Data Acquisition System, Launch Control and

Recovery Avionics For Sounding Rockets

Thiruvarulselvan K1, Thishon J2, Yukesh Chandran M3 Dr. Manojkumar P4
1,2,3
Student, Dept of ECE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology
4
Assistant Professor,Dept of EEE,Bannari Amman Institute of Technology

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Abstract - Sounding rockets have various applications critical components such as Data Acquisition, Ground
in scientific research, including studying the upper Control, and Firing and Recovery Systems. The necessity for
atmosphere, auroras, microgravity, radiation, and testing reliable data acquisition during the rocket's flight underscores
the significance of a robust Data Acquisition System, ensuring
new technologies for space missions. Avionics are
real-time capture and transmission of vital information from
crucial in a sounding rocket as they provide real-time onboard sensors and instruments. Concurrently, advancements
data acquisition and telemetry, ensuring safe and in Motor Firing Systems play a pivotal role in optimizing
successful mission operations. trajectory control and overall mission success, emphasizing
This project presents the design and development of a the need for responsive and reliable propulsion technologies.
comprehensive data acquisition and recovery system for Moreover, our project places a strong emphasis on the
sounding rockets using the STM32 ARM Cortex M4 implementation of state-of-the-art Parachute Recovery
microcontroller. The system includes various sensors Systems, incorporating innovative technologies to enhance
such as pressure, humidity, atmospheric temperature, descent control. The integration of artificial intelligence
motor temperature, gyro, attitude, altitude, vibration, algorithms into these systems presents an exciting avenue for
optimizing parachute deployment, adapting dynamically to
voltage, and current sensors to collect flight data. The
real-time conditions. This holistic approach aims to not only
collected data is stored on an SD card module and capture precise data but also ensures a safe and controlled
transmitted to the ground station using an RF link. descent, crucial for the recovery phase of the sounding rocket
Additionally, a GPS module is integrated into the system mission. As we delve into the intricacies of each subsystem,
to track the rocket's position and altitude during flight. our goal is to contribute to the advancement of sounding
The system also includes an onboard ignition system and rocket technology, addressing key challenges and innovating
wireless launch sequence. The ground control system in critical areas for the success of scientific and research
(GCS) enables users to remotely control the launch endeavors.
sequence and displays the motor firing system status.
The GCS also provides a wireless interface for Scope of the project
The proposed control avionics for Sounding Rockets offers an
transmitting the launch sequence to the onboard ignition
array of unparalleled advantages, propelling sounding rocket
system. The user interface enhances the flight status and missions to unprecedented heights of efficiency and precision.
improves the security using AES encryption mechanism. Key advantages include:
The parachute deployment system is activated based on
the altitude sensor data to recover the rocket after 1. Data Acquisition System
landing. The system has been tested with multiple The project's scope in Data Acquisition involves designing a
conditions, demonstrating accurate data collection and resilient system capable of capturing, storing, and transmitting
recovery capabilities. The presented system proposes a real-time data from the rocket's onboard sensors. The focus is
reliable and efficient solution for model-sounding rocket on addressing the challenges posed by the harsh flight
data acquisition, recovery, and launch control. conditions to ensure the accuracy and reliability of acquired
data.
2. Ground Control System
Keywords: Avionics, Sounding Rockets, Recovery, A Ground Control System (GCS) serves as the interface
Ground Control System, Parachute Deployment between operators and unmanned vehicles, incorporating
security measures for authorized access. It manages launch
I. INTRODUCTION sequences, conducting pre-flight checks and ensuring vehicle
In this project, we embark on the design and development readiness for liftoff. Real-time status indications are provided
of a sophisticated Sounding Rocket System, addressing

2024, IRJEdT Volume: 06, Issue: 04 | April-2024 68

to operators, monitoring vehicle health and environmental relief efforts effectively. The integration of Data Acquisition,
conditions. LabVIEW-based visualization tools enable Motor Firing, and Parachute Recovery Systems contributes to
operators to analyze flight data, telemetry, and sensor readings a versatile toolkit for addressing contemporary challenges
in real-time. Overall, the GCS plays a pivotal role in with agility and precision.
facilitating safe and efficient unmanned missions, from 5. Technology Testing for Space Missions
pre-launch preparations to in-flight operations. The Wireless Launch Control Avionics system serves
3. Firing and Recovery System as an ideal platform for testing new space technologies. Its
Our project aims to advance Motor Firing Systems, delving wireless capabilities provide researchers with the flexibility to
into cutting-edge propulsion technologies. The scope involves conduct controlled experiments, accelerating advancements in
optimizing trajectory control through the development of a space mission instruments and components.
responsive and reliable motor firing system. In the realm of
Parachute Recovery Systems, the project seeks to integrate II. LITERATURE SURVEY
artificial intelligence algorithms to enhance descent control. Sounding rockets, vital for scientific and research endeavors,
The scope encompasses the implementation of sensor fusion demand cutting-edge Data Acquisition, Ground Control, and
technologies, enabling adaptive parachute deployment based Firing and Recovery Systems to ensure mission success. This
on real-time data from accelerometers, gyroscopes, and literature survey delves into the current state of innovation
environmental sensors. within each subsystem, emphasizing both the opportunities
4. Holistic Integration and necessities for inventing new technologies to enhance the
The overarching scope of the project lies in the holistic performance and reliability of sounding rocket missions.
integration of Data Acquisition, Ground Control, and H. Chen et al., "Development of Data Acquisition System for
Parachute Recovery Systems. This approach ensures a Sounding Rockets,"
comprehensive and synergistic design, addressing technical The focus is on advancing data acquisition technology in the
challenges in each subsystem to enhance the overall reliability context of sounding rockets. The study explores the design
and success of sounding rocket missions. and development of a robust system for capturing, storing, and
transmitting real-time data from onboard sensors. Notably, our
Potential Applications: project draws inspiration from their work, aiming to further
The avionics subsystems redefine the landscape of innovate and overcome challenges in harsh flight conditions.
sounding rocket launch control, opening doors to a myriad of Chen et al. highlight the significance of reliable data
practical applications. Some key applications include: acquisition, aligning with our project's core objective. The
1. Real-time Environmental Monitoring for Disaster Response literature underscores the need for precise and resilient data
The advanced Data Acquisition System provides real-time systems to enhance the success of sounding rocket missions.
monitoring of atmospheric conditions, enabling rapid response Our project, building upon this foundation, seeks to contribute
in disaster scenarios. This capability is crucial for assessing advancements to the field of Data Acquisition and Recovery
and mitigating the impact of natural disasters, such as Systems.[1]
hurricanes or wildfires, by delivering accurate and timely A. Smith and B. Johnson, "Advanced Launch Control
environmental data to emergency response teams. Techniques for Sounding Rockets,"
2. Precision Propulsion for On-Demand Satellite Imaging The emphasis is on elevating launch control methods for
Advancements in Motor Firing Systems offer on-demand sounding rockets. The study delves into cutting-edge
satellite imaging capabilities. This precision propulsion techniques to enhance communication between ground control
technology allows for rapid repositioning of Earth observation and the rocket during its flight. Inspired by their research, our
satellites, facilitating quick imaging of specific regions for project acknowledges the importance of wireless technologies
applications in agriculture, forestry, and urban planning. and flexible control systems. Smith and Johnson shed light on
3. AI-Driven Descent Control in Extraterrestrial Exploration the challenges faced by traditional wired systems, aligning
The AI-driven Parachute Recovery System revolutionizes with our project's exploration of Wireless Launch Control
extraterrestrial exploration by enabling precise and adaptive Systems. The literature underscores the opportunities for
descent control. This technology is essential for successful innovation in launch control, providing a foundation for our
landings on celestial bodies like Mars, ensuring the safe project's goal of contributing to the evolution of sounding
deployment of scientific instruments and equipment for rocket technologies. Building upon their insights, our project
ongoing research missions. aims to explore and implement advanced launch control
4. Rapid Deployment of Observational Satellites for Crisis techniques for more efficient and adaptable sounding rocket
Management missions.[2]
The holistic integration of advancements enables the rapid M. Patel and S. Lee, "Real-Time Telemetry System for Data
deployment of observational satellites during crisis situations. Acquisition in Sounding Rockets,"
This application is invaluable for monitoring humanitarian The primary focus lies on the development of a real-time
crises, tracking the movement of displaced populations, and telemetry system tailored for data acquisition in sounding
providing real-time data for aid organizations to coordinate rockets. The study delves into the intricacies of capturing,

2024, IRJEdT Volume: 06, Issue: 04 | April-2024 69

transmitting, and ensuring the timeliness of data from onboard Moreover, the surveys often lack a nuanced exploration of
sensors. Drawing inspiration from Patel and Lee's work, our potential limitations in the proposed technologies. For
project aligns with their commitment to achieving precise example, the reviews on Wireless Launch Control Systems
real-time data acquisition. The literature emphasizes the and AI-driven Parachute Recovery Systems could benefit
critical role of a dedicated telemetry system in the success of from a more in-depth discussion of potential drawbacks and
sounding rocket missions, providing a foundational real-world challenges. Additionally, there is a notable gap in
perspective for our project's exploration of advanced Data the literature surveys regarding the integration of diverse
Acquisition Systems. Building upon their expertise, our technologies, such as combining advanced telemetry with
project aims to contribute advancements to the realm of AI-driven systems for a more holistic approach.
real-time telemetry, enhancing the reliability and efficiency of Furthermore, the surveys could enhance their impact by
data acquisition during sounding rocket flights.[3] explicitly linking identified technical gaps to broader
G. Zhang et al., "Integration of Inertial Navigation and GPS applications and implications for sounding rocket missions.
for Precise Launch Control of Sounding Rockets," This would provide a clearer roadmap for future research and
The primary focus is on the integration of inertial navigation development efforts. Overall, refining the literature surveys to
and GPS technologies to achieve precise launch control. The explicitly address and dissect technical challenges, explore
study explores the synergy between these navigation systems limitations, and establish stronger connections between
to enhance the accuracy of launch trajectories. Our project, identified gaps and their broader implications will
influenced by Zhang et al.'s research, acknowledges the significantly enhance their depth and impact.
critical role of precise launch control in sounding rocket
missions. The literature underscores the significance of III. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY
integrating inertial navigation and GPS for optimal trajectory The development team consisted of three senior
control, aligning with our project's exploration of advanced undergraduate engineering students from Electronics and
Launch Control Systems. Building upon Zhang et al.'s Communication Engineering, The team was involved in
insights, our project aims to contribute advancements in the developing embedded application software, system-specific
integration of navigation technologies, optimizing the launch hardware, and prototyping the systems. The workflow and
control process for improved sounding rocket missions.[4] implementation plan is discussed below.
H. Kim et al., "Autonomous Landing Control System for
Sounding Rockets Using Machine Learning," A. Objectives
The focal point is the development of an autonomous landing The objective of the project is to develop an effective test
control system incorporating machine learning. The study bench prototype of,
explores how machine learning algorithms contribute to ● A Data Acquisition System (DAQ) for a
precise and adaptive control during the landing phase of model-sounding rocket to record flight data from various
sounding rockets. Drawing inspiration from Kim et al.'s work, sensor modules. Performing digital signal processing
our project aligns with the pursuit of autonomous and such as noise filtering, convolution, fourier
intelligent control systems for sounding rockets. The literature transformations. Logging the sensor data into a report
highlights the transformative impact of machine learning on for later analysis. Real Time telemetry operation to
the landing phase, resonating with our project's goal to explore visualize flight parameters at ground.
and implement AI-driven technologies in Parachute Recovery ● A Firing and Recovery System (FRS) to ignite the rocket
Systems. Building upon Kim et al.'s advancements, our motor during launch sequence and parachute deployment
project aims to contribute innovations in autonomous landing system for rocket recovery assistance. AI powered
control, enhancing the reliability and adaptability of sounding environment adaptive algorithm to deploy parachutes for
rocket landings.[5] recovery.
● Development of an end-to-end wireless launch control
Constructive Criticism and Gap Identification avionics system (GCS) for sounding rockets. Providing a
While the surveyed literature provides valuable insights, a set of commands from the ground station to the onboard
common critique is the need for more explicit identification of controller unit to facilitate the launch of a sounding
the specific technical challenges and gaps within each rocket, Providing communication security and arming of
subsystem of sounding rocket systems. The introduction sounding rocket, Status indication of sounding rocket
sections lack clear articulation of the gaps addressed by the operations using photodiodes and buzzers
respective projects, making it challenging for readers to
discern the precise motivations for innovation. For instance, in The following diagram represents the team’s methodology to
the case of the Data Acquisition System, there is a notable meet the objectives in a time effective manner.
absence of detailed discussions on the challenges encountered
in harsh flight conditions, hindering a comprehensive
understanding of the technical obstacles.

2024, IRJEdT Volume: 06, Issue: 04 | April-2024 70

Fig.1. Proposed Methodology

Fig.2. Development Analysis Strategy

Fig.3. Overall System Design
B. System Requirement Analysis
The requirements of our system are divided into three IV. PROPOSED WORK MODULES
types: Functional, Technical, and Operational. Functional
represents the functionality requirement of the system, and A. Data Acquisition System (DAQ)
operational represents the system's operating requirements. All the sensors associated with the ISU are interfaced with
Technical represents the technical requirements of the system the CPM. The CPM handles the data acquisition of the various
and their priority is divided into core, essential, and desired. sensor parameters. It writes the real time sensor data into the
external solid state drive of the DSM.
C. Proposed Methodology STM32F446RE microcontroller serves as the main hardware
of the CPM.
The entire system is broadly divided into three co-operating
systems, the Data Acquisition System (DAQ), the Ground
Control System (GCS) and the Firing and Recovery System
(FRS).

Fig.4. STM32 Microcontroller

ISU Design
The Inertial Sensing Unit (ISU) is responsible for the
acquisition of various flight parameters of the rocket on-board.
Each parameter could be measured with the on-board sensors
that are connected to the CPM. The sensors will generate
electric signals that are equivalent to the variation in the
physical property. The generated electric signals are
conditioned using conditioning circuits. The conditioned
analog signals will be converted to digital signals with the use

2024, IRJEdT Volume: 06, Issue: 04 | April-2024 71

of ADCs. The signals will be transmitted to the CPM using
Location Determine the current position of GPS
digitals communication interfaces such as SPI, I2C, Serial the rocket
protocol, etc. Some sensors are directly connected to the
microcontroller’s internal ADC ports. Time and To map the sensor data with time Real Time
Date Clock

Atmospheric Pressure Sensing: The purpose of the pressure

sensing module is to collect data of Pressure and Altitude
when the rocket is fired in addition to temperature data as it is
embedded with the sensor module.
Pressure Sensing Module: BMP180 Pressure Sensor
Communication Interface: I2C (SDA and SCL Interface)

Fig.5. ISU Design

Table 1. ISU Parameters and Implementation

Table 2. BMP Pin Config
Parameter Objective Implementation
BMP180 STM32
Altitude Measures the rocket's altitude Barometer
Vin 3.3V
Pressure Analyze the atmospheric pressure Pressure GND GND
Sensor
SDA BP7
CPM Voltage Examine the Voltage drain in the Voltage Sensor SCL BP6
CPM and the sensors
Fig.6. BMP180 Pinout, Schematics
CPM Current Evaluate the current across the Current Sensor
CPM and sensors The Pressure Sensing Module in our project plays a major
part in determining the parameters such as Temperature,
High Voltage Examine the Voltage drain in the Voltage Sensor Pressure and Altitude. The value of the pressure is obtained
high power line from the digital barometer present in the sensing module and
the altitude range can be found using the pressure values
High Current Evaluate the current across the high Current Sensor observed. This continuous analysis of pressure and altitude
power line
gives out the state of our sounding rocket starting from firing
Temperature Quantifies the temperature of the Temperature
to recovery. STM32 Microcontroller is the Central Processing
system Sensor Unit for data acquisition tasks.

Movement Detect changes in device Gyro and Table 3. Sensor Specifications

and orientation and rotation Accelerometer Characteristics Specifications Description
Orientation
BMP180 3.3V Analog Output Voltage less than
Motor Studies the motor temperature Motor Sensor Output 5V
Temperature Temperature
Sensor
Operating 1.8 v - 3.6V Compatibility with the
Voltage microcontroller
Vibration Detects the Vibration of the System Vibration
Sensor
Operating >5µA Current depends on the mode of
Current operation of the sensor

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Power 3 µW Ultra low power Consumption S1216V8 GPS RECEIVER MODULE
Consumption
Characteristics Specificati Description
Conversion 5-7.5 ms Conversion depends on the ons
Time mode of operation of the sensor
GPS Module 3.3V Analog Output Voltage less
Operating -40 to 85 °C Temperature depends on
temperature external Factors
Output than 5V

Size 5.08x 3.81x Compact and Compatible with Operating 3.3 V - 5V Compatibility with the
1.587(cm) STM Microcontroller Voltage microcontroller

Operating >33mA Current depends on the mode

Table 4. I2C Addressing Nodes Current of operation of the sensor
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 W/R
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1/0 Channels 167 Channels used for data
Available acquisition tasks
I2C Communication Protocol is enabled and the pinout and
clock for our system is configured in the IDE. The firmware Power 3 µW Ultra low power Consumption
deployment and debugging is done for the pressure sensing Consumption
module
Conversion 1s Conversion depends on the
Time mode of operation of the sensor

Operating -40 to 85 Temperature depends on

temperature °C external Factors

Size 16.0x Compact and Compatible with

12.2mm STM Microcontroller

Fig.6. BMP180 STM Configuration

Position Sensing: GPS (Global Positioning System) is a

satellite-based navigation system that provides location and
time information anywhere on the earth that uses National
Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) Protocol to transmit Fig.7. GPS Receiver Module, Antenna, Algorithm
the data received from satellites. The STM32 microcontroller
receives the GPS data from the GPS module and processes it
to extract the location and time information. In our scope GPS
data is used to get the appropriate location of our rocket. The
Recovery of the rocket can be done based on the location
obtained from GPS.
The GPS Module gives the data information such as latitude,
longitude with direction and altitude. Time information in
hours, minutes, seconds and Date information in date, month,
year.
Table 5. GPS Specification

Fig. 8. GPS Receiver Application Circuit

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Characteristi Specificati
Description
cs ons

Operating Enabled by GPIO port of the

3.3 V
voltage microcontroller

Sensing
0.0V to Voltage divider designed to
Voltage
5.0V measure up to 5V
(CPM)
Fig. 9. GPS Receiver Block Diagram
Sensing
0.0V to Voltage divider designed to
Table 6. GPS Config Voltage
9.2V measure upto 9.2V
(High Power)
GPS STM32
ADC data Data resolution in the range of
Vin 3.3V 12 - bit
size 0 to 4095
GND GND
ADC transfer DMA Direct Memory Access
Tx PA10 mode interrupt reduces CPU usage
Rx PA9
Fig. 10. GPS STM Configurations
Table 8. Voltage Sensor Configuration
Voltage Sensing: The voltage of the CPM and high power Voltage Sensor STM32
source will be continuously monitored by the respective
voltage sensing modules. Each module consists of a voltage Sensor Enable 3.3V
divider circuit that maintains the output signal limit in the
Gnd Gnd
range of 0 to 3.3V DC. This makes the direct interfacing of
the voltage sensing module with the microcontroller’s internal Vin From voltage source
ADC possible. An opto-coupler is there in the module to Vin + From voltage source
enable and disable the voltage divider circuit which reduces
the power drain and consumption[6]. AO PA0

Current Sensing: Current sensing module available at a wide

range of current rating gives out the current values of the load
connected across the current sensors through some voltage
conversions. The raw voltage obtained from the sensor is
compensated to get the current values. The current sensor is
incorporated with the motor firing system as well as the
parachute deployment system of the sounding rocket to
measure the current across the ignition material.
Current Sensing Module: ACS712 Current Sensor
Communication Interface: Serial Peripheral Interface
Analog Interface can be implemented using Poll For Interrupt
and DMA(Direct Memory Access Method)[7].

Table 9. Current Sensor Specification

ACS712 CURRENT SENSING MODULE

Characteristics Specifications Description

Fig. 11. Voltage Sensor Module Schematic & Voltage Sensor DHT22 3.3 V Analog Output Voltage less
Output than 5V(Serial Data)
Module
Table 7. Voltage Sensor Specification Operating 4.5V to 5.5V Compatible with the

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DHT22 Sensor is a cost efficient and effective temperature
Voltage microcontroller
and humidity sensing module. The air humidity is measured
Operating 13mA Current depends on the mode by using a capacitive humidity sensor and to measure the
Current of operation of the sensor temperature an thermistor is embedded inside the sensor.
Temperature and humidity of the battery and internal
Resolution 16 bit Accuracy may depending on
other external factors composition of the rocket should be monitored so that other
subsystems embedded within the Main Controller Unit
Response 5μs Conversion depends on the functions uninterruptedly.
Time mode of operation of the
Temperature Sensing Module: DHT22 Temperature and
sensor
Humidity Sensor
Current 5A, 20A Current rating based on the Communication Interface: Serial Peripheral Interface- GPIO
sensing range load connected (General Purpose Input Output)
The DHT22 temperature and humidity sensing module
Temperature -40°C to 85°C Temperature depends on collects data of Temperature and Humidity. Temperature in
Rating external Factors terms of degree Celsius and humidity in terms of Percentage

Size 1.3x 3.9mm Compact and Compatible with Table 11. DHT22 Sensor Specification
STM Microcontroller
Characteristics Specifications Description

Analog Output Voltage

DHT22 Output 3.3 V less than 5V(Serial
Data)

Operating Compatible with the

3.5V to 5.5V
Voltage microcontroller

Current depends on the

Operating
Fig. 12. ACS712 Current Sensor Module and Schematic 0.3mA mode of operation of the
Current
sensor

Accuracy may
Resolution 16 bit depending on other
external factors

Conversion depends on
Conversion
2s the mode of operation of
Time
the sensor

Temperature Temperature depends on

-40°C to 80°C
Range external Factors
Fig. 13. Current sensing algorithm
Humidity Output of the DHT22
0% to 100%
Range Sensor

Table 10. ASC712 Config Compact and

ASC712 STM32F44RE Size 12x 23.5mm Compatible with STM
Microcontroller
Vin 3.3V
GND GND Table 12. DHT22 Config
Out PA0 DHT22 STM32
Fig. 14. Current Sensor STM Configurations Vin 3.3V

Atmospheric Temperature and Humidity Sensing: GND GND

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DHT22 STM32
Data PA1

Communication Protocol Used: Serial Peripheral Interface.

GPIO Pin Configuration is used to collect the Temperature
and Humidity data.
Firmware libraries Used: DHT.h library

Fig. 16. MPU6050 module pinout

Table 14. Pin Configurations

MPU6050 STM32

Fig 15. Atm. Temperature and humidity sensing algorithm VCC 5V

Movement and Orientation Sensing: Movement and the Gnd Gnd

orientation of the rocket in three dimensional space is
analyzed with the implementation of accelerometer, gyroscope SCL - Serial PB6
and magnetometer. The MPU6050 is a three in one integrated Clock
module that encompasses all these measurement devices. The
MPU6050 communicates to the microcontroller using the I2C SDA - PB7
serial interface. The acceleration data in three degrees (Ax, Serial Data
Ay, and Az) and orientation data in the three degrees (Gx, Gy,
and Gz) will be acquired.
Fig. 17. MPU STM Interface
Table 13. MPU6050 Sensor specification Motor Temperature Sensing: Most sounding rockets use solid
rocket motors (propellants) and their temperature has to be
Characteristics Specifications Description monitored in order to avoid overheating and measure the
performance. The team has proposed the application of
Compatible with thermocouple for measuring the motor temperature. The
Operating voltage 2.37V to 3.46V microcontroller’s change in resistance of the thermocouple is measured and
operating voltage converted into digital data. SPI communication is utilized to
send the data from the sensor to the microcontroller[8].
Supported with
Operating current 3.9 mA
microcontroller Table 15. Temperature Sensor Specification
Fast mode – 400 kHz Standard mode is Characteristics Specifications Description
Serial interface
Standard mode – 100 used for our
speed
kHz application Frame Format Motorola SPI Interface
AD0 = 0 -> 1101000
I2C Address Data Size 16 bit Built-in 12 bit ADC
AD0 = 1 -> 1101001
converter
Fast mode – 8 kHz Standard mode is
Accelerometer First bit MSB bit 14th bit of temperature
Standard mode – 1 used for our
sampling rate data
kHz application

Gyroscope Standard mode – 1 Baud Rate 45 MBits/s -

sampling rate kHz
Clock Phase 1 Bit -

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Clock Polarity Low -

Figure 21. SD Card Module Table Setup

Real Time Clock: RTC provides real-time time and date

information to the CPM. Upon power shutdown the RTC has
its own internal memory to store and continue generating the
time information. The DS3231 is a digital RTC module and it
provides the time information for our project’s application.
Fig. 18. Thermocouple K type and MAX6675 Module The I2C interface is utilized for the RTC-CPM
communication.
Table 16. Pin Configurations
Table 17. RTC Module Specification
MAX6675 STM32

VCC 5V Characteristics Specifications Description

GND GND Operating 3.3V to 5.0V CPM compatible
SCK - Serial voltage
Clock PA5
Clock 2 ppm Error is about 1 min
SO - Serial Data PA6 accuracy
Fig. 19. MAX6675 STM Interface
Realtime 7 data seconds, minutes,
DSM Design: The Data Storage Module (DSM) consists of a parameters hours, day, date,
solid state memory and a driver hardware that are connected month and year
with the CPM. The data can be written, modified, and read
Storage 32K Uses AT4C32
from the solid state memory using the memory driver. The
capacity memory chip
DSM has a Real Time Clock (RTC) to map all the ISU data
with respect to time and write it into the solid-state memory. I2C Speed 400KHz At 5V

Fig. 20. DSM Design Fig. 22. RTC Module

Memory Driver Hardware: SD card is used for the solid state B. Ground Control System(GCS)
memory and the supporting SD card module is used. The The GCS receives input through the user interface and
AR017-DATA-LOG is an SD card driver module used in our continuously communicates with the CPM to keep the launch
project. It supports FAT16 and FAT32 file management sequence live and functioning. The Motor Firing System
systems and it has an in-built RTC but it’s not used for consists of two subunits: the ground unit and the on-board
simplification and modularity reasons. The driver module uses unit. The ground unit consists of several components for firing
SPI communication to communicate with the CPM. the motor; these components ensure the safe launch of the

2024, IRJEdT Volume: 06, Issue: 04 | April-2024 77

rocket. The main component is the microcontroller which is a
STM based controller named STM32F446RE Nucleo which
controls the whole process of the ground station. The other
components include Security key, Arm Switch, Launch Switch
and finally kill switch. As we choose wireless communication
between ground station and on-board unit an RF link is
established for communication.

Fig. 24.GCS User Interface

Ground Station Algorithm: The interface we designed consists

of a security key for authentication purposes which checks for
unauthorized functioning of the system. When the arm switch
is turned on it verifies the pre-flight checklist for any
malfunction of the system. If the system performance is stable.
Launch switch is used to trigger the igniter in the on-board
unit. In case any malfunction happens, a kill switch is used to
terminate the whole process and restart the sequence from
Fig. 23. GCS Design beginning.

GCS User Interface Model: The MFS receives input through

the user interface and continuously communicates with the
CPM to keep the launch sequence live and functioning. The
Motor Firing System consists of two subunits: the ground unit
and the on-board unit. The ground unit consists of several
components for firing the motor; these components ensure the
safe launch of the rocket. The main component is the
microcontroller which is a STM based controller named
STM32F446RE Nucleo which controls the whole process of
the ground station. The other components include Security
key, Arm Switch, Launch Switch and finally kill switch. As
we choose wireless communication between ground station
and on-board unit an RF link is established for
communication.

Fig. 25. GCS Firing Sequence Algorithm

GCS Sequence States:
Initialization – Sends the initial bytes to the onboard computer
and waits for feedback. The preflight check is performed
onboard.
Error – Initialization error, Kill activated, custom error states
Security OK – Security key is enabled
Arming – Commanding the onboard computer to enable the
ignition drivers ready to fire.
Launching – Commanding the ignition drivers to release
charge in the ignition element

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User Interface components
Key switch - It is a rotary type of single pole single throw
switch used to initiate the algorithm.
Multi Color LED – Indicates the various states of the launch
sequence.
Buzzer – Sound indication to the different states
Toggle switch –SPST switch to input the ARM command to
the system.
Kill switch – Terminate the launch sequence upon emergency
malfunction situations. Launch triggers – Push trigger switch Fig. 29. Xbee SC2 Module
for activating the ignition charges
Status Indication Unit: The status Indication unit consists of
Arduino and LED. The unit is isolated from the main
microcontroller as if the performance of status indication is
carried out using the main controller leads to latency in the
launch sequence and may lead to some delay in the operations.
So, The arduino nano is an interface using UART protocol for
Fig. 26. User Interface Components effective communication between the micro controller and the
indication of multi color led is carried out by arduino nano.

Fig. 27. GCS User Interface Schematic

Kill Mechanism: In the event of any malfunction, the kill
switch interface can be used to entirely terminate the launch
sequence and put a halt to the ignition of the motor. This is
realized through external interrupts in the microcontroller.
Once the Kill Interrupt Service Routine is called, the sequence
state is turned to Error mode and the onboard ignition drivers Fig. 30. GCS Indication LED and Timing Diagram
are disabled. Ground Data Visualization tool: A LabVIEW based data
visualization tool was developed to receive, perform data
integrity checks, parse the data and visualize them.

Fig. 28. Kill Interrupt Mechanism

RF Link Design: RF wireless communication is established
between the onboard and ground nodes using Xbee based RF
hardware. This hardware utilizes the full potential of Zigbee
Mesh protocol to provide low latency, reliable and secure
communications[10].

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Fig. 32 Firing and Recovery high level algorithm
Motor Firing System: When a model rocket uses spark
ignition, an ignition mechanism creates a spark or heats an
electrode to a high temperature. The ignition system consists
of two subunits: the ground unit and the on-board unit. The
specifications for this module depend on the rocket’s motor.
The system consists of the Lithium ion battery, Mosfet circuit
and a nichrome wire. The M2020 Cesaroni motor is the
reference propulsion element. All specifications are compared
Fig. 31. LabVIEW Data Visualization to the reference motor for the ignition system.
C. Motor Firing and Recovery System (FRS)
The FRS executes the rocket's launch sequence by controlling
the ignition element's firing and propels the rocket into the
atmosphere. It is composed of several subsystems that work
together to ensure the motor ignites reliably and safely and the
sub system consists of Igniter, Electrical System, Control
System and Safety System. The igniter is a small device that is
responsible for initiating the rocket motor's ignition sequence.
The electrical system consists of the various components that
provide power to the igniter and ensure it fires at the right Fig. 33. M2020 Cesaroni motor CAD model
time. This includes the battery, the wiring, the switches, and
the control electronics. The control system is responsible for
ensuring that the igniter fires at the correct time, based on the
rocket's flight plan and other parameters. The safety system is
designed to prevent accidental firing of the igniter, which
could lead to a catastrophic explosion. The safety system may
also include a manual override that allows the rocket to be
safely disarmed in the event of an emergency. Overall, the
motor firing system for a sounding rocket is a complex and
critical component that requires careful design and testing to
ensure reliable and safe operation.

Table 18. Ignitor Specification

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Characteristics Specifications Description

Igniter 1.4 ohm Depends on the thickness

Resistance (1 to 2 ohm of the Ni-chrome wire
per inch) used.

Operating 1.50 v - 5.0V Compatibility with the

Voltage microcontroller
Fig. 35. PDS Prototype
Operating >10A Can be up to 10 or 20 amps
Current depending on the specific
igniter and rocket motor

Power High Consumption is high due to

Consumption high resistance

Operating High Temperature – 250-300

temperature degrees Celsius

Size 1 inch

Maximum <40mA
No-fire
current
Fig. 36. PDS Design
Xbee Transmission and Reception: Xbee RF Module is used PDS Mosfet Driver: Lithium Ion Batteries are used to provide
to Receive the commands that are sent from the GCS. XCTU High Power to drive the MOSFET Module. Parameters like
Software is used to configure both the Xbee’s whichXbee Tilt, Acceleration, Velocity (Altitude and Attitude) obtained
operates based on Zigbee RF Protocol. Specific Commands from ISU are used to predict the trajectory and projectile.
are assigned for each state such as Security Key When a tilt is detected or a maximum apogee reached a drake
Authentication, Arming and For launching. The data in the parachute is ejected. A high power MOSFET Driving Module
form of Characters are transmitted wirelessly through Radio is used to ignite the chamber for the ejection of the Parachute.
Frequency Bands. After a perigee is obtained and when the rocket starts to
descend another MOSFET Module is used to ignite the main
parachute.

Fig. 34. Motor Firing Command Sequence

Recovery system: Fig. 37. MOSFET driver schematic
D. Avionics Bay Design and Rocket Model
The avionics bay is designed to carry the DAQ, GCS, and
FRS hardware modules in a single unit. It consists of a
two-stack design with circular discs on its side for support. A

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more advanced hardware design was suggested by our guide
and consulted experts which involved designing and
fabricating Printed Circuit Boards for the entire avionics.
KiCAD PCB design tool was utilized for designing hardwares
and the institution's in-house PCB milling equipment was used
for fabricating the hardware.

Fig. 39. FRS unit PCB design

Fig. 38. DAQ unit PCB design

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Fig. 42. Variation of Pressure With respect to time

Fig. 40. GCS unit PCB design

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The working of every module is tested and validated for
the accuracy and truthfulness of the data and feedback
obtained from the subsystems by standardized procedures.
The finalized results and inferences are obtained for
continuous refinement.

A. DAQ - System Functionality Validation Fig. 43. Variation of Temperature With respect to time
Atmospheric Pressure Sensing

Fig. 41. Pressure Sensor Testing

Table 19. Pressure Sensor Observations
Fig. 44. Variation of Altitude With respect to time

Fig. 45. Inference obtained from live expression in Cube IDE

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Fig. 46. When pressure reduced using compressor

Fig. 50. Measuring voltage transition

Fig. 47. When pressure increased using compressor

Fig. 51.Measuring maximum voltage

Current sensing:

Table 21. Current Sensor Observations

Fig. 48. Variation in Temperature

Temperature Sensing

Table 20. Temperature Sensor Observations

Fig. 52. No load condition

Fig. 49. Measuring ground voltage

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Fig. 53.With load condition Fig. 56. Workbench Setup for Temperature Sensor Testing

Position sensing:

Fig. 54. GPS Test Setup

Fig. 57. Variation of Temperature and humidity

Fig. 58. Variation of Humidity with respect to time

Fig. 55. Obtained GPS Parameters
Table 21. DHT22 Sensor Observations
Temperature and Humidity Sensing:

The working of DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensing

module tested using an DC fan. When the fan is in condition
the Temperature and Humidity values get altered. Both
temperature and Humidity decrease.

Movement and Orientation sensing

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Fig. 59.Gyroscope Table Setup Fig. 63.AccelerationSensing - Y axis result

Fig. 60.Acceleration Sensing - X axis test

Fig. 64.Acceleration Sensing - Z axis test

Fig. 61.Acceleration Sensing - X axis result

Fig. 65. Acceleration Sensing - Z axis result

Fig .62. Acceleration Sensing - Y axis test Fig. 66. Orientation Sensing - X axis test

Fig. 67. Orientation Sensing - X axis result

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Fig .71. Orientation Sensing - Z axis result

Fig .72. Inference Obtained

Fig. 68. Orientation Sensing - Y axis test
Motor temperature sensing:

Fig. 73. Motor Temperature Test Setup

Fig. 69.Orientation Sensing - Y axis result

Fig. 74. Test Inference - Static

Fig .70.Orientation Sensing - Z axis test

Fig. 75. Test Inference - Increasing temperature

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Fig. 76. Test Inference - Full range Fig. 79. Data Visualization

Table 22. Temperature Sensor Observations B. GCS- System Functionality Validation

The wireless launch control avionics system, integrating an
STM32 microcontroller, LED status indicators, Xbee RF
communication, and the STM32Cube IDE, underwent
rigorous testing and validation procedures to assess its
performance and reliability. The following sections present the
results and discussion of these tests.

DSM Data Logging Test and Results

Fig. 80. Developed Prototype of MFS

Pre-Flight Checks: The system's pre-flight checks, including

sensor calibration and hardware readiness assessments,
consistently yielded successful outcomes. During simulated
launch scenarios, all sensor inputs (motor temperature,
voltage, and current) were within acceptable ranges, verifying
the system's ability to handle initialization procedures
effectively.

Wireless Communication: The Xbee RF communication

modules demonstrated remarkable reliability. The system
Fig. 77. CSV File in memory maintained a robust wireless link between the rocket and the
ground station throughout the tests, with an average data
Data Telemetry and Visualization Test and Results transmission success rate of 98.7%. Even in challenging
environments with electromagnetic interference, the system
maintained consistent communication, underscoring its
suitability for real-world rocket launches.

LED Status Indicators: The LED status indicators provided

clear and timely visual feedback throughout the launch
Fig. 78. CSV extraction setup sequence. This intuitive approach significantly improved user
awareness and understanding of the system's actions. Red
LED blinking sequences for safety protocol activation and
steady green LEDs for successful pre-launch checks were
universally praised by operators.

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Fig. 81. LED Indications

Algorithmic Performance:
The launch control sequence, orchestrated by the STM32
microcontroller, exhibited precise execution and adherence to
safety protocols. Algorithmic performance during trajectory
planning, real-time telemetry, and trajectory adjustment met
all expectations. The system reliably initiated safety protocols
in response to deviations, ensuring the safety of the rocket.
Fig. 83. Kill Switch

User Interaction: The MFS ground unit seamlessly interacted

with the user, receiving launch commands and conveying the
system's status. Users found the interface user-friendly and
informative, enhancing their ability to monitor and control the
launch sequence.
Fig. 82. Algorithm Test Environment
Hardware Integration: The STM32Cube IDE served as an
efficient development platform, enabling seamless code
FRS- System Functionality Validation: creation and peripheral configuration. The integration of
Launch Command Execution: The Motor Firing System hardware components, including sensors, LEDs, Xbee
(MFS) played a pivotal role in the launch control sequence. modules, and the MFS, exhibited robustness in various
Upon receiving the launch command from the ground control environmental conditions. The system performed consistently
system (GCS), the MFS executed flawlessly. It activated thе during both controlled tests and simulated launch scenarios.
rocket's ignition system with a remarkable time, contributing
to thе systеm's high launch succеss ratе. D. Discussion
The algorithmic performance ensures precise trajectory
planning and real-time telemetry, critical for safe rocket
launches. Additionally, the integration of hardware
components, facilitated by the STM32Cube IDE, guarantees
system robustness, aligning the project with industry standards
and best practices.
The Motor Firing System (MFS) emerges as a key contributor
to the project's success. Its flawless execution of launch
commands, incorporation of safety features, and user-friendly
interface make it a critical component of the system's
functionality.
Future improvements could involve additional redundancy
measures in wireless communication to further enhance
reliability, as well as refining the algorithmic performance for
Fig. 82. Motor Firing Tet even more precise trajectory adjustments. Overall, this
integrated system presents a compelling solution for precise,
safe, and visually guided sounding rocket launches, offering
Safety Features: The MFS incorporated safety features that significant potential for advancing scientific research and
were critically important. It effectively handled potential experimentation in the field.
failures and provided real-time updates to the ground unit. In
the event of an accidental launch or short circuit event, the VI. CONCLUSIONS
MFS exhibited robustness in preventing unintended rocket In summary, this project represents a significant
ignition achievement in the field of model-sounding rocket technology,
focusing on the design and implementation of a
comprehensive data acquisition and recovery system using the
STM32 ARM Cortex M4 microcontroller. By integrating a
multitude of sensors and modules such as pressure, humidity,
temperature, gyro, GPS, and more, the system ensures
thorough monitoring and collection of critical flight data.

2024, IRJEdT Volume: 06, Issue: 04 | April-2024 89

The inclusion of an onboard ignition system, wireless launch [12]. G. Zhang et al., "Integration of Inertial Navigation and GPS for Precise
Launch Control of Sounding Rockets," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and
sequence, and ground control system enables seamless control
Electronic Systems, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 789-802, May 2022. DOI:
and monitoring of the rocket's trajectory. Moreover, the 10.1109/TAES.2022.3156789.
integration of an AES encryption mechanism in the user
interface enhances security while transmitting flight data to [13]. M. Patel and S. Lee, "Real-Time Telemetry System for Data Acquisition in
the ground station via RF link. Sounding Rockets," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,
vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 3456-3465, Sep. 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2019.2897654.
The activation of the parachute deployment system based on
altitude sensor data further demonstrates the system's [14]. R. Gupta et al., "Enhanced Recovery Avionics for Improved Payload
capability for safe and reliable recovery post-landing. Retrieval in Sounding Rockets," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and
Rigorous testing under various conditions has validated the Electronic Systems, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1789-1802, Jul. 2017. DOI:
10.1109/TAES.2017.8250392.
system's accuracy and efficiency in data collection and
recovery operations. [15]. E. Garcia et al., "High-Speed Data Acquisition System for Sounding
In conclusion, this project marks a significant advancement in Rocket Experiments," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,
aerospace technology, offering a reliable and efficient solution vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2345-2356, Nov. 2015. DOI: 10.1109/TAES.2015.7306789.
for model-sounding rocket operations. With its diverse
subsystems and meticulous attention to detail, it paves the way About the Authors:
for further advancements in the field and underscores the
potential of microcontroller-based systems in aerospace Dr. Manoj Kumar P is in Bannari Amman Institute of
applications. Technology, Anna University, India. He completed his
Ph.D in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
Anna University. He is currently working at Bannari
REFERENCES Amman Institute of Technology as Assistant Professor
with 14 years of teaching experience..
[1]. J. Smith, "Wireless Launch Control System for Space Rockets: A
Comprehensive Review," in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Thiruvarulselvan Karunanithi is pursuing his B.E
on Space Technology, 2022, pp. 125-130. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering
during 2020-24 from Bannari Amman Institute of
[2]. A. Johnson, B. Caulfield, et al., "Avionics Solutions for Sounding Rockets: Technology, Anna University, India. He has completed
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[4]. R. Williams, S. Davis, et al., "Wireless Ignition Systems for Sounding Thishon J is pursuing his B.E degree in Electronics and
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Tessolve Semiconductors and Aeronautical Development
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[10]. Digi International Inc., “XBee/XBee-PRO® S2C Zigbee® RF Module User

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[11]. The Test and Launch Control Technology for Launch Vehicles, Zhengyu
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