CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

CSIE52400/CSIEM0140
Distributed Systems

Lecture 10:
Introduction to Internet
of Things (IoT)

What is Internet of Things

 The term Internet of Things(IoT) was first
suggested by Kevin Ashton in 2009.
 It is used to refer to uniquely identifiable objects
and their virtual representations in an internet-
like structure.
 If all the objects and people have identifiers, they
could be managed and inventoried by computers.
 The world where all objects and people have
identifiers and are connected by an internet-like
structure is called the Internet of Things.
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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

Major Subject of 5G (2020-

2030)

Connection of
7 Billion of People and
7 Trillion Things

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Will have Internet of Things

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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

and Internet of Underground

Things
 Yes! IoT is underground now!

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even Internet of Underwater

Things
 Even underwater IoT!

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IoT
Devices

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One to Many to Any

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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

Evolution of Internet

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Internet of Boffins
 1969: ARPANET carried its first data packet. It was
the first network to use TCP/IP.
 1970: Mark I Network by Davis (a packet switched
network)
 1973: Mark II Network
 1974: Telenet (an American commercial packet-
switched network)
 1980: Ethernet
 1990: GOSIP(Government Open Systems
Interconnection Profile)
 1994: first full text Web search engine
 A stage of early evolution and research.
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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

Internet of Geeks
 1995: IPv6 proposed (makes IoT possible)
 1995: Amazon started its 1st online retail service
 1995: eBay provided online auction and shopping
services
 1996: Hotmail offered free Web based email
service
 1998: Google Search engine officially launched
 1998: PayPal started 1st Internet payment service
 Internet penetration was low until 2000.

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Internet of Masses
 2000: Dot-com bubble burst, high growth in stock
markets, people across the globe started using
the Internet, social networking sites emerged
 2001: Wikipedia started
 2004: Facebook started
 2005: YouTube started
 2006: Twitter started, WikiLeaks started
 The era with high growth, mass services, and
social network/media

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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

Mobile Internet
 The first mobile phone call was made on April 3, 1973
with a phone weighed 1.1kg (2.5 pounds) and sized
228.6x127x44.4mm.
 1996: Nokia 900 Communicator was the 1st
commercial mobile phone with internet connection
 Mobile internet was available in 2007 when Apple
released the 1st gen iPhone.
 2007~2011 was the era of mobile internet.

Nokia 9000 Communicator

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Internet of Things
 Since 2012, the number of IoT devices has been
increasing each and every day.
 From 2012 to 2020, the number grows from 8.7
billions to 50.1 billions.

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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

Emerging Applications
 The emerging applications of IoT:
• Informaton & Analytics
• Automation & Control

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Applications Domains
 IoT has deployed in many application domains.

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3 Dimensions of IoT
 IoT is to provide Any TIME, Any PLACE, and Any
THING connections.

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More Dimensions and 6Cs

 More
dimensions
and the 6Cs

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IoT Elements
 Several elements
are required to
deliver the
functionality of
IoT.

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IoT Elements - Identification

 Need to offer explicit identity for each object.
 Two processes in identification: naming and
addressing.
 Naming provides names of objects for referencing
 Addressing offers unique address of specific obj
 Two ore more objects may have same name but
always different and unique address.
 Naming methods: Electron Products Codes(EPC),
Bar codes, QR codes, Digital watermarking, …
 Unique addressing is assigned by IPv6.
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IoT Elements - Sensing

 Sensing is the process of collecting information
from objects.
 The collected info is sent to the storage media.
 There are many sensing devices:
• RFID tags
• Smart sensors
• Wearable sensing devices
• Actuators
• …

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IoT Elements -
Communication
 Communication is essential for different objects to
be connected to each other and communicate.
 In communication, objects may send and receive
messages, files, and other information.
 Many technologies to facilitate communication:
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
• NFC (Near Field Communication)
• Bluetooth
• Wi-Fi
• LTE (Long Term Evolution)
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IoT Elements - Computation

 Computation is performed on the collected info
 Provide processing power for IoT applications.
 Many HW/SW platforms are available.
 Hardware platforms: Audrino, Rasperry Pi, Intel
Galileo, Nvidia Jetson Nano, …
 Software platforms: Android, Tiny OS, Lite OS,
ROS (Robot Operating System), …
 Stream processing platforms: Kafka, Flume,
Spark, Storm, S4, Google Cloud IoT, AWS IoT,
Azure IoT, IBM Watson IoT, Salesforce IoT, …
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IoT Elements - Services

 Identity-related services: get identity of objects
 Information aggregation: collect info from objects
 Collaborative services: integrate info sources,
make decisions, send appropriate responses, …
 Ubiquitous services: offer immediate responses
without rigidity of time and place.
 IoT platforms: platforms for hosting, connecting,
and integrating IoT services. (next slide)

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IoT Platforms
 IoT platforms play the role of middleware
between hardware/devices and applications.

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IoT Elements - Semantics

 The brain of IoT
 Coordinating all other elements to facilitate users
 Collect and integrate all information
 Determine the meaning of the data
 Make appropriate decisions
 Send responses to the devices
 Record and evaluation
 Improve effectiveness by machine learning
 Adjust/personalize to individual user
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Layered Architecture of IoT

 The most fundamental architecture of IoT
consists of three layers.

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4 Layers Model of IoT

 We also have 4 layers model.

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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

More Layered Architectures

 There are 3, 4, even 5 layers architectures.

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IoT Technology Stack

 The IoT technology stack covers all required
technologies from connecting an IoT device, to
producing data, to an actual purpose.

Sensors & Connecting End-to-end Smart IoT

Actuators devices to IoT services applications
platform

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IoT Platform Components

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Security in IoT
 IoT devices are much closer to people’s every day
life than any other devices.
 Security/privacy issues are much more important
in IoT since it may affect personal health or even
life.
 No benefits of IoT can be provided without proper
management of security and privacy.
 Different mechanisms are proposed for different
layers of the IoT architecture

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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

Security Mechanisms in IoT

(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327272757_IoT_Elements_Layered
_Architectures_and_Security_Issues_A_Comprehensive_Survey)
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Challenges of IoT
 There are many research challenges ahead.

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CSIE52400/CSIEM0140 Distributed Systems Lecture 10: Introduction to IoT

Concluding Remarks
 The IoT era is here!
 Expected to greatly enhance the quality of life.
 In general, IoT would allow for the automation of
everything around us.
 Many issues and challenges are still ahead of us.
 Extensive research and industrial efforts have
been devoted into IoT.
 Tons of opportunities and jobs are waiting for
capable graduates.

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IoT Landscape 2019

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