝑟)
1 𝑧2 ′
= 𝑓 (𝑟) +𝑓 − 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑟3
− − − − − − − (3)

From (1), (2) and (3), we get

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2 2 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) ′ (𝑟)
1 2 2 2)
𝑓′(𝑟)
+ + = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 3𝑓 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟3
2
𝑓′′(𝑟) ′ (𝑟)
1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
=𝑟 + 3𝑓 −𝑟 (∵ 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟3

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

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3𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + −
𝑟 𝑟
′ (𝑟)
2𝑓
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) +
𝑟

Exercises:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕2 𝑧
1. If 𝑧 3 − 3𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑥 = 0 then prove that (i) 𝑧 = (ii) 𝑧 ( +( ) )= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑦, prove that =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
3. If 𝑥 4 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑧 4 = 6 then find and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒛 𝒚𝟐 −𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝝏𝒛 𝟐𝒙𝒚−𝒛𝟐
Ans. = , =
𝝏𝒙 𝟐𝒚𝒛−𝟒𝒛𝟑 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒚𝒛−𝟒𝒛𝟑
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
4. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) then prove that + + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Total Derivative
• If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) , where 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑡) and 𝑦 = Ψ(t) then we can express 𝑢 as
function of 𝑡 alone by substituting the value of 𝑥 in 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). The ordinary
𝑑𝑢
differential coefficient is the ordinary derivative of 𝑢 with respect to 𝑡. This
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
is called the total differential coefficient of 𝑢 or the total derivative of 𝑢.
𝑑𝑡
• If 𝑢 is a composite function of 𝑡, given by the relation 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑡)
and 𝑦 = Ψ(𝑡), where 𝑢 possesses continuous partial derivatives with respect to
𝑥 and 𝑦 and 𝑥, 𝑦 possess derivatives with respect to 𝑡 then the total differential
coefficient
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
The total derivative of 𝑢 with respect to 𝑡 is and it is defined as
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
This equation can be written in terms of differential as
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
This 𝑑𝑢 is called total differential of 𝑢.

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

𝒅𝒖
Example 4.1: If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 then find
𝒅𝒕
Solution:
Here, 𝑢 is a composite function of 𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑎𝑡 + 2𝑦 ⋅ 2𝑎
= 4𝑎𝑡𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦
= 4𝑎2 𝑡 3 + 8𝑎2 𝑡 (∵ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡)
= 4𝑎2 𝑡(𝑡 2 + 2)

𝒚 𝒅𝒖
Example 4.2: If 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕 then find .
𝒙 𝒅𝒕
Solution:
𝑦
Here, 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ) , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

1 𝑦 1 1
= 2 ⋅ (− ) ⋅ (𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ) + ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥
1+ 1+ 2
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
=− 2 ⋅𝑦+ 2 ⋅𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝑥2 − 𝑦2
= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2
(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 − (𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2
= 𝑡
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2
4
= − 2𝑡
2𝑒 + 2𝑒 −2𝑡
2
= − 2𝑡
𝑒 + 𝑒 −2𝑡

Composite function and Chain rule:

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

• Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑢 = 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣 = Ψ(𝑥, 𝑦). Here, 𝑧 is a function of 𝑢, 𝑣 and
𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦, so these relations define 𝑧 as a function of 𝑥, 𝑦.
Thus, 𝑧 is called as a composite function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
• Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) possess continuous first order partial derivatives and let 𝑢 =
𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣 = Ψ(𝑥, 𝑦) possess continuous first order partial derivative then
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
And
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦

𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Example 4.3: If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗), 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝒗 = , show that 𝒙 −𝒚 =
𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒛
(𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 )
𝝏𝒗
Solution:
𝑦
Here, 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) , 𝑣 =
𝑥
So,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 𝑦
= ⋅( 2 ⋅ 2𝑥) + ⋅ (− )
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 𝑥2
2𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2 ⋅ − ⋅
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = ⋅ − ⋅
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑣
And
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 1
= ⋅( 2 ⋅ 2𝑦) + ⋅( )
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 𝑥
2𝑦 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
= 2 ⋅ + ⋅
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 = 2 ⋅ +
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
So,

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

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𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 −𝑦 = ⋅ + − ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧
= +
𝜕𝑣 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑣
𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
= (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) = (𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 )
𝒙 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
Example 4.4: If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗) and 𝒖 = 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 , 𝒗 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 +
𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, show that
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝒖 +𝒗
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
Solution:
Here, 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑢 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 − 𝑦 sin 𝜃 , 𝑣 = 𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= ⋅ cos 𝜃 + ⋅ sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
And
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= ⋅ (− sin 𝜃) + ⋅ cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = −𝑦 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
So,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑥 sin 𝜃 − 𝑦 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= (𝑥 cos 𝜃 − 𝑦 sin 𝜃) + (𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝒚−𝒙 𝒛−𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
Example 4.5: If 𝒖 = 𝒇 ( , ), show that 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
Solution:
𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( , )
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

𝑦−𝑥 1 1 𝑧−𝑥 1 1
Let 𝑙 = = − and 𝑚 = = −
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑧 𝑥 𝑧
𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
So, 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( , ) = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑚)
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1
= ⋅ (− 2 ) + ⋅ (− 2 )
𝜕𝑙 𝑥 𝜕𝑚 𝑥
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= − 2( + )
𝑥 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥2 =− −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚
Now,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢
= ⋅ ( 2) + ⋅ (0)
𝜕𝑙 𝑦 𝜕𝑚
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑦2 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑙
Also,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
= ⋅ (0) + ⋅ ( 2)
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑧2 =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑚
Thus,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥2
+ 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 =− − + + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚
𝟏 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒖
Example 4.6: If 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) then prove that + +
𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝒚 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝒖
=𝟎
𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Solution:
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 , 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )
Let 𝑙 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑚 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 and 𝑛 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2
So, 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 , 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑥
Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= ⋅ (2𝑥) + ⋅ (0) + ⋅ (−2𝑥)
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑛
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 (2 −2 )
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑛
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
=2 −2
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑛
Now,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= ⋅ (−2𝑦) + ⋅ (2𝑦) + ⋅ (0)
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑛
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑦 (−2 +2 )
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −2 +2
𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚
Also,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= ⋅ (0) + ⋅ (−2𝑧) + ⋅ (2𝑧)
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑛
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −2 +2
𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑛
Thus,
1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ + =2 −2 −2 +2 −2 +2 =0
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑛

Exercise:
𝑥 𝑑𝑧
1. If 𝑧 = tan−1 ( ) , where 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 2 then find
𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝟐
Ans.
𝟏+𝒕𝟐
𝑑𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 , where 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝑡 then find
3
𝑑𝑡
Ans. −𝟑𝒂𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 + 𝟑𝒃𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
3. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑦 then show that =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
4. If 𝑓(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 , 𝑧 − 3𝑥) = 0 then prove that 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 9𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
5. If 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0 then prove that (𝑦 − 𝑧) −𝑥 =𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

Explicit function and Implicit function

• If 𝑦 is directly expressed in terms of 𝑥 i.e., 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑦 is called as explicit

function of 𝑥.
• A function in which one variable cannot be expressed in terms of others is called
implicit function i.e. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 then 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is called as implicit function of 𝑥
and 𝑦.
• Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 then by the total derivative
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
∴0= ⋅ (1) + ⋅ [∵ 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 ⇒ = 0]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑦
∴ = − 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
OR
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦
= − 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦
OR
𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑦

𝒅𝒚
Example 4.7: If 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚) then find
𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Here, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 log(cos 𝑥) − 𝑥 log(sin 𝑦)
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦
= − 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

1
𝑦⋅ ⋅ (− sin 𝑥) − log(sin 𝑦)
=− cos 𝑥
𝑥
log cos 𝑥 − ⋅ cos 𝑦
sin 𝑦
𝑦 tan 𝑥 + log sin 𝑦
=
log cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 cot 𝑦

𝒅𝒚
Example 4.8: If (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒚 = (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚)𝒙 then find
𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Here, (cos 𝑥)𝑦 = (sin 𝑦)𝑥
Taking logarithm of both sides, we get
𝑦 log cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 log sin 𝑦
So, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 log cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 log sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦
= − 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦
𝑦
⋅ (− sin 𝑥) − log sin 𝑦
=− cos 𝑥
𝑥
log cos 𝑥 − ⋅ (cos 𝑦)
sin 𝑦
𝑦 tan 𝑥 + log sin 𝑦
=
log cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 cot 𝑦

𝒅𝒚
Example 4.9: If 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒄 then find
𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Here, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑐
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦
= − 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦
𝑦−1
𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦
=− 𝑦
𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝒅𝒖
Example 4.10: If 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) and 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 then find
𝒅𝒙

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Solution:
Here, 𝑢 = sin(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) and 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅ − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Now,
𝜕𝑢
= cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ⋅ (2𝑥) = 2𝑥 cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ⋅ (2𝑦) = 2𝑦 cos(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑐 2
2 2

𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2𝑎2 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
=− =− 2 =− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓 2𝑏 𝑦 𝑏 𝑦
𝜕𝑦
From (1), we get

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2)
𝑎2 𝑥
= 2𝑥 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + 2𝑦 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦 ⋅ (− 2 )
𝑏 𝑦
2 2
𝑎2
= 2𝑥 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) ⋅ (1 − 2 )
𝑏
𝒅𝒖
Example 4.11: If 𝒖 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝒚) and 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏 then find
𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 log(𝑥𝑦) and 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅ − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Now,
𝜕𝑢 1
=𝑥⋅ ⋅ (𝑦) + log(𝑥𝑦) ⋅ 1 = 1 + log(𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑢 1 𝑥
=𝑥⋅ ⋅𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑦
3 3
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 1

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𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦
=− =− 2 =− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓 3𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑦 +𝑥
𝜕𝑦
From (1), we get

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦
= 1 + log(𝑥𝑦) + ( ) (− 2 )
𝑦 𝑦 +𝑥
Exercise:
𝑑𝑦
1. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0 then find
𝑑𝑥
(𝟏+𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙−𝒚)−𝟏
Ans.
𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙−𝒚)+𝟏
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 then find
𝑑𝑥
𝒚𝒙𝒚−𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚−𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙
Ans. −
𝒙𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚+𝒙𝒚 𝒚−𝟏
𝑑𝑢
3. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 and 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 1 then find
2 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Ans. −
𝒚𝟓
𝑦 𝑑𝑢
4. If 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ) where 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 then find
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
Ans. −
𝒚
𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 1 then
𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒚𝟐
Ans. −
𝟒𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝟐

Euler’s theorem:
Euler's Theorem on Homogeneous Function: Statement : If 𝑢 be a homogeneous
function of degree 𝑛 in two independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦, then
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢.
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦

Corollary: If 𝑢 be a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in two independent variables

𝑥, 𝑦, then

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∂2 𝑢
2
∂2 𝑢 2
∂2 𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢
∂𝑥 2 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦 2

Corollary: If 𝑧 be a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in two independent variables

∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢) , then 𝑥 + 𝑦 = ′
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢)

Corollary: If 𝑧 be a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in two independent variables

𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢) , then
2
∂2 𝑢 ∂2 𝑢 2
∂2 𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = g(u) [𝑔′ (𝑢) − 1]
∂𝑥 2 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 1
Example: If 𝑢 = tan−1 , prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 = sin 2𝑢.
𝑥+𝑦 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 2

Solution: Given that

−1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑢 = tan
𝑥+𝑦
𝑦 2 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 [1++( ) ] [1++( ) ] 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
This ⇒ tan 𝑢 = = 𝑦 =𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥𝜑 ( ), where 𝜙 is a function of
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥[1++ ] [1++ ] 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
.
𝑥

⇒ tan 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in two independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦.

Let 𝑣 = tan 𝑢

Then 𝑣 is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in two independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦.

Therefore, by Euler's Theorem,
∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑣.
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢
This ⇒ 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑢 ) + 𝑦 (sec 2 𝑢 ∂𝑦) = tan 𝑢
∂𝑥

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∂𝑣 ∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑢
(∵ = sec 2 𝑢 , = sec 2 𝑢 and 𝑣 = tan 𝑢, by equation (1) )
∂𝑥 ∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 ∂𝑦
∂𝑢 ∂𝑢 tan 𝑢
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 =
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦 sec 2 𝑢
sin 𝑢
= (cos2 𝑢)
cos 𝑢
= sin 𝑢cos 𝑢
1
= (2sin 𝑢cos 𝑢)
2
1
= sin 2𝑢.
2

Tangent plane
The equation of tangent plane at 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) to the surface 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 is
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )𝑓𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦0 )𝑓𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑓𝑧 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = 0
Normal line
The equation of normal line to the surface 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 at 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) is
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦0 ) (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )
= =
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) 𝑓𝑧 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 )

Example-1:
Find the equation of tangent plane and normal line to the surface
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟑 at the point (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏).
Solution:
let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 3
𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑓𝑥 (1,1,1) = 2
𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝑓𝑦 (1,1,1) = 2
𝑓𝑧 = 2𝑧 𝑓𝑧 (1,1,1) = 2
The equation of tangent plane is
(𝑥 − 1)𝑓𝑥 (1,1,1) + (𝑦 − 1)𝑓𝑦 (1,1,1) + (𝑧 − 1)𝑓𝑧 (1,1,1) = 0
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 + (𝑧 − 1)2 = 0
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =3
The equation of normal line is
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)
= =
𝑓𝑥 (1,1,1) 𝑓𝑦 (1,1,1) 𝑓𝑧 (1,1,1)
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(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)
= =
2 2 2
𝑥−1=𝑦−1=𝑧−1

Maximum and minimum values by second derivative

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a continuous function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 then u will be maximum at
𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 if 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) > 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘) and will be minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 if
𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) < 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘) for small positive or negative values of ℎ & 𝑘.
The point at which either maximum or minimum is known as stationary point. The
value of the function at stationary point is known as extreme value of the function
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Working rule:
To determine maximum & minimum values of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Step-1: solve = 0 and = 0 simultaneously to find stationary points
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Step-2: obtain values of 𝑟 = 2
,𝑠= ,𝑡=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
Step-3: find 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 at all stationary points say (𝑎, 𝑏)
i. If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 < 0(𝑡 < 0) at (𝑎, 𝑏) then 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is maximum at (𝑎, 𝑏) &
maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏).
ii. It 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 > 0(𝑡 > 0) at (𝑎, 𝑏) then 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is minimum at (𝑎, 𝑏) &
minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏).
iii. 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 < 0 at (𝑎, 𝑏) then 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is neither maximum nor minimum at (𝑎, 𝑏).
This point is known as saddle point.
iv. 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0 at (𝑎, 𝑏) then no conclusion can be made about the extreme values
of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

Example-1: Discuss the maxima and minima of function 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 .

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3
𝜕𝑓
=0 ⟹ 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥
3𝑥(2 + 𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2

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𝜕𝑓
=0 ⟹ −2𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑦
𝑦=0
Stationary points are (0,0) and (−2,0)
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑟= = 6 + 6𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑠= =0
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑡= = −2
𝜕𝑦 2
At (0,0)
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = −12 < 0 𝑟=6>0
So, the function is neither maximum nor minimum at (0,0)
At (−2,0)
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 12 > 0 𝑟 = −6 < 0
So, the function attains its maximum at (−2,0).
Maximum value of the function is, 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3(−2)2 − 0 + (−2)3 = 4.
Example-2:
find all stationary points of the function 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝟐𝒙
whether the function is maximum or minimum at those points?
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥 ______ (1)
𝜕𝑓
=0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 30𝑥 + 72 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
=0 ⟹ 6𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑦
6𝑦(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5
Put 𝑦 = 0 in equation (1),
3𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 72 = 0
𝑥=4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=6
Put 𝑥 = 5 in equation (1),
3𝑦 2 − 3 = 0
𝑦 = ±1
Stationary points are (4,0), (6,0), (5,1) & (5, −1).
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑟= = 6𝑥 − 30
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑠= = 6𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

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𝜕2 𝑓
𝑡= = 6𝑥 − 30
𝜕𝑦 2

(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒓 𝒔 𝒕 𝒓𝒕 − 𝒔𝟐 Conclusion

(4,0) −6 0 −6 36 > 0 Maximum

(6,0) 6 0 6 36 > 0 Minimum

Neither maximum
(5,1) 0 6 0 −36 < 0
nor minimum
Neither maximum
(5, −1) 0 −6 0 −36 < 0
nor minimum

Maximum and minimum values with constrained variables

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a function of three variable 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧 which are not independent
& connected by some relation say ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0, is said to be constrained for
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). To find extreme values for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) eliminate one variable from ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
by converting as function of two variable & substitute in 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) will give function
of two variable.

Example-1: Find the minimum value of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 with the constrained 𝒙 +

𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒂.
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ______ (1)
∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3𝑎 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 3𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
______ (2)
Substituting the values of 𝑧 in equation (1),
𝑓 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (3𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)2
Now applying maxima minima method
𝜕𝑓
=0 ⟹ 2𝑥 − 2(3𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑥
4𝑥 − 6𝑎 + 2𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3𝑎 ______
(3)

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𝜕𝑓
=0 ⟹ 2𝑦 − 2(3𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0
𝜕𝑦
2𝑦 − 6𝑎 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3𝑎 ______
(4)
Solving equation (3) & (4)
𝑥=𝑦=𝑎
The stationary point is (𝑎, 𝑎).
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑟= =4
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑠= =2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓
𝑡= =4
𝜕𝑦 2
At (𝑎, 𝑎), 𝑟 = 4, 𝑠 = 2, 𝑡 = 4
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = (4)(4) − (2)2 = 12 > 0
2

Here 𝑟 = 4 > 0, hence 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is minimum at (𝑎, 𝑎)

𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + (3𝑎 − 𝑎 − 𝑎)2 = 3𝑎2 .

Lagrange’s Multipliers
This method is useful to minimizing or maximizing a general function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
subject to constrain of the form of 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘

Working rule:
1. Form the equation 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆 ∙ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
2. Consider 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 as independent variables and write the equation,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 0, = 0, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3. Solve these three equations along with 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘 and find the values of
𝑥, 𝑦, & 𝑧.
So, obtained will give the extreme value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).
Example: 1 Find the minimum value of 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝟑 subject to constrain 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 =
𝒂 using Lagrange’s multiplier method.
Solution:
Here 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑎
2 3
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑎)
𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 + 2𝜆 = 0 ______
𝜕𝑥
(2)
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Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 2𝑧3 + 𝜆 = 0 ________
𝜕𝑦
(3)
𝜕𝑢
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 + 3𝜆 = 0 ______ (4)
𝜕𝑧
From (2), (3), (4),
𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 = 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2
⇒ 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑦
Now, substituting 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 in 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝑎,
We get,
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 = , 𝑦 = , 𝑧 =:
6 6 6
Thus, the minimum value of the given function is:
2 3
𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎 3 𝑎 6
𝑥 𝑦𝑧 = ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( )
6 6 6 6

Example: 2 Find the shortest and longest distance from the point (𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟏) to the
sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒.
Solution:
Here, the distance is:
𝐷 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2
∴ 𝐷2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
And 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 24
Let, 𝑢 = [(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2 ] + 𝜆 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 24)
______ (1)
𝜕𝑢
= 2(𝑥 − 1) + 2𝜆𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 2(𝑦 − 2) + 2𝜆𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
= 2(𝑧 + 1) + 2𝜆𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧
⇒ (1 + 𝜆)𝑥 = 1 ______ (2)

⇒ (1 + 𝜆)𝑦 = 1 ______ (3)

⇒ (1 + 𝜆)𝑧 = 1 ______ (4)

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

From (2) & (3)

𝑥 1
= ⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑦 2
From (3) & (4)
𝑦
= −2 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2𝑧
𝑧
From (2) & (4)
𝑥
= −1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑧
𝑧
Now, using 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 24,
⇒ 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 = 24
⇒ 6𝑧 2 = 24
⇒ 𝑧2 = 4
⇒ 𝑧 = ±2
⇒ 𝑥 = ∓2
⇒ 𝑦 = ±4
For 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −4, 𝑧 = 2, 𝐷2 = 54 (maximum)
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = −2, 𝐷2 = 6(minimum)

Mathematics and Humanities Department 10000101 EM I