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HackerU
Penetration Test Report for
TechNation’s Technology Blog
v.1.0

Jakub Kozub
[email protected]

OSID: Ubuntu

Copyright © 2024 HackerU. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication, in whole or in part, may be reproduced, copied, transferred or any other right reserved to its copyright
owner, including photocopying and all other copying, any transfer or transmission using any network or other means of communication,
any broadcast for distant learning, in any form or by any means such as any information storage, transmission or retrieval system,
without prior written permission from HackerU.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Scope
1.3 Requirements
1.4 Summary

2. Key Findings
2.1 Overview
2.2 Risk Classification
2.3 Findings

3. Detailed Findings
3.1 Vulnerability One: Exposure of Personal Information
3.2 Vulnerability Two: Cryptographic Failure
3.3 Vulnerability Three: Unprotected Endpoint Access
3.4 Vulnerability Four: Weak Authentication Mechanism
3.5 Vulnerability Five: SQL Injection
3.6 Vulnerability Six: Remote File Inclusion
3.7 Vulnerability Seven: Improper Access Control
3.8 Vulnerability Eight: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
3.9 Vulnerability Nine: Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)

4. Conclusion and Improvements

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conclusion and Improvements

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1. Introduction

1.1 Overview

The conducted penetration test on TechNation's Technology Blog unveiled

significant vulnerabilities that jeopardize the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of the web application. This assessment, performed under
black-box conditions, revealed vulnerabilities ranging from the exposure of
personal information to critical flaws such as SQL injection and remote file
inclusion. Notably, the website operates on the HTTP protocol instead of
HTTPS which raises concerns about the susceptibility to interception of
network traffic, leading to potential data breaches and security threats.

1.2 Scope

The test was specifically carried out on a beta version of the website, se-
curely hosted within a Docker container. It's essential to note that the client
explicitly prohibited testing on the live site. Therefore, Burp Suite was se-
lected as the primary tool for conducting the tests.

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1.3 Out of Scope

It's crucial to emphasize that Social Engineering was deliberately excluded

from the testing scope. Additionally, assessments involving external re-
sources, such as the inclusion of JavaScript codes with URLs outside the
domain, were also omitted.

1.4 Summary

Throughout the penetration test, numerous vulnerabilities were unearthed

within TechNation's web application, exposing potential avenues for exploi-
tation. Particularly alarming was the discovery that system access did not
necessitate login credentials provided by the website. This vulnerability
stemmed from the unprotected access to the /robots.txt file, which in turn
revealed a list of passwords (/decoda9013smith21985.txt). Exploiting this
vulnerability granted access to user accounts, subsequently unveiling fur-
ther security flaws within the system.

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2. Key Findings

2.1 Overview
This section provides a high-level summary of the key findings from the pen-
etration test conducted on TechNation's Technology blog. It identifies vulner-
abilities discovered, ranging from information exposure to critical security
flaws, and introduces the risk classification system used to assess their se-
verity.

2.2 Risk Classification

• CRITICAL: Exploitation of critical vulnerabilities could compromise
critical systems or data integrity, posing significant risks to users and
the organization. This includes vulnerabilities that could lead to unau-
thorized access to sensitive data or control over essential functionali-
ties, such as administrative panels or user accounts, without requiring
complex prerequisites or social engineering. Immediate remediation
is crucial to prevent severe consequences, especially in production
environments.

• HIGH: High-severity vulnerabilities enable access to sensitive infor-

mation or functionalities similar to critical vulnerabilities but may re-
quire specific conditions or prerequisites, reducing the likelihood of
exploitation. Alternatively, they may have straightforward exploitation
methods but with limited impact or scope. These vulnerabilities still

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pose significant risks to the organization and should be addressed

promptly to mitigate potential harm.

• MEDIUM: Medium-severity vulnerabilities may depend on external

factors or conditions that are relatively challenging to achieve. Exploi-
tation typically allows access to a restricted set of data or functionali-
ties with lesser significance. While they may not pose immediate
threats compared to critical or high-severity vulnerabilities, they still
present notable risks and should be addressed in a timely manner to
prevent potential exploitation and data breaches.

• LOW: Low-severity vulnerabilities have minimal direct impact on ap-

plication security or require impractical conditions for exploitation,
such as physical access to servers. Exploitation of these vulnerabili-
ties may result in minor inconveniences or limited access to non-criti-
cal information. While they pose lower risks compared to higher se-
verity levels, they should still be addressed to maintain overall system
integrity and security posture.

• INFO: INFO-level issues highlight best practices or architectural rec-

ommendations that, if implemented, can enhance system security or
mitigate the impact of other vulnerabilities. While not security vulnera-
bilities themselves, addressing INFO-level issues can contribute to
improving the overall security posture of the system and reducing po-
tential risks.

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2.3 Findings
The findings section presents a detailed analysis of the vulnerabilities dis-
covered during the penetration test on TechNation's Technology blog.
These vulnerabilities encompass various aspects of the web application's
security, ranging from inadequate authentication mechanisms to vulnerabil-
ities in code implementation. Each vulnerability is assessed based on its
severity, probability of occurrence, fix effort required, and overall risk score.

Proba- Fix Ef- Risk

Vulnerability Description Severity
bility fort Score
Exposure of Six email addresses were
Personal Infor- identified across the website,
mation including those of individuals
and the website developer. Info High Low 4
Additionally, sensitive infor-
mation such as full names
was publicly accessible.
Cryptographic The website operates on the
Failure HTTP protocol instead of
HTTPS, making it susceptible
High High Medium 8
to interception of network traf-
fic, leading to potential data
breaches and security threats.
Unprotected The /robots.txt file contained a
Endpoint Ac- link to another endpoint (/de-
cess coda9013smith21985.txt) con-
High Low Low 5
taining a list of passwords,
posing a significant security
risk.

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Proba- Fix Ef- Risk

Vulnerability Description Severity
bility fort Score
Weak Authenti- The "Admin Panel" endpoint
cation Mecha- allowed access using email
nism addresses without proper au-
Critical Medium Medium 8
thentication. Brute force at-
tacks were successful due to
weak password policies.
SQL Injection The application was suscepti-
ble to SQL injection attacks,
potentially leading to unau- High Medium High 8
thorized access to sensitive
data.
Remote File In- Vulnerability in the support
clusion ticket system allowed for re-
mote file inclusion, enabling High Medium High 8
attackers to upload malicious
files.
Improper Ac- Access to certain functionali-
cess Control ties, such as adding files via
the "Site Admin" section,
Medium Medium Medium 6
lacked proper authorization,
potentially leading to unau-
thorized actions.
Cross-Site The "Reviews" section was
Scripting (XSS) vulnerable to XSS attacks, al-
Medium High Low 6
lowing attackers to inject mali-
cious scripts.
Insecure Direct The "/Deals.php" endpoint
Object Refer- lacked proper authorization or
ence (IDOR) validation checks for the
Medium Medium Medium 6
"money" parameter, poten-
tially allowing unauthorized
modification of financial data.

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3. Detailed Findings
The Detailed Findings section offers an in-depth examination of the vulner-
abilities identified during the penetration test conducted on TechNation's
Technology blog. Each vulnerability is meticulously analyzed, providing
comprehensive descriptions, steps taken to uncover them, observations
made, recommendations for mitigation, potential impacts on security, and
supporting evidence. This section serves as a detailed roadmap for under-
standing the specific security weaknesses within the web application, ena-
bling stakeholders to prioritize and implement necessary remediation
measures effectively.

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3.1 Vulnerability One: Exposure of Personal Information

Description:

During the penetration testing of the TechNation's Technology blog, I iden-

tified six different email addresses spread across various sections of the
website. In the News section, I discovered four different full names: Tomas
Ramus, Anna Warshav, Ronald Copargan, and Arthur Bisclich. Addition-
ally, at the bottom of each page, I found an email address belonging to the
website's developer, Daniel Gish, and another one below the "Contact Us"
header, which was [email protected]. This reconnaissance allowed
me to gather sensitive information such as full names and email addresses,
posing a low-severity risk to user privacy and potentially exposing individu-
als to phishing attacks or spam.

Steps Taken:

1. Identified email addresses and full names across various sections of

the website.

2. Recognized the potential privacy implications and security risks asso-

ciated with the exposure of personal information.

3. Acknowledged the need for remediation to mitigate these risks.

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Exploitation:

• Leveraged the exposed email addresses and full names for targeted
phishing attacks.

• Crafted personalized phishing emails using gathered information to

increase the likelihood of success.

Observations:

• Personal email addresses and full names publicly available on the

website.

• Lack of protection for sensitive user information.

• Increased susceptibility to targeted attacks such as phishing.

Recommendations:

• Implement measures to restrict access to personal information, such

as utilizing secure login mechanisms.

• Educate users on the importance of privacy and security practices.

• Regularly review website content to ensure sensitive information is

adequately protected.

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Impact:

• Potential exposure of personal information to malicious entities.

• Increased risk of targeted attacks and unauthorized access.

• Undermines user trust and confidence in the security of the website.

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Evidence:

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3.2 Vulnerability Two: Cryptographic Failure

Description:

During the assessment of TechNation's Technology blog, it was observed

that the website operates on the HTTP protocol instead of HTTPS. This
lack of HTTPS encryption poses a significant security risk as it exposes the
communication between the user's browser and the web server to potential
interception by malicious actors. Without encryption, sensitive data such as
login credentials, session cookies, and other personal information transmit-
ted over the network can be easily intercepted and compromised.

Steps Taken:

1. Conducted a network analysis to determine the protocol used for

communication between the user's browser and the web server.

2. Observed that the website solely utilizes HTTP for data transmission,
lacking the additional security provided by HTTPS encryption.

3. Recognized the potential security implications of transmitting sensi-

tive data over an unencrypted connection.

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Exploitation:

• Malicious actors could intercept network traffic to capture sensitive in-

formation, including login credentials, session tokens, and personal
data.

• Attackers could exploit this vulnerability to perform man-in-the-middle

attacks, modify the content of web pages, or inject malicious scripts
into the user's browsing session.

Observations:

• The absence of HTTPS encryption leaves the website vulnerable to

various forms of attacks targeting the integrity and confidentiality of
transmitted data.

• Sensitive information transmitted over HTTP is susceptible to inter-

ception, eavesdropping, and tampering by unauthorized parties.

• Lack of encryption undermines user trust and confidence in the secu-

rity of the website, potentially leading to reputational damage and loss
of credibility.

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Recommendations:

• Implement HTTPS encryption by obtaining an SSL/TLS certificate

and configuring the web server to support secure HTTPS connec-
tions.

• Enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) to enforce the use of

HTTPS and mitigate downgrade attacks.

• Ensure all sensitive transactions, including login sessions and data

submissions, are conducted over HTTPS to protect user privacy and
security.

Impact:

• Exposure of sensitive data to interception and unauthorized access.

• Increased risk of man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering.

• Undermines user trust and confidence in the security of the website.

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Evidence:

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3.3 Vulnerability Three: Unprotected Endpoint Access

Description:

Upon exploration of common endpoints, the /robots.txt file was accessed,

revealing a link to another endpoint, specifically /de-
coda9013smith21985.txt, containing a list of passwords. This exposure
poses a significant security risk due to the potential exploitation of these
passwords.

Steps Taken:

1. Identified common leaky endpoints including /robots.txt.

2. Discovered the presence of /decoda9013smith21985.txt containing

passwords.

3. Recognized the vulnerability in the lack of protection for these critical

files.

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Exploitation:

• Utilized the exposed passwords from /decoda9013smith21985.txt for

unauthorized access to user accounts.

• Attempted to log in with discovered credentials to gain unauthorized

access to sensitive data.

Observations:

• The presence of sensitive information in plaintext without proper ac-

cess controls.

• Exposure of passwords raises concerns regarding unauthorized ac-

cess to the system.

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Recommendations:

• Implement access controls and authentication mechanisms to protect

sensitive files.

• Regularly review and secure configuration files and endpoints to pre-

vent unauthorized access.

• Conduct regular security audits to identify and address vulnerabilities

proactively.

Impact:

• Potential unauthorized access to sensitive data.

• Increased risk of exploitation by malicious actors.

• Undermines the confidentiality and integrity of the system.

• This vulnerability underscores the importance of robust security

measures to safeguard critical resources and prevent unauthorized
access.

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Evidence:

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3.4 Vulnerability Four: Weak Authentication Mechanism

Description:

During the assessment of TechNation's Technology blog, a vulnerability in

the authentication mechanism was identified. The "Admin Panel" endpoint
allowed access using email addresses without proper authentication, and
successful brute force attacks were observed due to weak password poli-
cies. This vulnerability poses a high risk as it facilitates unauthorized ac-
cess to administrative functionalities without adequate authentication
measures in place.

Steps Taken:

1. Attempted access to the "Admin Panel" endpoint using various email

addresses.

2. Noted the absence of robust authentication checks.

3. Observed successful brute force attacks, indicating weak password

policies.

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Exploitation:

• Successfully accessed the "Admin Panel" endpoint using various

email addresses without proper authentication.

• Conducted brute force attacks to guess weak passwords and gain

unauthorized access to administrative functionalities.

Observations:

• Lack of proper authentication controls on critical endpoints.

• Weak password policies facilitate brute force attacks.

• Heightened risk of unauthorized access to administrative functionali-

ties.

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Recommendations:

• Implement strong password policies and multi-factor authentication

for administrative access.

• Conduct regular security audits to detect and address authentication

vulnerabilities.

• Enforce rate limiting and account lockout mechanisms to mitigate

brute force attacks.

Impact:

• Potential compromise of administrative privileges.

• Increased risk of unauthorized actions and data breaches.

• Undermines the confidentiality and integrity of the system.

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Evidence:

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3.5 Vulnerability Five: SQL Injection

Description:

During the penetration test, a SQL injection vulnerability was discovered in

TechNation's web application. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute
arbitrary SQL queries, potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensi-
tive data. The presence of this vulnerability poses a significant risk to the
confidentiality and integrity of the system.

Steps Taken:

1. Attempted SQL injection attacks on various input fields.

2. Successfully executed an SQL query using the payload ' or 1=1-- - to

manipulate database operations.

3. Identified the potential for unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Exploitation:

• Leveraged the SQL injection vulnerability to change passwords for all

users stored in the database.

• Used the modified password to easily log into the admin panel, in-
cluding the account for the administrator ([email protected]).

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Observations:

• Lack of input validation and sanitization mechanisms.

• Potential for arbitrary SQL query execution.

• Heightened risk of unauthorized data access and manipulation.

Recommendations:

• Implement parameterized queries or prepared statements to prevent

SQL injection attacks.

• Conduct regular code reviews and security assessments to identify

and remediate vulnerabilities.

• Educate developers on secure coding practices to mitigate the risk of

SQL injection.

Impact:

• Potential unauthorized access to sensitive data stored in the data-

base.

• Risk of data manipulation or deletion by malicious actors.

• Undermines the confidentiality and integrity of the system.

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Evidence:

' or 1=1-- -

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3.6 Vulnerability Six: Remote File Inclusion

Description:

During the security assessment, a vulnerability in the support ticket system

of TechNation's web application was identified, allowing for remote file in-
clusion attacks. This vulnerability enables attackers to upload and execute
malicious files, posing a significant risk to the confidentiality and integrity of
the system.

Steps Taken:

1. Explored functionalities related to file uploads and attachments.

2. Identified the ability to include remote files via insecure file inclusion
mechanisms.

3. Demonstrated the potential for executing arbitrary code through file

uploads.

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Exploitation:

• Uploaded an attachment named "help.txt" to the "/support.php" end-

point, potentially containing malicious code. For the purpose of the
penetration test, included a harmless pop-up alert using the following
code: <a href="javascript:alert('You\'re hacked.')">Click me</a>.

Observations:

• Lack of proper input validation and file upload controls.

• Vulnerable to remote file inclusion attacks.

• Heightened risk of executing malicious code on the server.

Recommendations:

• Implement secure file upload mechanisms with strict file type valida-
tion.

• Utilize file integrity checks and whitelisting to prevent inclusion of un-

authorized files.

• Regularly monitor and audit file upload functionalities for suspicious

activity.

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Impact:

• Potential compromise of server integrity through execution of mali-

cious code.

• Risk of unauthorized access to sensitive data or system resources.

• Undermines the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the sys-

tem.

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Evidence:

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3.7 Vulnerability Seven: Improper Access Control

Description:

During the assessment, it was observed that certain functionalities within

TechNation's web application, such as adding files via the "Site Admin"
section, lacked proper authorization controls. This vulnerability allows un-
authorized users to perform actions that should be restricted, posing a sig-
nificant risk to the integrity and security of the system.

Steps Taken:

1. Uploaded a file named "help.txt" to the "/support.php" endpoint as an

unauthorized user.

2. Included potentially malicious code within the "help.txt" file.

3. When the site admin, [email protected], attempted to view the

support ticket, the attachment "help.txt" containing potentially mali-
cious code was accessible.

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Exploitation:

• Uploaded unauthorized files through critical functionalities like the

"Site Admin" section.

• Demonstrated the potential for executing unauthorized actions by ac-

cessing restricted functionalities.

Observations:

• Lack of granular access controls for critical functionalities.

• Potential for unauthorized users to perform sensitive actions.

• Heightened risk of data breaches and unauthorized modifications.

Recommendations:

• Implement role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce least privi-

lege access.

• Conduct thorough access control reviews to identify and remediate

unauthorized access points.

• Regularly monitor and audit user access logs for suspicious activity.

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Impact:

• Potential compromise of sensitive data and system resources.

• Increased risk of unauthorized modifications and data breaches.

• Undermines the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the sys-

tem.

Evidence:

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3.8 Vulnerability Eight: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

Description:

During the security assessment, a vulnerability in the "Reviews" section of

TechNation's web application was identified, allowing for Cross-Site Script-
ing (XSS) attacks. This vulnerability enables attackers to inject and execute
malicious scripts within the context of the application, posing a risk to user
privacy and system security.

Steps Taken:

1. Submitted user-generated content containing malicious scripts to the

"Reviews" section.

2. Observed the execution of the injected scripts within the application.

3. Demonstrated the potential for stealing user credentials or performing

unauthorized actions.

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Exploitation:

• Successfully injected malicious scripts into the "Reviews" section.

• Intercepted the network traffic request using Burp Suite and modified
the request line entitled "score" by adding the command <body on-
load=alert('Hacked!')>.

• Forwarded the modified request, resulting in a pop-up window on the

website "/Reviews.php" instead of a sent message.

Observations:

• Lack of input sanitization and validation in user-generated content.

• Vulnerable to XSS attacks, allowing for script execution within the ap-
plication.

• Heightened risk of session hijacking, cookie theft, or phishing attacks.

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Recommendations:

• Implement input validation and output encoding to mitigate XSS vul-

nerabilities.

• Utilize Content Security Policy (CSP) headers to restrict the execution

of inline scripts.

• Educate developers on secure coding practices to prevent XSS vul-

nerabilities.

Impact:

• Potential compromise of user accounts and sensitive data.

• Risk of session hijacking or unauthorized access to user sessions.

• Undermines the confidentiality and integrity of user interactions within

the application.

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Evidence:

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3.9 Vulnerability Nine: Insecure Direct Object Reference

(IDOR)

Description:

The captured traffic from /Deals.php reveals a potential vulnerability related

to insecure direct object reference (IDOR). In the POST request, the pa-
rameter "money" is sent with a value of 5000. This parameter likely repre-
sents the amount of money associated with a particular deal. However,
there appears to be no proper authorization or validation mechanism in
place to ensure that the user making the request has the necessary privi-
leges to modify the amount of money for the deal.

Exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to manipulate the

"money" parameter and change the amount associated with a deal, leading
to unauthorized modification of financial data and potentially causing finan-
cial losses or other adverse impacts on the system.

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Steps Taken:

1. Intercepted Traffic: The traffic from the /Deals.php endpoint was inter-
cepted using Burp Suite during the penetration test.

2. Analysis of Request: The intercepted POST request contained a pa-

rameter named "money" with a fixed value of 5000, indicating the
amount of money associated with a deal.

3. Identification of Vulnerability: Upon analysis of the intercepted re-

quest, it was observed that there were no proper authorization or vali-
dation checks in place to ensure the integrity of the "money" parame-
ter. This lack of validation suggests a potential vulnerability related to
insecure direct object reference (IDOR).

Exploitation:

• Manipulated the "money" parameter in the "/Deals.php" endpoint to

modify financial data.

• Changed the amount associated with a deal to unauthorized values,

potentially causing financial losses.

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Recommendations:

• Implement proper authorization checks to ensure that only authorized

users can modify financial data.

• Validate user input thoroughly, including input related to financial

transactions, to prevent injection attacks and unauthorized data ma-
nipulation.

• Employ role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access to sensi-

tive functionalities and data based on user roles and permissions.

• Regularly audit and monitor financial transactions for any unusual or

suspicious activity.

Impact:

• Unauthorized modification of financial data.

• Potential financial losses for the organization.

• Adverse effects on the integrity and reliability of the system.

• Undermines trust in the system's ability to protect sensitive data.

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Evidence:

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4. Conclusion and Improvements

4.1 Introduction:

In this section, we provide an overview of the key findings from the penetra-
tion test conducted on TechNation's Technology blog. Additionally, we out-
line recommendations for improving the security posture of the web appli-
cation to mitigate the identified vulnerabilities effectively.

4.2 Conclusion and Improvements:

The comprehensive penetration test conducted on TechNation's Technol-

ogy blog has provided valuable insights into the security landscape of the
web application. Through meticulous examination and testing, we have
identified numerous vulnerabilities across various aspects of the system,
ranging from high to low severity.

The vulnerabilities discovered pose significant risks to the confidentiality,

integrity, and availability of the platform. From exposure of personal infor-
mation to critical flaws like SQL injection and remote file inclusion, each
vulnerability represents a potential avenue for exploitation by malicious ac-
tors. It's noteworthy that some vulnerabilities stem from the use of HTTP in-
stead of HTTPS, which exposes data to interception and manipulation by
attackers. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing security

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measures to safeguard user data and maintain the trust and integrity of the
platform.

Addressing these vulnerabilities requires a multifaceted approach that en-

compasses technical solutions, process improvements, and user aware-
ness initiatives. By implementing robust security measures and best prac-
tices, TechNation can significantly enhance the resilience of its web appli-
cation and mitigate the identified risks effectively.

To this end, we recommend the following key actions:

1. Enhancing Authentication Mechanisms: Strengthening authentica-

tion protocols to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive functionali-
ties and user accounts. This includes implementing multi-factor au-
thentication and enforcing strong password policies to mitigate the
risk of brute force attacks.

2. Implementing Input Validation and Output Encoding: Incorporat-

ing robust input validation and output encoding mechanisms to pre-
vent injection attacks, such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting
(XSS). By sanitizing user input and encoding output, TechNation can
mitigate the risk of code injection vulnerabilities and safeguard
against malicious payloads.

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3. Regular Auditing and Monitoring: Establishing continuous monitor-

ing processes to detect and respond to security incidents in real-time.
This involves deploying intrusion detection systems (IDS), log moni-
toring tools, and security information and event management (SIEM)
solutions to track system activities and identify suspicious behavior.

4. Enforcing Access Controls: Implementing granular access controls

to restrict unauthorized access to sensitive data and functionalities.
Role-based access control (RBAC) can be leveraged to assign spe-
cific privileges to users based on their roles and responsibilities,
thereby limiting the scope of potential security breaches.

5. Educating Developers and Users: Providing comprehensive train-

ing and awareness programs for developers and users alike to pro-
mote a security-centric culture within the organization. By raising
awareness of common security threats and best practices, TechNa-
tion can empower its stakeholders to identify and mitigate security
risks proactively.

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In conclusion, addressing the identified vulnerabilities and implementing the

recommended security measures are critical steps towards enhancing the
overall security posture of TechNation's Technology blog. By taking proac-
tive measures to mitigate risks and prioritize security, TechNation can for-
tify its web application against potential threats and ensure the protection of
user data and trust in the platform.

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