Additional exercise

8.3 Ordinary differential equations

(ODEs)
1 Solve each differential equation:

dy 2x 3 dy dy x 2  cos x
a  b  y sin x c 
dx 3y 2 dx dx 3y 3

2 Solve each differential equation given the initial value:

dy dy
a x2  y 2  0 , y(1)  2 b  2xy sec2 x, y(0)  1
dx dx

3 Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate at which an object’s temperature is changing at
any given time is proportional to the difference between its temperature and the temperature
of the surrounding environment.

An object’s temperature is 90 C at 10:00. At 10:30 its temperature is 73 C. If the surrounding

temperature is a constant 25 C ,

a Formulate a differential equation to model this situation

b Find the temperature of the object at 11:00

4 A colony of bacteria grows in population P at a rate proportional to the size of the population.
After 2 hours the population is 700 and after 3 hours it has increased to 800.

a Formulate a differential equation to model this situation

b Solve the differential equation to find an expression for P

c Find what the initial population was

d How many hours will it take for the population to reach 2000

dI  I 
5 The rate of spread of a disease can be modelled by the logistic equation  0.6I 1  
dt  350 
where I is the number of people infected. Initially I  20 .

a Solve the differential equation b Find the value of I when t  5

y
6 Solve these differential equations using the substitution v  :
x

y 2y 2
a xy  x2ex  y b x2y  y 2  xy  x2 c y   2 , y(1)  4
x x

7 Find the general solution of these differential equations:

a y  y  sin x b xy  y  x3  x c x2y  2xy  sin2x

8 Solve these initial value problems:

  dy  
a xy  y  x2 cos x , y    0 b  y cot x  cosec x , y    3
2 dx 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

Additional exercise

9 Use Euler’s method to find approximate solutions to these differential equations at the stated
value, given the initial value and the step length.
2
a y  4y  2  e4 x , y(0)  1 , at x  0.4 , step length  0.1

b y  e2 x  y 3 , y(0)  3 , at x  0.25 , step length  0.05

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

Additional exercise

Answers

x4 x4
 3y dy   2x 3 dx  y 3 
2
1 a c y  3 c
2 2

1
 y dy   sin x dx  ln y   cos x  c  y  e
 cos x  c
b  Ae cos x

3y 4 x3 4x 3 4
 3y dy   x 
3 2
c  cos x dx    sin x  c  y  4  sin x  c
4 3 3 3

y3 x3 8 1
y dy    x 2 dx 
2
2 a   c , using y(1)  2 ,    c  c  3  x3  y 3  9
3 3 3 3

1 dv du
 y dy   2x sec  sec2 x then
2
b x dx using integration by parts, let u  2x and 2
dx dx

 2x sec x dx  2x tan x   2 tan x dx  2x tan x  2ln cos x so

2
and v  tan x giving

ln y  2x tan x  2ln cos x  c  y  Ae2x tan x cos2 x using y(0)  1 ,

1  Ae0 cos2 0  A  1  y  e2 x tan x cos2 x

dT
3 a  k T  25
dt

dT
b  T  25  kt  c  ln T  25  kt  c  T  25  Ae kt . Let t be the number of hours after

10:00, then 90  25  Ae0  A  65  T  25  65ekt and

65
65 2t ln
73  25  65ek 0.5  k  2ln  T  25  65e 48
so when t = 1 ,
48
3929
T   60.446...  60.4 C
65

dP
4 a  kP
dt

8 8
b P  Aekt using Ae2k  700 and Ae3k  800 we get ek   k  ln  0.1335... and
7 7
8575
A  535.9... so P  536e0.134t
16

c 536

1  2000 
d 536e0.134t  2000  t  ln    9.861...  9.86 hours
0.134  536 

dI 1 1   I  I
5 a  I(350  I)  0.6t  c    I  350  I  dI  0.6t  c  ln  350  I   0.6t  c  350  I  Ae0.6t

20 2
Using the initial condition, Ae0.60  A   so
350  20 33
700 0.6t
e
I 2 0.6t 33 700e0.6t
 e I  
350  I 33 2 0.6t 33  2e0.6t
1 e
33

700e3
b I   192.1  192
33  2e3

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

Additional exercise

6 a v  xv  xex  v  v  ex  v  ex  c  y  xex  cx

dv 1
b x2(v  xv )  v 2 x2  vx2  x 2  v  xv   v 2  v  1  v 2
1
  x dx
 arctan v  ln x  c  y  x tan ln x  c 

dv dx 1 1
c v  xv   v  2v 2   2v 2

x
   ln x  c  v  
v ln x  c
x 1 1 4x
y  4 c y 
ln x  c c 4 1  4ln x

d
7 a Integrating factor  e x , so
dx
 
e x y  e x sin x  e x y   e x sin x dx . Let u  e x and

dv du
 e  x and v   cos x so e sin x dx  e x cos x   e x cos x dx . Using
x
 sin x then
dx dx
dv du
integration by parts again, let u  e x and  cos x then  e  x and v  sin x so
dx dx
e sin x dx  e x cos x  e x sin x   e x sin x dx  2 e x sin x dx  e x cos x  e x sin x
x

1
solving this gives e
x
sin x dx 
2
 
e x sin x  e x cos x  c and so the solution is

1
y 
2
  sin x  cos x   cex
1
y
 x 2  1 . Integrating factor  e x  eln x  x , giving
dx
b y 
x

d 1 1 1 1 c
dx
 xy   x3  x  xy  4 x 4  2 x2  c  y  4 x3  2 x  x
2
2y sin2x  x dx
c y   . Integrating factor  e  e2 ln x  x2 , giving
x x2

d 1 c  cos 2x
dx
 
x2y  sin2x  x 2y   cos 2x  c  y 
2 2x 2

1
1 1
y   x cos x . Integrating factor  e  x  e ln x  , giving
 dx
8 a y 
x x
d 1  1
 y    cos x  y   sin x  c  y  cx  x sin x , using the initial value,
dx  x  x
 
0c   c  1  y  x  x sin x
2 2

d xc
b Integrating factor  e  sin xy   1  sin xy  x  c  y  sin x
cot x dx
 eln sin x  sin x , giving
dx
 
c x 3

Using the initial value, 3  2  c  3 y  2
1 2 sin x

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

Additional exercise

9 a

n xn yn dy 2
 2  e4 xn  4yn
dx

0 0 1 3

1 0.1 1  3  0.1  0.7 1.840...

2 0.2 0.7  1.840...  0.1  0.5159... 1.237...

3 0.3 0.5159...  1.237...  0.1  0.3922... 1.002...

4 0.4 0.3922...  1.002...  0.1  0.2919...

y(0.4)  0.292

n xn yn dy
 e2 xn  yn3
dx

0 0 3 26

1 0.05 3  26  0.05  1.7 3.807...

2 0.1 1.7  3.807...  0.05  1.509... 2.218...

3 0.15 1.509...  2.218...  0.05  1.398... 1.386...

4 0.2 1.398...  1.386...  0.05  1.329... 0.8573...

5 0.25 1.329...  0.8573...  0.05  1.286...

y(0.25)  1.29

© Oxford University Press 2019 5