¯’vbxq miKvi cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi

feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Building Construction and Supervision
Training Manual

‡K›`ªxq cÖwkÿY BDwbU

AvMó, 2020
¯’vbxq miKvi cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi

feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Building Construction and Supervision
Training Manual

‡K›`ªxq cÖwkÿY BDwbU

AvMó, 2020
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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

MÖvg evsjvq AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n‡jv ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii| G j‡¶¨
GjwRBwW wewfbœ ai‡Yi MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gvi wbg©vY KvR mdjfv‡e ev¯Íevqb K‡i Avm‡Q| cjøx GjvKvq
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cjøx moK wbg©v‡Yi cvkvcvwk GjwRBwW wewfbœ ai‡Yi feb wbg©vY KvR weMZ
K‡qK `kK a‡i AZ¨šÍ mybv‡gi mv‡_ K‡i Avm‡Q| BwZg‡a¨ AmsL¨ ¯‹zj feb, gv‡K©U feb, BDwbqb
cwil` feb wbg©vY KvR m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| G mKj wbg©vY KvR hv‡Z DbœZ gv‡bi nq, hv‡Z ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf
K‡I, Kv‡Ri gvb hv‡Z fvj nq, hv‡Z Kv‡Ri fzj-ÎæwU Kg nq, hv‡Z KvR mwVK mg‡q m¤úbœ nq,
hv‡Z m¤ú‡`i AcPq bv nq, ‡m Rb¨ cwi`k©b I ZË¡veavb we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| Zvi Rb¨ GjwRBwW
m‡e©vËg †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q| GUv ¯^xK…Z †h Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb i¶v‡_© ZË¡veav‡bi weKí †bB| GRb¨
feb wbg©vY Kv‡R ZË¡veav‡bi Dci Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix†`i Ávb I `¶Zv e„w× KivB n‡e GB †Kv‡m©i g~j
D‡Ïk¨|
cÖwk¶Y c×wZ: wewfbœ cÖwk¶Y c×wZi mgš^‡q cÖwZwU K¬vk Ggbfv‡e ‡bqv n‡e †hb cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv hvq| mKj cÖwk¶Yv_©x ev¯Íe ch©v‡q wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK KvR h_vÑ wbg©vY,
cybtwbg©vY, ms¯‹vi, i¶Yv‡e¶Y BZ¨vw` ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wKQz bv wKQz AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q,
Zv‡`i AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L cÖwZwU K¬vk ‡bqv n‡e| cÖwZwU K¬v‡k cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i cÖZ¨vkv wb‡q
cÖwk¶K Zvi wbR¯^ wbq‡g K¬vk cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| GRb¨ wZwb Aek¨B cv‡Vi mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi
j‡¶¨ Lesson Plan ‰Zix Ki‡eb Ges †mB mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwk¶Y DcKiYvw` ˆZix Ki‡eb| †Kvm©
g¨vUwiqv‡ji evwn‡i †Kvb ZvwË¡K Z_¨ †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv wZwb w`‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖwZw`b K¬vk ïiæi
Av‡M cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i GKwU `j c~e©w`‡bi cvV recap Ki‡eb Ges Ab¨ cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY Zv
Supplement Ki‡eb| cÖwZw`b mKj AskMÖnYKvix Zv‡`i wRÁvmvmg~n wjwce× K‡i Avb‡eb Ges
Zv c‡iiw`b recap Session G wRÁvmv Ki‡eb|
Here are 12 proven techniques to conduct a successful
training session:

1. Tell trainees what you’re going to cover. Introduce your session with a brief overview
of the training subject’s main points.
2. Tell them the information. In the main portion of the session, explain key points, go
over policies, demonstrate procedures, and relate any other information trainees
need to know.
3. Tell them what you told them. Conclude with a summary of your opening overview.
Use repetition to help trainees grasp and retain information.
4. Always explain what trainees are going to see before you show a multimedia portion.
This practice creates a better learning environment by guiding trainees to know what
to look for and what to remember. Explaining the purpose of the multimedia ensures
an effective reception for its information.
5. Use as much hands-on training as possible. The most effective training uses all the
senses to affect learning. Demonstrate and apply teaching points to create greater
understanding and knowledge of the subject.
6. Test frequently. Tests are most effective when students know they will be quizzed,
because they’ll pay close attention to the material. Testing is an objective way to
determine whether training achieved its goals.
7. Involve trainees. For example, ask participants to share their experiences with the
training topic. Many trainees are experienced personnel who have valuable
information to contribute. All trainees will get more out of sessions by hearing about
their co-workers’ experiences with the subject and not just the trainer’s lecture points.
Hearing different voices also keeps sessions varied and interesting. Structure
interaction time into all your sessions.
8. Repeat questions before answering them. This practice ensures that all participants
know what the question is so they can make sense of the answer.
9. Analyze the session as you go. Always be on the lookout for what works best. When
you discover a new technique or method that clicks with the group, note it on your
training materials so it can be incorporated into the training outline to be used in
future sessions.
10. Keep your session on track. Start on time and finish on time. Don’t hold up class
waiting for late arrivers. Run the class according to the schedule and don’t get too far
off course. Opening up discussion among participants may lead to some pertinent
tangents, but don’t let side issues take over. Ask if there’s enough interest to pursue
a separate session on that topic, but get this class back to the lesson plan.
11. Put yourself in their seats. Give reasonable breaks, especially for long sessions.
12. Solicit feedback on the training session. Critiques work best when they are written
and anonymous, unless a trainee volunteers to discuss his or her thoughts in person.
Trainee input is vital for making the next sessions and the overall training program
more effective.
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj
m~PxcÎ:
Lesson Topics Page
cvV-1 t feb wbg©vY KvR ZË¡veav†bi †gŠwjK aviYv 1-15
(Basic Ideas about Construction Supervision)
cvV-2t feb wbg©vY mvgMÖx I wbg©vY mvgMÖxi wdì †Uó 16-27
(Construction Materials and their Field Tests)
cvV-3 t wm‡g›U KbwµU I wiBb‡dvm©W& wm‡g›U Kswµ‡Ui KvR 28-52
(Cement Concrete & RCC Works)
cvV-4 t fe‡bi wfwË Ges cvB‡ji KvR 53-77
(Building Foundation & Piling)
cvV-5 t †m›Uvwis, kvUvwis I ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs 78-90
(Centering, Shuttering and Scaffolding)
cvV 6 t B‡Ui Muv_ywb 91-105
(Brick Masonry)
cvV-7 t fe‡bi wewea KvR 106-126
(Miscellaneous work in Building Construction)
cvV-8 t Kv‡Ri †¯úwmwd‡Kmb 127-133
(Specification of Works)
cvV 9t wewìs BDwUwjwU mvwf©‡mm 134-153
(Building Utility Services)
cvV-10 t feb wbg©vY KvR Z`viwKi ‡PK wjó 154-169
(Supervision Check List for Building Construction Works)
cvV-11 t Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wbivcËv Ges e¨w³MZ wbivcËv 170-174
(Work Site and Occupational Health & Safety)
cvV-12 t gvwU Z`šÍ Ges gvwU cixÿv 175-188
(Soil Investigation & Soil Tests)
cvV-13 t fe‡bi bKkv I wWRvBb- WªBs Abykxjb 189-227
(Exercise on Reading of Building Design & Drawings)
cvV- 14t fe‡bi wbqwgZ/ ˆ`bw›`b iÿYv‡eÿY 228-232
(Routine Maintenance of Building)
cvV-15 t 233-248
(National Integrity Strategy)
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV-1 t feb wbg©vY KvR ZË¡veav†bi †gŠwjK aviYv

(Basic Ideas about Building Construction Supervision)

Contents

1.1 ZË¡veavb I ZË¡veav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

1.2 e¨e¯’vcbv I mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv
1.3 cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjjvw`
1.4 mvBU WvBix (Site Order Book)
1.5 IqvK©cø¨vb/Kg©cwiKíbv (Work Plan)
1.6 ev¯Íevqb Kvix ms¯’v I mn‡hvMx ms¯’v
1.7 wi‡cvwU©s
1.8 ¯‹xg ev¯Íevqb cš’v

Objectives:

GB cv‡V AskMÖnY Kivi ci cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY- ZË¡veavb wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| ZË¡veavb

Kivi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK e¨e¯’vmg~‡ni
weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb| mvBU WvBixi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| evi PvU© wK, evi
Pv‡U©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, evi PvU© ˆZixi avcmg~n m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| cÖKí
ev¯Íevq‡b RwoZ wewfbœ e¨w³/ms¯’vi `vwqZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

1
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wbg©vY KvR ZË¡veav†bi †gŠwjK aviYv

1.1 ZË¡veavb, ZË¡veav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
GKwU cÖKí ev ¯‹xg mwVKfv‡e wbw`©ó mg‡q ¸YMZ gvb msi¶Y c~e©K ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv Kiv‡K
ZË¡veavb (Supervision) Kiv eySvq| †h KvR hZ †ekx ZË¡veavb Kiv n‡e †m KvR ZZ †ekx
my›`ifv‡e m¤úbœ n‡e| †hLv‡b ZË¡veavb Kg †mLvbKvi Kv‡Ri gvb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wb¤œgv‡bi n‡e|
ZË¡veavb Kivi mgq Kv‡Ri A‡bK fzj-ÎywU aiv c‡o hv mgqgZ ms‡kvab Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gi A_© GB
bq †h Kv‡Ri fzj-ÎywU aivi Rb¨ ZË¡veavb Kiv nq| myôz cwiKíbv I e¨e¯’vcbv wVK _vKv m‡Ë¡I ïaygvÎ
myôz I mwVK cwi`k©b I ZË¡veav‡bi Afv‡e A‡bK AeKvVv‡gv Zvi Kvsw¶Z iƒc jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i wb|
Avevi cÖwZKzj cwi‡ek _vKv m‡Ë¡I myôz ZË¡veav‡bi Kvi‡Y A‡bK AeKvVv‡gv Zvi Kvsw¶Z d‡ji
†P‡qI †ekx dj w`‡Z ‡c‡i‡Q|
cÖK‡íi ¸YMZ gvb i¶v‡_© ZË¡veavb we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| GRb¨ Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`i wbqwgZ
mvB‡U †h‡Z n‡e| G Qvov KvR m¤^‡Ü Zv‡K ¯úó aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| ¯úó aviYv bv _vK‡j
†Kvbfv‡eB KvR ZË¡veavb Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ Kv‡Ri drawing, specification, working
procedures, tests & its frequencies, methods, fvj gvjvgvj I Zvi cix¶v BZ¨vw` wel‡q
Lye fvj aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q wewfbœ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡e Ges †m¸‡jv myôzfv‡e
mgvavb K‡í mg‡qvwPZ Decision I w`‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ ch©vß Ávb I `¶Zv _vKv Acwinvh©|

ZË¡veavb KLb Kiv n‡e?

GKUv ¯‹x‡gi wewfbœ ch©vq i‡q‡Q, ‡hgb - ¯‹xg cwiKíbv, evQvB, wWRvBb, ¯‹xg cÖYqb,
wbg©vY/cybtwbg©vY I i¶Yv‡e¶Y| cÖwZwU ch©v‡qB ¯‹x‡gi KvR ZË¡veavb Kiv nq| Kg©Pvix/Kg©KZ©vi
KvR Zvi DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v ZË¡veavb K‡ib| GKUv ¯‹xg evQvB I ˆZix BZ¨vw` K‡i _v‡K ev¯Íevqb Kvix
ms¯’v (GjwRBwW) wb‡RB, Gme †¶‡Î EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v Zvi Awab¯Í Kg©Pvixi KvR ZË¡veavb K‡ib|
wbg©vY KvR Kiv Kvjxb mg‡q wbg©vY ms¯’vi (Implementing Agency) KvR ev¯Íevqb Kvix ms¯’v
(Procuring entity) ZË¡veavb K‡ib| wKš‘ wbg©vY KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v Zvi Awab¯Í
Kg©KZ©vi KvR ZË¡veavb Kiv QvovI wZwb wVKv`vi cÖwZôv‡bi KvR ZË¡veavb K‡ib|
GKwU ¯‹x‡gi ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv ïiæ nIqvi ci Zvi mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ KvRwU/¯‹xgwUi wbg©vY KvR m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ A‡bK †¶‡Î wbw`©ó mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ Zv †kl Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
AeKvVv‡gvi ¸YMZ gvb i¶v Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ mwVK ZË¡veavb _vK‡j †ekxi fvM †¶‡ÎB
mwVKfv‡e KvR m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e nq| H mKj AcÖZ¨vwkZ I AbvKvswLZ welq hv cÖwZeÜK wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i †m wel‡q m‡PZb _vK‡j ¯‹xg ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv myôzfv‡e †kl Kiv m¤¢e nq| Kv‡Ri f‚j-åvwšÍ †ei
Kiv †Kvb mg‡qB ZË¡veavb Kivi D‡Ïk¨ bq| ¯‹xg ev¯Íevqb Kv‡j ZË¡veavb Kivi cÖavb cÖavb D‡Ïk¨
n‡jv t
 Kv‡Ri mwnZ wb‡R‡K fvj-g›` mKj wel‡q RwoZ Kiv;
 Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb msi¶Y Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv;
 wbw`©ó mg‡q KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv;

2
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ wewNœZ n‡j Zvi KviY wPwýZ Kiv Ges mgvavb Luy‡R †ei Kiv;
 Kg©Pvix‡`i mwVK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv;
 Kg©Pvix‡`i `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv;
 Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`i wbKU n‡Z MVb g~jK civgk© MÖnY Kiv;
 Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`i w`K wb‡`©kbv I Zvr¶wYK wm×všÍ †`qv;
 Kv‡Ri mwnZ RwoZ mKj m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ mym¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv;
 RwUj wel‡q Zvr¶wYK wm×všÍ †`qv|
1.2 e¨e¯’vcbv I mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv
cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK AeKvVv‡gv myôzfv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mwVK e¨e¯’vcbv| `ye©j e¨e¯’vcbvi
Kvi‡Y DbœZ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| cÖKí ev¯Íevqb e¨e¯’vcbvq wb‡¤œv³ welqmg~n
AšÍf‚©³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb t
 Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix e¨e¯’vcbv
 Avw_©K e¨e¯’vcbv
 cÖvwZôvwbK I ˆelwqK e¨e¯’vcbv
 mgm¨v wPwýZ I mgvavb
 ‡hvMv‡hvM I mgš^q

Dc‡iv³ cÖwZwU wel‡qi e¨vcv‡i mZK© bv n‡j m¤ú~Y© e¨e¯’vcbv KL‡bv mdj n‡e bv| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i ‡h, GKRb wVKv`vi Avw_©K, KvwiMwi I cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvq cvi`kx© n‡jI hw`
mwVKfv‡e Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡`i ¯^v_© mswkøó welq¸wj bv †`‡Lb Zv n‡j e¨e¯’vcbvq mdj bvI n‡Z
cv‡ib| †h †Kvb e¨e¯’vcK‡K mgm¨v wPwýZKiY, wm×všÍ MÖnY, DØy×KiY Ges †hvMv‡hvM mgš^‡q cvi`kx©
n‡Z n‡e| GKRb e¨e¯’vc‡Ki `j‡bZvi b¨vq ¸Yv¸Y _vKv evÃbxq Ges wbqg k„•Ljvi w`‡K `„wó _vKv
GKvšÍB cÖ‡qvRb|
mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv
wbg©vY cÖK‡íi hveZxq Kg©KvÛ mym¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Ges cÖwZwU Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ DËg mgš^‡qi Rb¨ wbg©vY
¯’‡j †h e¨e¯’vcbv `iKvi nq Zv‡K mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv ejv nq| DËg mvBU e¨e¯’vcbvi Afv‡e Kv‡Ri
AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖK‡íi e¨qI †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| DËg mvBU e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ
wel‡qi cÖwZ bRi ivLv cÖ‡qvRb t

1) mvBU †j-AvDU
2) kªwgK‡`i evm¯’vb (Shed) I Avbylvw½K myweavw` (Toilet, Drinking water etc)
3) kªwgK‡`i wbivcËv wbwðZKiY I cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v
4) cvwb I we`y¨‡Zi e¨e¯’v
5) gvjvgvj h_v¯’v‡b ivLvi e¨e¯’v
6) Kvh©¶g hš¿cvwZ h_v¯’v‡b ivLv I wbqwgZ i¶Yv‡e¶Y
7) Kvh©¯’‡j WªBs, ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb, cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡gi Kv‡Ri cwigvY I D×…Z g~j¨ BZ¨vw` Z_¨vw` gRyZ ivLv

3
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

8) IqvwK©s WªBs nvj bvMv` ivLv

9) Kg©¯’‡j mvBU AW©vi eyK (Side order book) msi¶Y Kiv
10) wewfbœ gvjvgvj gIRy` I Pvwn`vi Z_¨ m¤^wjZ weeiYx
11) Work Plan Ges cÖK…Z AMÖMwZ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Bar Chart

1| kªwg‡Ki myweavw`i e¨e¯’v t

cÖK…Zc‡¶ kªwgKiv n‡”Q cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖavb PvweKvwV| myZivs Zv‡`i‡K Drcv`‡bi hš¿ wn‡m‡e bv
†`‡L Zv‡`i mv‡_ fvj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i b¨vq msMZ cvwikªwgK I myweavw`i cÖwZ `„wó
ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z kªwgKiv Avkvbyiƒc KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡qvMKZ©vi cÖwZ webqx _v‡K|
wVKv`viMY‡K Kvh©¯’‡j kªwgK‡`i wb‡¤œv³ myweavw`i cÖwZ `„wó ivLv cÖ‡qvRb t
- evm¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v (_vKvi Shed)
- Lvevi cvwbi e¨e¯’v
- cqtcÖYvjxi e¨e¯’v
- Kg©‡¶‡Î wbivcËv wbwðZKi‡Yi e¨e¯’vw`
- cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v|
eZ©gv‡b cÖwZwU mvB‡U gwnjv kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Zuv‡`i Rb¨ evowZ wKQy myweavi e¨e¯’v ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb - †hgb c„_K Uq‡jU BZ¨vw`| GQvov Zuviv †hb †hŠb nqivwbi ¯^xKvi bv nq †mw`‡K Aek¨B
†Lqvj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
2| cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’v t
†Kvb KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q Kswµ‡Ui KvR, B‡Ui KvR, wKDwis BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ Ges kªwgK‡`i LvIqvi
Rb¨ cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb nq| cvwb e¨ZxZ †Kvb wbg©vY KvR Kiv m¤¢e bq| Kv‡RB wbg©vY KvR ïiæi c~‡e©B
cvwbi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj Kv‡R we`y¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q H mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Av‡MB we`y¨‡Zi
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| gvj-gmjvi ¸`vgRvZKiY t
mvB‡U Lye mveav‡b I cwiKwíZfv‡e ¸`vg wbg©v‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z gvjcÎ mwVKfv‡e Ges
wbivc‡` mvgwqKfv‡e gRy` Kiv m¤¢e nq| ZvQvov ¸`vgRvZK…Z gvjcÎ hv‡Z †Kvb wbg©vY Kv‡Ri
Amyweav m„wó bv K‡i †mw`‡K `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e| wVKv`viMY‡K G e¨vcv‡i ev¯Íevqb Kvix ms¯’vi Dc‡`k
†g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
4| Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ t
kªwgK I gvjvgvj mieivnKvix‡`i h_vmg‡q wej cwi‡kva KivI DËg e¨e¯’vcbvi A½| Gi A_© GB bq
†h KvR bv Ki‡jI Zv‡K A_© cwi‡kva Kiv | mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv hZ fvj n‡e Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ ZZ fvj
n‡e|

4
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

5| Kg©‡¶‡Î wbivcËv wbwðZKiY t

Kv‡Ri mgq kªwgK‡`i wbivcËv wbwðZKiY I `yN©Ubv NU‡j h_vh_ e¨e¯’v †bqv mvBU e¨e¯’vcbvi
Acwinvh© Ask| wbivcËv RwbZ mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡j Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek DbœZ n‡e| wbivcËvg~jK
mveavbZv wel‡q wKQz wb‡`©kbv cieZ©x cv‡V †`qv n‡q‡Q|
6| mvBU †j-AvDU (Site Layout)
DbœZ mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j DbœZ/Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx mvBU †j-AvDU wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
mvBU †j-AvDU wb‡¤œv³ `yÔwU wbqvg‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj t
 Kv‡Ri c×wZ I avivevwnKZv wK n‡e?
 KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ KZUzKz RvqMv cvIqv hv‡e?
mvBU e¨e¯’vcbvi Ask wn‡m‡e †h †Kvb Kvh©¯’‡j wKQy A¯’vqx AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Ges
wewfbœ ai‡Yi gvjvgvj I hš¿cvwZ ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G¸wji h_vh_ ¯’vb wbe©vPb cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z Kvh©¯’‡j
Kg©x‡`i PjvPj ev †Kvb Kg©KvÛ wewNœZ bv nq| †m Rb¨ Kv‡Ri m¤¢ve¨ mKj AvB‡Ug wjwce×KiY
cÖ‡qvRb Ges †m Abyhvqx site plan G cÖ‡qvRbxq gvjvgv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’vb wba©viY cÖ‡qvRb| GKwU
DbœZZi mvBU †j-AvD‡Ui Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ welqvw` we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb t
 cÖ‡ek c_
 A¯’vqx AeKvVv‡gv mg~n
 cvwb I we`y¨r mieivn
 wewfbœ gvjvgvj ¸`vgRvZKiY
 hš¿cvwZ I AvbylvswMK miÄvgvw`
 mvUvwis `ªe¨vw`
cÖ‡ek c_ GKUv mvgwqK c_ n‡jI Zv k³ K‡i ˆZix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z me mgq GB c_ ïK&bv _v‡K
Ges e„wó-ev`‡ji mgq wcw”Qj n‡q bv c‡o| Giƒc cÖ‡ek c_ wbwg©Z n‡j mKj gvjvgvj Abvqv‡m mvB‡U
cwienb Kiv mnRZi n‡e|
1.3 cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjjvw`
†h †Kvb cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡j wbw`©ó cÖwµqvq wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v I ev¯Íevqb Kvix ms¯’vi g‡a¨ GKwU
Pzw³bvgv Kiv nq| H Pzw³bvgvi wfwˇZB wVKv`vi cÖwZôvb KvRwU ev¯Í‡e iƒc †`b Ges GjwRBwWÕi
Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix wVKgZ n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv ZË¡veavb K‡ib| G Ae¯’vq ZË¡veavb Ki‡Z GKRb
ZË¡veavqK‡K †h mKj `wjjvw` fvj K‡i iß Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jvt
 bKkv/WªBs (Drawing)
 †¯úwmwd‡Kkb (Specification)
 cÖ‡qvRbxq †Uwós (Testing Requirements)
 Pzw³i `wjjvw` (Contract Documents)
 we‡ji cwigvY (Bill of Quantities)
 mvBU WvBix (Site Order Book)
 wbg©vY Kv‡Ri Kg©-cwiKíbv (Work Plan)

5
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Dc‡ivwjøwLZ Pzw³i mKj `wjjvw` wb¤œwjwLZ Awdmmg~‡n Aek¨B msMÖn I msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡et
 wbe©vnx/Dc‡Rjv cÖ‡KŠkjx `ßi (Procuring Entity)
 wVKv`vi cÖwZôv‡bi Awdm
 mvBU ZË¡veavq‡Ki Awdm
 civgk©`vZv cÖwZôv†bi Awdm
Pzw³ Abyhvqx KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q KLbI KLbI Pzw³i hrmvgvb¨ cwieZ©b AZ¨vek¨K n‡q c‡o|
†hgb-bKkvi cwieZ©b/cwiea©b Ki‡j, †¯úwmwd‡Kkb g‡Zv gvjvgvj bv cvIqv †M‡j, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi
Kvi‡Y mvB‡Ui Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b n‡j, Kv‡Ri `dv cwieZ©b Ki‡j BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y Pzw³i cwieZ©b Kiv
nq| Giƒc †¶‡Î mswkøó mKj‡K wjwLZfv‡e h_vh_ KZ…©c‡¶i wbKU AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wVKv`v‡ii
m¤§wZ _vK‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq wej cwi‡kv‡ai mgq RwUj cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i|

WªBs (Drawing) t WªBs n‡jv wbg©vY Kv‡Ri †fŠZ AsM mg~‡ni ˆ`N©¨-cÖ‡¯’i gvb, Ae¯’vb, D”PZv
BZ¨vw` m¤^wjZ †iLvwPÎ hvi mvnv‡h¨ wVKv`vi I cÖ‡KŠkjx AeKvVv‡gvi ev¯Íe iƒc †`b| AeKvVv‡gvi
cÖKvi †f‡` wewfbœ iK‡gi WªBs i‡q‡Q| †hgb- layout, plan, section, elevation,
longitudinal plan, longitudinal elevation, etc. Drawing fvjgZ eySv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb
bZzev AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y †h †Kvb mgq eo iK‡gi ÎæwU n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| WªBs eySvi e¨vcv‡i EaŸ©Zb
KZ©„c‡¶i mnvqZv †bqv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

†¯úwmwd‡Kkb (Specification) t †¯úwmwd‡Kkb n‡jv Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ I c×wZMZ Pvwn`vi weeiY|

cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i †¯úwmwd‡Kkb hv wb‡`©k K‡i Zv n‡jv t
 gvjvgv‡ji weeiY I gvb
 wbg©vY c×wZi weeiY
 AwR©Ze¨ gvb (standard)
 cix¶v I Zvi †cŠbtcywbKZv (test & frequencies)
cix¶v mg~n (Testing requirement) t cÖwZwU KvR Zvi KvswLZ iƒc wb‡q‡Q wK bv Zv hvPvB Gi
Rb¨ wewfbœ cix¶v Kiv nq| †U‡ói djvd‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i cieZx© c`‡¶c †bqv nq| A_©vr †Uó
†iRvë Lvivc n‡j ev KvswLZ djvdj bv cvIqv †M‡j cieZx© KvR bv K‡i cyivZb KvRwU cybivq Kiv
nq hZ¶Y chšÍ© KvswLZ djvdj cvIqv bv hvq| gvjvgv‡ji Test Result Lvivc n‡j H gvj Kv‡R
e¨envi Kiv nq bv, cwie‡Z© bZ~bfv‡e gvjvgvj msMÖn Kiv nq| gvjvgv‡ji ¸Yv¸b i¶v‡_© `yB ai‡Yi
cix¶v Kiv nq| GKwU gvV ch©v‡q (Field tast), AciwU j¨ve †Uó (Laboratory test)| Field
tast Gi gva¨‡g gvjvgvj m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖv_wgK aviYv cvIqv hvq| KvswLZ cix¶vi djvdj I
cix¶vi †cŠbtcywbKZv (Frequency) I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© w`K wb‡`©kbv Standerd &
Specification G wjwce× _v‡K|

we‡ji cwigvY (Bill of Quantities) t cÖwZwU wbg©vY Kv†Ri bill of quantities n‡jv Awfbœ `wjj
hv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K t
 wewfbœ Kv‡Ri `dv hv Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq
 cÖwZ `dv Item Kv‡Ri cwigvY

6
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 cÖwZ `dv Item Kv‡Ri GKK `i hv wVKv`vi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib

 `dvIqvix Kv‡Ri `i (wVKv`vi KZ…©K cÖ`Ë)
 cÖwZ `dv Item Kv‡Ri g~j¨ I †gvU g~j¨
 wVKv`v‡ii cÖ¯Íve Abyhvqx cÖwZ `dv Kv‡Ri g~j¨ Ges †gvU Kv‡Ri g~j¨
 `icÎ g~j¨ - †iU †KvU Abyhvqx
 cÖv°wjZ g~j¨ - wmwWDj Abyhvqx|
wVKv`vi †h GKK g~j¨ cÖ¯Íve K‡ib †m Abyhvqx Kv‡Ri †gvU g~j¨‡K tender cost ev `icÎ g~j¨ ejv
nq| Aci w`‡K ev¯Íevqb Kvix ms¯’vi wmwWDj `i Abyhvqx Kv‡Ri †gvU g~j¨‡K cÖv°wjZ g~j¨ ejv nq|

1.4 mvBU WvBix (Site Order Book)

GKRb ZË¡veavqK mvB‡U hvb, KvR cwi`k©b K‡ib, Kg©‡¶‡Î fvjg›` gZvgZ †`b| Gme Kg©KvÛ
wjwce× Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K ZË¡veavq‡Ki Kv‡Q Zvi wbR¯^ WvBix _v†K Ges cÖ‡Z¨K mvB‡U ¯‹xg wfwËK
mvBU WvBix (Site Order Book) _v†K| cÖ‡Z¨K mycvifvBRvi Zvi wbR¯^ WvBix‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨vw` †hgb cwi`k©‡bi ZvwiL, mvB‡Ui bvg, Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ, cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k BZ¨vw` wjwce× I
msi¶Y Ki‡eb| wbR¯^ WvBix _vK‡j ZË¡veavqK Zvi wb‡Ri gZ K‡i KvR m¤^‡Ü wjwce× Ki†Z
cv‡ib hv cieZx©‡Z gvcewn‡Z gvc wjwce× Kiv, wej ˆZix ev †PK Kivi mgq we‡kl fv‡e Kv‡R
jv‡M| wewfbœ Enquiry, Running bill, TA bill ˆZix BZ¨vw` wel‡qI WvBix we‡kl mnvqK
f‚wgKv iv‡L| Aciw`‡K cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡Ri mvB‡U wewfbœ ai‡Yi WvBix ev †iwRóvi ivLv nq, †hgb t
 kªwg‡Ki nvwRiv LvZv
 gvjvgv‡ji óK †iwRóvi
 EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡`i wb‡`©kvejx †iwRóvi
 gvjvgvj cix¶vi †iwRóvi
 mvBU hš¿cvwZi †iwRóvi
 mvBU K¨vk ewn BZ¨vw`|
Gme †iwRóvi ivLvi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv wVKv`v‡ii| Z‡e EaŸ©Zb KZ©„c¶ ZË¡veavbKv‡j hv e¨envi K‡ib Zv
n‡jv Òwb‡`©kvejxi Rb¨ †iwRóviÓ hv mvBU WvBix (Site Diary/Site Order Book) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
mvBU AW©vi eB Aek¨B Awdm n‡Z issue Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvBU WvBix (Site Order Book) ivLvi cÖavb cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv t
 wVKv`vi‡K †`qv cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k wjwce× Kiv,
 ZË¡veavq‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv,
 KvR m¤ú‡K© ZË¡veavq‡Ki Drmvng~jK (+ve) gšÍe¨ (Coment)
 wVKv`v‡ii †h †Kvb Ab¨vq Ave`vi †VKv‡bv BZ¨vw`|
mvBU WvBix (Site Order Book) ‡Z hv wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e t
0 cÖwZ w`‡bi KvR hv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q
0 gvjvgvj hv mvB‡U Avbv n‡q‡Q
0 mvB‡U hš¿cvwZi bvg I Ae¯’v

7
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

0 cÖwZ w`‡bi gvjvgvj I Kv‡Ri cix¶v mg~n

0 mvBU cwi`k©bKv‡j wVKv`v‡ii Rb¨ ZË¡veavq‡Ki wb‡`©kvejx
0 mvB‡U †jvKe‡ji msL¨v
0 mvB‡U e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ/hvbevnb BZ¨vw`i msL¨v hv cieZx©‡Z wej ˆZix‡Z e¨envi Kiv hvq
0 †h †Kvb `yN©Ubvi weeiY (hw` N‡U)
o cÖwZw`‡bi AvenvIqv (`y‡h©vMc~Y© AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y wVKv`vi A‡bK mgq mgqmxgv evov‡bvi
`vex Ki‡Z cv‡ib)|
Ab¨vb¨ t
- kªwgK‡`i nvwRiv LvZv
- gvjvgv‡ji ÷K †iwRóvi
- gvjvgvj cix¶vi †iwRóvi
- hš¿cvwZi †iwRóvi
- mvBU K¨vk ewn

1.5 IqvK©cø¨vb/Kg©cwiKíbv (Work Plan)

Work Plan n‡jv KvR ïiæ I †kl Kivi GKUv ev¯Íeg~Lx cwiKíbv| hš¿cvwZ I †jvKej e¨env‡ii
welqwUI G‡Z cÖ`wk©Z nq| KvR myôzfv‡e Ges mgqgZ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z IqvK©cø¨vb n‡jv cÖ‡KŠkjx‡`i
GKUv eo nvwZqvi| cÖwZwU cÖKí-mvB‡U D³ IqvK©cø¨vb Aek¨B ivL‡Z n‡e Ges ZË¡veavbKv‡j
`vwqZ¡cÖvß Awdmvi/Kg©KZ©v D³ IqvK©cø¨vb Abyhvqx KvR n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv cix¶v K‡i _v‡Kb|
cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a IqvK©cø¨v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab Avb‡Z nq| IqvK©cø¨vb Kivi cÖavb cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
t
0 m¯ú~Y© KvRwU K‡qKwU †QvU †QvU Kvh©µ†g (Activities) fvM K‡i †bqv
0 cÖwZwU ¶z`ª Kvh©µ‡gi ïiæ I †kl ZvwiL wVK Kiv
0 cÖwZwU Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †jvKej, gvjvgvj, hš¿cvwZi cwigvb †`Lv
0 Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Zv ms‡kvab ev cwiea©b Kiv|
wbg©vY Kv‡Ri ïiæ‡ZB GKwU we¯ÍvwiZ Kg© cwiKíbv ˆZix Ki‡Z nq| Kg© cwiKíbv ˆZix Kivi mgq
j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, cÖwZwU wbg©vY av‡ci Rb¨ ‡hb h_vh_ mgq eivÏ Kiv nq|
Bar Chart :
CPM n‡jv Kg©cwiKíbvi cixw¶Z `yÕwU c×wZ| evi PvU© (Bar Chart) n‡jv Kg©cwiKíbv Kivi
GKwU mnR cš’v| Avgv‡`i †`‡k evi PvU© me‡P‡q †ekx e¨eüZ n‡”Q| evi PvU© Kivi cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n‡jv
wVKv`v‡ii| wVKv`vi Tender †`qvi mgq GKwU evi PvU© `vwLj K‡ib hv cieZx©‡Z ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L
ms‡kvab Kiv nq| G cš’vq m¤ú~Y© KvR‡K K‡qKwU †QvU †QvU Kvh©µ‡g fvM Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU
Kvh©µg KLb ïiæ I †kl n‡e Zv chart Gi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq| cÖ¯ÍvweZ PvU© GK fv‡e †`Lv‡bv nq
Ges ev¯e PvU© Ab¨fv‡e †`Lv‡bv nq hv‡Z Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Kiv m¤¢e nq|

evi PvU© ˆZixi avc mg~n

evi PvU© ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡j bx‡Pi cuvPwU avc AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1) cÖK‡íi g~j AvB‡Ugmg~n wjwce×KiY
2) AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx Kv‡Ri cwigvY wbY©q Ges †mB mv‡_ kªwgK I hš¿cvwZi Pvwn`v wbY©q

8
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

3) cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq wba©viY

4) evi PvU© AsKb
5) ch©v‡jvPbv I ms‡kvab|

evi Pv‡U©i e¨envimg~n

evi Pv‡U©i gva¨‡g wb‡¤œv³ Z_¨vw` I DcKvi cvIqv hvq t
1) ‡Kvb& KvR KLb ïiæ n‡q KLb †kl n‡e,
2) ‡Kvb& Kv‡Ri c‡i †Kvb KvR n‡e Ges †Kvb Kv‡Ri mv‡_ †Kvb KvR m¤ú„³,
3) cÖKí mgvwß `xN©vwqZ bv K‡i ‡Kvb& †Kvb& KvR †`ix‡Z Kiv hvq,
4) gvjvgvj msMÖ‡ni mgq,
5) wej cwi‡kva I cÖvwßi mgq,
6) Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv hvq,
7) Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ ch©vß bv n‡j mgqgZ cÖKí mgvwßi Rb¨ cieZ©x e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZi wel‡q wm×všÍ †bIqvi Rb¨ evi PvU© mwVKfv‡e eySv Ges AbymiY Kiv Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb|
GKwU bgybv evi PvU© wb‡¤œ †`qv n‡jv t

Chart 1-1: Bar chart of a construction site showing estimated and actual progress

Project No. Prepared by :

Project Name : Estimated progress
Location : Actual progress
Kv‡Ri bvg Rvbyqvix , 2012 †diæªqvix, 2012 gvP©, 2012 GwcÖj, 2012
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1| mvBU cÖ¯‘wZi KvR
2| †j-AvD‡Ui KvR
3| wf‡Zi gvwUi KvR
4| wf‡Zi Kswµ‡Ui KvR
5| wf‡Z BU Muv_ybxi KvR
6| wf‡Zi Pviw`‡K gvwU fivU
7| mycvi÷ªvKPv‡i Muv_ybxi KvR
8| wj‡›U‡ji KvR
9| we‡gi KvR
10| Qv‡`i KvR
11| ‡d¬v‡i Kswµ‡Ui KvR
12| ‡mwbUvixi KvR
13| Iqvwis Gi KvR
14| Av¯Í‡ii KvR
15| †cBw›Us Gi KvR
16| wdwbwks Gi KvR

9
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

evi Pv‡U©i gva¨‡g wb‡¤œv³ DcKvi I Z_¨vw` mg~n cvIqv hvq

 evi PvU© cÖK‡íi mgq wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
 †Kvb& KvR KLb ïiæ Ges †kl Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i
 †Kvb& Kv‡Ri c‡i †Kvb KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wb‡`©k K‡i
 KLb wK Ki‡Z n‡e ‡m m¤ú‡K© mK‡ji g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i
 cÖKí mgvwß `xN©vwqZ bv K‡i †Kvb& †Kvb& KvR †`ix‡Z ïiæ Kiv hvq Zv wb‡`©k K‡i
 kªwgK, gvjvgvj Ges hš¿cvwZi m‡e©vËg e¨envi K‡i cÖK‡íi KvR kxNª mgvß Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i
 evi PvU© Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ Ges KvR gwbUwis Kivi cwigvcK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
 KvR ïiæ Kivi mwVK c~‡e© gvjvgvj msMÖn Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i
 cÖK‡íi A_© cÖevn †Kgb n‡e A_©vr KLb A_© cÖ`vb Ges Kv‡Ri wej cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e ‡m wel‡q
aviYv †`q
 Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ cwiKíbv gZ bv n‡j mgqgZ cÖKí mgvwßi Rb¨ e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|

1.6 ev¯Íevqb Kvix ms¯’v I mn‡hvMx ms¯’v (Implementing Agency & Other
Associates)
GKwU ¯‹xg ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î GKvwaK Kg©KZ©v ev †jvKej RwoZ _v‡Kb| G‡`i‡K mvaviYZt PviwU
†kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq, h_v -
1. cÖKí ev¯ÍevqbKvix ms¯’v (miKvix Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix)
2. cÖKí civgk©`vbKvix ms¯’v (Project Consultant)
3. cÖKí wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v (wVKv`vi, Pzw³e× kªgRxwe `j)
4. cÖKí myweav‡fvMx (Project users/Beneficiaries)

wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î cÖZ¨vkx ms¯’v bv‡g GKwU †kªYx i‡q‡Q| GjwRBwW cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`߇ii KvR
ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| G †¶‡Î cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`ßi‡K cÖZ¨vkx ms¯’v ejv nq|
cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wfbœ wfbœ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q hv ci¯ú‡ii Rvbv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖKí ev¯ÍevqbKvix ms¯’vi Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvixmn cÖK‡í mswkøó‡`i Kvi wK KiYxq Zv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mwVKfv‡e
Rvbv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Zv wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi Kv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i
IqvwKenvj _v‡Kb Ges Kv‡Ri accountability avh© Kiv mnRZi nq| GKwU cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨
cÖwZwU cÖK‡íi GKRb cÖKí cwiPvjK/g¨v‡bRvi _v‡Kb Ges Zuv‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ GKvwaK
Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix _v‡Kb| GKRb cÖKí cwiPvjKmn mKj Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡
_v‡Kb| Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q †h mKj ¯‹xg ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q Zvi iƒcKvi I `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v n‡jb Dc‡Rjv
cÖ‡KŠkjx| Zv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib Zvi Aaxb¯Í 19 Rb óvd| †Rjv ch©v‡q †h mKj cÖKí ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q
Zvi `vwq‡Z¡ Av‡Qb wbe©vnx cÖ‡KŠkjx| Zv‡K mnvqZv K‡ib Zvi Awab¯Í 12 Rb Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix| cÖKí
m¤úbœ Kivi †¶‡Î mswkøó cÖwZwU ms¯’vi wKQy `vq-`vwqZ¡ Av‡Q| G¸‡jv mKj‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© mK‡j m‡PZb _v‡Kb| bx‡P cÖwZwU ms¯’vi wKQy `vwqZ¡ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv t

10
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cÖKí/¯‹xg ev¯ÍevqbKvix Kg©KZ©v (Procuring Entity)Õi `vwqZ¡ t

 Tender Document
 cÖKí ˆZix I h_vh_ KZ©„c‡¶i KvQ n‡Z Aby‡gv`b †bqv
 Contract Document ˆZix Kiv
 cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wbg©vY ms¯’v/wVKv`vi wb‡qvM ‡`qv
 cÖK‡íi mvBU wbg©vY ms¯’v‡K eywS‡q †`qv
 wVKv`v‡ii IqvwK©s cø¨vb Aby‡gv`b Kiv
 wVKv`vi‡K KvR ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv Kiv
 mvB‡U †h †Kvb mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j Zv mgvavb Kiv
 wbqwgZ cÖKí cwi`k©b I ZË¡veavb Kiv
 mvB‡U Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cix¶v (field I laboratory) Kiv
 Specification, drawing, items of work BZ¨vw` wVK K‡i †`qv
 Specification Abyhvqx KvR n‡”Q wK bv Zv cysLvbycysLiƒ‡c hvPvB Kiv
 cÖKí ev¯Íevqb wba©vwiZ mg‡q n‡”Q wKbv Zv cix¶v/g~j¨vqY Kiv
 cÖK‡íi cwiex¶Y I g~j¨vqY Kiv
 mwVK mg‡q wVKv`vi cÖwZôvb‡K wej cÖ`vb Kiv|
civgk©`vZv (Consultant) Gi `vwqZ¡ t
 cÖKí/¯‹xg cÖbq‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv
 wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v I wVKv`vix cÖwZôvb‡K KvR m¤úv`‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges wewfbœ civgk© †`qv
 cÖKí cwiKíbv, cÖYqb, ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
 Detail engineering design Kiv ev Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
 Prequalified Contractor evQvB, Contract Document ‰Zix, Contract
Award †`qv BZ¨vw` wel‡q mnvqZv Kiv
 Kv‡Ri gvb wbqš¿‡Y h_vm¤¢e mnvqZv Kiv
 KvR ZË¡veavb Kiv
 cÖKí gwbUwis I wi‡cvwU©s Kv‡R mnvqZv Kiv
 cÖK‡íi Avw_©K e¨e¯’vcbvq mnvqZv Kiv |
wVKv`v‡i (Implementing Agency) Gi `vwqZ¡ t
 Kv‡Ri drawing, specification, items, condition of works BZ¨vw` Lye fvj K‡i
‡evSv I Zv †g‡b Pjv
 KvR ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡¶¨ GKwU Kg© cwiKíbv (Bar chart) ˆZix Kiv Ges wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©vi
Aby‡gv`b †bqv
 ¸YMZ gvb m¤^‡Ü wbwðZ n‡q gvjvgvj msMÖn Kiv
 Kv‡Ri gvb i¶v‡_© me©vZ¥K †Póv Kiv
 mvB‡U GKwU A¯’vqx _vKvi e¨e¯’v (Shed) Kiv

11
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 mvB‡U kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ cvwb I cÖmvab myweavw`i e¨e¯’v ivLv

 mvB‡U mvBU AW©vi eB (Site Order Book) ivLv
 Working Drawing, Specification, contract documents BZ¨vw`i KvMR cÎ
msi¶Y Kiv
 Specification, Workplan Abyhvqx KvR m¤úbœ Kivi me©vZ¥K †Póv Kiv
 †h †Kvb mgm¨vq civgk©`vZv I wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©vi mnvqZv †bqv
 Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ bgybv msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v ivLv
 †Kvb KvR P‚ovšÍ Kivi Av‡M h_vh_ KZ©„c‡¶i Aby‡gv`b †bqv
 mvB‡U safety measures Gi e¨e¯’v ivLv, First Aid Gi hš¿cvwZ msMÖn I msi¶Y Kiv|

1.7 wi‡cvwU©s
myôz cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb myôz e¨e¯’vcbv| e¨e¯’vcbvi mdjZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
Kvh©Kix wi‡cvwU©s c×wZ| wVKv`viMY Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri Z`viKx I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mycvifvBRvi wb‡qvM
K‡i _v‡Kb| wVKv`viM‡Yi c‡¶ mvB‡U cÖwZw`b cwi`k©b Kiv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
mycvifvBRviM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K wb‡¤œv³ wel‡q ˆ`wbK/mvßvwnK wi‡cvwU©s cÖ‡qvRb nq t
 kªwg‡Ki Pvwn`v I mwZ¨Kv‡i wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
 wewfbœ AvB‡U‡gi Kv‡Ri KvswLZ (estimated) AMÖMwZ I mwZ¨Kv‡ii AMÖMwZ
 AMÖMwZ Kg n‡j Zvi KviY
 hš¿cvwZ Kv‡h©vc‡hvMxZvi weeiY
 e¨eüZ gvjvgv‡ji cwigvY
1.8 ¯‹xg ev¯Íevqb cš’v
Avgiv Rvwb GjwRBwW‡Z ¯‹xg ev¯Íevqb mvaviYZt Pvi fv‡e Kiv nq, h_v -
 wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g (Through contractors following Public Procurement
Rules/regulations)
 cÖKí KwgwUi gva¨‡g (Through PIC, SIC)
 kªwgK Pzw³e× `j wb‡qvM K‡i (Through LCS)
 mivmwi wbZ¨w`‡bi Rb¨ kªwgK wb‡qvM (Muster Roll) K‡i|
mvaviYZt cvKv I eo KvR wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv nq| wbe©vnx cÖ‡KŠkjx/Dc‡Rjv cÖ‡KŠkjx †UÛv‡ii
gva¨‡g wVKv`vi wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb| GRb¨ miKv‡ii PPR kZ© mv‡c‡¶ miKvix Kg©KZ©v wVKv`v‡ii
mwnZ Pzw³e× nb| Gme KvR m¤úv`b Kiv wVKv`v‡ii g~j `vwqZ¡ n‡jI ZË¡veavqK wn‡m‡e miKvix
†jvKRb‡K me mgq Zrci _vK‡Z nq| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î (ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨cyó cÖK‡íi †ejvq)
civgk©`vZv _v‡Kb hviv KvR mgqgZ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡ib|
gvV ch©v‡q wKQy wKQy Dbœqb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa/MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
m¤úbœ Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡K PIC/SIC ejv nq| GCCR cÖK‡íi AvIZvq gvwUi KvR mg~n
PIC/SIC c×wZ‡Z m¤úbœ Kiv nq| PIC MVb Ki‡Z UP Chairman, MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³ I UP

12
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Members †`i mgš^‡q MVb Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z Kv‡Ri gvb, mgqgZ KvR m¤úv`b BZ¨vw` wel‡q
miKvix Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`i KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ A‡bK †ekx|

f‚wgnxb kªwgK‡`i e¨envi K‡i wKQy wKQy KvR ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡K Labour
Contracting Society (LCS) ejv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z wKQy kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq wbw`©ó KvR Kivi
Rb¨| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq, MÖvgxY moK wbZ¨µg i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZ wK‡jvwgUv‡i iv¯Ív
†givgZ I e¨envi Dc‡hvMx ivLvi Rb¨ GKRb kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq| D³ kªwgK wVKgZ KvR K‡ib
wK bv Zv †`Lvi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv miKvix Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`i| Pzw³wfwËK KvR m¤úv`b Kiv mv‡c‡¶ kªwgK
`‡ji `jcwZ‡K †P‡Ki gva¨‡g gRyix cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
Riæix wfwËK KvRmg~n mivmwi kªwgK wb‡qvM K‡i m¤úv`b Kivi weavb Av‡Q| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq,
†Kvb iv¯Ívq hw` nVvr GKwU MvQ c‡o †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v eÜ n‡q hvq Z‡e D³ MvQ miv‡Z kªwgK wb‡qvM
K‡i e¨e¯’v †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv Riæix wfwˇZ cvKv iv¯Ívi DcwiZ‡j m„ó MZ©
‡givgZ Ki‡Z ˆ`wbK fvZv wfwˇZ kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Gme †¶‡Î kªwg‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv mn
ZvwjKv ˆZix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| kªwgK wb‡qv‡Mi ci Zv‡`i ˆ`wbK nvwRiv wb‡Z nq| nvwRivi Dci wfwË
K‡i kªwg‡Ki gRyix cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb-wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ Z`viKx Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswkøó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqmg~nt
1) KvR ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v‡K Kvh©v‡`k cÖ`v‡bi ci †_‡KB Z`viK KvR ïiæ nq;
2) KvR ïiæi Av‡M Kv‡Ri mswkøó mKj Z`viKKvix, wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v (mvBU g¨v‡bRvi mn), Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cÖavb wg¯¿x BZ¨vw` mevB‡K wb‡q KvR ev¯Íevqb msµvšÍ GKUv Iwi‡q‡›Uk‡bi e¨e¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡e, G‡Z KvR m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e mevB eyS‡Z cvi‡e Ges fzj nIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg
_v‡K;
3) KvR ïiæi wba©vwiZ ZvwiL †_‡K cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR Avi¤¢ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
4) G e¨vcv‡i Z`viKKvix I wbg©vYKvix ms¯’vi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v _vK‡e;
5) wbg©vYKvix ms¯’vi mwVK mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv (mvB‡Ui G¨v‡cÖvP iv¯Ív, wbg©vYKvix ms¯’vi mvBU Awdm
BZ¨vw`i mwVK ¯’vb wba©viY) wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
6) mswkøó KvR Z`viKKvixMY I wbg©vYKvix ms¯’vi mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g Kv‡Ri mwVK †j-AvDU wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e;
7) mvB‡U AwfÁ kÖwgK I wgw¯¿ wb‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
8) IqvK© cø¨vb (Kg© cwiKíbv) Abyhvqx Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
9) mvB‡U wbg©vY mvgMÖx mieiv‡ni ïiæ †_‡KB gvV cix¶vi gva¨‡g I ¸wj cix¶v K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
hw` gvV cix¶vq bv wU‡K Zvn‡j Zv evwZj K‡i mvBU †_‡K Zvr¶wbKfv‡e miv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e| hw` wU‡K Zvn‡j ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ Ki‡Yi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUix‡Z cvVv‡Z n‡e| j¨ve‡iUix
cix¶vq wU‡K †M‡j Zv Kv‡R e¨env‡ii AbygwZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq wb¤œgv‡bi mvgMÖx
Zvr¶wbKfv‡e mvBU †_‡K AcmviY Kiv‡bvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e;
10) wbg©vY mvgMÖx mvB‡U Aí mieivnKvjxb mg‡qB cix¶vi KvRwU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| µgvš^‡q cÖPzi
gvjvgvj mieivn n‡q _vK‡j Ges c‡i Zv evwZj‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ n‡j Zv mvBU †_‡K AcmviY
Kiv‡bv Kómva¨ n‡q c‡o;
11) cÖ‡Z¨K `dvi KvR m¤ú‡K© Z`viKKvix wb‡R mwVKfv‡e eyS‡eb Ges wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v‡K Ges Zvi

13
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

mswkøó e¨w³‡`i‡K fvjfv‡e eySv‡eb hv‡Z ev¯Íevqb Kv‡j †Kvb `dvi Kv‡R †Kvb iKg fzj åvwšÍ
bv nq;
12) Z`viKKvix KvR Z`viKxi mgq hw` †Kvb †¶‡Î RwUjZv †`‡Lb Ges wb‡R mgvavb w`‡Z bv
cv‡ib ev H mgvavb †`qv Zvi GLwZqvifz³ bv nq Zvn‡j Aek¨B AwZmZ¡i mswkøó EaŸ©Zb
KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU †_‡K Dchy³ wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e Ges †m †gvZv‡eK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e;
13) wbg©vYKvix ms¯’vi mv‡_ ev¯Íevqb Kvix ms¯’vi KvR ev¯Íevqb msµvšÍ †h Pzw³ nq †m Pzw³ m¤ú‡K©
Z`viKKvix
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e wb‡R Rvb‡eb Ges wbgv©YKvix ms¯’v‡KI Rvb‡eb hv‡Z Pyw³i evB‡i wbqgewnf‚©Z
†Kvb KvR bv nq;
14) Z`viKKvixMY wbqwgZ wbgv©Y Kv‡Ri mvBU WvBix e¨envi Ki‡eb Ges mvBU WvBix‡Z mswkøó
Dchy³ KZ…©c‡¶i †Kvb cigk© _vK‡j Zv Kv‡R ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡eb| mvBU WvBix
hv‡Z me©`v mvB‡U _v‡K †m e¨vcv‡i Z`viKKvix cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v wb‡eb;
15) mswkøó wbgv©YKvix ms¯’v hw` †Kvb mgq wb¤œgv‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡Kb Zvn‡j Z`viKKvix Aek¨B H
KvR Zvr¶wYKfv‡e evwZj Ki‡eb Ges H wb¤œgv‡bi K…ZKvR m‡½ m‡½ †f‡½ wbqg gvwdK cybivq
Kiv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb| †Kvbfv‡eB mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g wb¤œgv‡bi KvR MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡Z
wbg©vY KvR `ye©j n‡e Ges wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v KZ©„c¶ H ai‡Yi KvR Kivi c~bivq g‡bvfve m„wó
n‡Z cv‡i;
16) KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q SzuwKc~Y© welq¸wj wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq mZK© e¨e¯’v wb‡Z
n‡e| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq- Aviwmwm Kv‡Ri †m›Uvwis Gi KvR| G Kv‡R Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y
A‡bK `~N©Ubvq Rvbgv‡ji ¶wZMÖ¯’ nIqvi A‡bK D`vniY Av‡Q;
17) KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q cÖ‡Z¨K `dvi Kv‡R cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qB Z`viKKvix wbg©vYKvix ms¯’vi
cÖwZwbwa I mswkøó wgw¯¿ I `¶ kÖwgK‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z bgybv wn‡m‡e mwVKfv‡e KvR Kiv‡eb hv‡Z
IUv AbymiY K‡i evKx KvR¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e Zviv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-iW KvUv I i‡Wi AvK…wZ
†`Iqvi mgq hw` cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡Yi iW 1Uv K‡i mwVK gv‡c †K‡U ûK/‡eì/µ¨vsK BZ¨vw` w`‡q
mwVK AvK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i bg~bv wn‡m‡e ‰Zix Kiv‡bv nq Zvn‡j evKx iW¸wji mwVK KvUv I
AvK…wZ w`‡Z fzj åvwšÍ n‡e bv;
18) Z`viKKvix me©`v AvšÍwiKZv I `vwqZ¡‡eva wb‡q Ggbfv‡e KvR Z`viKx Ki‡eb hv‡Z mswkøó
wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v †Kvb µ‡gB †Kvb fzj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zv‡K mve¨¯Í Ki‡Z bv cv‡i;
19) Z`viKKvix Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb I AMÖMwZi w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L KvR Z`viKx Ki‡eb;
20) hw` †Kvb AwZwi³ `dvi †Kvb KvR Kiv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q Zvn‡j Z`viKKvix Dchy³
KZ©„c‡¶i wjwLZ Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡¶ wbqg gvwdK D³ KvR Kiv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wb‡eb| KZ©„c‡¶i
†gŠwLK wb‡`©‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z †Kvb AwZwi³ KvR Kiv‡bv hyw³m½Z bq| KviY-cieZ©x‡Z RwUjZv
m„wó n‡Z cv‡i;
21) †h cwi‡e‡k/AvenvIqvq †Kvb Kv‡Ri gvb Lvivc n‡Z cv‡i H cwi‡e‡k/AvenvIqvq H KvR †Kvb
µ‡gB Ki‡Z †`Iqv hv‡e bv| †hgb- e„wói w`‡b wfRv Z‡ji Dci weUzwgbvm Kv‡c©wUs Gi KvR;
22) kªwgKMY hv‡Z Aí mg‡q Aí cwikª‡g m‡e©v”P gv‡bi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib †m e¨vcv‡iI Z`viKKvix
Zv‡`i†K civgk© w`‡eb;
23) Z`viKKvix kªwgK‡`i mv‡_ fvj e¨envi K‡i h_vh_ gvb m¤úbœ KvR Kiv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wb‡eb;
24) KvR ev¯ÍevqbKvjxb mg‡q wb‡qvwRZ mKj Z`viKvixMY Kv‡Ri mvwe©K wel‡q wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
mgš^q mvab K‡i KvR Z`viKx Ki‡eb| eyS‡Z n‡e Z`viKKvix KvR GKUv Uxg IqvK© (team
work);

14
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

25) wb‡qvwRZ wbg©vYKvix ms¯’vi wbKU †Kvb Z`viKKvixi †Kvb wel‡q `vqe×Zv bv _vKv DwPr| G‡Z
Zvi wbKU †_‡K A‡bK mgq mwVK gv‡bi KvR ey‡S †bIqvi evav m„wó n‡Z cv‡i;
26) wbgœgv‡bi †Kvb wbg©vY mvgMÖx Kv‡Ri mvB‡U KvR PjvKvjxb Ae¯’vq †Kvb µ‡gB _vKv DwPr bq|
Kv‡Ri mvBU me©`v MÖnY‡hvM¨ wbg©vY mvgMÖx w`‡q mg„× _vK‡e;
27) KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q mwVK fv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbgZ gvjvgvj mvB‡U _v‡K wKbv GUv
mswkøó Z`viKKvix cix¶v Ki‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a G e¨vcv‡i mswkøó wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v‡K
civgk© w`‡eb;
28) Kv‡Ri wm×všÍ w`‡Z †Kvb Dchy³ mywbw`©ó KviY Qvov wej¤^ Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡Z Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ
e¨vnZ n‡e| G iKg Ae¯’v †`Lv w`‡j mswkøó wbg©vbKvix ms¯’v‡K h_vh_ KZ©„c‡¶i gva¨‡g wjwLZ
fv‡e AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i wZwb KvR ev¯Íevq‡b myweavgZ c`‡¶c wb‡Z cv‡ib;
29) mvB‡U mieivnK…Z gvjvgvj I K…ZKvR Test frequency †gvZv‡eK j¨ve‡iUix cix¶v Kiv‡q
MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q wKbv GUv Z`viKKvix me©`v †Lqvj ivL‡eb;
30) KvR ev¯Íevq‡b cÖwZwU avc h_vh_ fv‡e AbymiY K‡i KvR Kiv n‡”Q wKbv GUvi e¨vcv‡i
Z`viKKvix me©`v bRi w`‡eb;
31) †Kvb Kv‡Ri Dc‡i Ab¨ †Kvb KvR _vK‡j (†hgb WBM Base coarse Gi Dci weUzwgbvm
Kv‡c©wUs KvR) Av‡Mi K…ZKvR cix¶vi gva¨‡g gvbm¤§Z we‡ewPZ bv nIqv Aewa c‡ii KvRwU
†Kvb µ‡gB Ki‡Z †`Iqvi AbygwZ †`qv hv‡e bv | wbqg gvwdK bv n‡j wbgœgv‡bi KvR ms‡kvab
Kiv‡bv RwUj Ges Zv e¨qeûj n‡q c‡o hvi d‡j wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v Avw_©K fv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡e Ges
Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ n‡e;
32) Kv‡Ri ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ Kv‡Ri Kg© cwiKíbvi mv‡_ Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZi mwVK mvgÄm¨Zv wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e;
33) Kv‡Ri mgq e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ mPj Av‡Q wK bv Av‡MB cix¶v K‡i wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z KvR PjvKvjxb
mg‡q weNœ m„wó n‡q Kv‡Ri ¶wZ bv nq;
34) KvR cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZi mwVK e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
35) AvenvIqv, cwi‡ek I Kv‡Ri aib ey‡S KvR Kivi AbygwZ †`Iqv DwPr;
36) hLb †h KvR mgvß n‡e we‡kl K‡i Kv‡Ri †h Ask XvKv c‡o hvIqvi K_v †mB Kv‡Ri gvc¸wj
KvR PjvKvjxb mgq mwVK fv‡e mveavbZvi mv‡_ MÖnY K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| H record
measurement sheet cÖ‡hvR¨ Z`viKKvix I mswkøó wbg©vYKvix ms¯’v KZ…©K ¯^v¶wiZ n‡e
Ges Dfq c‡¶i wbKU GKwU K‡i Kwc _vK‡e| Gi d‡j cieZ©xKv‡j Kv‡Ri wej cÖ`v‡bi mgq
RwUjZv n‡e bv;
37) g~j KvR †k‡l Kv‡Ri mvB‡U h_vh_ fv‡e AveR©bvgy³ I myôz cwi‡ek c~Y© bv nIqv KvR mgvß
n‡q‡Q e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv hv‡e bv;
38) KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q mvB‡U me©`v wbivcËv RwbZ mveavbZv eRvq ivLv n‡”Q wKbv G e¨vcv‡iI
Z`viKvKvix memgq m‡PZb _vK‡eb;
39) m‡ev©cwi Z`viKKvix AvšÍwiKZv, mZZv I h_vh_ `vwqZ¡‡eva wb‡q Kv‡Ri ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ
Kv‡Ri wmwWDj, †¯úwmwd‡Kkb, wWRvBb, WªBs I `ic‡Îi Ab¨vb¨ mKj Ask `¶ Z`viwKi
gva¨‡g mgvß Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡eb|

15
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV-2t feb wbg©vY mvgMÖx I wbg©vY mvgMÖxi wdì †Uó

(Construction Materials and their Field Tests)

CONTENTS:

2.1 wbg©vY mvgMÖx

2.2 wbg©vY mvgMÖxi ¸Yvejx I wdì †Uó
2.3 wbg©vY Kv‡R Dchy&³ gvwU
2.4 moK wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi weUz‡gb
2.5 e¨envwiK (Practical): wbg©vY mvgMÖxi wdì †Uó

16
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

OBJECTIVES:
GB cv‡V AskMÖnY Kivi ci cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY- wbg©vY mvgMÖxmg~‡ni †fŠwZK ¸Yvejx Rvb‡Z
cvi‡eb| wbg©vY mvgMÖxmg~n †`‡L fvj-g›` eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| wbg©vY mvgMÖxmg~‡ni gvV cixÿv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2.1 wbg©vY mvgMÖx

wbg©vY mvgMÖx ev gvjvgvj ej‡Z Avgiv mvavibZt wb¤œwjwLZ gvjvgvj ey‡S _vwK|

 BU
 ‡Lvqv ev cv_iKzwP,
 evwj
 wm‡g›U
 cvwb
 iW Ges
 KvV

Gme wbg©vY mvgMÖx ev gvjvgvj me mgq j¨ve‡iUix‡Z cixÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| gvV ch©v‡q gvV cixÿv
K‡i cÖv_wgK avibv †bqv nq| cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a G me gvjvgv‡ji †je‡iUix cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|

2.2 wbg©vY mvgMÖxi ¸Yvejx I wdì †Uó

BU
cÖ_g †kªYxi B‡Ui wb‡gœv³ ¸Yvejx _vK‡Z n‡e t
- is mg¯^Z¡ n‡Z n‡e, †Kvbv¸‡jv aviv‡jv †PŠ‡KvYv _vK‡e;
- MV‡b k³ I dvUjwenxb n‡e;
- `ywU BU‡K ci¯úi AvNvZ Ki‡j avZe UbUb kã ‡kvbv hv‡e;
- Av`k© mvBR n‡e 240 wgwg 115 wgwg 70 wgwg ev (9.5''4.5''2.75'');
- AvK…wZ‡Z Aby‡gvw`Z cv_©K¨ wbgœiƒc n‡e t
K) ‰`‡N©¨i †¶‡Î 6 wgwg Gi D‡aŸ© Kg ev †ekx bq
L) cÖ‡¯’i †¶‡Î 5 wgwg Gi D‡aŸ© Kg ev †ekx bq
M) D”PZvi †¶‡Î 1.5 wgwg Gi D‡aŸ© Kg ev †ekx bq|
- cv_i evsjv‡`‡k `yg©~j¨ I mnRjf¨ bq weavq AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kv‡R BU e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv
nq|
- XvjvB Gi Kv‡R I BU e¨envi Kiv nq|
- cÖ_g †kªYxi BU ev wc‡KU BU †f‡½ †Lvqv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

17
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

gv‡V B‡Ui gvb cix¶v

AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖKí¯’‡j †h mKj BU mieivn Kiv nq Zv 1g †kªYxi wba©vwiZ gv‡bi wK bv †m
welq †gvUvgywUfv‡e `ªæZ wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨ gv‡V wbgœwjwLZ cix¶v¸wj Kiv hvq t
K) gvwK©s †Uó (`vM cix¶v)
GKwU BU wb‡q Avcbvi b‡Li mvnv‡h¨ Zvi Dci
`vM KvU‡Z †Póv Kiæb| hw` b‡Li mvnv‡h¨ `vM
KvUv m¤¢e nq Z‡e †mUv fvj BU bq| hw` `vM
KvUv m¤¢e bv nq Z‡e Zv fvj BU e‡j we‡ewPZ
n‡e|

wPÎ 2-1:Field Test of Bricks (Marking Test)

L) kã cix¶v
`ywU BU wb‡q ci¯úi AvNvZ Kiæb| hw` avZe
c`v‡_©i b¨vq cwi®‹vi UbUb AvIqvR nq, Z‡e
†m¸‡jv fvj BU e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e| hw` avZe
AvIqvR bv nq, Z‡e †m me BU fvj bq|

wPÎ 2-2: Field Test of bricks (Sound Test)

M) wU-‡Uó
`yÔwU BU nv‡Z wb‡q Bs‡iRx ÔwUÔ MVb Kiæb| `yÔwU
B‡Ui d«M gvK© †hb GKB w`‡K _v‡K| Gevi cÖvq
1.2 wgUvi Dci †_‡K k³ mgZj f‚-c„‡ô H ÔwUÔ
†Q‡o w`b| BU `yÔwU hw` AUzU Ae¯’vq _v‡K Z‡e
†m¸‡jv fvj BU e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

wPÎ 2-3: Field Test of Brick (T test)

evwj
dvBb GwMÖ‡MU wnmv‡e Kswµ‡U, cøv÷vi I Muv_ywbi Kv‡R evwj eûj cwigv‡Y e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| evwj
GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb hv c~iK c`v_© wn‡m‡e gU©vi, KswµU, wbPz f~wg fivU BZ¨vw`‡Z e¨eüZ

18
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

nq| wewfbœ `vbvi evwj Avgv‡`i †`‡kB cvIqv hvq| mwVK ‡÷ªš’ †c‡Z evwj m¤^‡Ü cwi®‹vi aviYv _vKv
GKvšÍ `iKvi|
evwji wewfbœ `vbv
`vbvi AvKvi Abyhvqx evwj‡K wZb †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
1. wPKb `vbvi evwj(fine)
2. ga¨g `vbvi evwj(medium)
3. ‡gvUv `vbvi evwj(coarse)
wPKb `vbvi evwjt G ai‡bi evwj AwZ m~ÿè| 16 bs (ASTM) Pvjwb‡Z (mvBR 1/6”) Pvj‡j †Kv‡bv
Aewkó _vK‡e bv| G evwj mvaviYZ Av¯Í‡ii Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
ga¨g `vbvi evwjt 8 bs (ASTM) Pvjwb‡Z (mvBR 1/8”) Pvj‡j †Kv‡bv Aewkó _vK‡e bv| G evwj
mvaviYZ Muv_ywbi Rb¨ gmjvq e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡gvUv `vbvi evwjt 4 bs (ASTM) Pvjwb‡Z (mvBR 3/16” ) Pvj‡j †Kv‡bv Aewkó _vK‡e bv| G evwj
Kswµ‡Ui dvBb GwMÖ‡MU wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

evwji m~ÿèZvi ¸Yv¼ (Fineness of modulus, F.M)

evwji m~ÿèZvi ¸Yv¼ GKwU AbycvZ hv evwji `vbvi m~PK wn‡m‡eKvR K‡i| Gi mvnv‡h¨ evwji AvKvi
A_©vr evwj wPKb, ga¨g bv †gvUv `vbvi Zv Rvbv hvq Ges †Kv‡bv wbg©vY Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi evwj
cÖ‡qvRb Zv wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
ASTM Pvjywb bs 4 †_‡K 100 (4,8,16, 30,50I 100) ch©šÍ ci ci mvwR‡q wbw`©ó cwigvY †hgbÑ
500 MÖvg) evwj 5 wgwbU ch©šÍ SuvwK‡q wb‡j 100 bs Pvjwb ch©šÍ µg ms‡hvwRZ kZKiv nv‡ii
†hvMdj‡K 100 Øviv fvM Ki‡j hv cvIqv hvq Zv‡K m~ÿèZvi ¸Yv¼ ev ms‡ÿ‡c Gd. Gg e‡j| †Kv‡bv
Kv‡Ri IqvK© GwewjwU, wdwbwks Ges A_©‰bwZK jvf evwji m~ÿèZvi ¸Yv¼ Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K|
fv‡jv evwji ‰ewkó¨
1.evwj‡Z jeb RvZxq c`v_© _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv hv evqygÛj †_‡K Rjxq Kbv AvKl©Y Ki‡e|
2. evwji KYv¸‡jv Lye aviv‡jv,‡KvYvK…wZi Ges gReyZ n‡e|
3. evwj Lye cwi®‹vi Ges `vbv`vi n‡e| GwU Kv`v I ˆRe Dcv`vb gy³ n‡e|
4. evwj ivmvqwbKfv‡e wbw¯Œq n‡e|
5. GwU I‡qj †MÖ‡WW A_©vr wewfbœ AvKv‡ii Dchy³ cwigvb `vbv wewkó n‡e|
6. evwji m~ÿèZvi ¸Yv¼ Specification gZ n‡e|
7. mKj cÖKvi ÿwZKviK ˆRe Ges A‰Re c`v_© gy³ n‡e|
8. evwj cwj gy³ n‡e| Z‡e e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î kZKiv 3 †_‡K 4 fvM MÖnY‡hvM¨|
9. fv‡jv evwj †c‡Z e¨env‡ii c~‡e© evwj‡K †P‡j wb‡Z n‡e|

gv‡V evwji gvb cix¶v c×wZ

†Kvb AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖKí¯’‡j †h evwj mieivn Kiv nq, Zv fvj gv‡bi wK bv †m welq
†gvUvgywU fv‡e `ªæZ wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ cix¶v ¸wj K‡i †`Lv hvq|

19
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

K) GK nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z wKQy evwj wbb| Gevi Aci nv‡Zi e„×v½ywj Øviv H evwj Pvcmn K‡qKevi
Gw`K-Iw`K Nl©Y Kiæb| Gevi ¯^vfvweKfv‡e nvZ Dcyo K‡i evwj †d‡j w`‡q †`Lyb nv‡Zi
Zvjy‡Z wK cwigvY †j‡M Av‡Q| hw` †j‡M bv _v‡K Z‡e evwji gvb fvj| hw` Lye †ekx †j‡M
_v‡K Z‡e evwji gvb fvj bq| G evwj‡Z cwj ev Kv`vi cwigvY †ekx| myZivs ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Kv‡R G evwj e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq|

wPÎ 2-4: evwj‡Z cwj ev Kv`vi cix¶v

L) GKwU Kuv‡Pi Møvm ev dv‡b‡ji 1/4 Ask evwj Øviv Ges 3/4 Ask cvwb Øviv c~Y© Kiæb|
Zvici dv‡bjwU‡K DËgiƒ‡c SvwK‡q cvwb I evwj wgwk‡q †djyb Ges Bnv‡K †Kvb mgZj
¯’v‡b wbiæc`ªe Ae¯’vq †i‡L w`‡q ch©‡e¶Y Kiæb| 30 †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ hv Møvm ev dv‡b‡ji
bx‡P Rgv n‡e †mUv n‡jv evwj| 30 †m‡KÛ †_‡K 1 N›Uvi g‡a¨ hv bx‡P co‡e †m¸‡jv n‡jv
cwj| 1 N›Uvi c‡iI hv fvmgvb Ae¯’vq _vK‡e †mUv n‡jv Kv`v|

cvwbi
evwj I Ask
cvwb cvwbi
wgkªY cwji Ask
evwji Ask
evwj
wPÎ 2-5: evwj‡Z cwj cix¶v

M) jeYv³Zv cix¶v
mvgvb¨ cwigvY evwj wRnŸvi WMvq jvwM‡q ¯^v` MÖnY Kiæb| hw` ¯^v` jeYv³ g‡b nq, Z‡e H
evwj †jvbvhy³ Ges Lvivc e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

N) evwji MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvb

evwj‡Z 3% Gi AwaK cwj ev Kv`v _vK‡j Zv e¨env‡ii A‡hvM¨| evwj hw` e¨env‡ii
A‡hvM¨ nq Z‡e 4bs Pvjwb w`‡q †P‡j wb‡Z n‡e Ges cwj, Kv`v _vK‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b †aŠZ
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

20
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvwb
cvb Kivi Dc‡hvMx †h †Kv‡bv cvwb KswµU ˆZwii Kv‡R Dchy³| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvwb cvb bv Kiv
†M‡jI wbg©vY Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq|

KswµU Kv‡R cvwbi e¨envi

 wm‡g›U KswµU (wmwm) ˆZwi‡Z cvwb GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
 KswµU wgkÖ‡Y (concrete mixing) cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb wb¤œiƒct
- GwMÖ‡MU †aŠZ Ki‡Z|
- wKDwis Kivi mgq|
- wm‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ ivmvqwbK wewµqv (hydration process) NUv‡Z hv KswµU‡K kw³kvjx K‡i|
- Kswµ‡U IqvK©vwewjwU (Kg©‡hvM¨Zv) Avb‡Z|
- Kswµ‡U cvwbi cwigv‡bi mv‡_ wm‡g‡›Ui cwigv‡bi Zzjbv‡K cvwb / wm‡g›U AbycvZ
(Water)/cement ratio) e‡j| cvwb / wm‡g›U AbycvZ hZ Kg n‡e KswµU ZZ gReyZ n‡e|

- mKj cÖKvi cvwb Kswµ‡U ‰Zwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| ‡h cvwb cvb Kiv hv‡e Zv KswµU ‰Zwi‡Z
e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
- AwZwi³ cvwb Kswµ‡U e¨envi Ki‡j XvjvB‡qi ci weøwWs ( Pz‡q Pz‡q cvwb cov) n‡e|

KswµU Kv‡R e¨eüZ cvwbi ¸Yv¸Y

 cvb‡hvM¨ cvwb Kswµ‡Ui †h †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me‡P‡q Dc‡hvMx|
 cvwbi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ ÿwZKviK c`v_© Kswµ‡Ui †mwUsÑ Gi mgq evuKv‡bv (shrinkage) Ges
¯’vwqZ¡‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
 ‡h mg¯Í cvwb Kswµ‡U e¨env‡ii Abyc‡hvMx, hw` Zvi g‡a¨;
Ñ †ewk cwigvY fvmgvb `ªe¨ (suspended solids) _v‡K|
Ñ AwZwi³ cwigvY `ªexf~Z `ªe¨ (dissolved) _v‡K|
ÑD‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY ˆRe Dcv`vb (organic material) _v‡K|
 Kv`vhy³ cvwb e¨envi Kiv hv‡e Z‡e e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Aek¨B †mwUwjs †ewm‡b w`‡q G‡K
cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 ˆRe Dcv`vb †hgbÑ ˆkevj (algae) hw` cvwb‡Z _v‡K Z‡e Kswµ‡U eÜb‡K ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i
Ges AwZwi³ evqy cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q Gi kw³‡K e¨vcKfv‡e Kwg‡q Av‡b|
 mgy‡`ªi cvwb / jebv³ cvwbi e¨envi Kswµ‡U G‡d¬‡im‡mÝ (efforescence) m„wó K‡I
KviæKvh© LwPZ Kv‡R ÎæwU †`Lv †`q|
 my‡cq cvwbi Drm bv n‡j cvwb Kswµ‡U e¨env‡ii c~‡e© cixÿv K‡i †bIqv DwPZ|

21
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

†Lvqv ev cv_i KzwP

gv‡V B‡Ui †Lvqv ev cv_i KzwP cix¶v
‡Lvqv, b~wo cv_i ev cv_i KzwPi ¯‘c †Pv‡Li `„wó‡Z cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i †`Lyb| †Lvqv, bywo cv_i ev
cv_i KzwPi mv‡_ †hb †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB wb¤œwjwLZ ¶wZKviK e¯‘¸‡jv bv _v‡K t
- gvwUi `jv
- Mv‡Qi wPKb Wvj-cvjv
- Mv‡Qi cvZv, LoKzUv, †Qov KvMR ev †bKov
- B‡Ui †Lvqv/cv_i KzwPi mvBR I †MÖ‡Wkb cix¶v Kiæb| Kg kw³ m¤úbœ †Lvqv ev cv_i KzwP
Av‡Q wK bv Zv †Pv‡Li `„wó‡Z ciL Kiæb|

wm‡g›U
gv‡V wm‡g‡›Ui ¸Yv¸Y cix¶v
cÖKí¯’‡j wbgœwjwLZ gvV cix¶vmg~‡ni gva¨‡g wm‡g‡›Ui ¸Yv¸Y m¤ú‡K© †gvUvgywUfv‡e GKwU aviYv
cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡it
K) `yB Avs¸‡ji g‡a¨ wm‡g›U wb‡q Nl©Y Kiæb| hw` gm„Y Abyf‚Z nq Z‡e Zv fvj wm‡g›U|
L) wm‡g‡›Ui e¯Ívi g‡a¨ nvZ XzwK‡q w`b| hw` VvÛv Abyf‚Z nq Z‡e Zv fvj wm‡g›U|
M) GK gywó wm‡g›U wb‡q nvZwU cvwbi g‡a¨ aiæb Ges Avs¸‡ji duv‡K cvwb cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z w`b|
hw` nv‡Z Mig Abyf‚Z nq Z‡e Zv fvj wm‡g›U|
N) wKQy wm‡g›U nv‡Z wb‡q cvwbi g‡a¨ †Q‡o w`b| hw` wm‡g›U mv‡_ mv‡_ cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq Z‡e
†mUv fvj wm‡g›U|
†jvnvi iW
¸YMZ gv‡bi w`K w`‡q evRv‡i 2 cÖKvi †jvnvi iW cvIqv hvq t
- we‡jU iW I †¯Œ‡ci ˆZix iW
- mvB‡Ri w`K w`‡q evRv‡i 3 cÖKvi iW cvIqv hvq t IfvimvBR, AvÛvimvBR Ges mwVK mvBR
Avg`vbxK…Z we‡jU †_‡K mwVK mvBR †gvZv‡eK †h iW ˆZix Kiv nq, Zv‡K Av`k© iW wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K ¯’vbxq fv‡e msM„nxZ †jvnvi UzKiv I †jvnvi ˆZix wewfbœ KvVv‡gvi fvsPzi †_‡K †h
iW ˆZix Kiv nq DnvB †¯Œc iW bv‡g cwiwPZ|
evsjv‡`‡k we‡jU (Billets), wi-‡iv‡jem ¯Œ¨vc (Re-rollable Scraps) Ges MwjZ ¯Œ¨vc (Melted
Scraps) †_‡K MS iW ˆZwi Kiv nq| we‡jU †_‡K Drcvw`Z iW DbœZ gv‡bi Ges mylg cÖ¯’‡”Q` I
¸Yvejx m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| wbf©i‡hvM¨ iW ej‡Z we‡jU †_‡K Drcvw`Z iW†K †evSvq| Ab¨vb i‡Wi
‡P‡q we‡jU †_‡K Drcvw`Z i‡Wi `vg A‡bK †ewk| we‡jU †_‡K Drcvw`Z i‡Wi gv_v †gwkb w`‡q
KZ©b Kiv| mvaviYZt GK i‡W GK ev‡Ûj, cÖ‡Z¨KwU ev‡Û‡ji (mvBR Abymv‡i) ˆ`N©¨ GKB _v‡K|
we‡jU †_‡K Drcvw`Z iW †Pbvi GwU GKwU mnR Dcvq|

22
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

ewR©Z B¯úvZ LÛ‡K ¯Œ¨vc ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZt RvnvR fv½v †_‡K ¯Œ¨vc msMÖn Kiv nq| GB
¯Œ¨v‡ci LwÛZ Ask mivmwi †ivwjs K‡i i‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq Ges GB iWB n‡”Q wi-‡iv‡jem ¯Œ¨vc
‡_‡K Drcvw`Z iW| wi-‡iv‡jem ¯Œ¨vc ‡_‡K Drcvw`Z iW ¯^fveZB wfbœ wfbœ ¸Yvejxi n‡q _v‡K|
¯Œ¨v‡ci ¸YMZ gvb hw` fvj nq, i‡Wi MyYMZ gvbI fvj n‡e| wi-‡iv‡jem ¯Œ¨vc ‡_‡K Drcvw`Z iW
‰`‡N©¨ wewfbœ gv‡ci n‡q _v‡K| GKB ev‡Û‡j wewfbœ ˆ`‡N©¨i GKvwaK UzK‡iv iW _vK‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î cÖ¯’‡”Q` Amg n‡q _v‡K, wi-‡ivwjs K‡j cÖvqB †`Lv hvq KLbI ZvcgvÎv †ewk jvM‡Q, KLbI
¯^í ZvcgvÎv e¨eüZ nq| d‡j ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K wb¤œgv‡bi iW ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| Amg cÖ¯’‡”Q`, ˆ`‡N©¨
Kg, G‡Ki AwaK iW Øviv ev‡Ûj ˆZwi, Agm„b mvi‡dm, RvqMvq RvqMvq dvUj, †_Zjv‡bv Ges i‡Wi
gv_v dvUv BZ¨vw` wPý Øviv GB iW mn‡RB †Pbv hvq|
wKQz wKQz ¯Œ¨vc mivmwi i‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| we‡kl K‡i hw` cvZjv wk‡Ui ¯Œ¨vc n‡q _v‡K|
d‡j G¸‡jv Mwj‡q Quv‡P †d‡j we‡jU AvK…wZ‡Z †QvU †QvU L‡Û RgvU euvav‡bv nq| MwjZ ¯Œ¨vc n‡Z
Drccvw`Z i‡W ivmvqwbK ¸Yvejxi e¨vcK ZviZg¨ _v‡K| KviY mKj Drm n‡Z cÖvß †hgbt `y‡ai
wUb, R`©vi †KŠUv, Wªvg wkU BZ¨vw` Pzjøx‡Z Mjv‡bv nq| d‡j wb¤œgv‡bi iW Drcbœ nq| ˆ`‡N©¨ LvU,
gm„b mvi‡dm BZ¨vw` Øviv GB iW wbiƒcY Kiv hvq|
 we‡jU n‡Z Drcvw`Z iW wbtm‡›`‡n m‡e©vrK…ó|
 wi-‡iv‡jem ¯Œ¨vc ‡_‡K Drcvw`Z i‡Wi ¸Yvejx‡Z jÿ¨Yxq ZviZg¨ †`Lv hvq| ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wbg©vY Kv‡R G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq|
 MwjZ ¯Œ¨vc †_‡K Drcvw`Z iW e¨envi bv KivB evÃbxq|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k mvaviYZt 300W, 400W, 500W †MÖ‡Wi iW e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| 300W
†MÖ‡Wi kw³ (Minm Yieald Strength) n‡”Q 300 Mpa, 400W †MÖ‡Wi kw³ (Minm Yieald
Strength) n‡”Q 400 Mpa, 500W †MÖ‡Wi kw³ (Minm Yieald Strength) n‡”Q 500 Mpa|
‡¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b †Kvb †MÖ‡Wi iW aiv n‡q‡Q Zv wbwðZ n‡q †mB †MÖW Abyhvqx iW µq I e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e| †hLv‡b 300W †MÖ‡Wi i‡Wi K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q †mLv‡b 400W †MÖ‡Wi i‡Wi e¨envi MÖnY‡hvM¨
n‡e bv|
(1Mpa=145.038 Psi)

gv‡V †jvnvi iW cix¶v

gv‡V †jvnv cix¶vi Rb¨ wbw¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jv j¶Yxq t
- ‡jvnv‡Z dvUj Av‡Q wK bv
- mvBR wVK Av‡Q wK bv
- gwiPvhy³ wK bv
- AZ¨waK gwiPvi Kvi‡Y mvBR K‡g‡Q wK bv

23
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

KvV
KvV (Wood) I Kv‡Vi KvR t
 KvV cÖ‡qvRbxq j¤^v I Matured n‡Z n‡e;
 KvV ÎæwUgy³ n‡Z n‡e;
 WªBs I †¯úwmwdKk‡b D‡jøwLZ ev ev¯ÍevqbKvix ms¯’v I cÖ‡KŠkjxi wb‡`©wkZ e„‡¶i
KvVe¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Vi Kv‡R j¶¨Yxq welq¸‡jv n‡jvt

 Kv‡Vi R‡q›U mwVKfv‡e wbwðZ Kiv;
 mKj ai‡bi Kv‡Ri †j‡fj wbwðZ Kiv;
 mwVKfv‡e Kâv, ûK, Zvjv BZ¨vw` jvMv‡bv wbwðZ Kiv;
 Kv‡Vi cyiæZ¡ mwVK wKbv, wdwbwms gm„Y I †`L‡Z my›`i wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiv|

2.3 feb wbg©vY Kv‡R Dchy&³ gvwU

feb wbg©vb Kv‡R gvwUi e¨envi cÖavbZ: dvD‡Ûkb XvjvB m¤úbœ nIqvi ci Zvi Pvwiw`‡K gvwU fivU
Kivi Rb¨| Finished Ground Level (FGL) ‡_‡K Original Ground Level (OGL) bx‡P _vK‡j
OGL Gi Dci gvwU fivU K‡i FGL ch©šÍ wb‡q Avm‡Z nq GQvov fe‡bi MÖvDÛ †d¬v‡ii gvwU fivU
GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© KvR| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq bxPz RvqMvq feb wbg©vY Ki‡Z nq †m‡ÿ‡Î gvwU fivU
K‡i feb wbg©vY Ki‡Z nq ev fe‡bi wfZ wbg©v‡Yi ci gvwU fivU K‡i wb‡Z nq|
†h †Kvb ai‡bi gvwU, fivU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ bq| mvavibZ: evwj gvwU Ges wgkÖ `vbvhy³ gvwU
(evwji cwigvb †ekx _vK‡e) fivU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³| LGED Rate Schedule G fivU gvwUi
Specification ‡`qv Av‡Q, gv‡V Specification gZ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡¤œ wewfbœ ai‡bi gvwU
m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj| gvwU Z`šÍ Ges cixÿv Aa¨v‡q (cvV-12) gvwUi aib wPwýZ Kiv
Ges gv‡V gvwU cixÿv Kiv wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

‰Re gvwU t ‡h gvwUi g‡a¨ h‡_ó cwigvY ˆRe c`v_© i‡q‡Q Zv‡K ‰Re gvwU e‡j| ¶qcÖvß wkKo, Mv‡Qi
cvZv, Nvm Ges wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Avukhy³ Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`RvZ c`v‡_©i Dcw¯’wZ Øviv ˆRe gvwU‡K mn‡RB
†Pbv hvq| ‡fRv Ae¯’vq GB gvwU Mvo ev`vgx A_ev Kvj i‡Oi nq Ges †gvjv‡qg ¯ú‡Äi gZ Abyf~Z
nq, cPbkxj ‰Re c`v‡_©i we‡kl MÜ cvIqv hvq|
wgkª `vbvhy³ gvwU
cÖK…wZ‡Z †h gvwU cvIqv hvq Zvi cÖvq meB evjy, cwj I Kv`vi mswgkªb we‡kl|
evjy t LmL‡m †Pnvivi `vbv `vbv, `vbv¸wj Mv‡q Mv‡q †j‡M _vK‡Z Pvq bv| ﮋ Ae¯’vq †Mvjvi
AvK…wZ †`Iqv hv‡ebv| wfRv Ae¯’vq †Mvjv ˆZix Kiv †M‡jI mvgvb¨ ¯ú‡k©B †f‡½ ¸ov n‡q hv‡e|

cwj t `vbv¸wj †gvjv‡qg Abyf~Z nq, mn‡RB †f‡½ c‡o| ﮋ Ae¯’vq †Mvjvi AvK…wZ †`Iqv hv‡e Ges
bvovPov Ki‡j mn‡RB †f‡½ co‡e| wfRv Ae¯’vq †Mvjvi AvK…wZ †`Iqv hv‡e Ges Aev‡a bvovPvov Kiv
hv‡e| cvwb †c‡j mn‡RB Kv`v Kv`v n‡q co‡e |

24
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Kv`v t `vbv¸wj GZ †QvU †h Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, `vbv¸‡jv †ekxi fvM †¶‡ÎB †QvU †QvU `jv
AvKv‡i _v‡K, `jv¸wj Avs&¸j w`‡q fv½v KóKi| wfRv Ae¯’vq AvVv‡jv, mn‡RB †Mvjvi AvK…wZ
†`Iqv hv‡e, Ges Aev‡a bvovPvov Ki‡jI fv½‡e bv|

gvwU‡Z evwj, cwj ev Kvu`v †h†Kvb GKwUi cwigvb Ab¨vb¨ Ask †_‡K †ekx _vK‡j H gvwU‡K AwaK
cwigvY we`¨gvb As‡ki bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv nq Ges Aí cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb AskwU we‡klY wnmv‡e hy³
_v‡K| †hgb K`vhy³ cwj gvwU A_©vr GB gwU‡Z cwj gvwUi cwigvY †ekx Ges Kv`v gvwUi cwigvY Kg,
GKBfv‡e cwj hy³ Kv`v gvwU, Kv`vhy³ evwj gvwU BZ¨vw`|

2.4 wbg©vY mvgMÖx ev gvjvgv‡ji †je‡iUix cixÿv (Important Laboratory Tests

of Building Construction Materials):
Gme wbg©vY mvgMÖx ev gvjvgvj me mgq j¨ve‡iUix‡Z cixÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| gvV ch©v‡q gvV cixÿv
K‡i cÖv_wgK avibv †bqv nq| cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a G me gvjvgv‡ji †je‡iUix cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
j¨ve‡iUix‡Z wbg©vY mvgMÖxi gvb wbqš¿Y ‡Uó:
Table 2-1: Different Tests and their Frequencies
Item of Type of test Specification are to be Test Frequencies
Works as per Schedule
Fineness Modulus (FM) Min. FM 1.2 (Mass For each day casting or
Concrete) One per 15 m3
Min. FM 1.8
Water Absorption of Not more than 15% For each day casting or
Coarse Aggregate One per 15 m3
LAA/ACV LAA not more than 35% For each day casting or
One per 15 m3
Gradation of coarse Well graded as per For each day casting or
Concrete aggregate requirement One per 15 m3
Setting time of cement Minimum 45 minutes For each consignment of
particular brand<25 tons
Compressive Strength of For each consignment of
cement (3,7,28 days) particular brand<25 tons
Compressive Strength of 170kg/cm2 to For each day casting or
Concrete 250kg/cm2 at 28 days One per 15 m3
(case basis, as per
specification)
Compressive Strength of 2500 psi (halved bricks) Set for each construction
Bricks <100,000 bricks
Water Absorption of Not more than 15% Set for each construction
Bricks <100,000 bricks
Efflorescence of Bricks Slight to nil Set for each construction
Brickwork <100,000 bricks
Setting time of cement Minimum 45 minutes For each consignment of
particular brand<25 tons
Compressive Strength of For each consignment of
Cement particular brand<25 tons
FM of sand Min. FM 1.2 One per 15 m3

25
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Item of Type of test Specification are to be Test Frequencies

Works as per Schedule
Reinforcem Unit weight Elongation, Set for each consignment
ent and tensile strength of particular brand<10
tons

2.5 e¨envwiK (Practical): wbg©vY mvgMÖxi wdì †Uó

wbg©vY mvgMÖx fvj g›` cixÿv
e¨envwiK cÖwkÿ‡bi g‡a¨ BU, evjy, GwMÖ‡MW, wm‡g›U, iW, KvV BZ¨vw` wbg©vY mvgMÖx fvj g›` cixÿv
K‡i ev ch©‡eÿY K‡i cÖwkÿbv_©x‡`i †`Lv‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ cÖwkÿK‡K wb‡gv³ gvjvgvj msMÖn Ki‡Z
n‡e| D³ DcKib cÖwkÿbv_©x‡`i gv‡S weZib Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zuv‡`i w`‡q cixÿv Kiv mv‡c‡ÿ
gZvgZ wb‡q fvj-g›` Rvbv‡Z ej‡Z n‡e|
BU
wewfbœ mvBR, AvKvi AvK…wZi, Ges fvj-g›` mKj ai‡bi BU msMÖn K‡i cÖwkÿbv_©x‡`i m‡iRwg‡b
cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi B‡Ui ¸Yvejx cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv
Zuv‡`i‡K cÖkœ K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e ‡h cÖwkÿYv_©xMY BU I B‡Ui ¸Yvejx m¤^‡Ü mwVK fv‡e Zvuiv eyS‡Z
†c‡i‡Q|
1. cÖ_g †kÖbxi BU
2. wØZxq †kÖbxi BU
3. Z…Zxq †kÖbxi BU
4. B‡Ui kã cixÿv
5. B‡Ui gvwK©s cixÿv
6. B‡Ui wU-‡Uó cixÿv
7. B‡Ui cvwb †kvlb ÿgZv
8. B‡Ui †gvwìs cixÿv
evjy
wewfbœ gv‡bi evjy K‡i cÖwkÿbv_©x‡`I m‡iRwg‡b cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi evjyi ¸Yvejx
cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv Zuv‡`i‡K cÖkœ K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e ‡h cÖwkÿYv_©xMY
evjyi ¸Yvejx m¤^‡Ü mwVK fv‡e Zvuiv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
1. ‡gvUv `vbvi evjy/jvj evjy
2. myÿœ `vbvi evjy/mv`v evjy
3. GdGg 0.5, 0.8, 1.0
4. evjy‡Z cvwb/Kv`vi Dcw¯’wZ cixÿv
5. evjy‡Z jebv³Zv cixÿv
6. evjy‡Z LoKvUv, Mv‡Qi cvZv BZ¨vw` Dcw¯’wZ

26
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

‡Lvqv
B‡Ui †Lvqv msMÖn K‡i cÖwkÿbv_©x‡`i †`Lv‡Z n‡e | cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi †Lvqvi ¸Yvejx cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i
Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv Zuv‡`i‡K cÖkœ K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e ‡h cÖwkÿYv_©xMY ‡Lvqvi †kÖbx
web¨vm I ¸Yvejx m¤^‡Ü mwVK fv‡e Zvuiv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
1. Z…Zxq/wØZxq †kÖbxi †Lvqv
2. cÖ_g †kÖbxi B‡Ui †Lvqv
3. wcKW B‡Ui †Lvqv
4. M¨vc/duvKv †MÖ‡WW †Lvqv
5. BDwbdig/mgivb †MÖ‡Wi †Lvqv
6. h_vh_ †MÖ‡WW †Lvqv
7. ‡Lvqvi AvKvi, AvK…wZ
wm‡g›U
wm‡g‡›Ui ¸bvejx cixÿv K‡i fvj g›` †kÖbx‡Z web¨vm K‡i cÖwkÿbv_©x‡`i †`Lv‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wewfbœ
eªv‡Ûi wm‡g›U, wewfbœ eq‡mi wm‡g›U msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv cÖkœ K‡i wbwðZ
n‡Z n‡e ‡h cÖwkÿYv_©xMY wm‡g‡›Ui ¸Yvejx m¤^‡Ü mwVK fv‡e Zvuiv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
1. AwW©bvix †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U
2. ‡cvU©j¨vì K‡¤úvwRU wm‡g›U
3. wm‡g‡›Ui wewfbœ wdì †Uó †hgb- Feel test, float test, and other tests
iW
we‡jU I ¯Œ¨vc Dfq ai‡bi iW, wewfbœ WvqvÕi iW, †cøb (plain) I wW‡dvg©W (deformed) iW
msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. WvqvwgUvi †Uó
2. Rs aiv
3. PUjv DVv †Uó
4. ‡cøb I wW‡dvg©W iW

27
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV-3: wm‡g›U KbwµU I wiBb‡dvm©W& wm‡g›U Kswµ‡Ui KvR

(Cement Concrete & RCC Works)

Contents

3.1 KswµU wK I Kswµ‡Ui cÖKvi‡f`

3.2 Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`v‡bi evwn¨K ev †fŠwZK ¸Yvejx
3.3 Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY wbY©q
3.4 KswµU ˆZixi c×wZ
3.5 Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv
3.6 KswµU `„pxfeb
3.7 wKDwis
3.8 Kswµ‡Ui kw³ I ¯’vwqZ¡ m¤úwK©Z wbqvgK
3.9 XvjvB KvR ZË¡veavb †PK wjó
3.10 Kswµ‡Ui kw³ cix¶v
3.11 GjwRBwW‡Z mPivPi e¨eüZ wewfbœ kw³i KswµU
3.12 wiBb‡dvm©W& KbwµU (RCC) KvR t

Objectives
GB cv‡V AskMÖnY Kivi ci cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY- KswµU Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb wbqš¿Y ej‡Z hv †evSvq Zv
ej‡Z cvi‡eb, Kswµ‡Ui ¸YMZ gvb wbqš¿‡Y cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v¸‡jv wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb, KswµU Kv‡Ri
¸YMZ gvb ‡h welq¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb, gv‡V Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`vbmg~‡ni gvb
cixÿv wK wK fv‡e Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb, KswµU wgkÖY c×wZ‡Z wK wK mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv nq
Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb, KswµU enY, ¯’vcb I `„pxKiY Kv‡R wK wK mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb, KswµU Kv‡R fvB‡eªUi e¨envi Kivi ‡KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, KswµU wKDwis wK Zv
ej‡Z cvi‡eb, Kswµ‡Ui kw³ cixÿv wKfv‡e Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb, KswµU wmwjÛvi wbg©vY
wKfv‡e Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb, Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv wKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb, ‡h †Kvb KswµU Kv‡Ri ¸Yv¸Y iÿv‡_© †h welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb Zv ej‡Z
cvi‡eb|

28
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

3.1 KswµU wK?

KswµU nj K…wÎg cv_i hv cÖ‡Rvh¨ †ÿÎ Abyhvqx wb¤œ ewY©Z gvjvgvj mswgkª‡b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq :
 †Lvqv ev cv_iKzwP,
 evwj/ myiwK,
 wm‡g›U/ Pzb,
 cvwb BZ¨vw`,
eûwea myweavRbK KviY _vKvq wbg©vY Kv‡R Kswµ‡Ui e¨envi AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK|
Kswµ‡Ui cÖKvi‡f`
1) wm.wm.(Cement Concrete)t wm‡g›U+evwj+†Lvqv/ cv_i KzuwP +cvwb;
2) jvBg KswµU (Lime Concrete)t Pyb+myiwK+†Lvqv+cvwb;

 Qv‡`i jvBg †U‡iwms Kv‡RB ïaygvÎ jvBg KswµU (Lime Concrete) e¨envi Kiv nq|
 dvD‡Ûk‡bi bx‡P, †d¬vi-G, iv¯Ív, dzUcv_, cvwK©s, eªxR-KvjfvU© I iv¯Ívi Xvj (Slope)-G eøK
ˆZix BZ¨vw` Kv‡R mvaviYZ wmwm (C.C.) e¨envi Kiv nq|
 hLb wm.wm. (Cement Concrete) †Z iW e¨envi Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Avi.wm.wm. (Re-inforced
Cement Concrete) ejv nq| cÖvq mKj AeKvVv‡gvB Avi.wm.wm. (RCC) w`‡q ˆZix Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| Cement Concrete Ges Reinforced Cement Concrete GKB c×wZ‡Z ˆZix Kiv nq
wKš‘ ¸bv¸b we‡ePbv Kiv n‡j RCC KswµU A‡bK kw³m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|

3.2 Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`v‡bi evwn¨K ev †fŠwZK ¸Yvejx

G¨vM&wi‡MU
Kswµ‡U mvaviYZt `yÕ ai‡Yi G¨vM&wi‡MU (Aggregate) e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v t -
†gvUv `vbvi G¨vM&wi‡MU I m~² `vbvi G¨vM&wi‡MU|
†gvUv `vbvi G¨vM&wi‡MU (Coarse Aggregate)t
- †Lvqv, cv_iKzwP Ges †QvU cv_i †gvUv `vbvi G¨vM&wi‡MU wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq;
- 4.75 wgwg (3/16 BwÂ) n‡Z 50 wgwg (2 BwÂ) mvB‡Ri `vbv‡K †gvUv `vbvi G¨vwM&wi‡MU (Coarse
Aggregate) wn‡m‡e aiv nq; G cÖKv‡ii G¨vM&wi‡MU Aek¨B cwi®‹vi, ˆRe c`v_©gy³, k³ Ges
h_vh_ AvKv‡ii n‡Z n‡e;
- KswµU Kv‡R †MvjvKvi A‡c¶v †KvYvK…wZ G¨vM&wi‡MU AwaK Kvh©¶g|

m~² `vbvi G¨vM&wi‡MU (Fine Aggregate)t

4.75 wgwg (3/16 BwÂ) A‡cÿv †QvU Ges 0.075 wgwg A‡cÿv eo `vbv‡K my² `vbvi G¨vMwi‡MU ejv
nq| mvaviYZ wm‡g›U Kswµ‡U my² `vbvi G¨vMwi‡MU wn‡m‡e evwj (Sand) e¨venvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k mvaviYZ `yB ai‡Yi evwj Kswµ‡Ui Kv‡R e¨venvi n‡q _v‡K, h_v:- (K) my² `vbvi
evwj (Fine Sand) I (L) †gvUv `vbvi evwj (Coarse Sand)|

29
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

G¨vM&wi‡M‡Ui †MÖ‡Wkb:
†MÖ‡Wk‡bi wfwˇZ G¨vM&wi‡M‡Ui †kªYx wefvMt
K) h_vh_ †MÖ‡Wi (Well Graded) G¨vM&wi‡MU t
AvbycvwZK nv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ AvqZ‡bi mKj ai‡Yi G¨vM&wi‡M‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ‡K h_vh_ †MÖ‡Wi (Well
Graded) G¨vM&wi‡MU e‡j|G ai‡bi G¨vM&wi‡MU Kswµ‡Ui mwVK ¸bMZ gvb‡K wbwðZ K‡i, hv fvj
gv‡bi Kswµ‡Ui Rb¨ GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
L) mgiƒc †MÖ‡Wi (Uniform Graded) G¨vM&wi‡MU t
G‡¶‡Î mKj G¨vM&wi‡MU cÖvq GKB AvKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K hv KswµU Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq| Kvib
G ai‡Yi G¨vM&wi‡MU w`‡q ˆZix KswµU Gi kw³ A‡bK Kg cvIqv hvq|
M) duvKv (Gap Graded) †MÖ‡Wi G¨vM&wi‡MU t
G‡¶‡Î wbw`©ó K‡qK ai‡Yi AvKv‡ii G¨vM&wi‡MU Dcw¯’Z _v‡K wKš‘ mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq AvKv‡ii
G¨vM&wi‡MU Dcw¯’Z _v‡K bv| KswµU Kv‡R G ai‡Yi G¨vM&wi‡MU e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq | wb‡¤œ wZb
ai‡Yi †MÖ‡Wi G¨vM&wi‡MU wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv njÑ

h_vh_ †MÖ‡Wi G¨vM&wi‡MU mgiƒc †MÖ‡Wi G¨vM&wi‡MU duvKv †MÖ‡Wi G¨vM&wi‡MU

(Well Graded) (Uniform Graded) (Gap Graded)

wPÎ 6.1 t †MÖ‡Wk‡bi cÖKvi †f`

G¨vM&wi‡M‡Ui †MÖ‡Wkb (Grading for nominal size coarse aggregate for concrete work)
20mm nominal size Coarse Aggregate for concrete work

Sieve Size (mm) % Passing by Weight

25 100
19 90-100
9.50 20-55
4.75 0-10
2.36 0-5

30
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

evwj
†Kvb KvVv‡gvi wbg©vY †¶‡Î evwj ïay c~iYKvix DcKiY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| evwj cwi®‹vi, †Kvb cÖKvi
ˆRe c`v_©gy³ Ges jeYgy³ nIqvB evÃbxq| evwj‡Z wmë I Kuv`vi (Silt & Clay) cwigvb 3% Gi †ekx
n‡j Zv Kswµ‡Ui Kv‡R e¨venvi Kiv DwPZ bq| Z‡e GKvšÍB e¨venvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv Aek¨B
cwi¯‹vi cvwb‡Z ay‡q e¨envi Kwi‡Z nB‡e|
wm‡g›U
- KswµU Kv‡R cÖavb eÜbKvix Dcv`vb nj wm‡g›U (Cement)
- wm‡g›U Aek¨B gm„Y I `vbv`vi gy³ n‡Z n‡e;
- mvaviYZ wm‡g›U‡K AwW©bvix †cvU©j¨vÐ wm‡g›U (OPC) ejv n‡q _v‡K;
- wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b evRv‡i AwW©bvix †cvU©j¨vÐ wm‡g‡›Ui cvkvcvwk †cvU©j¨vÐ K‡¤úvwRU wm‡g›U (PCC)
e¨vcKfv‡e cvIqv hvq|
- eZ©gv‡b †cvU©j¨vÐ K‡¤úvwRU wm‡g›U (PCC) e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q Ges Zv evRv‡i mnRjf¨
I `v‡g m¯Ív|

wm‡g›U RgvU euvavi mgqKvjt

wm‡g›U RgvU euvavi mgqKvj (Setting Time of Cement) -
KswµU Kv‡Ri wb¤œ ewb©Z ‡ÿ‡Î wm‡g‡›Ui RgvU euvavi mgq we‡ePbvq Avbv Riæix:
1) XvjvB Kv‡R wgkÖY e¨envi,
2) KswµU Kgc¨vKkb, wdwbwms BZ¨vw` Kiv,
3) wKDwis ïiæ Kiv|
KswµU RgvU evuavi mgq‡K `yÕfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nqt
1) cÖv_wgK RgvU euvavi mgq (Initial Setting Time)t
- cÖv_wgK RgvU euvavi mgq mvaviYZ 45 wgwb‡Ui Kg bq (AwW©bvix †cvU©j¨vÐ wm‡g›U I
†cvU©j¨vÐ K‡¤úvwRU wm‡g›U Df‡qi †ÿ‡Î)|
- gvjvgvj cvwb w`‡q †gkv‡bv †_‡K enb, ¯’vcb, `„pxKiY I Kswµ‡Ui AvK…wZ cÖ`vb cÖv_wgK
RgvU euvavi mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kiv DwPZ, GwU fvj gv‡bi KswµU cvIqvi c~e© kZ©|
2) P~ovšÍRgvU euvavi mgq (Final Setting Time)t
- P~ovšÍ RgvU euvavi mgq mvaviYZt 375 wgwb‡Ui †ekx bq (AwW©bvix †cvU©j¨vÐ wm‡g›U Gi
†ÿ‡Î) Ges 420 wgwb‡Ui †ekx bq (†cvU©j¨vÐ K‡¤úvwRU wm‡g›U Gi †ÿ‡Î)|
- P~ovšÍ RgvU euvavi mg‡qi ci n‡Z KswµU‡K wKDwis Kiv ev cvwb LvIqv‡bv DwPZ|

wm‡g›U ¸`vgRvZKiY (Storing of Cement)t

 wbwñ`ª Ges cvwb cÖ‡ek Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv Ggb N‡i ev ¸`v‡g
(storing) gvPv‡bi Dci wm‡g›U ivL‡Z n‡e;
 wm‡g‡›Ui e¯Ív¸‡jv ¸`v‡gi †`Iqvj n‡Z 300 wgwg (12
BwÂ) `~‡i ivLv DwPZ;
 e¯Ívi `yB jvB‡bi gv‡S †jvK PjvP‡ji Rb¨ wPÎ t wm‡g›U ¸`vgRvZKiY
cwiwgZ RvqMv ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Av‡M Avbv

31
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wm‡g›U Av‡M Ges c‡i Avbv wm‡g›U c‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq;
 D”PZvq cici 15wUi †ekx wm‡g‡›Ui e¯Ív ivLv DwPZ bq| †ewk D”PZvq wm‡g‡›Ui e¯Ív ivLv
n‡j bx‡Pi e¯Ív¸‡jv AwZwi³ IR‡b †d‡U †h‡Z cv‡i|
cvwb
XvjvB Kv‡R cwi®‹vi cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv`vhy³ cvwb ev †h cvwb‡Z gqjv AveR©bv i‡q‡Q Zv
e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| A‡bK mgq ejv nq †h cvwb cvb Kivi Dc‡hvMx †mB cvwb XvjvB Kv‡R e¨envi
Kiv DËg|

cvwb-wm‡g›U AbycvZ (Water Cement Ratio)

KswµU Kv‡R cvwb-wm‡g›U AbycvZ t
 KswµU wgkª‡Y e¨enƒZ cvwb I wm‡g‡›Ui IR‡bi AbycvZ‡K cvwb-wm‡g›U AbycvZ e‡j, hv
†_‡K KZUzKz IR‡bi wm‡g‡›Ui ms‡M KZUzKz IR‡bi cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv Rvbv hvq|
 Kswµ‡Ui kw³ I Kvh©‡cv‡hvwMZv cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui Abycv‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
 DbœZ gv‡bi KswµU †c‡Z n‡j wgkÖ‡Y cvwbi cwigvY cwiwgZ ch©v‡q n‡Z n‡e|
 wgkª‡Y cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvwMZv wVK _v‡K A_©vr
wgkÖY mn‡RB Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq Ges KswµU †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b wba©vwiZ kw³ AR©‡b m¶g
nq|
cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ = (cvwbi IRb) / (wm‡g‡›Ui IRb)
cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui Abycv‡Zi mv‡_ Kswµ‡Ui kw³ (m¤ú~Y©fv‡e K¤ú¨v‡±W I Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e K¤ú¨v‡±W
KswµU) wKfv‡e cwieZ©b nq Zv wb‡Pi wP‡Î ‡`Lv‡bv nj t

‡gwkb Øviv
K¤ú¨v‡±W
nvZ KswµU
Øviv K¤ú¨v‡±W
KswµU
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
K¤ú¨v‡±W KswµU
Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e
K¤ú¨v‡±W
KswµU
wPÎ 6-3 t Kswµ‡Ui kw³ ebvg cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ GKwU wPÎ
Kswµ‡U e¨eüZ cvwbi cwigvY wbY©q
Kswµ‡U e¨eüZ cvwbi cwigvY wbY©q Kivi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb:
1) wgkª‡Yi mgq G¨vM&wi‡MU (cv_i KzwP ev †Lvqv I evwj) †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB wgkÖY n‡Z cvwb ï‡l bv †bq
ev G¨vM&wi‡MU n‡Z cvwb †ei bv nq| Ggb Ae¯’v‡K G¨vM&wi‡M‡Ui Saturated Surface Dry (SSD)
condition e‡j|
2) hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y wbg©vY ¯’‡j G¨vM&wi‡M‡Ui Ae¯’v Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) condition-G bv
_v‡K Zvn‡j AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ wKQyUv evov‡Z ev Kgv‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î

32
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

¯øv¤ú †U‡ói gva¨‡g H Kswµ‡Ui Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ ¯øv¤ú Gi mv‡_ mvg¾m¨ †i‡L cvwbi cwigvY wbשvib
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) G¨vM&wi‡MU‡K Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) condition-G e¨envi DbœZ gv‡bi KswµU ‰Zixi
GKwU c~e© kZ©|
4) mvaviYZ: cv_i KzwP ev †Lvqv gv‡V ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq wKš‘ evwj †fRv Ae¯’vq _v‡K| ZvB
cv_i KzwP ev †Lvqv XvjvB Kv‡R e¨env‡ii c~e© w`‡b †fRv‡bv nq wKš‘ evwj †fRv‡bv nq bv|
5) cv_i KzwP ev †Lvqv XvjvB‡qi Av‡Mi w`b †fRv‡bv n‡j XvjvB‡qi mgq Saturated Surface Dry
(SSD) Condition-Gi KvQvKvwQ cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
6) A‡bK‡¶‡Î cv_i KzwP ev †Lvqv XvjvB ïiæi c~e© g~û‡Z© †fRv‡bv nq G‡Z cv_i KzwP ev †Lvqvq
AwZwi³ cvwb †_‡K hvq hv KswµU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ¶wZKi|
7) evsjv‡`‡k nv‡Z †gkv‡bv Kswµ‡Ui †¶‡Î cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ mvaviYZ 0.55 e¨envi Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| Ges †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †gkv‡bv Kswµ‡Ui †¶‡Î cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ mvaviYZ 0.45
e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e GB AbycvZ ZLbB cÖ‡hvR¨ hLb GwMÖ‡MU SSD condition G _v‡K|
8) A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Avi.wm.wm. Kv‡R IqvUvi-wm‡g›U AbycvZ A‡bK Kg wba©viY Kiv _v‡K| †m †ÿ‡Î
Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx KswµU †c‡Z KswµU wgkÖ‡bi mwnZ wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z GWwg·vi (Admixture) e¨venvi
Kiv nq|

nv‡Z †gkv‡bv I †gwk‡b †gkv‡bv Kswµ‡Ui †¶‡Î GK e¨vM wm‡g›U e¨env‡i cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e
wb¤œiƒct

K) nv‡Z †gkv‡bvt
GLv‡b, cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ = 0.55 Ges GK e¨vM wm‡g‡›Ui IRb = 50 †KwR

cvwbi IRb
GLb, cvwb-wm‡g›U AbycvZ =
wm‡g‡›Ui IRb
cvwbi IRb
ev, = cvwb-wm‡g›U AbycvZ
wm‡g‡›Ui IRb
ev, cvwbi IRb = cvwb wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ wgkÖY × wm‡g‡›Ui IRb
= 0.55 × 50 †KwR
= 27.50 †KwR
= 27.50 wjUvi
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, KswµU Kv‡R gvjvgvj nv‡Z †gkv‡bvi mgq GK e¨vM wm‡g›U e¨envi Ki‡j cvwb
cÖ‡qvRb n‡e 27.50 †KwR ev 27.50 wjUvi|
Abyiƒcfv‡e 1/2 e¨vM wm‡g›U e¨envi Ki‡j cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e = 27.50 × 1/2
= 13.75 †KwR
= 13.75 wjUvi
Ges 3/4 e¨vM wm‡g›U e¨envi Ki‡j cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e = 27.50 × 3/4
= 20.62 †KwR
= 20.62 wjUvi

33
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Kswµ‡U cvwbi Kvh©vejx

K) wm‡g›U w`‡q G¨vM&wi‡MUmg~n †Rvov jvMv‡bvi wbwg‡Ë KswµU wgkÖ‡b cvwbi f~wgKv Acwinvh¨|
KviY wm‡g›U ïK‡bv RvqMvi †P‡q wfRv RvqMvq Lye ZvovZvwo Ges fvjfv‡e KvR K‡i| †mB
†ÿ‡Î G¨vM&wi‡MU Gi mvi‡dP‡K wfRv Ae¯’vq ivLv cvwbi g~j KvR|
L) Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`vbmg~‡ni wfRv wgkÖY cÖ¯‘Z c~e©K KswµU‡K Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx Kiv hv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbgZ
wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
M) m‡e©vcwi wm‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ cvwbi ivmvqwbK wewµqvq µgvš^‡q KswµU RgvU euva‡Z Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
kw³ AR©‡b m¶g nq|

3.3 Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY wbY©q

mvaviYZ jyR Ae¯’vq Kswµ‡Ui AvqZb wdwbkW& Kswµ‡Ui AvqZ‡bi †`o ¸Y n‡q _v‡K| aiv hvK,
GKwU wdwbkW& KswµU ex‡gi ‰`N©¨ = 20wgUvi, cÖ¯’ = 0.5wgUvi I D”PZv = 1wgUvi| Ges Kswµ‡U
e¨eüZ wgkÖ‡Yi AbycvZ 1t 2t 4| exgwU ‰Zix Ki‡Z wK cwigvY ‡Lvqv, evwj I wm‡g›U cÖ‡qvRb ?
†Lvqv, evwj I wm‡g‡›Ui cwigvY wbY©q t
wdwbkW& KswµU ex‡gi AvqZb = 20 × 0.5 × 1.0= 10 NbwgUvi
jyR Ae¯’vq Kswµ‡Ui cwigvY = 10 × 1.5 = 15 NbwgUvi
KswµU wgkÖ‡Yi Abycv‡Zi †hvMdj = 1(wm‡g›U) + 2 (evwj) + 4 (†Lvqv) = 7
4
†Lvqvi cwigvY = × 15 = 8.5714 Nb wgUvi
7
2
evwji cwigvY = × 15 = 4.2857 Nb wgUvi
7
1
wm‡g‡›Ui cwigvY = × 15 = 2.1428 Nb wgUvi
7
= 75.64 Nb dzU
= 75.64/1.25 e¨vM
= 60.50 e¨vM
`ªóe¨t 1 Nb wgUvi = 35.30 Nb dzU; 1 e¨vM wm‡g›U = 1.25 Nb dzU =0.03541 Nb wgUvi|

3.4 KswµU ˆZixi c×wZ

KswµU wgkª‡Yi AbycvZ, wgkÖY ˆZixi c×wZ, wgkÖY enb I ¯’vcb:
K) wgkª‡Yi AbycvZ (Mix proportion)t
- AbycvZ †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e|
- Av`k© †divi mvnv‡h¨ Dcv`v‡bi cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK †¶‡Î evwj I †Lvqv gvcvi Rb¨
KovB e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î mKj KovB GKB gv‡ci n‡Z n‡e| gvjvgvj †evSvB Kivi
†¶‡Î GKB iKg n‡Z n‡e|
- Dcv`vb Kg-†ekx †bqv hv‡e bv| Z‡e evwji †¶‡Î evwés (bulking) wnmve K‡i evwji cwigvY
wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK, GK e¨vM wm‡g‡›Ui cwigvY `yB KovB Ges evwji bulking 25%
aiv n‡j 1t2t4 Kswµ‡Ui Rb¨ GK e¨vM wm‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ 5 KovB evwj I 8 KovB †Lvqv wgkv‡Z n‡e|

34
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wPÎ 6-4 t Av`k© †div

L) KswµU wgkÖY ˆZixi c×wZ (Procedure of Concrete Mixing):Kv‡Ri cwigvY Kg n‡j n¯Í
wgkªb Ges †ekx n‡j wg·vi †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wgkªb ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e
1'-0
- †h c×wZ‡ZB nDK bv †Kb wgkÖb me mgq mg¯^Z¡ n‡Z n‡e
- †gwkb w`‡q wgkÖY ˆZixi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwbi kZKiv 5 n‡Z 10 fvM cvwb Uvwb©s Wªv‡g
gvj-gkjv †`evi c~‡e©B w`‡Z n‡e| wgkÖ†bi mgq euvKx cvwb w`‡Z n‡e|
- Uvwb©s Wªv‡g mKj gvjvgvj †`qv Ges wgkÖY †ei Kiv ch©šÍ Kgc‡¶ 2 wgwbU mgq e¨q Ki‡Z
n‡e| Z‡e wgkÖ‡bi mgq 20 evi Uvwb©s Wªvg Nyiv‡Z n‡e|
- wgkÖY †kl nIqvi 5 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Slump Test K‡i Aek¨B KswµU wgkª‡Yi
Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv cix¶v K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
- Kswµ‡Ui kw³ cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ KswµU Cylinder ‰Zix Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ t wg·vi †gwkb

M) wgkÖY enb I ¯’vcb (Carrying and Placing of Mix)
- †QvU Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î wgkÖY en‡bi Rb¨ KovB e¨envi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (wPÎ-5-4)
- eo Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î wgkÖY en‡bi Rb¨ `yB PvKv wewkó
ûBj e¨v‡iv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e (wPÎ-5-5)
- KovB w`‡q ¯’vcb Kivi mgq wgkÖY †Kvb µ‡gB 1

wgUv‡ii †ekx DuPz †_‡K †djv hv‡e bv| †ekx DuPz †_‡K wPÎ 6-6 t KswµU en‡bi KovB
†dj‡j wgkÖY †mwMÖ‡Mkb n‡q hv‡e|
- KswµU wgkÖY h_vm¤¢e cvZjv ¯Í‡i ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

35
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

- KswµU wgkÖY ‰Zixi 45 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ mg¯Í wgkÖY

h_v¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
- KswµU wgkÖY ˆZixi 45 wgwbU AwZevwnZ n‡q †M‡j Zv
Avi e¨envi Kiv DwPZ n‡e bv|
- KswµU wgkÖY ¯’vc‡bi mgq †Kvbµ‡gB cybivq cvwb
†gkv‡bv hv‡e bv|
wPÎ 6-7 t ûBj e¨v‡iv (eo Kv‡Ri Rb¨)

3.5 Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv

 hv Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx ZvB Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx |
 †Kvb KswµU wgkªb‡K ZLbB Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx ejv hv‡e hLb Zv mn‡R wehy³Kib (Segregation)
Qvov wgkÖb, enb,¯’vcb, `„pxKib I Zv w`‡q Avkvbyiƒc AvK…wZ cÖ`vbmn fvj KswµU Drcv`b
m¤¢e n‡e|
 Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv (Workability of Concrete) gvcvi Rb¨ ¯ø¨v¤ú †Uó Kiv nq|

¯ø¨v¤ú

wPÎ- 6-8t Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv cix¶vi hš¿cvwZ

wPÎ- 6-9t Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv cix¶vi wewfbœ ai‡Yi ¯øv¤ú

36
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Kswµ‡Ui Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv cix¶v

KswµU wgkÖY ˆZixi ciciB bx‡Pi wPÎ Abyhvqx ¯ø¨v¤ú †Uó Gi gva¨‡g KswµU wgkª‡Yi Kvh©‡cv‡hvMxZv
cix¶v Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
Kswµ‡Ui ¯ø¨v‡¤úi gvc †¶Îwe‡k‡l wfbœ gv‡bi n‡q _v‡K t

¯ø¨v¤ú ‡Uó c×wZ

K) k³ I mgZj ¯’v‡b †cøb kx‡Ui †Uªi
Dci ¯ø¨v¤ú †KvY QuvPwU ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
QuvPwU mgvb AvqZ‡bi †gvU wZbwU ¯Í‡i
fivU Ki‡Z n‡e|
QuvPwUi wb‡Pi `yÕcvk cv w`‡q a‡i
¯‹z‡ci mvnv‡h¨ 1/3 Ask KswµU wgkÖY
w`‡q cÖ_g ¯Íi c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 6-10t Quv†P KswµU Xvjv n‡”Q

L) c~iYK…Z wgkÖb 600wgwg j¤^v I 16
wgwg e¨v‡mi iW w`‡q 25 evi mgfv‡e
†LuvPv w`‡q K¤ú¨vKk&b Ki‡Z n‡e|
mgMÖ KswµU wgkÖb Ggbfv‡e †LuvPv
w`‡q K¤ú¨vKk&b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb iW
c~Y©gvÎvq Kswµ‡Ui Mfx‡i Xy‡K c‡i|
Gfv‡e cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii KvR †kl Ki‡Z
n‡e| wØZxq I Z…Zxq ¯Í‡i cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii
gZ QuvPwU c~Y©gvÎvq fivU Ki‡Z n‡e|
wØZxq I Z…Zxq ¯Íi †LuvPv‡bvi mgq
†Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv c~e©eZ©x
¯Íi‡K ¶wZMÖ¯Í bv K‡i| wPÎ 6-11t Quv†Pi KswµU K¤ú¨vKkb Kiv n‡”Q

37
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

M) fivU †k‡l Kzwb© w`‡q DcwiZj mgvb

K‡i Quv‡Pi Mv I †em †cøU gy‡Q cwi®‹vi
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Dc‡ii `yÕcv‡ki nvZj a‡i mZK©Zvi
mv‡_ QuvPwU †mvRv (90 ) Dc‡ii w`‡K
0

GKev‡i Zz‡j †dj‡Z n‡e|

†Zvjvi mgq †Kvb iƒc _vgv ev QuvPwU
bvovPvov Kiv hv‡e bv|

wPÎ 6- 12t QuvPwU Av‡¯Í K‡i Dc‡i ‡Zvjv n‡”Q

N) QuvPgy³ Kivi ci ciB QuvPwU Dwë‡q

†em‡cø‡Ui Dci e‡m hvIqv Kswµ‡Ui
cv‡k ai‡Z n‡e|
QuvPwUi Dci Avbyf~wgKfv‡e ‡¯‹j ev
`Û †i‡L †`L‡Z n‡e †h KZUzKz
KswµU wgkÖY e‡m †M‡Q|
†h cwigvY KswµU e‡m hv‡e ZvB
¯ø¨v¤ú|
D‡jøL¨ †h ¯ø¨v¤ú Gi AwfavbMZ A_©
n‡”Q cwZZ nIqv ev e‡m cov|
wPÎ 6- 13t ¯ø¨v¤ú cwigvc Kiv n‡”Q

3.6 KswµU `„pxfeb

> Kswµ‡Ui wfZi n‡Z AvU‡K cov evZvm ‡ei K‡i Kswµ‡Ui NbZ¡ evov‡bvB n‡jv `„pxKi‡bi
gyj D‡Ïk¨;
> †QvU Kswµ‡Ui Kv‡R `„pxKi‡bi (Compaction of Concrete) Rb¨ 16 wgwg iW e¨envi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i;
> weªR/KvjfvU©mn Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~b© KswµU Kv‡R fvB‡eªUi †gwkb w`‡q Aek¨B `„pxKi‡bi KvR
Ki‡Z n‡e;
> Kswµ‡Ui cÖv_wgK RgvU euvavi Av‡MB P‚ovšÍ `„pxfeb m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e;
> Qv‡`i P‚ovšÍ `„pxfe‡bi Rb¨ nvZj wewkó 10†mwg x 10†mwg x 4wgUvi mvB‡Ri eo cvÆv
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e;
> j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e fvB‡eªUi †hb mvUvwis Ges i‡Wi Mv‡q bv jv‡M;
> fvB‡eªUi Gi mvBR 1" Wvqv †_‡K 3" Wvqv ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| †ekx cyiæZ¡ Kswµ‡Ui Rb¨ 2"-
3" Wvqvi fvB‡eªUi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Ges Kg cyiæZ¡ Kswµ‡Ui Rb¨ 1"-1.5" Wvqvi fvB‡eªUi
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

38
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

> GKB ¯’v‡b fvB‡eªUi †ekx mgq ivLv hv‡e bv- Zv n‡j Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`vb mg~n Avjv`v n‡q
hvq| A_©vr fvB‡eªUi Kivi mgq hLb fvmgvb GwMÖ‡MU A`„k¨gvb cwijwÿZ nq ZLb fvB‡eªUi
eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 6-14 t KswµU `„pxKi‡b fvB‡eªUi

3.7 wKDwis
1) P~ovšÍ RgvU euvavi mg‡qi ci KswµU wKDwis Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b D‡jøwLZ mgq ch©šÍ KswµU‡K cvwb w`‡q wfwR‡q ev m¨vuZm¨uv‡Z K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
3) †h †Kvb KswµU KvR Kgc‡ÿ 28 w`b ch©šÍ wKDwis Kiv DwPZ|
4) Qv` ev †g‡Si †¶‡Î Pvwiw`‡K euva ˆZix K‡i cvwb Rwg‡q ivL‡Z n‡e (wPÎ 6-13)|
5) Kjvg,exg BZ¨vw` ‡fRv Qvjvi PU †cwP‡q Zv me mgq †fRv ivLvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e (wPÎ-6-
12)| †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Qvjvi PU me mgq †fRv _v‡K|
6) Lvov †`qv‡j wcPKvix ev g‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ wKQy¶Y ci ci cvwb wQwU‡q m¨vuZmu¨v‡Z K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ- 6-15 t Kjvg †fRvQvjv

wPÎ- 6- 16 t Qv‡` ev †g‡S‡Z cvwb Rwg‡q †i‡L wKDwis
w`‡q †X‡K wKDwis

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

3.8 Kswµ‡Ui kw³ I ¯’vwqZ¡ m¤úwK©Z wbqvgK

cvwb wm‡g›U GwMÖ‡MU digIqvm© KswµU ˆZix wKDwis ‡m›Uvwis

mvUvwis AcmviY

kw³kvjx wjK cÖæd

cvwbi ¸YMZ wm‡g‡›Ui e¨vwPs Zvc Av`ª©Zv

gvb ¸YMZ gvb

mwVK mgq I
cvwb cvwb eo m~² wgkÖY wgkÖY c×wZ
wm‡g‡›Ui wm‡g‡›Ui `vbvi GwMÖ‡MU `vbvi GwMÖ‡MU (‡gwkb/ mgq AcmviY
AbycvZ AbycvZ nvZ)

enb ¯’vcb
mwVK
¸`vgRvZ
KiY `„pxfeb AvK…wZ
cÖ`vb

kw³kvjx AvKvi AvK…wZ ‡MÖ‡Wkb mwVK ewnt c`v‡_©i wgkÖY

¸`vgRvZKiY

40
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

3.9 XvjvB KvR ZË¡veavb †PK wjó

†PK wjó Gi e¨envi wbg©vY KvR ZË¡veav‡b we‡kl mnvqK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| bx‡P XvjvB KvR
ZË¡veav‡bi wKQy †PK wjó †`qv n‡jv t

µwgK
Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨
bs
1. XvjvB Gi †Lvqvi mvBR I gvb wVK Av‡Q wK?
2. evwji FM I gvb wVK Av‡Q wK?
3. evwji evwés cix¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
4. wm‡g‡›Ui gvb wVK Av‡Q wK?
5. Slump †Uó K‡i workability mwVK cvIqv †M‡Q wK?
6. wmwjÛvi mwVK fv‡e ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
7. wmwjÛvi‡K †fRv PU w`‡q gywo‡q A¶Z Ae¯’vq ivLv n‡q‡Q
wK?
8. wmwjÛvi‡K mwVK gZ cvwb LvIqv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK?
9. XvjvB Gi †Lvqv, evwj, wm‡g›U I cvwb AbycvZ Abyhvqx mwVK
fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q wK?
10. gkjv h_vh_fv‡e †gkv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK?
11. gkjv h_vh_fv‡e enb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
12. gkjv h_vh_fv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
13. gkjv h_vh_fv‡e `„pxfeb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
14. e„wói cvwb Mwo‡q covi Rb¨ wVK gZ Xvj ivLv n‡q‡Q wK?
15. XvjvB 28 w`b ch©šÍ curing Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?

3.10 Kswµ‡Ui kw³ cix¶v (Strength Test of Concrete)

 Kswµ‡Ui kw³ Pvwn`v‡cv‡hvMx n‡”Q wK bv Zv cix¶v Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
 Kswµ‡Ui kw³ cix¶vi Kivi Rb¨ Kiv nq: 1) wmwjÛvi †Uó A_ev 2) wKDe †Uó|
 mvaviYZ: KswKU wgkª‡Yi 20 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨B cix¶vi Rb¨ wmwjÛvi ev wKDe ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZ 1000 NbdzU ch©šÍ XvjvB Kv‡R Kgc‡¶ 6wU wmwjÛvi ev wKDe ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e hvi g‡a¨
3wU 7 w`b ci Ges evKx 3wU 28w`b ci †Uó Ki‡Z n‡e (mKj‡ÿ‡Î ‡¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b D‡jøwLZ
e³e¨ Aek¨B †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e)|
 j¨ve‡iUix‡Z †U‡ó cvVv‡bvi c~e© g~û‡Z© wmwjÛviwU cvwb n‡Z Zzj‡Z n‡e|

41
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

KswµU wmwjÐvi wbg©v‡Yi wewfbœ avc wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj :

(K) cÖ_g ¯Íi KswµU fivU Kiv n‡”Q (L) wmwjÛv‡ii KswµU wgkªY `„p Kiv n‡”Q

(M) Kv‡Vi/ivev‡ii nvZzix w`‡q AvNvZ K‡i wmwjÛvi gy³ (N) wmwjÛvi wdwbwks †`qv n‡”Q|
Kiv n‡”Q

1) wmwjÛv‡iiD”PZv 30 †mw›UwgUvi Ges e¨vm (wfZ‡ii) 15 †mw›UwgUviwewkó A_ev D”PZv 20

†mw›UwgUvi Ges e¨vm (wfZ‡ii) 10 †mw›UwgUvi n‡Z cv‡i|
2) e¨env‡ii c~‡e© wmwjÛv‡ii QuvPwU cwi®‹vi K‡i †Zj gvwL‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Zvici ïK‡bv Kvco
w`‡q gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e, †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb AwZwi³ †Zj Quv‡Pi wfZ‡i †j‡M bv _v‡K|
3) †em †cø‡Ui m‡½ wmwjÛ‡ii ms‡hvM¯’j cvwb wb‡ivax wKbv Zv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e;
4) mgZj, k³ I Qvqvhy³ ¯’v‡b †cøb kx‡Ui Dci wmwjÐv‡ii QuvPwU †mU Ki‡Z n‡e;
5) wZbwU ¯Í‡i 15†mw›UwgUvi e¨v‡mi wmwjÛvi QuvPwU KswµU Øviv c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e; 10†mw›UwgUvi
e¨v‡mi wmwjÛvi 2 ¯Í‡i c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e|
6) 1/3 Ask KswµU Øviv c~iY K‡i 60 †mwg j¤^v I 16 wgwg e¨v‡mi we‡kl iW w`‡q mKj ¯’v‡b
25 evi †QvU wmwjÛv‡ii †ÿ‡Î 30†mwg j¤^v I 10†mwg e¨v‡mi iW e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e)
Ggbfv‡e †LuvPv‡Z n‡e †hb iW m¤ú~Y©fv‡e KswµU ¯Í‡ii MfxiZvq Xy‡K hvq;

42
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

7) cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii gZ euvwK `yB ¯Í‡i (†QvU wmwjÛvi †ÿ‡Î evwK GK ¯Í‡i) wmwjÛv‡ii QuvPwU c~Y© Ki‡Z
n‡e;
8) cieZ©x ¯Íi †LuvPv‡bvi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e ‡hb c~e©eZ©x ¯Íi ¶wZMÖ¯Í bv nq;
9) DcwifvM Kzwb© Øviv mgvb I cwi®‹vi K‡i wdwbwms w`‡Z n‡e - Z‡e Kzwb© w`‡q Pvc †`qv hv‡e
bv;
10) hw` wm‡g›U K¨vwcs Ki‡Z nq Z‡e DcwiZ‡j cÖvq 3 wgwg Lvwj ivL‡Z n‡e;
11) fivU KvR †kl n‡j QuvPwUi DcwifvM Kuv‡Pi †cøU w`‡q †X‡K Zvi Dci †fRv Kvco ev PU
w`‡q †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e;
12) wm‡g›U K¨vwcs Gi †ÿ‡Î wmwjÛvi ˆZixi 2 †_‡K 4 N›Uvi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó Abycv‡Zi wm‡g›U †c÷
w`‡q Lvwj ivLv 3 wgwg c~Y© K‡i DcwiZj wdwbwms w`‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î 250
wg:wg:×250wg:wg:×8 wg:wg: gv‡ci Kuv‡Pi †cøU I GKB gv‡ci UªvÝcv‡i›U kxU `iKvi n‡e;
13) QuvPwU Kgc‡¶ 18 N›Uv H Ae¯’v‡b wbiƒc`ªefv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e;
14) 72 N›Uvi g‡a¨B wmwjÐviwU QuvP gy³ Ki‡Z n‡e; Ges DcwiZ‡j Kvwós Gi ZvwiL I wPý
wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e;
15) QuvP gy³ Kivi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb wmwjÛvi AvNvZcÖvß bv nq;
16) 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨B wmwjÛviwU QuvP gy³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
17) QuvP gy³ Kivi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb wmwjÛviwU AvNvZcÖvß bv nq;
18) cieZ©x‡Z wKDwis Gi Rb¨ cvwb‡Z wmwjÛvi ¸‡jv Wzwe‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

3.11 GjwRBwW‡Z mPivPi e¨eüZ wewfbœ kw³i KswµU

GjwRBwW †h mKj AeKvVv‡gv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q, Zvi G‡KK A‡½ G‡KK ai‡bi KswµU e¨envi Ki‡Q|
GjwRBwW mPivPi †h ai‡bi KswµU e¨envi Ki‡Q Zvi aib (Type), kw³ (Strength),
Dcv`vbmg~‡ni AbycvZ (AvbygvwbK) Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi ¸YMZgvb wb‡P †Uwej AvKv‡i †`Lv‡bv fvjt
AeKvVv‡gv mg~‡ni †Kvb& A‡½ ‡Kvb& ai‡bi KswµU e¨eüZ n‡e Zv wWRvBb BwÄwbqvi wVK Ki‡eb Ges
GjwRBwW Rate Schedule Gi Description Items G ejv _vK‡e| †h mKj Kg©KZ©v wbg©vY KvR
ZË¡veav‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Rate Schedule G D‡jøwLZ Kswµ‡Ui kw³
AR©b Kivi Rb¨ †Uwe‡j D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi ¸YMZgvb wbwðZ Kiv, D‡jøwLZ KswµU ˆZwii
c×wZ wbwðZ Kiv Ges cwi‡k‡l j¨ve‡iUix cixÿvi gva¨‡g KvswLZ kw³ AR©b n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ
Kiv|

43
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Table: Types of Concrete used in LGED

Types of 28 days Mix Ratio Properties of ingredients

Concrete strength (By volume)
(Only indicative)
RCC- f’c=17MPa 1:2:4 Sand of MinmF.M1.8; Coarse Aggregate
17BCCM 20mm downgraded crushed picked brick
chips ( LAA<=38); Maxm. w/c 0.45.
Cement conforming to BDS EN 197-1:
2003 CEM-II/A-L/M/V/W 42.5N. Using
Concrete Mixer
RCC- f’c=20MPa 1:2:4 Sand of MinmF.M2.2; Coarse Aggregate
20SCCM 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=35); Maxm. w/c 0.40.
Cement conforming to BDS EN 197-1:
2003 CEM-II/A-L/M/V/W 42.5N. Using
Concrete Mixer
RCC- f’c=25MPa 1:1.5:3 Sand of MinmF.M2.5; Coarse Aggregate
25SCCM 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=30); Maxm. w/c 0.40.
Cement conforming to BDS EN 197-1:
2003 CEM-II/A-L/M/V/W 42.5N. Using
Concrete Mixer
RCC-25SCBP f’c=25MPa 1:1.5:3 Sand of MinmF.M2.5; Coarse Aggregate
20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=30); Maxm. w/c 0.40.
Cement conforming to BDS EN 197-1:
2003 CEM-II/A-L/M/V/W 42.5N. Using
Batching Plant, Transit Mixer& Concrete
pump
RCC- f’c=30MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.5; Coarse Aggregate
30SCCM (By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=30); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design (Dose of admixture to
be fixed by the mix design). Cement
conforming to BDS EN 197-1: 2003
CEM-I 52.5N / ASTM C150 Type-1.
Using Concrete Mixter.
RCC-30SCBP f’c=30MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.5; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=30); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design (Dose of admixture to
be fixed by the mix design). Cement
conforming to BDS EN 197-1: 2003
CEM-I 52.5N / ASTM C150 Type-1.
Using Batching Plant, Transit Mixer&
Concrete pump
RCC-35SCBP f’c=35MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design (Dose of admixture to
be fixed by the mix design). Cement

44
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Types of 28 days Mix Ratio Properties of ingredients

Concrete strength (By volume)
(Only indicative)
conforming to BDS EN 197-1: 2003
CEM-I 52.5N / ASTM C150 Type-1.
Using Batching Plant, Transit Mixer&
Concrete pump
RCC-40SCBP f’c=40MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design (Dose of admixture to
be fixed by the mix design). Cement
conforming to BDS EN 197-1: 2003
CEM-I 52.5N / ASTM C150 Type-1.
Using Batching Plant, Transit Mixer&
Concrete pump.
PSC-35SCCM f’c=35MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design high range water
reducing admixture of complying type
F/G under ASTM 494 (Dose of
admixture to be fixed by the mix design).
Using Concrete Mixer.
PSC-35SCBP f’c=35MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design . Cement conforming
to BDS EN 197-1: 2003 CEM-I 52.5N /
ASTM C150 Type-1,high range water
reducing admixture of complying type
F/G under ASTM 494 (Dose of
admixture to be fixed by the mix
design).Using Batching Plant, Transit
Mixer& Concrete pump.
PSC- f’c=40MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
40SCRDM (By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design. Cement conforming
to BDS EN 197-1: 2003 CEM-I 52.5N /
ASTM C150 Type-1, high range water
reducing admixture of complying type
F/G under ASTM 494 (Dose of
admixture to be fixed by the mix design).
Using Reversible Drum mixture / Batch
Mix Plant.
PSC-40SCBP f’c=40MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone chips
( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio as per
mix design. Cement conforming to BDS
EN 197-1: 2003 CEM-I 52.5N / ASTM
C150 Type-1, high range water reducing

45
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Types of 28 days Mix Ratio Properties of ingredients

Concrete strength (By volume)
(Only indicative)
admixture of complying type F/G under
ASTM 494 (Dose of admixture to be
fixed by the mix design). Using Batching
Plant, Transit Mixer& Concrete pump.
PSC-45SCBP f’c=45MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design. Cement conforming
to BDS EN 197-1: 2003 CEM-I 52.5N /
ASTM C150 Type-1, silica fume
conforming to ASTM C 1240, high range
water reducing admixture of complying
type F/G under ASTM 494 (Dose of
admixture to be fixed by the mix design)
Using Batching Plant, Transit Mixer&
Concrete pump.
PSC-45SCBP f’c=50MPa Mix Ratio Sand of MinmF.M2.8; Coarse Aggregate
(By mix design) 20mm downgraded crushed stone
chips( LAA<=25); Water Cement Ratio
as per mix design. Cement conforming
to BDS EN 197-1: 2003 CEM-I 52.5N /
ASTM C150 Type-1, silica fume
conforming to ASTM C 1240, high range
water reducing admixture of complying
type F/G under ASTM 494 (Dose of
admixture to be fixed by the mix design)
Using Batching Plant, Transit Mixer &
Concrete pump.

46
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

3.12 wiBb‡dvm©W& KbwµU (RCC) KvR t

1) Kbwµ‡Ui †Ubkb ev Uvb mnb ÿgZv Lye Kg wKš‘ Pvc mnb ÿgZv ‡ewk | óx‡ji Uvb I Pvc
mnb ÿgZv AZ¨šÍ †ewk weavq KbwµU KvVv‡gv‡Z óxj ev iW †`qv nq| (c~e©eZ©x Aa¨v‡q Pvc I
Uvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

‡cøBb iW
wewfbœ AvK…wZi wWdg© iW

2) óxj Øviv mn‡R ‡Kvb KvVv‡gvi AvKvi cÖ`vb Kiv qvq bv wKš‘ KbwµU Øviv mn‡RB qvq |
Avevi óxj KvVv‡gv ‰Zwi Ki‡Z A‡bK †ewk LiP nq weavq ïay óx‡ji KvVv‡gvi cwie‡Z©
KbwµU I óx‡ji mgš^‡q KvVv‡gv wbg©vY c„w_ex‡Z e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z|
3) iW/óxj †`qv KbwµU‡K wiBb‡dvm©W& KbwµU ejv nq|
4) eZ©gv‡b †cøBb i‡Wi e¨env‡ii cwie‡Z© wWdg©W& (deformed) iW e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K |
5) †cøb i‡Wi †¶‡Î Kbwµ‡Ui m‡½ eÐ I †bv½i eÜb (anchorage)Kivi Rb¨ ûK †`qvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ wWdg© i‡Wi (deformed rod) †¶‡Î ûK †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv KviY
wWdg© iW Ggb AvK…wZ‡Z cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq †hb Zv i‡Wi mKj ¯’v‡b Kbwµ‡Ui m‡½ eÐ I †bv½i
eÜb m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e wWdg© iWI WªBs Ges †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abymv‡i ‡mvRv ev µ¨vsK Ki‡Z nq|

i‡Wi KvR Kivi mgq i‡Wi ˆ`N©¨ wbiƒc‡Y we‡eP¨ welqmg~n t

 †mvRv As‡ki ˆ`N©¨
 ûK Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆ`N©¨ (‡cøBb i‡Wi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨)
 µ¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆ`N©¨
 wóiv‡ci †¶‡Î ûK Gi ˆ`N©¨

47
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

i‡Wi KvR Kivi mgq wb¤œ ewY©Z welq¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡et
K) KbwµU XvjvB Gi c~‡e© wiBb‡dvm©‡g›U (iW) Aek¨B cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
L) iW KvUv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i iW euvavi KvR mgq mgq †PK Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzev iW euvavi KvR †kl
n‡q †M‡j †ekxi fvM †¶‡ÎB i‡Wi f‚j-ÎæwU †givgZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv|
M) ex‡gi iW ‡bqvi Av‡M Zv Aek¨B cixÿv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| iW †mU Kivi ci ÎæwU aiv co‡j
Zv wVK Kiv LyeB KóKi ev †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv| GRb¨ XvjvB Gi wVK c~‡e© iW
†PK bv K‡i iW euvavi mgq ‡PK KivB DËg| G‡Z Kv‡Ri gvb fvj n‡e|

N) iW cix¶vi mgq wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e t

1) mwVK mvB‡Ri I gv‡ci iW e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv?
2) mKj iW cwi®‹vi-cwi”QQbœ I gwiPvgy³ wK bv?
3) iW mwVKfv‡e †mvRv n‡q‡Q wK bv?
4) µ¨vsK wVKgZ Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv?
5) i‡Wi ûK (hw` _v‡K) gvc gZ n‡q‡Q wK bv?
6) j¨vwcs Gi gvc wVK Av‡Q wK bv Ges wbqg gZ ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv?
7) GK iW n‡Z Ab¨ i‡Wi `~iZ¡ WªBs Abyhvqx n‡q‡Q wK bv?
8) iW‡K h_v¯’v‡b a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wK¬qvi Kfvi/‡Pqvi/‡¯úmvi evi BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q wK bv?
9) iW¸‡jv 22 †MwR Zvi w`‡q c×wZ gZ euvav n‡q‡Q wK bv?

i‡Wi †Pqvi ev †mcv‡iUi ¯’vcb

 exg I ¯ø¨ve Gi `yÕwU i‡Wi gv‡S †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK cÖ‡qvRbxq duvK ivLvi Rb¨ ‡gUvj
†Pqvi ev †mcv‡iUi e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
 `yÕwU i‡Wi gv‡S †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK cÖ‡qvRbxq `~iZ¡ ivLv bv †M‡j exg I ¯ø¨ve Zvi
Kvh©KvixZv nviv‡e | ZvB ‡gUvj †Pqvi ev †mcv‡iUi e¨envi AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

48
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

¯øv‡e cÖ`Ë wK¬qvi Kfvi I i‡Wi †Pqvi ¯’vcb †`Lv‡bv nj t

wK¬qvi Kfvi wn‡m‡e gU©vi eøK Dci I wb‡P `yÕwU i‡Wi gv‡S i‡Wi ‰Zwi
†Pqvi 22 †MwR Zvi w`‡q †eu‡a †`qv
22 ‡MwR Zvi w`‡q i‡Wi m‡½ †eu‡a †`qv n‡q‡Q|
n‡q‡Q|

wK¬vqvi Kfvi
ex‡gi cv‡k© cÖ`Ë
wK¬qvi Kfvi eøK

‡¯úmvi evi
wK¬vqvi Kfvi

wK¬qvi Kfvi
eøK
ex‡gi wK¬qvi Kfvi I †¯úmvi evi †`Lv‡bv nj

j¨vc Ges j¨vc †js_ t

hLb iW cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq j¤^vq LvU nq ZLb GKwU iW‡K Av‡iKwU i‡Wi m‡½ †Rvov w`‡q j¤^v Kiv
nq| G‡K j¨vwcs e‡j|
j¨vwcs Kivi wbqg¸‡jv wb‡P †`qv nj t
j¨vc Ges j¨vc †js_ t
K) fyj j¨vwcs (X):KviY j¨vc¸‡jvi AwZwi³ Pvc co‡Z cv‡i Ggb ¯’v‡b †`qv n‡q‡Q|

49
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

K) fyj j¨vwcs (X )t
Kg Uv‡bi RvqMv‡Z j¨vc¸‡jv †`qv n‡jI ci ci GKB RvqMv‡Z †`qv n‡q‡Q:

M) mwVK j¨vwcs (√)t

j¨vc¸‡jv Kg Kg Uv‡bi RvqMv‡Z Ges Qwo‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q t

j¨vc †js_ ÷ªvKPvi †f‡` wfbœ wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Ges WªBs †gvZv‡eK j¨vc †js_ cª`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
j¨vwcs i‡Wi ˆ`N©¨ (Lap Length) t
me mgq Qv`, exg ev Kjv‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆ`N©¨ Abyhvqx iW cvIqv m¤¢e bq| A‡bK ‡ÿ‡Î iW †Rvov
w`‡Z nq Avevi KvU‡ZI nq| KvUv iW¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z Avevi †Rvov w`‡q e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

50
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

G‡Z i‡Wi g‡a¨ m„ó Uvb GK iW n‡Z Ab¨ (bZyb) i‡W ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ †h ˆ`‡N©¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡KB
i‡Wi Lap Length e‡j| †Rvov †`qvi mgq wWdg©W& i‡Wi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ cwigv‡Y Lap Length `iKvi
nq t

Bar Diameter Minimum lap length

(mm) (mm)
10 300
12 360
16 480
20 800
22 880
25 1000
32 1280

Z‡e WªBs Ges †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b hv D‡jøL _vK‡e ‡m †gvZv‡eK Lap Length w`‡Z n‡e|

3.13 wbg©vY ms‡hvM

hZ`~i m¤¢e KswK‡Ui Kv‡R ms‡hvM bv †`IqvB evÃbxq| Awbevh© Kvi‡Y, †hgb w`‡bi KvR †k‡l hw`
GKB dg©IqvK© Gi KswµU XvjvB Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq A_ev GKB dg©IqvK© Gi †Kvb KswµU XvjvB
GKmv‡_ m¤úbœ Kiv KvwiMwi w`K †_‡K hyw³hy³ bv nq ZLb weKí e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e wbg©vY ms‡hvM
Construction Joint ivL‡Z eva¨ n‡Z nq|

ms‡hvM ¯’‡j Bgvi‡Zi kw³ †hb †Kvb µ‡gB Kg bv nq †m w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L c~e©-cwiKwíZ wm×všÍ
Abyhvqx h_v¯’v‡b wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi ¯’vb wba©viY Kivi mgq
wb¤œwjwLZ welqmg~‡n j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡et
 we‡gi Rb¨ ¯ú¨vb Gi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b A_ev Kjv‡gi †K‡›`ª wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi ¯’vb wba©viY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 cø¨v‡ei Rb¨ ¯ú¨vb Gi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b A_ev we‡gi †K›`ª jvB‡b wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi ¯’vb wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Lvov †`qv‡j A_ev Kjv‡gi Rb¨ me©vwaK 1.2 wgUvi AšÍi D”PZvq wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi ¯’vb wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wbg©vY KvR eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Stop board e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡h †Kvb ai‡Yi wbg©vY ms‡hvM ¯’‡j Tongue A_ev Groove RvZxq Key Gi e¨e¯’v ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖvq RvqMvq we‡kl K‡i Kjvg wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ MZ© ivLv nq| Kjvg XvjvB Kivi ci GKwU BU
ewm‡q w`‡q MZ© m„wó Kiv nq| G MZ© DcKv‡ii †P‡q AcKviB †ekx| GKB Z‡j MZ© ivLv cwinvi
Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY A‡bK mgq M‡Z© gqjv R‡g _v‡K hv mvUvwis jvMv‡bvi ci cwi®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
ms‡hvM ¯’‡ji KswµU fvj K‡i †K‡U wb‡Z n‡e †hb †Lvqv †`Lv hvq|

51
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wbg©vY ms‡hvM ¯’‡j bZyb KswµU ¯’vcb Kivi mgq óc‡evW© Ly‡j wb‡Z n‡e Ges cyivZb Kswµ‡Ui mv‡_
bZyb Kswµ‡Ui ms‡hvM kw³‡K `„p Kivi j‡¶¨ wb¤œwjwLZ welqmg~n j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e t
 hw` 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨ bZyb KswµU ¯’vcb Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq Zvn‡j wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi cÖv‡šÍ
cyivZb KswµU‡K wój eªvk w`‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡q DËgiƒ‡c cvwb w`‡q wfwR‡q wm‡g›U gU©vi
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvici bZyb KswµU ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 hw` 48 N›Uv ci bZyb KswµU ¯’vcb Kivi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq Zvn‡j wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi cÖv‡šÍ
cyivZb KswµU‡K wPRwjs (Chiselling) K‡i LoL‡o K‡i wój eªvk w`‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i DËgiƒ‡c
cvwb w`‡q wfwR‡q wm‡g›U gU©vi cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvici bZzb KswµU ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbg©vY ms‡hvM ivLvi c×wZ
AeKvVv‡gv‡Z wbg©vY ms‡hvM h‡_vchy³ ¯’v‡b h_vh_ wbq‡g ivL‡Z n‡e| wb‡¤œ wP†Î h_vµ‡g cø¨ve I
Aviwmwm Kjv‡g wbg©vY ms‡hvM ivLvi c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiv nj t

Kv‡Vi Z³v Kv‡Vi

Kv‡ViwK (Key)
Kv‡Vi wK (Key) wK
Kv‡Vi Z³v

mvUvwis
Gg Gm iW
(L) cÖ¯’‡”Q` K-K

(K) Qv‡`i
mvUvwis (Key)

(M) wbg©vY ms‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î gvc

wPÎ t ¯j¨v‡ei ‡¶†Î wbg©vY ms‡hvM

Kv‡Vi Kv‡Vi Key

mvUvwis

Aviwmwm
KswµU

wPÎ t ‡`qv‡ji ‡¶‡Î wbg©vY ms‡hvM

52
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV-4: fe‡bi wfwË Ges cvB‡ji KvR

(Building Foundation & Piling)

welqe¯‘ t
4.1 feb wbg©v‡Y wfwËi Kv‡Ri ch©vqµwgK avcmg~n
4.2 wewfbœ cÖKvi wfwË/dvD‡Ûk‡bi aiYt
4.3 KswµU cvBj
4.4 dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU Ges cvBj †j-AvDU
4.5 wcÖ-Kvó KswµU cvBj
4.6 Kv÷ Bb wmUz cvBj

‡mk‡bi D‡Ïk¨
Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖnYKvixiv cvBj dvD‡Ûkb, cvBwjs Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb-
wbqš¿Y, cvBwjs Gi KvR mwVKfv‡e Z`viwK Ges cvBj †Uó m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb Ges Ab¨‡K
†evSv‡Z mÿg n‡eb|

4.1 feb wbg©v‡Y wfwËi Kv‡Ri ch©vqµwgK avcmg~nt

1. mvBU cÖ¯‘ZKiY
2. gvwU‡Z †j-AvDU †`qv
3. Pzbvi `vM w`‡q wfwËi Rb¨ Lv` Lb‡bi ¯’vb wPwýZ Kiv|
4. hw` cvBj dvD‡Ûkb nq, Lv` Lb‡bi c~‡e© cvBwjs Gi †j-AvDU †`qv|
 cvBj ¯’vcb
 Lv` Lbb K‡i cvB‡ji gv_v fv½v (†h cwigvY XvjvB Gi wfZi XzK‡e †m cwigvY fv½‡Z
n‡e|)
 cvBj K¨v‡ci Zjvq wm‡g›U KswµU XvjvB
 cvBj K¨vc XvjvB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ iW euvav I mvUvwis Kiv
 cvBj K¨vc XvjvB
 mU© Kjvg XvjvB (†MÖW ex‡gi Zjv ch©šÍ)
5. hw` Kjvg dvD‡Ûkb (Spread Footing) nq dvD‡Ûk‡bi Rb¨ Lv` Lbb
 dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq mwjs Kiv (hw` WªBs G †`Lv‡bv _v‡K)
 mwjs Gi Dci wm‡g›U KswµU XvjvB
 Kjvg dzwUs XvjvB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ iW euvav I mvUvwis Kiv
 Kjvg dzwUs XvjvB
 mU© Kjvg XvjvB (†MÖW ex‡gi Zjv ch©šÍ)

53
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

6. mU© Kjvg XvjvB nevi ci, †MÖW ex‡gi Zjv ch©šÍ gvwU fiv‡Ui KvR
7. †MÖW ex‡gi Zjvq mwjs Kiv
8. †MÖW exg XvjvB Kivi Rb¨ iW euvav I mvUvwis Kiv|
9. †MÖW exg XvjvB
10. †MÖW exg ch©šÍ gvwU fiv‡Ui KvR| GLv‡biB fe‡bi wfwËi KvR m¤úbœ nj|
GKwU fe‡bi gvwUi wb‡Pi me©wb¤œ Zj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wcøš’ (Plinth) ch©šÍ Ask‡K wfwË ev mve-óªvKPvi
ejv nq| wfwË ev dB‡Ûk‡‡bi KvR nj fe‡bi /Bgvi‡Zi mg¯Í IRb gvwU‡Z Qwo‡q †`qv Ges feb‡K
bvovPvov I Dwë‡q hvIqv †_‡K iÿv Kiv|

4.2 wewfbœ cÖKvi wfwË/dvD‡Ûk‡bi aiYt

1. ‡¯úªW dzwUs (Spreading Footing)
 Iqvj dvD‡Ûkb (Wall Foundation)
 Kjvg dvD‡Ûkb (Column Foundation)
2. mshy³ dzwUs (Combined Footing)
3. ivdU& dzwUs (Raft Footing)
4. I‡qj dvD‡Ûkb (Well Footing)
5. cvBj dvD‡Ûkb (Pile Footing)

gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv, gvwUi k³ ¯Í‡ii MfxiZv, feb ev Bgvi‡Zi AvK…wZ (ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’, D”PZv),
feb ev Bgvi‡Zi fvi, feb ev BgviZwU †h ¯’‡j ˆZwi Kiv n‡e Zvi cÖK…wZ †hgbt cvnv‡oi Xv‡j, wbPz
Sjv f~wg‡Z, fivU RvqMv BZ¨vw`| †h GjvKvq febwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡e H GjvKvi cÖvK…wZK AvenvIqv
†hgbt R‡jv”Q¡vm cÖeY GjvKv, N~wY©So cÖeY GjvKv, f~wgK¤ú cÖeY GjvKv|
ZvQvov bv nq 5-7 dz‡Ui g‡a¨ hw` nq †m‡ÿ‡Î AMfxi (Shallow) dvD‡Ûkb †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zv
bv n‡j Mfxi (Deep) dvD‡Ûk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| welqwU wWRvBbvi wVK Ki‡eb|
‡¯úªW dzwUs (Spreading Footing)
Avgv‡`i †`‡k fe‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e †¯úªW dzwUs LyeB RbwcÖq| Z‡e †¯úªW dzwUs Gi Rb¨ gvwUi fvi
enb ÿgZv n‡Z n‡e Kgc‡ÿ ga¨g gv‡bi| wb¤œ gv‡bi fvi enb ÿgZv m¤úbœ gvwUi Dci †¯úªW dzwUs
e¨q mvkÖqx bq| G Qvov †¯úªW dzwUs Gi MfxiZv †h‡nZz Zzjbvg~jK Kg (4Õ-0Ó †_‡K 5Õ-0Ó Gi g‡a¨)
e¨q mvkÖqx †m‡nZz ¯^í MfxiZvq gvwUi AvKvswLZ fvi enb ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e| †¯úªW dzwUs wn‡m‡e
Iqvj dvD‡Ûkb I Kjvg dvD‡Ûkb e¨envi Kiv nq| mvaviYZt fe‡bi mg¯Í IRb hLb †`qv‡ji
gva¨‡g gvwU‡Z Qwo‡q †`qv nq ZLb H †`qvj‡K fvievnx †`qvj ejv nq Ges H †`qv‡ji Rb¨ †h
ai‡Yi dvD‡Ûkb e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Iqvj dvD‡Ûkb (Wall Foundation) e‡j| Iqvj dvD‡Ûkb
mvaviYZt 3-4 dzU Mfx‡i †`Iqv nq Ges cÖ‡¯’ 15-45 Bw ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i, hv wWRvBbvi w¯’i Ki‡eb|
mvaviYZt Avi wm wm KvVv‡gvi feb wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ Kjvg dzwUs †`Iqv nq| GQvov †hLv‡b fivU A_ev
big/`~e©j gvwUi `iæY wfwËi MfxiZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk n‡Z nq †m‡ÿ‡Î Kjvg dvD‡Ûkb Kiv n‡q

54
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

_v‡K| Kjvg dvD‡Ûkb AvqZ‡ÿÎ ev eM©‡ÿ‡Îi AvK…wZ‡Z n‡Z cv‡i Ges wWRvBbvi gvwUi fvi enb
ÿgZv wnmve K‡i Kjvg dvD‡Ûk‡bi mvBR wVK K‡ib|
mshy³ dzwUs (Combined Footing)
hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Kjvg‡K GKwÎZ K‡i ZLb Zv‡K mshy³ dzwUs e‡j| Kjv‡gi Ae¯’vb hLb Lye
KvQvKvwQ nq wKsev gvwU `ye©j nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKwU Kjv‡gi dvD‡Ûkb Aci GKwU Kjv‡gi
dvD‡Ûk‡bi mv‡_ †j‡M hvq ZLb mshy³ dzwUs †`Iqv nq| mshy³ dzwUs GKK dzwUs A‡cÿv wKQzUv
e¨qeûj|
ivdU& dzwUs (Raft Footing)
hLb GKwU fe‡bi mg¯Í Kjvg GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU dzwUs †`Iqv nq ZLb Zv‡K ivdU& dzwUs e‡j| gvwU
hLb Lye `ye©j _v‡K ZLb GKwU Kjv‡gi dvD‡Ûkb Aci GKwU Kjv‡gi dvD‡Ûk‡bi mv‡_ †j‡M hvq
A_ev `ye©j gvwUi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kjv‡g hLb Avjv`v Avjv`v dvD‡Ûkb †`Iqv nq ZLb †`Lv hvq
cy‡iv fe‡bi 60 kZvs‡kiI †ewk RvqMv Kjvg dvD‡Ûkb `Lj K‡i †bq| G †ÿ‡Î Avjv`v Avjv`v
Kjvg dvD‡Ûkb LyeB e¨qeûj| ZLbB ivdU& dvD‡Ûkb †`Iqv nq| GQvov mg¯Í RvqMv Ry‡o hLb feb
ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq ZLb †`Lv hvq Kjv‡gi Avjv`v Avjv`v dzwUs ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ fe‡bi evwn‡ii As‡k
†Kvb RvqMv cvIqv hvq bv †m‡ÿ‡Î ivdU& dvD‡Ûkb n‡”Q mnR mgvavb|
I‡qj dvD‡Ûkb (Well Foundation)
feb/Bgvi‡Zi IRb gvwUi Mfx‡i †cuŠ‡Q †`evi Rb¨ I‡qj dvD‡Ûkb †`qv nq| I‡qj dvD‡Ûkb B‡Ui
Muv_ywb ev Avi wm wm w`‡q ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZt Kjv‡gi dzwUs Gi Zjvq I‡qj dvD‡Ûkb ¯’vcb
Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g I‡qj gvwU‡Z XzwK‡q †`qv nq| I‡q‡ji wfZ‡ii Kuv`v ev big gvwU AcmviY
K‡i I‡q‡ji wfZi m¤ú~Y© evwj w`‡q `yigyR K‡i f‡i †`qv nq| I‡qj dvD‡Ûk‡bi gva¨‡g fe‡bi
mg¯Í IRb Lye mnR Dcv‡q 10-12 dzU Mfx‡i †cuŠ‡Q †`qv nq| 5-6 dzU MfxiZvq hLb gvwUi fvi enb
ÿgZv Lye Kg _v‡K wKsev fivU gvwUi Dci feb wbg©vY Ki‡Z nq ZLbB I‡qj dvD‡Ûkb †`Iqv nq|
3 †_‡K 4 Zjv fe‡bi Rb¨ I‡qj dvD‡Ûkb e¨q mvkÖqx| 10-12 dz‡Ui g‡a¨ hw` fvj gvwU bv cvIqv
hvq ZLb dvD‡Ûkb‡K Av‡iv Mfx‡i wb‡q †h‡Z nq|
cvBj dvD‡Ûkb (Pile Foundation)
hLb myweavRbZ MfxiZvq gvwUi AvKvswLZ fvi enb ÿgZv (Bearing Capacity) cvIqv hvq bv ev
AwaK MfxiZvq fvj gvwU A_©vr AvKvswLZ fvi enb ÿgZv m¤úbœ gvwU i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b feb/BgviZ
wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cvBwjs K‡i Zvi Dci wfwË ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvQvov †hLv‡b Dc‡ii Ask fivU gvwU
A_©vr AwiwRbvj gvwU A‡bK Mfx‡i †mLv‡b †¯úªW dzwUs e¨q mvkÖqx n‡e bv| mvaviYZt eûZj fe‡bi
†ÿ‡Î cvBj dvD‡ÛkbB DËg|
cvB‡ji cÖKvi‡f`t cvB‡ji Kvh© A_ev e¨env‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i cvBjmg~n‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡M fvM Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i -
1. weqvwis cvBj (Bearing Pile)
2. wd«Kkb cvBj (Friction Pile)
3. K¤ú¨vKkb cvBj (Compaction Pile)

55
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

4. G¨vbKi cvBj (Anchor Pile)

5. e¨vUvi cvBj (Batter Pile)
6. d¨vÛi cvBj (Fender Pile)
7. wi‡UBwbs cvBj (Retaining Pile)

GKgvÎ Mfxi dvD‡Ûkb (Deep Foundation) Gi †ÿ‡Î cvBj dvD‡Ûkb †`qv nq| A_©vr hLb
fe‡bi mg¯Í IRb‡K gvwUi Mfx‡i †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb cvBj dvD‡Ûkb w`‡Z nq|

weqvwis cvBj (Bearing Pile)

‡h cvBj big gvwU †f` K‡i k³ gvwU ch©šÍ †cuvZv nq Zv‡K weqvwis cvBj ejv nq| G mKj cvBj
Kjv‡gi Dci Awc©Z Bgvi‡Zi IRb cvB‡ji gva¨‡g big gvwU †f` K‡i k³ gvwU‡Z †cuv‡Q †`q|

wd«Kkvb cvBj (Friction Pile)

‡h mg¯Í RvqMvq gvwU A‡bK Mfxi ch©šÍ big I `ye©j ev AvKvswLZ fvi enb ÿgZv m¤úbœ bq ev
MÖnY‡hvM¨ MfxiZvi g‡a¨ fvj gvwU †bB, †m †ÿ‡Î wd«Kkb cvB‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB mg¯Í cvBj Zvi
PZzw`©‡Ki gvwUi †h euvavi m„wó nq, Zv Øviv BgviZ‡K a‡i iv‡L| ZvB †h †ÿ‡Î gvwUi MfxiZv e„w×i
mv‡_ mv‡_ gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv e„w× cvq bv A_ev Lye mvgvb¨ e„w× cvq H mKj †ÿ‡Î wd«Kkvb cvBj
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| wd«Kkvb cvB‡ji ÿgZv wbf©i K‡i Zvi PZzw`©‡Ki cwi‡ewóZ gvwUi wd«Kkv‡bi
Dci| cvB‡ji e¨v‡mi Dci Ges cvB‡ji †gvU ˆ`‡N©¨i Dci A_©vr cvB‡ji hZ †ewk RvqMv gvwUi
Nl©‡Yi ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡e cvB‡ji fvi enb ÿgZv ZZ †ewk n‡e| AZGe cvB‡ji e¨vm (Diameter)
Ges j¤^vB cvB‡ji fvi enb ÿgZv e„w× K‡i|

K¤ú¨vKkb cvBj (Compaction Pile)

K¤ú¨vKkb cvBj gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB cvBj Øviv feb/Bgvi‡Zi
fvi gvwUi KwVb ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ bq| Kv‡V †hgb K‡i nvZzix w`‡q wcb VzKv‡bv nq ‡Zgwb gvwU‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq mvB‡Ri n¨vgvi w`‡q K¤ú¨vKkb cvBj VzKv‡Z nq| K¤ú¨vKkb cvBj wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi n‡Z
cv‡i †hgb m¨vÛ cvBj, wcÖ-Kv÷ KswµU cvBj A_ev ejøx cvBj|
G¨vbKi cvBj (Anchor Pile), e¨vUvi cvBj (Batter Pile) Ges d¨vÛi cvBj (Fender Pile) mg~‡ni
e¨envwiK w`K wb‡Pi wP‡Î †`qv n‡jv-

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Figure: Types of Pile based on its function

cvB‡ji cÖKvi‡f` (Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i) t †h mg¯Í Dcv`vb e¨envi K‡i cvBj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Zvi
Dci wfwË K‡i cvBj‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡it
1. KswµU cvBj (Concrete Pile)
2. óxj cvBj (Steel Pile)
3. ejøx cvBj (Timber Pile)
4. m¨vÛ cvBj (Sand Pile)
5. K‡¤úvwRU cvBj (Composite Pile)
KswµU cvBj (Concrete Pile)
KswµU cvBj‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z t
K. wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj (Pre-cast Pile)
L. Kv÷ Bb wmUz cvBj (Cast-in-situ Pile)
M. wcÖ-‡÷ªmW& KswµU cvBj cv‡i¨vbKi cvBj (Pre-Stressed Concrete Pile)
feb/mvavib Bgvi‡Zi Rb¨ wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj Ges Kv÷ Bb wmUz cvBj e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj (Pre-cast Pile)
iW, wm‡g›U, evwj I †gvUv `vbvi GwMÖ‡MU (mvaviYZt †óvb wPcm) Gi wgkÖ‡Y wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj ˆZwi Kiv
nq| mvaviYZt `~‡i †Kv_vI myweavRbK ¯’v‡b wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj XvjvB Kiv nq Ges 28 w`b e¨vcx wKDwis
Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e cwien‡bi myweavi Rb¨ cÖKí GjvKvi hZ KvQvKvwQ cvBj XvjvB Kiv hvq ZZB DËg|
wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj †MvjvKvi, †PŠ‡KvbvK…wZ ev Aóf~RvK…wZ wbg©vY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB mg¯Í cvB‡ji mvBR
†QvUvK…wZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A‡bK eo mvB‡Ri n‡Z cv‡i †hgbt 6Ó x 6Ó mvBR n‡Z ïiæ K‡i 12Óx12Ó
mvBR n‡Z cv‡i Ges j¤^v 10Õ-0Ó n‡Z 30Õ-0Ó ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj wewfbœ mvBR Ges
IR‡bi n¨vgv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ kÖwgK Øviv ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GQvov eo mvB‡Ri j¤^v wcÖ-Kv÷ cvBj
¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ hvwš¿K n¨vgv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| wcÖ-Kv÷ KswµU cvBj wbg©v‡Yi mgq ¸YMZ gvb

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

K‡Vvifv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv bv n‡j cvBj ¯’vcb Kivi mgqB gvwUi wb‡P wKQz Ask hvevi ci
cvB‡j dvUj †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ZLb H cvBj †Kvb Kv‡RB Avm‡e bv| wcÖ-Kv÷ cvB‡ji AMÖfvM
mu~Pv‡jv Kiv nq hv‡Z mn‡RB gvwU‡Z `vev‡bv hvq| cybt cybt nvZzwoi AvNv‡Zi `iæb mu~Pv‡jv Ask hLb
k³ gvwU ev cv_‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m ZLb AMÖfvM †_Zwj‡q hvq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq MfxiZv ch©šÍ emv‡bv
Kómva¨ n‡q c‡o| GB mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ cvB‡ji mu~Pv‡jv As‡k †jvnvi cv‡Zi †KŠwYK K¨vc cwi‡q
†`qv nq|
Kv÷-Bb-wmUz cvBj (Cast-in situ Pile)
‡hLv‡b AZ¨waK j¤^v cvB‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq †mLv‡b Kv÷-Bb-wmUz cvBj Dc‡hvMx| Kv÷-Bb-wmUz cvBj
dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq †hLv‡b wbw`©ó K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q wVK †mLv‡bB wbg©vY Ges ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| †evwis
†gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ gvwU‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq MfxiZvq MZ© K‡i †mLv‡b i‡Wi LuvPv ¯’vcb K‡i Ges KswµU XvjvB
K‡i Kv÷-Bb-wmUz cvBj ˆZwi Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq hLb fivU gvwUi Dci wKsev cvwb‡Z Kv÷-Bb-
wmUz cvBj ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq †m‡ÿ‡Î óxj †KBm ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi wfZi †jvnvi LuvPv Ges XvjvB w`‡q
Kv÷-Bb-wmUz cvBj wbg©vY Kiv nq| G ai‡Yi cvBj‡K K‡¤úvwRU cvBjI ejv nq| Kv÷-Bb-wmUz
cvBj feb wbg©v‡Y eûj e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| D³ cvBj m¤ú‡K© †mKkb ..... G we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
óxj cvBj (Steel Pile)
mvaviYZt †gvUv óxj wkU w`‡q óxj cvBj ˆZwi nq| óxj cvBj †MvjvK…wZ nq Ges óxj cvB‡ci gZ
wfZi duvcv _v‡K| AMÖfvM mu~Pv‡jv _v‡K hv †jvnvi cv‡Zi †KŠwYK K¨vc w`‡q ˆZwi| óxj wkU w`‡q ˆZwi
wkU cvBj feb/BgviZ wbg©v‡Y me©vwaK e¨eüZ n‡”Q| wkU cvBj cÖavbZt gvwU‡K a‡i ivLvi Rb¨
e¨envi nq †hgb bZzb fe‡bi wf‡Zi gvwU KvUv‡Z wM‡q hw` cv‡ki feb aŸ‡m civi m¤¢vebv _v‡K
†m‡ÿ‡Î wkU cvBj w`‡q cv‡ki feb‡K a‡i ivL‡Z nq| GQvov wkU cvBj eûj e¨eüZ n‡”Q †mvwis
Gi Kv‡R, gvwU fv½b †iva Kivi Rb¨| wkU cvBj wewfbœ AvK…wZi n‡q _v‡K| wkU cvBj ev †MvjvK…wZi
óxj cvBj ejøx cvBwjs Gi g‡Zv n¨vgv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wcwU‡q wcwU‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq MfxiZv ch©šÍ emv‡bv nq|
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z wkU cvBj emv‡bv nq| óxj cvBj emv‡bvi Av‡M Zv weUzgvwóK †cB›U w`‡q
is K‡i wb‡Z nq hv‡Z gvwUi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m óxj `ªæZ ÿq bv nq|
ejøx cvBj (Timber Pile)
nvjKv BgviZ/feb wbg©v‡Y ejøx cvBc e¨q mvkÖqx| †h mg¯Í RvqMvq gvwUi wfZi cvwb DVv-bvgv K‡i †m
mg¯Í RvqMvq Kv‡Vi ejøx cvBj cu‡P hvevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| myZivs H mg¯Í RvqMvq ejøx cvBj Dchy³ bq|
kvj, MRvix, my›`ix BZ¨vw` MvQ †_‡K ejøx ˆZwi nq| ejøx mvaviYZt †MvjvK…wZ n‡q _v‡K| ejøx Wªc
n¨vgvi (hv gvbwK bv‡g cwiwPZ) Øviv ¯’vcb Kiv nq| ejøxi AMÖfvM muyPv‡jv Kiv nq hv‡Z mn‡RB
gvwU‡Z †`‡e hvq| GKwU fvj Kv‡Vi ejøx m‡e©v”P 25 Ub IRb enb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zv ejøxi e¨vm
Ges ˆ`N©¨i Dci wbf©i K‡ib|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

m¨vÛ cvBj (Sand Pile)

m¨vÛ cvBj gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB cvBj Øviv Bgvi‡Zi fvi gvwUi
Mfx‡i KwVb ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bv nq bv| dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvi gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv e„w× K‡i| dvD‡Ûk‡bi
Zjvq cÖ‡qvRbxq mvB‡Ri n¨vgvi Øviv wcwU‡q wcwU‡q MZ© ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡Z evwj K¤ú¨vKkb mn evwj
fivU Kiv nq| w¯úb Kzk‡b wcb VzKv‡Z VzKv‡Z gvwU k³ KivB m¨vÛ cvBwjs Gi D‡Ïk¨| GB cvBj
Ab¨vb¨ cvB‡ji Zzjbvq e¨q mvkÖqx|

4.3 KswµU cvBj

f‚-Mf©¯’ gvwUi ¯Íi wbwg©Z AeKvVv‡gvi fvi enb K‡i _v‡K| febwbg©v‡Yi ¯’v‡b gvwUi fvienb ÿgZv
Kg n‡j mvaviYZ cvBj e¨envi Kiv nq| fvi en‡b m¶g gvwUi ¯Íi hw` f‚-c„ó n‡Z A‡bK bx‡P nq
Zvn‡j AeKvVv‡gvi fvi H ¯Í‡i †cŠuQv‡bvi Rb¨ cvBj e¨envi Kiv nq| cvBj cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡e fe‡bi
fvi enb K‡it
K) gvwU Compact Kivi gva¨‡g gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv e„w× K‡i;
L) gvwUi Mfx‡i `„p gvwUi ¯Í‡i fe‡bi fvi ‡cŠ‡Q (Transmit) w`‡q|
cvBj wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| KswµU cvBj, Kv‡Vi cvBj, evwji cvBj BZ¨vw`| Avevi wbg©vY
†KŠk‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i KswµU cvBj `yÔai‡Yi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb -
- Pre-Cast KswµU cvBj
- Cast-in-situ KswµU cvBj

4.4 dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU Ges cvBj †j-AvDU

fe‡bi dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU t dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU Gi KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© WªBs †`‡L cÖ‡qvRbxq
WvB‡gbkb †PK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| fe‡bi FGL/wcøš’ †j‡fj m¤ú‡K© WªBs Gi †Kv_vI wKQy ejv Av‡Q wK
bv (†hgb FGL †_‡K 3- -
†`‡L †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| G wel‡q wKQy ejv bv _vK‡j wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e fe‡bi FGL/ wcøš’ †j‡fj †Kv_vq
n‡e Ges †m Abymv‡i dvD‡Ûkb Gi MfxiZv wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
fe‡bi dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU †`qvi c×wZ wb‡q wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. GKwU †idv‡iÝ jvBb ¯’vqx LuyUv w`‡q wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †idv‡iÝ jvBbwU n‡e fe‡bi †h †Kvb
GKwU cÖv‡šÍi †K›`ªxq †iLv eivei|
2. †K›`ªxq †iLvwU †idv‡iÝ jvBbwUi mgvšÍivj n‡Z n‡e|
3. GK cÖv‡šÍi †K›`ªxq †iLv wVK nevi ci Ab¨vb¨ †K›`ªxq †iLv WªBs Abymv‡i wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| j¶¨
ivL‡Z n‡e fe‡bi cÖ‡¯’i w`‡Ki †K›`ªxq †iLvwU j¤^vjw¤^ †K›`ªxq †iLvi mwnZ 90 n‡”Q wKbv|
0

4. fe‡bi ˆ`N©¨ I cÖ¯’ eivei †K›`ªxq †iLv wPwýZ Kivi ci gvwU KvUvi WvB†gbkb wPwýZ K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e|
5. gvwU KvUvi MfxiZv KZ n‡e Zv fe‡bi FGL/wcøš’ †j‡fj †_‡K †g‡c WªBs Abymv‡i wVK K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e Ges Gi mv‡_ ev¯Í‡ei mvgÄm¨ Av‡Q wK bv cix¶v K‡i mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvBj †j-AvDU : KswµU cvBj ¯’vcb Kivi c~‡e© cÖ_g KvRwU nj h_vh_fv‡e dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU
†`qv| fe‡bi dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU ¯’vcb Kivi ciB cÖwZwU cvB‡ji †jv‡Kkb cvIqv hv‡e| cvBj
†jv‡Kkb‡K cvBj WªvBf Kivi mgq mwVKfv‡e wbw`©ó Kivi Rb¨ dvD‡Ûkb †j-AvDU †_‡K wbivc`
`yi‡Z¡ dvD‡Ûkb Gi ˆ`N©¨ Ges cÖ‡¯’i mgvšÍivj `yÔwU †idv‡iÝ jvBb ¯’vqxfv‡e wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
K‡i †idv‡iÝ jvBb †_‡K †h †Kvb mgq cvBj †jv‡Kkb cix¶v Kiv hvq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e cvBj-
IqvK©m& Gi †¶‡Î cvBj †jv‡Kkb mwVKfv‡e ivL‡Z cviv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges RwUj KvR|
4.5 wcÖ-Kvó KswµU cvBj
‡h mg¯Í KswµU cvBj f‚-c„‡ô ˆZix K‡i h_vh_ kw³ AR©‡bi ci f‚-Mf©¯’ ¯Í‡i ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K
e‡j wcÖ-Kvó KswµU cvBj|
4.5.1 wcÖ-Kvó cvBj ‰Zix, Kvwós, enb I †÷v‡iR
wcÖ-Kvó KswµU cvBj evbv‡bvi KvRwU cvBj WªvBf Gi A‡bK Av‡MB ïiæ Ki‡Z nq †hb cvBj WªvBwfs
Gi KvRwU mgqgZ ïiæ Kiv hvq Ges mgqgZ †kl Kiv hvq| j¶¨Yxq welq:

 wcÖ-Kvó cvBj evbv‡bvi Rb¨ myweav gZ ¯’v‡b A_©vr mvBU †_‡K hZ`~i m¤¢e KvQvKvwQ Ges
wbivc` RvqMvq GKwU cvKv cø¨vUdg© ‰Zix K‡i wb‡Z nq|
 cø¨vUdg©wU n‡e h_vh_fv‡e gm„Y (Neat Cement Finished)|
 cvBj Gi ˆ`N©¨ Ges GKmv‡_ KqwU cvBj evbv‡bv n‡e, KswµU evbv‡bv, wg·vi †gwkb ¯’vcb
†Kv_vq Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` mKj welq we‡ePbv K‡i cø¨vUdg© Gi mvBR w¯’i K‡i wb‡Z nq|
 wba©vwiZ dg© Abyhvqx dg© ˆZix Kiv nq| Square dg© Gi KY©vi mg~n †fvZv ivLv nq|
 eM©vK…wZ cvBj Avbyf‚wgK Ae¯’v‡b XvjvB Ki‡Z n‡e| KswµU Xvjvi mgq we‡kl fv‡e †Lqvj
ivL‡Z n‡e †hb nvwbK¤^, Gqvi-c‡KU Ges Ab¨ ‡Kvb ai‡Yi ÎæwU m„wó bv nq, hv‡Z K‡i
i‡Wi mv‡_ Kswµ‡Ui m‡šÍvlRbK eÛ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
 KswµU weiwZnxbfv‡e Xvj‡Z n‡e Ges fvB‡eªUi Gi mvnv‡h¨ `„pxfeb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
dg©Iqv‡K© GKUz †ekx KswµU fi‡Z n‡e Ges AwZwi³UzKz Ggbfv‡e †P‡Q wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z H
ZjwU dg©Iqv‡K©i ms‡M _vKv ZjwUi gZB gm„Y nq|
 Kgc‡¶ 24 N›Uv ci dg©Iqv‡K©i mvB‡Wi digv †Lvjv hv‡e Ges DbœZgv‡bi cvBj cvIqvi
j‡¶¨ Kgc‡¶ 14 w`b ch©šÍ wKDwis Ki‡Z n‡e| 21 w`‡bi c~‡e© cvBj †Kvbµ‡gB ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
hv‡e bv|
 cvBj XvjvB‡qi ci XvjvB‡qi ZvwiL, b¤^i Ges cvBj KZUzKz j¤^v Zvnv cvB‡ji Mv‡q Ges
gv_vq my¯úófv‡e wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e| WªvBwfs Gi c~‡e© cvB‡ji Dc‡ii 3 (wZb) wgUvi 250
wgwg ci ci gvwK©s Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cvBj mg~‡ni †óvwis, n¨vÛwjs, wjdwUs I cwien‡bi c×wZ I wm‡Kv‡qÝ mg~n Ggbfv‡e wba©viY
Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i cvBj mg~n ¶wZMÖ¯’ bv nq| mZK©Zvi mwnZ cvBj D‡Ëvjb, ¯’vbvšÍi I
¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| wba©vwiZ `~i‡Z¡ GK ev GKvwaK ûK c~e©v‡ýB ivLv nq hvi mvnv‡h¨ cvBj
D‡Ëvjb I ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 cvBj mg~n Ggbfv‡e ¯‘c w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i Av‡M Kvwós Kiv cvBj mg~n WªvBwfs Gi Rb¨
†bqv m¤¢e nq Ges byZb Kvó Kiv cvBj mg~‡ni ¶wZ bv K‡iB wjd&U Kiv hvq|
 GKB ˆ`‡N©¨i cvBjmg~n GKmv‡_ †óK †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wjd&wUs c‡q‡›U mg-cyiæ‡Z¡i AveiY ev c¨v‡KR e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mycvifvBRv‡ii j¶¨Yxq welq¸‡jv n‡jv t
 wmwWDj †gvZv‡eK ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ DcKiY e¨envi n‡q‡Q wK bv?
 cvB‡ji µm-‡mKkb¨vj WvB‡gbkb †Kvbµ‡gB †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi PvB‡Z Kg n‡e bv Ges m‡e©v”P 1
†mwg Gi PvB‡Z †ekx n‡e bv|
 cvB‡ji †Kvb †dBm (face) m‡e©v”P 6 wgwg Gi PvB‡Z †ekx wePz¨Z (deviation) n‡e bv|
 mvUvwis h‡_ó kw³kvjx Av‡Q wK bv?
 †nW †_‡K 30 wgwg `~i‡Z¡ †nW Gi KY©vimg~n Ges cvBj m¨vd&U Gi KY©vi mg~n 25 x 25 wgwg
AvK…wZ‡Z chamfered K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
 cvBj Gi KY©vimgyn AvK…wZ‡Z chamfered n‡e| GUv AZ¨šÍ my² KvR| GB KvRwU `¶ KvVwgw¯¿
Øviv Kiv‡Z n‡e| Chamfered Gi WvB‡gbkb me©Î GK ivL‡Z n‡e|
 18 ‡M‡Ri wR AvB (G.I) Zvi w`‡q cÖavb iW‡K cÖ‡Z¨KwU wis Gi mv‡_ AvovAvwo evuab ‡`qv
n‡q‡Q wK bv?
 eM©vK…wZ cvBj Avbyf‚wgK Ae¯’v‡b XvjvB wbwðZ Kiv|
 KswµU Xvjvi mgq we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb, honey-comb, air pocket Ges Ab¨
‡Kvb ai‡Yi ÎæwU m„wó bv nq, hv‡Z K‡i i‡Wi mv‡_ Kswµ‡Ui m‡šÍvlRbK eÛ m„wó nq|
 KswµU weiwZnxb fv‡e Xvjv Ges fvB‡eªUi Gi mvnv‡h¨ `„pxfeb wbwðZ Kiv|
 dg©Iqv‡K© GKUz †ekx KswµU fi‡Z n‡e Ges AwZwi³UzKz Ggbfv‡e †P‡Q wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z H cvkwU
dg©Iqv‡K©i m‡½ †j‡M _vKv cvkwUi gZB gm„Y nq|
 cvBj shoe mwVKfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv Ges mwVK mvBR Ges ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wK bv? cvBj shoe
†Z XvjvB mwVKfv‡e n‡q‡Q wK bv?
 Kgc‡¶ 24 N›Uv ci dg©Iqv‡K©i mvB‡Wi dg©v †Lvjv hv‡e Ges DbœZgv‡bi cvBj cvIqvi j‡¶¨ 14
w`b ch©šÍ wKDwis Ki‡Z n‡e| 21 w`‡bi c~‡e© cvBj †Kvbµ‡gB ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hv‡e bv| mwVK
c×wZ‡Z wKDwis Ki‡Z n‡e ‡hgb Qvjvi e¯Ív‡K cvB‡ji Mv‡q Rwo‡q †`Iqv Ges me mgq cvwb‡Z
wfwR‡q ivLv|
 cvBj XvjvB‡qi ci XvjvB‡qi ZvwiL, b¤^i Ges KZUzKz j¤^v Zv cvB‡ji Mv‡q Ges gv_vq
my¯úófv‡e wj†L ivL‡Z n‡e|
 WªvBwfs Gi c~‡e© cvB‡ji Dc‡ii 3 wgUvi ˆ`†N©¨ 250 wgwg ci ci `vM w`‡Z n‡e|
 cvBj mg~‡ni †óvwis, n¨vÛwjs I cwien‡bi c×wZ I avivevwnKZv Ggbfv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z K‡i cvBj mg~n ¶wZMÖ¯Í bv nq|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 mZK©Zvi mwnZ cvBj D‡Ëvjb, ¯’vbvšÍi I ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

 cvBj mg~n Ggbfv‡e ¯‘c K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i Av‡M XvjvB Kiv cvBj mg~n Av‡M WªvBwfs nq
Ges cvBj enb Kivi mgq †hb byZb Kvó Kiv cvBj mg~‡ni ¶wZ bv nq|
 GKB ˆ`‡N©¨i cvBjmg~n GKmv‡_ ¯‘c †`qv DwPZ|
 wjdwUs c‡q‡›U mg cyiæ‡Z¡i AveiY ev c¨v‡KR e¨envi Kiv DËg|
4.5.2 wcÖ-Kvó KswµU cvBj WªvBwfs
cvBj WªvBwfs Acv‡ikb ïiæ Kivi Av‡M wVKv`vi †Kvb& h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Ges †Kvb& c×wZ‡Z KvR m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z Pvb Zv cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K Rvbv‡eb| cvBj mg~n óxg †ngvi, wW‡Rj †ngvi ev MÖvwfwU †ngvi Gi gva¨‡g
WªvBf Kiv nq| †MÖwfwU †ngv‡ii †ejvq height of fall 1 wgUv‡ii †ekx †hb bv nq Ges †ngv‡ii IRb
cvB‡ji IR‡bi 80% Gi Kg †hb bv nq|
mycvifvBRv‡ii j¶¨Yxq welq¸‡jv n‡jv t
 cÖwZwU cvBj AweiZ WªvBf Ki‡Z n‡e hZ¶Y ch©šÍ Zv Aby‡gvw`Z MfxiZvq bv †cŠuQvq| WªvBwfs Gi
mgq AcÖZ¨vwkZ †Kvb evav cwijw¶Z n‡j Zv Zvr¶wYK fv‡e `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K
AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 bZzb GjvKv ev †mKk‡b WªvBwfs Gi mgq †kl 3 wgUv‡i wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z WªvBwfs ‡iKW© mg~n wb‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z K‡i cvB‡ji AvPiY ev ˆewkó¨ wbiƒcY Kiv hvq|
 cÖwZwU cvB‡ji Rb¨ P‚ovšÍ WªvBwfs †iKW© wb‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ 10 blow ‡Z KZ wgwjwgUvi
Penetration nq Zvi wfwˇZ A_ev cÖwZ 250 wgwg Penetration Gi Rb¨ KZ blow cÖ‡qvRb
nq Zvi wfwˇZ SPT wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e t
 cvB‡ji †ei n‡q _vKv Ask hv‡Z †Kvbfv‡eB ¶wZMÖ¯’ bv nq ‡mw`‡K we‡klfv‡e j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
 c¨vwKs (hw` _v‡K) fv‡jv Ae¯’vq _vK‡Q wK bv Zv †`L‡Z n‡e|
 Hammer Gi Blow †Z cvBj A‡¶i mv‡_ GKB jvB‡b co‡Q wK bv Zv †`L‡Z n‡e|
 Impact surface mgZj n‡Z n‡e Ges cvBj I Hammer A‡¶i mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y _vK‡Q wK bv
Zv †`L‡Z n‡e|
cvBj †nW †givg‡Zi mgq Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMv ch©šÍ KswµU eM©vK…wZ K‡i †K‡U †d‡j mKj AvjMv
ayjvevwj eªvk w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci cvwb w`‡q ay‡q ¶wZMÖ¯Í As‡k h_vh_ †MÖ‡Wi KswµU
cybt¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv †`L‡Z n‡e|

4.6 Bored Cast-in-Situ Pile

Cast-in-Situ Pile n‡jv, †m mg¯Í cvBj †h¸‡jv cvBj †hLv‡b em‡e †mLv‡bB gvwUi Af¨šÍ‡i Casting
Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î WªBs I wWRvBb Abymv‡i †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK AeKvVv‡gvi wfwËi wb‡P †hLv‡b
cvBj em‡e †m RvqMvq †evwis K‡i i‡Wi LuvPv ¯’vcb K‡i cvBj Casting m¤úbœ Kiv nq| cvwb Ges
big gvwUi ¯Í‡i Pile Casting Kivi mgq Permanent Steel Casing w`‡q Pile Casting Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î `vwqZ¡cÖvß cÖ‡KŠkjx KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z †j‡fj ch©šÍ Temporary Steel Casing e¨envi

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

K‡i cvBj †evwis Ki‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Temporary Casing cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv n‡e| Pile Cap- Gi Dci
Kjv‡gi Load Ges Avbyf~wgK (Horizontal) Force- †K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ KswµU Ges
Reinforcement h‡_ó kw³kvjx n‡Z n‡e|

Bored Cast-in-Situ Pile Pile Gi cÖKvi‡f`

1. Bored Pile Straight Shaft (Bored & Cast-in-Situ)
2. Bored Pile under reamed
3. Drilled Pile/Shaft (Large diameter)
Under reamed Piles
 Under reamed Pile n‡”Q GK ev `yB evj¦wewkó Bored Cast-in-Situ Concrete
Pile A_ev wb‡Pi ¯Í‡i Under reamed|
 Under remaining tool Gi gva¨‡g evj¦ A_ev Under reamed Kiv nq|
 cvB‡ji e¨vm 20 - 50 †mt wgt Ges ev‡j¦i e¨vm cvB‡ji e¨v‡mi 2 †_‡K 3 ¸Y|
 ‡em (Base) G AwaK evj¦ ˆZwi K‡i fvienb ÿgZv e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 `ywU ev‡j¦i Dj¤^ e¨eavb ev‡j¦i e¨v‡mi 1.25 †_‡K 1.5 ¸Y cwiewZ©Z nq|
 Black Cotton Soil Gi †ÿ‡Î evj¦wU cvB‡ji fvienb ÿgZv evwo‡q †Zv‡j Ges
†bv½i wn‡m‡e Dc‡ii w`‡K DVvi wecix‡Z KvR K‡i|
Casing e¨env‡ii wfwˇZ Bored/Cast-in-Situ Pile Gi cÖKvi‡f` t
 Uncased & Uneinforced Pile
 Uncased & Reinforced Pile
 Partial Cased & Reinforced Pile
 Full Cased Pile (Reinforced/ Uneinforced)

Bored/Cast-in-Situ Pilewbg©vY c×wZ

Bored Ges Cast-in-Situ Pile wbg©v‡Yi 4 (Pvi) wU avc i‡q‡Q -
1) Stabilized Bore Hole ˆZwi Kiv (Drilling Equipment e¨envi K‡i)
2) Bore Hole cwi¯‹vi Kiv I †avqv
3) Reinforcement Cage ¯’vcb Kiv (Lifting Equipment I Crane e¨envi K‡i)
4) KswµU Xvjv (Tremie Pipe e¨envi K‡i)
Bore Hole Kivi Rb¨ wZbvU †gŠwjK (Basic) c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq -
1) ﮋ †evwis c×wZ - Power Auger Øviv Auger Boring Kiv
2) All Casing †evwis c×wZ - Power Anger Øviv Anger Boring Kiv
3) Slurry/Wet Boring c×wZ
 Percussion Boring under DMC (Direct Mud Circulation)
 Rotary Boring
K) Rotary by Power Auger
L) Rotary Boring under DMC
M) Rotary Boring under RCD (Reverse Circular Drilling)

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Direct Circulation Drilling (DCD)

‡_‡K Circulate nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z Drill Stem Ges Bore Hole cÖvPx‡ii
Drilling Fluid Drill Stem
ga¨eZx© As‡k cÖevwnZ nq| Drilling Fluid cÖ_‡g Bore Hole Gi m¤ú~Y© wb‡Pi w`‡K P‡j hv‡e Avevi
Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Avm‡e| Revese Circular Drilling c×wZ‡Z Drilling iWwUi wfZ‡i Av‡iv GKwU
wUDe _vK‡e| wUDewUi Mv‡q wQ`ª _vK‡e GB wQ`ª w`‡q gvwU Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Avm‡e|
cvBj wbg©v‡Yi Avbymvw½K welqvw`
Temporary Steel Casing
 Temporary Steel Casing Pipe gvwUi DcwiZj (Ground Level) †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K
Kgc‡ÿ 4 wgUvi n‡Z n‡e|
 Casing Pipe Gi e¨vm Pile Shaft Gi e¨vm †_‡K 10 wgwg Gi †ewk n‡e bv|
Permanent Steel Casing
 Permanent Steel Casing Gi cÖvPx‡ii cyiæZ¡ (Wall Thickness) me©wb¤œ 6 wgwg n‡Z
n‡e|
 Casing Pipe Gi b~b¨Zg ˆ`N¨© cvBj Cap Gi wb‡P gvwUi Af¨šÍ‡i 5 wgUvi Ges Dc‡ii
w`‡K 100 wgwg n‡Z n‡e|
 Casing Pipe ¸‡jv UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i mvB‡U ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges wWRvBb
Length Abymv‡i I‡qjwWs Ki‡Z n‡e|

 Casing Pipe Gi evB‡ii c„‡ô `yB †KvU Anti-corrosive Tar Paint cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e,
hv‡Z K‡i Pile Cap Gi wb‡P m‡e©v”P 5 wgUvi MfxiZvq Casing cvBc cÖ‡ek Kiv‡jI
Zv‡Z Paint hy³ _v‡K|

Tremie Pipe
Tremie Pipe msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e hvi e¨vm 150 wgwg Gi Kg bq Ges †mUv Pile Gi wb‡Pi cÖv‡šÍ
†cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges AviI 500 wgwg wb‡P †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ h‡_ó ˆ`N©¨ wewkó n‡Z n‡e|
Drilling Fluid/Bentonite Slurry
 Bore Hole ‡f‡½ hvIqv ‡_‡K weiZ iv‡L
 Parameter Density wbqš¿Y K‡i
 Parameter Viscosity, Gel Strength wbqš¿Y K‡i
 Bore Hole cwi®‹vi ev d¬vwks K‡i
 Parameter Viscosity, Gel Strength Ges Type of Flow wbqš¿Y K‡i
Boring Equipment
Power System Gi Dci wfwË K‡i Drilling Equipment ¸‡jv n‡e wb¤œiƒc -
 Mechanical Power System
 Hydraulic Power System

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Drilling System `yB cÖKv‡ii -

1. Percussion Drilling &
2. Rotary Drilling

Pulley

Wire Rope

Tripod

Winch

Fig. Percuision Drilling using

Mechanical Powered Rig

1. Percussion Drilling

Percussion Drilling n‡”Q gvwU ev wkjv (Rock) ‡K Impact Gi gva¨‡g wew”Qbœ Kiv ev fv½v| fv½v
Dcv`vb¸‡jv evjwZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q †hgb Slurry ev Air Circulation Gi gva¨‡g miv‡bv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Percussion Drilling n‡”Q Ggb ai‡bi Drilling Technique hv `wo ev i‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ Ges
Drill Bit wU evi evi DVv-bvgv K‡i gvwU/wkjv (Rock) †K AvNvZ K‡i I MZ©‡K Mfxi K‡i †Zv‡j|
Percussion Drilling Z…Zxq we‡k^i †`k¸‡jv‡Z R‡ji K~c wWªj Kivi Rb¨ m¯Ív Ges wbf©i‡hvM¨ Dcvq
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Percussion Drilling Gi miÄvg¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv, cwienY Kiv Ges e¨envi Kiv
mnR| Percussion Drilling Gi wKQz Amyweav Av‡Q| Bnv axi MwZ m¤úbœ Ges fvix Euipment Gi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKQz wWªj weU Lye eo Ges fvix n‡Z cv‡i hw` wbw`©ó ai‡bi cÖwZ‡ivax wkjv (Resistance
Rock) wWªj Ki‡Z nq|

2. Rotary Drilling
Rotary Drillingc×wZ‡Z Cutter e¨envi K‡i Nywi‡q Nywi‡q gvwU ev wkjv (Rock) †f‡½ ev wew”Qbœ K‡i
Bore Hole Kiv nq| fv½v mvgMÖx¸‡jv evjwZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q †hgb Air Circulation Gi gva¨‡g
mwi‡q †djv †h‡Z cv‡i| Rotary Drilling n‡”Q Drilling Gi GKwU c×wZ hv Zx², N~Y©bkxj Drill Bit
e¨envi K‡i f~-Z¡K (Earth Crust) KvUv nq| Bnv D”P N~Y©b MwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i Ges cQ›`mB cÖfve
I djvdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ Percussion QvovB av°v ev †LuvPv †`q| Hydraulic Rotary Drilling G e„nr,

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

fvix hš¿cvwZ _v‡K hv gvwUi Mfx‡i Lbb Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| hw`I Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †KŠkj †Kej K‡qK
wgUvi bx‡P Lbb Ki‡Z mÿg wKš‘ Hydraulic Rotary Drilling gvwUi g‡a¨ K‡qK wK‡jvwgUvi cÖ‡ek
Ki‡Z mÿg| Rotary System Gi KvR n‡jv Drilling String †K Nyiv‡bv Ges dj¯^iƒc GUv Rotary Bit
†K Nyivq| Drilling Operation PjvKvjxb mgq †mUv Wvb w`‡K N~Y©b nq|

Fig. Hydraulic Rotary Drilling

GjwRBwW †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abymv‡i (Drilling Tool Gi Dci wfwË K‡i)

 800 wgwg e¨vm ch©šÍ Pile Gi †ÿ‡Î Percussion Drilling e¨eüZ nq Ges †mUv Direct Mud
Circulation c×wZ‡Z|
 800 wgwg e¨vm Gi AwaK cvBj Gi †ÿ‡Î Rotary Drilling e¨eüZ nq Ges †mUv Direct Mud
Circulation c×wZ‡Z A_ev Reverse Circulation Drilling c×wZ‡Z nq|

cvBj wbg©v‡Yi DcKiY

KswµU t
Kv÷-Bb-wmUz cvB‡ji KswµU Gi †ejvq Concrete Aa¨v‡q ewY©Z mg¯Í cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
 Cement Type -1 e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wmwjÛv‡ii kw³ 30 N/mn2 Gi Kg n‡e bv A_ev
WªBs G ewY©Z wmwjÛv‡ii kw³i mgcwigvb n‡Z n‡e|
 wUªwgi Øviv R‡ji wb‡P Kswµ‡U ev Drilling Mud- G wm‡g‡›Ui cwigvb 370 †KwR/Nb wgUv‡ii
Kg n‡e bv|
 Concrete Properties †hgb Slump, Time of Setting, Temperature Ges Strength mg~n Trial
Mix Gi gva¨‡g cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 cvBj XvjvB Kivi mgq Concrete Gi Slump Kgc‡ÿ 100 wgwg Ges me©vwaK 150 wgwg n‡e|
Workability evovi Rb¨ Plasticizer/Super Plasticizer †hgb DARACEM 100 @400-1200
L/100 Kg Cement †hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Kv÷-Bb-wmUz cvB‡ji
Reinforcement Ges Binding Zvi Gi Specification ÒReinforcement for
RCC of LGED Technical SpecificationÓ -G ewY©Z mg¯Í cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
‡hLv‡b Reinforcement Fabrication Gi Rb¨ Electrode e¨envi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, †mLv‡b Electrode
¸‡jv American Welding Society Gi Standerd Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e Ges wbg©vZvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ AvKvi Ges
†kªbxweb¨vm b¤^i Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e|
Percussion Boring
Percussion Boring Gi †ejvq wb¤œwjwLZ avcmg~n AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e-
Piling Party wbe©vPb Kivi wfwË n‡e wb¤œiƒc -
K) Aek¨B c~‡e©i ch©vß AwfÁZv Ges cÖgvwYZ †iKW© _vK‡Z n‡e|
L) Dchy³ Ges fvj Ae¯’vq Av‡Q G iKg Equipment _vK‡Z n‡e|
M) ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ cvBwjs Kivi Rb¨ Drilling Operator Aek¨B AwfÁZv m¤úbœ Ges `vwqZ¡evb n‡Z
n‡e| Drilling Operator cÖwZkÖæwZe× †jvK n‡Z n‡e Ges BwÄwbqvi-Bb-PvR© KZ…©K mvÿvrKvi MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Aby‡gv`b cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
N) Bore Hole w¯ÍwZkxjKi‡Yi Rb¨ Bentonite cÖ¯‘ZKiY, cixÿv I mÂvj‡b AwfÁZv m¤úbœ n‡Z
n‡e|
O) fv‡jv I ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ cvBj wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ mve-K›Uªv±i Equipment Gi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiYmn
we¯ÍvwiZ c×wZ D‡jøLc~e©K BwÄwbqvi-Bb-PvR© Gi wbKU Rgv †`‡eb hv GjwRBwWÕi Kg©KZ©v KZ…©K
Aby‡gvw`Z n‡Z n‡e|
Equipment Gi gvb
1. Double Fish Tail Chisel/Cutter -Gi e¨vm cvB‡ji e¨v‡mi mgvb ev m‡e©v”P 25 wgwg Kg
nIqv DwPZ Ges Cutter Gi †eøW Gi ch©vß cyiæZ¡/‡ea (Thickness) _vK‡Z n‡e|
2. Hollow Threaded Drill Shaft Gi h‡_ó cwigvb IRb _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z K‡i GwU k³
gvwUi ¯Íi‡K (hw` _v‡K) wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. Chisel Ges Drilling Shaft Gi m‡½ mshyw³, Drilling Shaft Gi m‡½ Drilling Pipe Gi
mshyw³ h‡_ó k³ n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i Boring Operation Gi mgq Ly‡j bv hvq|
4. Winch Machine ch©vß kw³ m¤úbœ Ges fv‡jv gv‡bi n‡Z n‡e|
5. k³ gvwU‡K wew”Qbœ Kivi Rb¨ Equipment Set G Baler AšÍf©~³ Kiv DwPZ|
6. ‡ZcvqvwU (Tripod) h‡_ó kw³kvjx Ges DuPy n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Reinforcement Gi LuvPv
Install Kiv hvq|
7. Piling Party Gi hvwš¿K fv‡e cwiPvwjZ Slurry Preparation Tank (mvB‡K¬vb) Ges
Circulation Pump _vK‡Z n‡e|
8. Slurry Circulation Pump, Generator, Welding Set Ges Ab¨vb¨ miÄvgvw` fv‡jv gv‡bi
Ges fv‡jv (ÎæwUgy³) Ae¯’vq Av‡Q, G iKg n‡Z n‡e|
9. wVKv`vi/cvBwjs cvwU©i Kv‡Q Aek¨B Slurry Testing Kit _vK‡Z n‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Pile Setting Out Ges Boring Avi¤¢ Kivi avcmg~n

K) wbe©vwPZ cvB‡ji Ae¯’v‡bi †K‡›`ª †Zcvqv (Tripod Stand) ¯’vcb Kiv Ges cixÿv K‡i †`Lv|
L) Chisel/Cutting Tool, Drilling Shaft Gi mwnZ mshy³ Kiæb, Tripod †_‡K SzjšÍ Pulling Gi
gva¨‡g Shaft †_‡K Winch Machine G mshy³ Kiæb| GQvovI bgbxq cvB‡ci gva¨‡g Slurry Tank
Gi Dc‡i kx‡l© wWªwjs Shaft wU mshy³ Kiæb|
M) Chisel Dc‡i DwV‡q Ges wb‡P bvwg‡q gvwU KvUv Ges †evwis ïiæ Kiæb|
N) Slurry Tank †_‡K Drilling Shaft Gi gva¨‡g M‡Z© Bentonite Slurry cÖevwnZ (Circulate) Kiæb|
O) Casing ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© †evwis Gi cÖv_wgK MfxiZv cÖvq 1.5 wgUvi n‡Z n‡e|
P) Drawing/Design G ewY©Z cvBj wbg©v‡Yi/¯’vc‡bi Sequence AbymiY K‡i Pile Boring/Casting
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Q) hw` ejv bv _v‡K, m`¨ mgvß cvB‡ji Ae¯’v‡bi wbKUeZ©x A‡j (cvBj e¨v‡mi wZb¸‡Yi e¨vmva©)
Gi g‡a¨ 24 N›Uv AwZevwnZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Ab¨ GKwU cvBj †evwis ïiæ Kiv hv‡e bv|

Slurry cÖ¯‘ZKiY Ges PµågY wm‡÷g (Slurry Preparation and Circulation System)
K) wb¤œwjwLZ Kvi‡b Bore Hole G Slurry Circulate Kiv nq -
 Bore Hole cy‡ivcywi w¯ÍwZkxj Ki‡Z
 Bore Hole Gi cÖvPxi †f‡½ hvIqv †iva Ki‡Z
 Bore Hole †_‡K †K‡U hvIqv DcKiYmg~n (evwjwgwkÖZ Kbv¸‡jv) mwi‡q †dj‡Z
L) Boring Operation Gi mgq Bore Hole Gi gvwUi ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i wZb ai‡bi
Drilling Fluid/Slurry cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
 Mineral Slurries (Clay Minerals)
 Polymer Slurries
 Blender Slurries (Combination of Mineral & Polymer)
M) Mineral Slurries
 Drilling Fluid cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ Bentonite Powder, Mineral Slurry wn‡m‡e me©vwaK
e¨eüZ nq|
 e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Bentonite cvDWv‡ii ¸YMZgvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z Aek¨B cixÿv Kiv
DwPZ|
N) Bentonite Gi wb¤œwjwLZ cixÿv¸‡jv Kiv DwPZ -
 Liquid Limit (Fresh Bentonite) > 450
 Swell Index > 450
 Density
 Viscosity
 pH

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Drilling Fluid Gi ˆewkó¨

Parameter Unit Values Test Method

Density g/cc 1.03 to 1.10 max 1.12 Mud balance
Viscosity sec 30 to 60 Marsh Funnel
Gel Shear Strength N/sqm 1.4 to 10 Shear Meter
pH no 9 to 11.5 Paper strip

CHARACTERISTICS FOR BENTONITE SLURRY

Stages
Property Unit Test equipment
Ready Before
Fresh
for re- concreting
use
Density g/ml < 1.10 < 1.25 < 1.15 Mud balance
Marsh viscosity sec 32 to 50 32 to 60 32 to 50 Marsh funnel
(946 ml)
Fluid loss (30 min) ml < 30 < 50 n.a. Filter press

pH 7 to 11 7 to 12 n.a. pH meter

Sand content % n.a. n.a. <4 Sand content set

Bore Hole me©`v Drilling Mud Øviv cwic~Y© _vK‡Z n‡e|

Mud Mixing Ges Circulation Gi we¯ÍvwiZ ˆewkó¨
i) mvaviYZt Slurry Tank AvqZvKvi AvKv‡ii Wvej †P¤^vihy³ nq, Z‡e Triple †P¤^vihy³ n‡j fv‡jv
nq| mvcøvB †P¤^v‡ii AvKvi Bore Hole Gi AvqZ‡bi mgvb n‡Z cv‡i|
Flow n‡e Cyclone †_‡K Rejuvenation Tank
ii) G, Rejuvenation Tank †_‡K Supply Tank G,
Supply Tank †_‡K Bore Hole G|
iii) Bore Hole †_‡K Setting Tank G Setting Tank †_‡K Circulation Tank G, Circulation Tank
†_‡K Supply Tank G cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
iv) mvaviYZt cÖ‡qvRbxq gv‡bi Viscosity, Density Ges Gel Strength c~iY Kivi Rb¨ mieivnK…Z
Slurry †Z 4% †_‡K 6% (By weight) Bentonite cvDWvi _vK‡Z n‡e|

v) cÖv_wgKfv‡e 15% †_‡K 20% Bentonite mvaviY cvwbi mv‡_ wgkv‡bv nq Ges Awew”Qbœfv‡e
bvov‡bv nq|
vi) Gic‡i wgkÖYwU Rejuvenation Tank G ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z nq (AvqZb Supply Chamber GK
Z…Zxqvsk) Ges †mLv‡b 24 N›Uv ivLv nq|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

vii) Boring KvR ïiæi c~‡e© Rejuvenation Tank †_‡K Slurry Supply Chamber G ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq
Ges wZb¸Y cwigvb cvwb wgkÖY K‡i `ªeY‡K cvZjv Ki‡Z nq|
viii) Supply Tank †_‡K Slurry Gi ˆewkó¨ (†hgb Viscosity, Density BZ¨vw`) cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
ix) Slurry Gi m‡šÍvlRbK ˆewkó¨ cÖvwßi c‡i Slurry, cv¤ú K‡i Drilling Shaft w`‡q Bore Hole G
mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
x) Bore Hole G KvUv `ªe¨vw` Slurry Gi mv‡_ wg‡k hv‡e Ges cybivq e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Setting Tank G
hv‡e|
xi) KvUv Kbv (Particle) ¸‡jv Setting Tank Ges Circulation Tank Gi Zjvbx wn‡m‡e e‡m hv‡e Ges
Slurry, Supply Tank G cÖevwnZ n‡e|

xii) Setting Tank Ges Circulation Tank Gi Zjvq R‡g hvIqv `ªe¨vw` wbw`©ó weiwZ‡Z cwi¯‹vi K‡i
†dj‡Z n‡e|
xiii) Supply Tank Ges Bore Hole G Slurry Gi ˆewkó¨ wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó weiwZ‡Z cixÿv
Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` cÖ‡qvRb nq, Rejuvenation †_‡K Nb Slurry wgkv‡Z n‡e|
xiv) Slurry Tank wU gvwUi DcwiZj †_‡K wb‡P ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Bore Hole ‡_‡K Gravity
Flow †Z Kuv`v Mud Tank †Z wd‡i Av‡m|

xv) Slurry Gi cwigvb Bore Hole Gi Volume Gi 2.5 †_‡K 4 ¸Y Gi g‡a¨ cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
xvi) Tank Gi MfxiZv 1.5 wgUv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡e|
xvii) Tank Gi Pviw`K Ges Zjv B‡Ui Muv_ywb w`‡q ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e|
xviii) Kuv`v GK Chamber †_‡K Ab¨ Chamber G Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
xix) †ewki fvM evwj/gvwU Circulation Tank G hvevi Av‡M Surface Drain G Rgv nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î
Slurry Tank Point †_‡K h‡_ó `~I _vK‡Z n‡e|
xx) mvB‡U Crane _vK‡j Steel Tank e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i - nv‡Z gvbyl Øviv ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv KwVb
n‡e|
xxi) Gi †ÿ‡Î Mud Tank wU Existing Ground Level ‡_‡K
Reverse Circulation Drilling (RCD)
GKUz Dc‡i (cÖvq 500 wgwg) ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq hv‡Z Kuv`v Gravity Flow ‡Z Mud Tank ‡_‡K Bore
Hole G cÖevwnZ nq|

Bentonite Gi cwigvb wbY©q

Bentonite Gi cwigvb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb Dcv`vbmg~n wb¤œiƒc -
 Pile Gi AvKvi (Site)
 gvwUi cÖKvi (Soil Type)
 Boring †KŠkj
 Bentonite Gi ¸YMZgvb
 cybt e¨envi‡hvM¨ Kuv`v
 Kuv`v cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv

70
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wb‡¤œi †Uwej Bentonite Gi cwigvb wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ MvBW Ki‡Z cv‡i -

Concentration % 3 4 5 6 7 8

Density g/cc 1.017 1.023 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046

Test result in our Laboratory LL- 267% (Origin China)

Density g/cc 1.0165 1.0442 1.0516

Viscosity, Marsh 51 63 89
Cone after 48hrs

m‡šÍvlRbK cixÿvi djvdj cÖvwßi mv‡c‡ÿ wb¯œwjwLZ eÖv‡Ûi Bentonite e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i -
 Pilogel
 Ashapura

MS Casing Pipe ¯’vcb

1) Bore Hole Gi cÖvPxi‡K †f‡½ †djvi nvZ †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ MS Casing Pipe Install Kiv
nq|
2) cvwb‡Z A_ev big gvwUi g‡a¨ Pile Boring Ki‡Z n‡jI MS Casing Pipe Gi GKvšÍ
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
3) wWRvB‡b hw` Permanent Casing Gi Provision bv ivLv nq, cÖv_wgK †evwis Gi c‡i Bore
Hole Gi Dc‡ii As‡k Temporary MS Casing Pipe Aek¨B ¯’vcb Kiv DwPZ|
4) ¯’vqx/A¯’vqx MS Casing Gi Avf¨šÍixY e¨vm Pile Gi wbw`©ó e¨v‡mi Kgc‡ÿ mgvb ev 25
wgwg †ewk n‡e|
5) ¯’vqx †KwRs Gi cyiæZ¡ Ges ˆ`N¨© wWRvB‡bi Abymv‡i mieivn Kiv n‡e| A¯’vqx †KwRs Gi
ˆ`N¨© 4.00 wgUv‡ii Kg n‡e bv|
6) Permanent Casing Gi m¤ú~Y© ˆ`N¨© Ry‡o Awfbœ cyiæZ¡ Ges e„ËvKvi AvKvi _vK‡Z n‡e|
7) Bore Hole G MS Casing Pipe wU Hammering Gi gva¨‡g Install Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Casing
gvwUi m‡½ k³fv‡e mshy³ _v‡K|
8) Permanent Casing Pipe wU bZzb MS Sheet Øviv ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e Ges ga¨eZ©x As‡k †Kvb
†Rvov-Zvwj _vK‡e bv Ges cÖwZwU Ask hZ`~i m¤¢e j¤^v n‡Z n‡e|
9) Bore Hole Gi cÖv_wgK Drilling (1.5 wgUvi) Kivi ci MS Casing Install Ki‡Z n‡e|
10) Permanent Casing Pipe G †Rvov †`evi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Pipe Gi †N‡ii wfZ‡i Ges evB‡i
Dfq w`‡K avivevwnKfv‡e gm„Y Welding Ki‡Z n‡e| Permanent Casing Install Kivi
mgq Lifting Hole eÜ Kiv Avek¨K|
11) ﮋ f~wg‡Z Boring Kivi mgq Casing Pipe Gi Top Level, Ground Level †_‡K Kgc‡ÿ
0.3 wgUvi ev Ground Water Level †_‡K 2 wgUvi Dc‡i _v‡K|

71
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

12) cvwbi g‡a¨ Boring Kivi mgq Casing Pipe Gi Top Level cvwbi Level †_‡K Kgc‡ÿ 2
wgUvi Dc‡i _vK‡Z n‡e|

Boring Kivi c×wZ

K) Casing Instalation Gi c‡i Chisel wU Drilling Shaft Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i Casing Gi Af¨šÍ‡i
¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Winch Mechine Gi mnvqZvq Chisel wU µgvMZfv‡e DwV‡q Ges bvwg‡q gvwU
KvUvi KvR GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
L) Slurry Tank †_‡K h_vh_ Density Ges Viscosity Gi Bentinite Slurry, Drilling Shaft Gi
gva¨‡g Bore Hole G mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) Slurry, Bore Hole †K w¯’wZkxj ivL‡e Ges Bore Hole †f‡½ hvIqv †_‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡e| Bore
Hole Gi Af¨šÍ‡i Slurry Level wU evB‡ii cvk^©¯’ Ground Water Level †_‡K 2 wgUv‡ii Kg bq
GiKg ¯Í‡i eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
N) Drilling Shaft I Bore Hole Gi gy‡Li g‡a¨ PµvKv‡i Slurry †ei n‡q Avm‡e Ges Bore Hole
†_‡K KvUv `ªe¨vw` mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|
O) KvUv gvwUmn wd‡i Avmv Slurry cybte¨env‡ii Rb¨ Slurry Supply Tank Gi mv‡_ mshy³
Receiving/Setting Tank G Rgv n‡e|
P) mieivnK…Z Slurry Gi ˆewkó¨mg~n (h_vt Density) wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó weiwZ‡Z cixÿv Ki‡Z
n‡e| h_vh_ ˆewkó¨ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b Reserve Tank †_‡K Nb wgkªY wgkv‡Z n‡e|
Q) hw` Bore Hole G Boulder A_ev k³ ¯Íi ev euvav cwijwÿZ nq, Z‡e Chisel Gi Hight of falling
evov‡Z n‡e A_ev cÖ‡qvR‡b Baler e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
R) Pile Gi ‡kl cÖv‡šÍ bv †cuvQv ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZfv‡e Boring Operation ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
S) Boring Depth (Pile Gi ‡kl cÖv‡šÍ) wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨ Casing Gi Top Level †_‡K Bore Hole
cwigvb Ki‡Z n‡e|
T) Design Depth Gi evB‡i AwZwi³ Boring Kiv DwPZ bq|
U) GKwU Av`k© Boring Formate G m¤ú~Y© Boring Operation wU †iKW© Ki‡Z n‡e Ges fwelr
Refarence Gi Rb¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|

Bore Hole cwi®‹vi/Iqvwks

K) wWRvBb Abyhvqx Bore Hole Gi P~ovšÍ MfxiZv wbwðZ nIqvi ci, Bore Gi wb‡Pi AskwU †_‡K
mveavbZvi mwnZ Kuv`v, cwj Ges Ab¨vb¨ big c`v_©¸‡jv cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
L) Washing Operation cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Supply Tank †_‡K h_vh_ Density I Viscosity m¤úbœ
Bentonite Slurry mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) Bore Hole Iqvk m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q wKbv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e|
N)Bore Hole Gi wb‡Pi Slurry †Z evwj Kbv Av‡Q wKbv (Sand Content) wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨ Sand
Content Test Øviv cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
O) Slurry †Z Sand Content Gi cwigvb 4% Gi wb‡P bv bvgv ch©šÍ Washing Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e|

72
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Reinforcement ¯’vcb
K) wWRvBb Abyhvqx Pile Gi Reinforcement Gi ¸YMZ gvb (Properties) wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨
Fabrication Gi c~‡e©B Reinforcement cixÿv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
L) WªBs I wWRvBb Abymv‡i i‡Wi LuvPv (Reinforcement Cage) Fabrication Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) Main Longitudinal Bar G Pvicv‡k Nb Nb Spiral Reinforcement Fit Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Main
Longitudinal Bar Gi mv‡_ cÖwZwU Spiral Ring Alternate Contact Point G Welding Ki‡Z n‡e|
N) i‡Wi LuvPvi (Re-bar Cage) 75 wgwg wK¬qvi Kfvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ 150 wgwg e¨v‡mi e„ËvKvi
wW· Ges 50 wgwg e¨v‡mi Spiral Bar wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Pile Gi Rb¨ Concrete Gi
¸YMZgvb Ges Covering Disk Gi Kswµ‡Ui gvb GKB n‡e|
O) cÖwZwU LuvPvq Main Longitudinal Reinforcement G †Kvb †Rvov _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
P) Boring Operation ïiæ Kivi cÖv°v‡j wbe©vwPZ Pile Gi Reinforcement Gi LuvPvi Fabrication Gi
KvR mgvß Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z n‡e|
Q) WªBs I wWRvBb Abymv‡i c~‡e©i Reinforcement Gi LuvPvi mwnZ †Rvov jvwM‡q avivevwnKfv‡e
Aewkó Reinforcement Gi LuvPv¸‡jv Install Ki‡Z n‡e|
R) WªBs I wWRvBb Abymv‡i avivevwnKfv‡e `ywU Reinforcement Gi LuvPvi †Rvov jvMvi ¯’v‡b Lapping
Length cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Main Longitudinal Bar Gi †Rvov jvMvi ¯’v‡b Awew”Qbœ&fv‡e Dfqw`‡K
Welding Ki‡Z n‡e|
S) wb‡Pi LuvPvi c‡o hvIqvUv †iva Kivi Rb¨ ci ci `ywU LuvPvi mshyw³Ki‡Yi mgq we‡kl hZœ †bqv
DwPZ|
T) m¤ú~Y© mshyw³K…Z LuvPv Bore Hole Gi g‡a¨ †K›`ªxf~Zfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z LuvPvi Pvicv‡k
Clere Cover Awfbœ _v‡K|
U) m¤ú~Y© mshyw³K…Z LuvPvwU Casing Gi kxl© †_‡K DfqcÖv‡šÍ ûK/óx‡ji iW Øviv Szwj‡q ivL‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z i‡Wi LuvPvwU Gi wb‡P cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|
V) i‡Wi LuvPvwU Bore Hole Gi Zjv †_‡K 150 wgwg Dc‡i _vK‡Z n‡e A_ev WªBs †gvZv‡eK _vK‡Z
n‡e|
X) i‡Wi GKwU LuvPvi mv‡_ Aci GKwU LuvPv mshyw³Ki‡Yi mgq (Time) Ges LuvPvwU Bore Hole G
¯’vc‡bi mgq h_vm¤¢e b~b¨Zg nIqv DwPZ|

Fig: Reinforcement Cage Being Assembled, Showing Threaded

Couplers

73
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Bore Hole cybivq Iqvk KiY

K) ‡h‡nZz i‡W †Rvov jvMv‡Z Ges i‡Wi LuvPv Bore Hole Gi g‡a¨ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z wKQzUv mg‡qi cÖ‡hvRb
nq B‡Zvg‡a¨ Slurry †Z fvmgvb evwj Bore Hole Gi wb‡P Rgv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
L) myZivs Bore Hole Gi wb‡P RgvK…Z evwj cybivq cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
M) i‡Wi LuvPvi ga¨ w`‡q Drilling Pipe Gi gva¨‡g Bore Hole G Slurry mieivn K‡i †aŠZKiY
(Washing) KvR m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
N) cybivq Iqvwks Gi KvR Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv ch©šÍ evwji cwigvb 4% Gi ‡ewk bv nq|
Tremie Pipe ¯’vcb
K) Bore Hole Gi g‡a¨ Concrete Xvjvi Rb¨ Tremie Pipe Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
L) Tremie Pipe wU óxj cvBc (Shell Thickness b~b¨Zg 6 wgwg) Øviv ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e|
M) Tremie Pipe Gi e¨vm 200 wgwg Gi Kg n‡e bv|
N) Tremie Pipe Gi wewfbœ As‡ki †Rvov¸‡jv gReyZ I cvwb‡ivax n‡Z n‡e Ges Engineer-in-
Charge Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z n‡Z n‡e|
O) Tremie Pipe G †gvU ˆ`N¨© Bore Hole Gi MfxiZv †_‡K Kg n‡e bv|
P) Tremie Pipe Uv Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Tremie Gi Zjv Bore Hole Gi Zjv †_‡K 150
wgwg Dc‡i _vK‡e |
Q) Tremie Pipe G KswµU mieiv‡ni myweav‡_© Tremie Gi Dc‡i h_vh_ AvKv‡ii dv‡bj ¯’vcb K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e|
R) dv‡bj Ges Tremie Gi †RvovwU gReyZ Ges cvwb‡ivax n‡Z n‡e|
S) dv‡bjwUi mvBR n‡Z n‡e Ggb gv‡ci hv‡Z 1.5 wgt cvBj XvjvB Kivi Rb¨ †h cwigvb KswµU
jvM‡e †mB gv‡ci nq|
T) XvjvB Gi mgq Tremie Pipe Gi DVv-bvgv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Tremie Pipe Gi cy‡iv ˆ`N¨© 300
wgwg AšÍi AšÍi †cB›U Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kswµ‡Ui Dcv`vbmg~‡ni ¸Yv¸b Ges Kswµ‡Ui cÖ¯‘wZ

K) KswµU cÖ¯‘‡Zi c~‡e© Zvi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni ¸YMZgvb wbwðZ Kivi R‡b¨ wm‡g›U, evwj Ges †gvUv
`vbvi GwMÖ‡M‡Ui gvb cixÿv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
L) GjwRBwWÕi †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx wm‡g›U Aek¨B †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U n‡Z n‡e|
M) †gvUv `vbvi GwMÖ‡MU (Stone Chips) Aek¨B Well Graded (20 wgwg Down graded) n‡Z n‡e
Ges LAA Gi gvb 30 Gi wb‡P n‡Z n‡e Ges †Kvb Flaky/giv/big cv_i _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
e¨env‡ii c~‡e©
Stone Chips Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) n‡Z n‡e| KswµU cÖ¯‘wZi AvMgyn~‡Z©
Stone Chips G ‡Kvb cvwb e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
N) evwji FM 2.5 Gi Kg n‡e bv| evwj‡Z gvwUi ˆRe c`v_© AšÍ©f~³ _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| hw` cÖ‡qvRb
nq wgkª‡Yi 24 N›Uv c~‡e© evwj ay‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| wgkª‡Yi mgq evwj SSD Condition G _vK‡Z n‡e|
O) KswµU cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb jeYv³ cvwb e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †`qv hv‡e bv|
P) AvKvswLZ KswµU kw³ (wWRvBb kw³i 1.33 ¸Y) wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ wgkª‡Yi AbycvZ
1t1.5t3 (GjwRBwW †iU wmwWDj Abymv‡i) e¨envi K‡i Uªvqvj wg·wU Ki‡Z n‡e|

74
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Q) KswµU wgkÖ‡Y cvwb/wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ 0.4 (50 †KwR wm‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ 20 wjUvi cvwb) Gi †ewk Kiv
hv‡e bv|
R) KvswLZ Kvh©‡cv‡hvwMZv (Slump) AR©‡bi Rb¨ Admixture e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| cÖ‡qvRbxq Slump
cvevi j‡ÿ¨ cÖwZ e¨vM wm‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ KZ cwigvb Admixture jvM‡e, Zv Uªvqvj wg· K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z
n‡e|
S) cvwb n«vmKiYAdmixture ¸‡jv n‡”Q Rheobuil-623, Daracem-100, Foxro Sika, Con-Lub,
(BCCL, Bangladesh) cÖf…wZ|
T) Tremie Concrete Gi Slump 100 wgwg †_‡K 150 wgwg nIqv DwPZ|
U) KswµU cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq wewfbœ Dcv`v¸‡jvi wgkÖ‡Yi AbycvZ K‡Vvifv‡e eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
V) wg·Pvi †gwkb, e¨vwPs cøv›U BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i KswµU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
W) ‡nvcvi Ges Tremie Pipe cwi®‹vi Ges cvwb‡ivax n‡Z n‡e|
X) cvBj XvjvB Kivi wbwg‡Ë ch©vß cwigvb gvjvgvj mvB‡U _vK‡Z n‡e|
Y) Bore Hole Gi wb‡P cwj ev Ab¨ †Kvb DcKiY cy‡ivcywi gy³ wKbv Zv wbwðZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Hopper
G KswµU ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e bv|
Z) KswµU ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© Bore Hole Gi wb‡P Slurry Suspension Gi Specific Gravity 1.25 Gi Kg
nIqv DwPZ| Aby‡gvw`Z Sampling Øviv GwU cixÿv Kiv hvq|
Bored Cast-in-Situ Pile Casting

1. Tremie Pipe Gi Zjv hw` †Lvjv _v‡K Zvn‡j Tremie Pipe Gi wfZi Drilling Fluid
cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges cÖ_g †h KswµU †djv n‡e Zv Drilling Fluid Gi mwnZ wg‡k hv‡e
Ges `~e©j KswµU ˆZwi n‡e|
2. Tremie Pipe Gi gy‡L mvgwqKfv‡e Steel Circular Plate Øviv eÜ ivLv DwPZ Ges
cÖ_g ev‡i ûcv‡ii m¤ú~Y© KswµU nVvr K‡i †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e ZLb KswµU Drilling
Fluid Gi mv‡_ †Zgbfv‡e wgk‡Z cvi‡e bv|
3. cvB‡ji ˆ`‡N©¨i 1.5 wgUvi cwigvb cÖ‡qvRbxq KswµU Hopper G ivL‡Z n‡e|
4. Tremie Pipe Gi Zjv †MvjvKvi Steel Plate w`‡q mvgwqK eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡j
Tremie Pipe Gi wfZi Drilling Fluid cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges Steel Plate wU cÖ_g
XvjvB cÖ‡ek Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ly‡j hv‡e|
5. KswµU Hopper ‡_‡K Tremie Pipe G co‡Z _vK‡e| Tremie Pipe ax‡i ax‡i DVv-
bvgv Kiv‡Z n‡e (AbwaK 150 wgwg) hv‡Z K‡i Tremie Pipe Gi KswµU co‡Z
_v‡K Ges KswµU †j‡fj Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Z _v‡K|
6. Tremie DVv-bvgv Ggbfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i Tremie m`¨ †djv Kswµ‡Ui 2
†_‡K 3 wgUv‡ii g‡a¨ me mgq †XvKv‡bv _v‡K| hv‡Z Tremie Pipe I m`¨ †djv
Kswµ‡Ui g‡a¨ †Kvb Gap m„wó bv nq|
7. Tremie Pipe `ªæZ DVv-bvgv Kivevi AbygwZ †`qv DwPZ bq Ges Tremie Pipe me
mgq m¤ú©~Y Lvov _vK‡Z n‡e Ges mveav‡b DVv-bvgv Kiv‡bv DwPZ|

75
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

8. KswµU †Kvb weiwZ QvovB XvjvB Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i Monolithic KswµU ˆZwi
nq|
9. hw` KswµU ¯’vc‡bi mgq Tremie Blockage nq ZLb Tremie wU `ªæZ 150 †_‡K
450 wgwg Dc‡ii w`‡K DVv‡bvi ci eøK Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ ch©vqµ‡g Tremie Gi
c„ô‡`k nvZzwo w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. G mg¯Í cÖ‡Póv PjvKvjxb mg‡q Aek¨B Tremie Pipe Kswµ‡Ui wfZi 2-3 wgUvi
_vK‡Z n‡e Ges Zv wbweofv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. D‡jøL¨ †h, Tremie Gi Zjv †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Bore Hole Gi g‡a¨ Concrete Gi Dc‡i
DV‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv|
12. ‡h cwigvb KswµU Bore Hole G cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡e Zvi †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e Ges
cvkvcvwk wnmve ivL‡Z n‡e †h Bore Hole KZ `~i ch©šÍ KswµU Øviv c~Y© n‡q‡Q Ges
†mB Abymv‡i Tremie Pipe DVv-bvgv Ki‡e Ges Zv wbweofv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
13. ‡h †ÿ‡Î Temporary Casing e¨envi Kiv n‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î cvB‡ji Cut-of-Level Gi
Dc‡i Kgc‡ÿ 0.75 †_‡K 1.0 wgt Dci ch©šÍ XvjvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
14. ‡h †ÿ‡Î Permanent Casing e¨envi Kiv n‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î g~jZt Casing Gi gyL ch©šÍ
KswµU XvjvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ Dc‡ii KswµU †h‡nZz gvwUi mv‡_ wg‡k bó n‡q
hvq †m‡nZy Casing Gi gyL ch©šÍ KswµU XvjvB Kivi ciI wKQz AwZwi³ KswµU
XvjvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb hv Casing Gi gyL †_‡K DcwP‡q ci‡e|
15. ‡gvU †h cwigvb KswµU Bore Hole G cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡jv A_©vr Pile XvjvB Ki‡Z
‡h cwigvb KswµU jv‡M Zv wnmve K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †h, Zv Bore Hole Gi AvqZ‡bi
†P‡q †ewk wKbv| XvjvB Gi cwigvb Aek¨B Bore Hole Gi AvqZ‡bi †P‡q wKQz
n‡jI †ewk n‡e|
16. hZ`~i m¤¢e cvBj XvjvB KvR w`‡bi Av‡jv‡Z †kl Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i XvjvB
KvR †`Lv-ïbv Ki‡Z myweav nq|
17. m¤ú~Y© XvjvB KvR ¯^íZg mg‡q (8 N›Uvi g‡a¨ n‡j fvj nq) GKUvbv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a `yB †mU †jvKej Ges ‡gwkbvixR e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
18. ‡hLv‡b Pile Gi e¨vm Ges ˆ`N©¨ A‡bK †ewk n‡e A_©vr XvjvB Gi cwigvb GZ †ewk
†h mvaviY c×wZ‡Z 8 N›Uvi g‡a¨ XvjvB m¤úbœ Kiv hv‡e bv †m‡ÿ‡Î e¨vwPs cø¨v›U,
†iwW wg· KswµU, KswµU cv¤ú BZ¨vw` †gwkbvixR Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
¯^íZg mg‡q XvjvB KvR m¤úbœ nq|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Various Stages of Pile Concreting:

77
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV-5: †m›Uvwis, kvUvwis I ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs

(Centering, Shuttering and Scaffolding)

Contents
5.1 kvUvwis

5.2 †m›Uvwis I kvUvwis- Gi cÖ‡qvRbwqZv

5.3 dg©IqvK wbg©v‡Yi avcmg~n

5.4 GKwU fv‡jv dg©IqvK©-Gi ˆewkó¨ ev ¸Yv¸Y

5.5 wK¬qvi Kfvi

5.6 ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs

5.7 ‡mvwis

Objective:
GB cv‡V AskMÖnY Kivi ci cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY- fvj dg©Iqv‡K©i ˆewkó¨ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| dg©IqvK© fvj bv
n‡j wK wK mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| G Qvov wbgv©Y Kv‡R ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs Gi ¸iZ¡ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

5.1 kvUvwis
KswµU‡K Rwg‡q wbw`©ó AvKvi I AvqZ‡b Avbvi Rb¨ KvV, evuk, †jvnv ev cøvw÷K Øviv †h A¯’vqx
KvVv‡gv ˆZix Kiv nq Zv‡K kvUvwis e‡j| XvjvB Kiv KswµU hLb cÖ‡qvRbwq kw³ AR©b K‡i ZLb
dg©IqvK© ev kvUvwis Ly‡j †djv nq| dg©IqvK© ev kvUvwis Ly‡j †djv /AcmviY Kiv‡K Ôw÷ªwcs e‡j|
dg©IqvK© `yB cÖKvi | h_vt
(1) c¨v‡bj dg©IqvK© (Panel form work)
(2) †÷kbvwi dg©IqvK© (Stationay form work)
(1) c¨v‡bj dg©IqvK©t Ly‡j †djvi ci dg©Iqv‡K©i wewfbœ Ask Ab¨Î mwi‡q †bIqv nq Ges
cieZ©x Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| dg©Iqv‡K©I wewfbœ Ask evi evi e¨envi Kiv hvq e‡j
Zv‡K c¨v‡bj dg©IqvK© e‡j|
(2) ‡÷kbvix dg©IqvK©t KvVv‡gv‡Z e¨envi K‡i KswµU XvjvB Kivi ci wØZxq evi e¨envi Kiv
hvq bv e‡j G‡K †÷kbvwi dg©IqvK© e‡j|
Aciw`‡K †m›Uvwis nj kvUvwis- Gi A¯’vqx KvVv‡gv‡K mv‡cvU© cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h A¯’vqx LyuwU ¯’vcb Kiv
nq Ges LuywU hv‡Z †X‡e bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ LywUi wb‡P KvV ev BU e¨envi Kiv nq| GB LuywU ¯’vc‡bi
cÖwµqvB †m›Uvwis |

5.2 †m›Uvwis I kvUvwis- Gi cÖ‡qvRwbqZvt

wb‡P †m›Uvwis I kvUvwis- Gi cÖ‡qvRwbqZv D‡jøL Kiv nj|

(1) wbw`©ó AvKvi, AvK…wZ I AvqZ‡b KvVv‡gv‡Z KswµU XvjvB Kiv|
(2) XvjvBK…Z KswµU‡K wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ XvjvB¯’v‡b a‡i ivLv|
(3) Aviwmwm KvVv‡gvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †jvnv‡K (MS Rod) wWRvBb †gvZv‡eK a‡i ivLv|
(4) GKB mgq GKvwaK KvVv‡gv h_v weg, ¯øve XvjvB Kiv|
(5) Abyf‚wgK I Djø¤^ Dfq Z‡j mgZv iÿv Kiv|

†m›Uvwis I kvUvwis- G e¨eüZ gvjvgvjt

†m›Uvwis kvUvwis ˆZwi‡‡Z mvaviYZ †h gvjvgvj e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †jvnv I KvV evuk/w÷j
cÖcm I wkU Ab¨Zg| Z‡e ÒcÖvM XvjvBK…Z KswµU KvVv‡gvÓ (Pre-cast members) wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨
A¨vjywgwbqvg, dvBevi Møvm I wcÖ-Kv÷ Kswµ‡Ui kvUvwis e¨envi Kiv nq|
kvUvwis Kv‡R e¨eüZ gvjvgv‡ji g‡a¨ KvV eûj cÖPvwjZ| AwaK D”PZv m¤úbœ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri
†ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ w÷j kvUvwis e¨envi nq| eo eo KvR A_©vr eûZj fe‡bi †ÿ‡Î euv‡ki cwie‡Z©
cvBc e¨envi nq| euvk evi evi e¨envi Kiv hvq bv, ZvQvov h‡_ó gReyZ bv nIqvq SzuwKc~Y©|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Figure: Steel Props for centering Figure: Steel Shutters for formwork

Figure: Formwork with steel materials

5.3 dg©IqvK wbg©v‡Yi avcmg~nt

dg©IqvK wbg©v‡Yi avcmg~n wb¤œiƒct
(1) LyuwU ¯’vcb I ms‡hvRb (Propping & centering)
(2) cvUvZb ˆZwiKiY (Shuttering)
(3) ‡K¤^vi cÖ`vb (Provision of camber)
(4) cwi¯‹vi I Dc‡hvMxKiY (Cleaning & surface treatment)

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

LyuwU ¯’vcb I ms‡hvRb (Propping & Centering)

cÖ_‡g wbw`©ó D”PZvi LyuwU wb‡q 45 †mwg, †_‡K 60 †mwg, cici Kv‡Vi evUv‡gi m‡½ ZviKvUv
AvUwK‡q LyuwU ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| LyuwUi wb‡P 4 †mwg, cyiæ‡Z¡I `yB ¯Í‡i Kgc‡ÿ 0.1 e. wg. AvKv‡ii
Kv‡Vi Z³v ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z KvVv‡gvi Dci¯’ †jvW enb Kiv Ges KvR †k‡l LuywU Acmvi‡Y
mnR nq| w÷‡ji cvBc, evuk ev Kv‡Vi ewjø BZ¨vw` LyuwU wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

kvUvwis ˆZwiKiY (Shuttering making)

LyuwU I Kv‡Vi evUvg (Kv‡Vi kvUvwis- Gi †ÿ‡Î) mvwiäfv‡e ¯’vc‡bi ci 12.5 †mwg. PIov I 3 †m.wg.
cyiæ‡Z¡i Kv‡Vi Z³v †cøb&K), 10-12.5 †mwg. cici Kv‡Vi evUv‡gi Dci AvovAvwofv‡e ewm‡q
ZviKvUv w`‡q AvUKv‡Z n‡e| mvUvwis Gi Zj h_vh_fv‡e †j‡fj K‡i cwigvc Abyhvqx wkU weQv‡Z
n‡e| wkU e¨envi bv n‡j Z³vv¸‡jv KvQvKvwQ ¯’vcb K‡i Zvnvi Dci cwjw_b wewQ‡q w`‡Z n‡e|& `yB
Z³vi ga¨eZ©x dvuK wRAvB, wkU ev iƒcevb wkU-Gi dvwj Øviv eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wm‡g›U hy³
cvwb †ei n‡q bv hvq|

‡K¤^vi cÖ`vb (Provision of Camber)t hw` cÖ‡qvRb nq, Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx †m›Uvwis –Gi LyuwU DuPz
wbPz K‡i Xvj cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
cwi¯‹vi I Dc‡hvMxKiY (Cleaning & Surface treatment)
kvUvwis –Gi KvV I wkU fv‡jvfv‡e cwi¯‹vi K‡i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx gwej I wW‡Rj wgwk‡q Kvco wfwR‡q
KvV I wkU gyQv †h‡Z cv‡i| kvUvwis cwi¯‹v‡ii ci mvUvwis- Gi wQ`ª¸‡jv †Uc A_ev KvMR w`‡q c¨vwKs
K‡i eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z XvjvB‡qi mgq wm‡g›U hy³ cvwb †ei n‡q KwµU‡K `ye©j Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|

dg©IqvK© †Lvjv (Removal of Formwork)t

dg©IqvK© †Lvjvi c×wZ :
 mvUvwis/dg©IqvK© AZ¨šÍ mveavbZvi mv‡_ Lyj‡Z n‡e ‡hb wKbviv Ges Z‡ji †KvbiKg ¶wZ bv
nq|
 LyuwU¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i miv‡Z n‡e ‡hb KbwµUI ax‡i ax‡i Zvi wb‡Ri m¤ú~Y© IRb en‡bi ¶gZv
cvq|
 LyuwU¸‡jv Îgbfv‡e Lyj‡Z n‡e †hb Uvbej (Tension) I Pvc ej (Compression)
GjvKvq h_vh_fv‡e wba©vwiZ ej we`¨gvb _v‡K|
 K¨vw›Uwjfvi †Kvb KvVv‡gvi †ÿ‡Î Db¥y³ cvk †_‡K mvUvwis/dg©IqvK †Lvjv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `yÕw`‡K /PZzw`©‡K mv‡cvU© Av‡Q Ggb KvVv‡gvi †ÿ‡Î gvSLvb †_‡K mvUvwis/dg©IqvK †Lvjv
ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|

81
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

GLvb n‡Z mvUvwis/dg©IqvK

†Lvjv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e
GLvb n‡Z mvUvwis/dg©IqvK
†Lvjv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e

K¨vw›Uwjfvi KvVv‡gv (exg ev ¯øve)

`yÕw`‡K mv‡cvU© Av‡Q Ggb KvVv‡gv
dg©IqvK AcmviY mgqt

µwgK kvUvwis-Gi ¯’vb mgq

bs
1 we‡gi Zjv: 3.5 wg. ¯ú¨vb ch©šÍ XvjvB‡qi 7 w`b ci
>3.5-4.5 wg. ¯ú¨vb ch©šÍ XvjvB‡qi 14 w`b ci
>4.5-6.0 wg. ¯ú¨vb ch©šÍ XvjvB‡qi 21 w`b ci
>6.0 wg. ¯ú¨vb XvjvB‡qi 28 w`b ci

2 ¯øv‡ei cvk XvjvB‡qi 3 w`b ci

3 ‡`qvj, Kjvg I we‡gi Lvov cvk XvjvB‡qi 1 †_‡K 2 w`b ci
4 ¯øv‡ei Zjv t 3.5 wg. ¯ú¨vb ch©šÍ XvjvB‡qi 7 w`b ci
>3.5-4.5 wg. ¯ú¨vb ch©šÍ XvjvB‡qi 14 w`b ci
5 >4.5-6.0 wg. ¯ú¨vb ch©šÍ XvjvB‡qi 21 w`b ci
6.0 wg. Dc‡ii ¯ú¨vb XvjvB‡qi 28 w`b ci

5.4 wK¬qvi Kfvi

i‡W wK¬qvi Kfvi bv _vK‡j i‡W gwiPv c‡o AeKvVv‡gvi Avqyy †kl nIqvi c~‡e©B iW bó n‡q hvq|
GRb¨ XvjvB Gi g‡a¨ i‡W wK¬qvi Kfvi Aek¨B w`‡Z n‡e| i‡W wK¬qvi Kfvi (clear cover) wbwðZ
Kivi Rb¨ eøK e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| eøK e¨envi Ki‡j mn‡RB wK¬qvi Kfvi wbwðZ Kiv hvq| mvavib
AeKvVv‡gvi †¶‡Î wK¬qvi Kfvi ‡Uwej Abyhvqx Abyhvqx n‡Z cv‡i | mvBW Kfvi I Zjvi Kfv‡ii
gvcgZ eøK ˆZix Ki‡Z nq Ges eø‡Ki g‡a¨ GK UzKiv G.I Zvi XzwK‡q w`Z nq hv‡Z K‡i Zv i‡Wi
ms‡M †eu‡a †`qv hvq| mvUvwis Kivi mgq wK¬qvi Kfvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Square Rectangle block Circular block with hole

block in the middle (used in
pile)
mvavib AeKvVv‡gvi †ÿ‡Î wK¬qvi Kfvi wb¤œiƒct

AeKvVv‡gv wK¬qvi Kfvi

- ¯øve - 20-25 wgwg
- exgv (Dc‡i bx‡P) - 40-50 wgwg
- exg cv‡k¦© - 40 wgwg
- Kjvg gvwUi Dc‡i - 25-40 wgwg
- Kjvg gvwUi bx‡P - 60-75 wgwg

cÖvBgvix ¯‹zj feb wbg©vY Kv‡Ri wK¬qvi Kfvi wb¤œiƒc n‡q _v‡K t

KvVv‡gv wK¬qvi Kfvi

 dzwUs/ dvD‡Ûkb 3"
 Kjvg (gvwUi bx‡P) 3"
 Kjv‡g (gvwUi Dc‡i) 1.5"
 ‡MÖU exg (Dc‡i, wb‡P, cv‡k) 2"
 †d¬vi exg (Dc‡i, wb‡P, 1.5"
cv‡k)
 ¯øve I wmwo (Dc‡i I wb‡P) 3/4"

mKj ‡ÿ‡Î WªBs I †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK wK¬qvi Kfvi w`‡Z n‡e|

KbwµU wK¬qvi Kfvi wn‡m‡e gU©vi eøK ‰Zix I ¯’vcb Kivi c×wZ t
1) mvaviY exg, ¯ø¨ve I Kjv‡gi Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ 2"x 2" mvB‡Ri (‰`N©¨ x cÖ¯’) Ges
†¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK D”PZvq gU©vi eøK e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) mvaviYZ wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii Rb¨ gU©vi eøK ˆZwi‡Z wm‡g›U I evwji AbycvZ 1:1 e¨envi Kiv n‡q

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

_v‡K| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h wK¬qvi Kfvi wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ gU©vi eøKI Kbwµ‡Ui GKwU Ask|
3) eM©vK…wZ gU©vi eøK exg, ¯ø¨ve ev Ab¨ †Kvb KvVv‡gvi wb‡Pi i‡W e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx|
4) ‡MvjvK…wZ gU©vi eøK ex‡gi cv‡k w÷iv‡c, Kjvg I cvB‡ji wis G ev Ab¨ †Kvb KvVv‡gvi
cv‡ki i‡W e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| G‡Z †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB gU©vi eø‡Ki Ae¯’v‡bi †Kvb cwieZ©b
nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
5) ex‡gi †ÿ‡Î gU©vi eøK w÷iv‡ci wb‡P/cv‡k Ges ¯ø¨v‡ei †ÿ‡Î me©wb¤œ i‡Wi wb‡P w`‡Z n‡e|
6) wewfbœ KvVv‡gvi wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii gvc wewfbœ n‡q _v‡K weavq gU©vi eø‡Ki mvBRI †m †gvZv‡eK
n‡Z n‡e |
7) WªBs ev †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b gU©vi eø‡Ki mvBR D‡jøL _v‡K Ges †m †gvZv‡eK gU©vi eøK c~‡e©B cÖ¯‘Z
K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
8) wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii D”PZv hZ †ewk n‡e gU©vi eø‡Ki mvBRI (‰`N©¨ I cÖ¯’) ZZ eo n‡Z n‡e, Zv
bv n‡j iW eø‡Ki Dci ¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
9) gU©vi eøK ‰Zwi Kivi ciciB KuvPv Ae¯’v‡ZB gvSLv‡b 22 †MwR Zvi w`‡q ivL‡Z n‡e †hb
i‡Wi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK euvav hvq|
10) gU©vi eøK c~‡e©B ‰Zix K‡i Kgc‡ÿ 7 w`b wKDwis K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
11) wK¬qvi Kfvi Ggbfv‡e w`‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB iW wb‡P dg©Iqv‡K©i mv‡_ †j‡M bv hvq|
12) GK wK¬qvi Kfvi gU©vi eøK n‡Z Ab¨ wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii gU©vi eøK `yiZ¡ 2dzU 6 BwÂi †ewk ‡`qv
hv‡e bv|
13) KbwµU Xvjv‡qi mgq A‡bK ‡jvKRb i‡Wi Dci w`‡q PjvPj K‡i weavq 2dzU 6 BwÂi †ewk
`~i‡Z¡ gU©vi eøK ¯’vcb Ki‡j iW euvKv n‡q wb‡P dg©Iqv‡K©i mv‡_ †j‡M hvq |
14) ex‡gi †ÿ‡Î ex‡gi cv‡kI wK¬qvi Kfvi eøK w`‡Z n‡e, G‡Z ex‡gi iW cv‡ki dg©Iqv‡Ki
m‡½ †j‡M hv‡e bv|
wb‡P GKwU ¯øv‡ei †mKk‡b wK¬qvi Kfvi ¯’vcb †`Lv‡bv nj t
µ¨vsK iW
Dc‡ii iW

wK¬qviwK¬Kfvi
qvi wb‡Pi iW
Kfvi
gU©vi eøK
eøK

8" 2'- 6" 2'- 6" 2'- 6" 2'- 3" 2'- 3"
8"

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

¯¨øv‡ei wK¬qvi Kfvi gU©vi eøK ¯’vcb wb‡P †`Lv‡bv nj t

2 © - 6"
2.5 dzU 2.5 dzU
2 © - 6" 2 © - 6"

¯øv‡ei i‡W wK¬qvi Kfvi wn‡m‡e gU©vi eøK Zvi w`‡q †eu‡a
†`qv n‡q‡Q Ges me©wb¤œ i‡Wi wb‡P †`qv n‡q‡Q

5.5 GKwU fv‡jv dg©IqvK©-Gi ˆewkó¨ ev ¸Yv¸Yt

GKwU fv‡jv IqvK© - Gi wb¤œwjwLZ ˆewkó¨ ev ¸Yv¸Y _vK‡et

(1) GwU chv©ß kw³kvjx n‡e| A_©vr Gi Dci AvMZ (XvjvBKvjxb) mg¯Í cÖKvi †jvWenb Dc‡hvMx
n‡e|
(2) GwU Abgxq I gm„Y n‡e| hv‡Z wW‡d¬Kkb b~b¨Zg nq|
(3) Gi †Rvov¸‡jv Abgbxq Ges wbwQ`ª n‡e| hv‡Z wm‡g›U MÖvDU wj‡KR bv nq|
(4) dg©IqvK-G e¨eüZ gvjvgvj cybte¨envi‡hvM¨ Ges my›`i n‡e|
(5) dg©IqvK hZ`yi m¤¢e nvjKv n‡e|
(6) GwU cvwb‡ivwa n‡e Ges KswµU n‡Z cvwb †kvlb Ki‡e bv|
(7) Abp Ges gReyZ mv‡cv‡U©i Dci dg©IqvK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
(8) GwU ms‡KPb Ges evuKv nIqvi cÖeYZv †_‡K gy³ n‡Z n‡e|
(9) Gi wbg©vY †KŠkj mnR n‡e Ges mn‡R Ly‡j †djv hv‡e|
(10) dg©IqvK© GgbfA‡e wbwg©Z n‡e hv‡Z wWRvBbvi KZ©„K D‡jøwLZ (According to
drawing gvc (wfZ‡ii gvc) I AvKvi wVK _v‡K|

dg©Iqv‡K©i ‰Zwii mgq †h welq¸‡jv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡et

1) KvV Øviv ‰Zix dg©Iqv‡K©i R‡q›U cvZjv †cøb wój wmU w`‡q wmj Ki‡Z n‡e;
2) KvVv‡gvi fvi enb I K¤ú¨vKkb Kv‡R e¨eüZ fvB‡eªU‡ii K¤úb mn¨ Kivi ÿgZv Aek¨B

85
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

dg©Iqv‡K©i _vK‡Z n‡e|

3) 21/2 BwÂi AwaK cyiæ Kv‡Vi e¨v‡Ub Øviv dg©Iqv‡K©i Supporting Frame (mv‡c©vw©Us †d«g)
ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e;
4) dg©IqvK gU©vi UvBU nIqv evÃbxq;
5) dg©IqvK© emv‡bv/†Lvjvi mgq wbivcËvRwbZ mKj e¨e¯’v wVKv`vi‡KB wb‡Z n‡e;
6) †h †Kvb Aviwmwm Kv‡Ri KbwµU ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© `vwqZ¡cÖvß cÖ‡KŠkjx KZ…©K dg©Iqv‡K©i †j‡fj,
mvBR, wbw”Q`ª Ae¯’v Ges †jvnvi i‡Wi ¯’vcb I wK¬qvi Kfvi †PK Kwi‡q AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e|

GKwU ¯øv‡ei dg©IqvK© GKwU ex‡gi dg©IqvK©

dg©IqvK© ˆZixi ci †PK Kivi mgq wb¤œwjwLZ wel‡q we‡kl j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e t
K) dg©IqvK© cix¶v t
1) mKj dg©IqvK© cwi®‹vi I a~jv-evwjgy³ n‡Z n‡e;
2) dg©Iqv‡K©i Af¨šÍ‡i ‡Kvb cvwb R‡g _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv;
3) dg©IqvK© wbwñ`ª I h‡_ó kw³kvjx n‡Z n‡e ‡hb KvVv‡gvi fvienb I fvB‡eªU‡ii K¤úb mn¨
Ki‡Z cv‡i;
4) Dchy³fv‡e eÜbx w`‡q euva‡Z n‡e ‡hb †Kvb cÖKvi ‡`‡e ev Sz‡j bv hvq;
5) AeKvVv‡gvi wewfbœ As‡Mi cwigvc WªBs Abyhvqx wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e;
6) g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h dg©Iqv‡K©i gv‡ci Dci KswµU KvVv‡gvi mvBR wbf©i K‡i _v‡K;
7) dg©IqvK© cvwb wb‡ivax n‡Z n‡e;
8) dg©Iqv‡K©i jvBb, †j‡fj cix¶v K‡i †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e|
9) WªBs Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq iW , wK¬qvi Kfvi BZ¨vw` Kbwµ‡Ui mwVK RvqMvq ¯’vcb Kiv wbwðZ
Kiv;

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10) LywU¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Av‡Q wKbv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †eªwms †`Iqv Av‡Q wKbv Zv
wbwðZ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
5.5 ¯‹v‡dvwìs (Scaffolding) ‡Kvb KvVv‡gvi wbg©vb KvR ev †`qv‡ji Muv_ywbi KvR Kivi
mgq hLb KvR 1.5 wgUv‡ii †ewk DuPz‡Z †cuŠQvq, ZLb wbg©vb DcKiYvw` I wbg©vY Kv‡h© e¨eüZ
cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ †i‡L I wgw¯¿ KvR Pvwj‡q hvIqvi myweav‡_© Kv‡Vi ev avZz wbwg©Z †h gvPv ev
cøvUdg© ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs e‡j| ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs Kv‡Ri gvjvgvj I kÖwgKM‡Yi fvi
enbmn wbg©vY KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ mv‡cvU© wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| fe‡bi evB‡ii As‡k
cøvóv‡ii KvR ev Ab¨ †Kvb iÿYv‡eÿY Kv‡R Scaffolding e¨vcK e¨veüZ nq|
Scaffolding mvaviYZ GKKfv‡e wbf©ikxj †Kvb KvVv‡gv bq| GwU fe‡bi mv‡_ †eu‡a
ivL‡Z nq| GKKfv‡e wbf©ikxj Ki‡Z n‡j cvkvcvwk `yÕwU mv‡cv‡U©i cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G‡Z LiP
†ewk c‡o| Avgv‡`i †`‡k mvaviYZ euvk e¨envi Kiv nq| we‡`‡kI A‡bK RvqMv‡Z euvk
e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b ÷xj cvBc G Kv‡R e¨vcK e¨eüZ n‡”Q | A‡bK mgq
cøvw÷K cvBcI e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K |

Scaffolding Kv‡R euvk e¨envi Kiv

Scaffolding Kv‡R cøvw÷K cvBc e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
n‡q‡Q|

Scaffolding Kv‡R ÷xj cvBc e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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Scaffolding Kv‡Ri mgq †h welq¸‡jv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e t

1) euv‡ki AMÖfvM e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv;
2) †h mvB‡Ri evuk 2 NbdzU KbwµU Gi IR‡b †eu‡K hvq bv Ggb k³ euvk ev KvV e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e A_ev Kgc‡ÿ 21/2Bw e¨v‡mi euvk e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e;
3) Scaffolding Kv‡R euv‡ki LuywUi Dfq w`‡K 2 dz‡Ui AwaK `~i‡Z¡ LuywU ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e bv;
4) euv‡ki ev Kv‡Vi LuywUi wb‡P gvwU _vK‡j Zv `yigyR w`‡q wcwU‡q `„p K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
5) LuywUi wb‡Pi gvwUi Dc‡i GK Bw cyiæZ¡ Kv‡Vi Z³v w`‡j LuywU Qv‡`i/ex‡gi fv‡i e‡m hvIqvi
m¤¢vebv K‡g hv‡e|
dg©IqvK© I Scaffolding †Lvjvi mgq hv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡et
1) dg©IqvK© mveav‡b Lyj‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Kbwµ‡Ui wKbviv ev DcwiZj bó bv nq;
2) LuywU¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i miv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z SuvwKi m„wó bv nq Ges KbwµU hv‡Z ax‡i ax‡i wb‡Ri
fvi en‡bi ¶gZv AR©b Kivi my‡hvM cvq;
3) LuywU †Lvjvi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h AeKvVv‡gvi †h Ask †h Support condition Gi
Rb¨ wWRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q LuywU †Lvjvi mgq Zvi †hb †Kvb cwieZ©b bv nq;
4) Simply SupportedAeKvVv‡gvi †ÿ‡Î LuywU¸‡jvgvSLvb †_‡K ïviæ K‡i `yÕcv‡ki w`‡K
Lyj‡Z n‡e;
5) CantileverAs‡ki Rb¨ gy³ wKbviv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mv‡cv‡U©i w`‡K Avm‡Z n‡e;
6) Kbwµ‡Ui h_vh_ kw³ AR©‡bi ci dg©IqvK© Lyj‡Z n‡e;
7) †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b ejv bv _vK‡j ev¯ÍevqbKvix `߇ii cÖ‡KŠkjxi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i
AeKvVv‡gvi wewfbœ As‡ki dg©IqvK© I Scaffolding †Lvjv DwPZ|

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Figure: Steel Scaffolding

Figure: Ladder Scaffolding Figure: Trestle Scaffolding (Gantry)

5.7 ‡mvwis (Shoring)

mvgwqKfv‡e wec`MÖ¯Í KvVv‡gv‡K mv‡cvU© cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ †h A¯’vqx KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv nq, Zv‡K
†mvwis e‡j| Ab¨ K_vq, †Kv‡bv KvVv‡gvi eywbqv‡`i gvwU KvUvi mgq wbKUeZx© KvVv‡gv a‡m hvIqvi
m¤¢vebv‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ A_ev wbKUeZx© †Kv‡bv KvVv‡gv Acmvi‡bi mgq A_ev †Kv‡bv ÎæwUc~Y©

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eywbqv‡`i ‡givg‡Zi mgq, KvVv‡gv‡K wbivc‡` ivLvi Rb¨ A¯’vqx †h KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv nq, Zv‡K
†mvwis e‡j|

†mvwis cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v-

1. †njv‡bv ev i¨vwKs †mvi (Raking shore): KvVv‡gvi †h Ask †f‡O c‡o Zv‡K
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| †mvi Gi 60wWMÖx Zxh©K KvV‡K †iKvi e‡j hv GK cÖvšÍ
gvwU‡Z Ges Ab¨ cÖvšÍ Bgvi‡Zi †`qv‡j Iqvj †cøU w`‡q wbWj Ges wK¬U e¨envi K‡i
AvUKv‡Z nq| †iKvi‡K †mvj †cø‡Ui Dci emv‡Z nq|
2. Abyf~wgK ev d¬vBs †mvi (Flying shore): hLb BgviZ¸‡jv Lye KvQvKvwQ _v‡K ev wbP
w`‡q PjvP‡ji iv¯Ív ivL‡Z nq ZLb G ai‡bi †mvi e¨eüZ nq| G †ÿ‡Î †jvW
cvk¦©eZx© Bgvi‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z nq ZvB AbygwZi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †h fe‡bi Rb¨
e¨eüZ n‡e †mUv fv‡jvg‡Zv †`L‡Z n‡e †h AwZwi³ †jvW wb‡Z cvi‡e wKbv|
3. ‡WW ev wbWj ev Djø¤^ †mvi (Dead or Niddle or Vertical shore): eZ©gvb _vKv
†`qvj, †d¬vi Ges Qv‡` †Kv‡bv †duvKi Ki‡Z ev wb‡Pi †`qvj miv‡Z G ai‡bi †mvi
e¨eüZ nq| KvVv‡gvi ‡jvW mv‡cvU© w`‡Z w÷j ev Kv‡Vi mv‡_ I‡qR ev †nW Ges
†mvj †cøU e¨envi Kiv nq|
GQvov wmU cvBwjs, Wvqvd«vg Iqvj Ges Kdvi‡Wg I †mvwis- Gi gZ KvR K‡i|

Figure: Raking Shore Figure: Flying Shore Figure: Niddle / Vertical

Shore

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cvV 6: B‡Ui Muv_ywb

(Brick Masonry)

Contents
6.1 Mvu_ywb I Dnvi cÖKvi‡f`
6.2 weªK g¨vmbwi Kv‡R e¨eüZ KvwiMwi k‡ãi
cwiPq
6.3 weªK g¨vmbwii mvaviY wbqgmg~nt
6.4 B‡Ui Kv‡Ri eÛ
6.5 K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi
6.6 cvwU©kb Iqvj
6.7 K¨vwfwU Iqvj

Objective:
wewfbœ ai‡bi Mv_ybx m¤ú‡K©¨ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| fvj Mv_ybxi ˆewkó¨ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| B‡Ui
Mv_ybx Kivi mgq †h mKj wbqgbxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| GQvov B‡Ui
Mv_ybxi Rb¨ gUvi ˆZix Kivi c×wZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| B‡Ui ewÛs GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© welq,
wewfbœ ai‡bi ewÛs m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

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B‡Ui Muv_ywb (Brick Masonry)

6.1 Mvu_ywb I Dnvi cÖKvi‡f` (Type of Masonry) t
BU ev cv_‡ii wbg©vY Kjv‡KŠkj‡K g¨vmbwi e‡j| BU ev cv_iMy‡jv‡K ch©vqµwgKfv‡e myk„•Lj
c×wZ‡Z gmjvi gva¨‡g GKK c`v‡_© cwiYZ Kiv nq, hv e¨_©Zv e¨wZ‡i‡KB AvcwZZ †jvW enb K‡i,
Giƒc Kjv‡KŠkj‡K Mvu_ywb ev g¨vmbwi e‡j| mvg_©¨, cvwb†ivwaZv, Zvc‡ivwaZv, AwMœ‡ivwaZv, ¯’vwqZ¡Zvv
Ges wbg©vYe¨q BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i g¨vmbwii wbg©vY mvgMÖx wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
wbg©vY Abbyhvqx g¨vmbwii cÖKvi‡f` wb¤œiƒct
(K) cv_‡ii Mvu_ywb (Stone Masonry)
(L) B‡Ui Mvu_ywb (Brick Masonry)
(M) wiBb‡dvm©W weªK g¨vmbwi (Reinforced Brick Masonry)
(N) K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi (Composite Masonry)
(O) n‡jv KswµU eøK g¨vmbwi (Hollow Concrete Block Masonry)
(P) Iqvj UvBj g¨vmbwi (Wall tile Masonry)

B‡Ui Mvu_ywb (Brick Masonry) t gmjvi mvnv‡h¨ BU¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i wbg©vY Kiv‡K B‡Ui Mvu_ywb ev
Brick Masonry e‡j| B‡Ui MyYvMyY, gmjvi ¸Yv¸Y Ges e‡Ûi c×wZi Dci weªK g¨vmbwii mvg_¨©
(Strength) wbf©i K‡i| weªK g¨vmbwi ev B‡Ui Mvu_ywbi †ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ cÖKv‡ii gmjv e¨envi Kiv nq|
†hgb-
1| wm‡g›U gmjv (Cement Morter)
2| Pzb gmjv (Lime Morter)
3| wm‡g›U-Pzb gmjv (Cement-Lime Morter)
4| Pzb-myiwK gmjv (Lime-Surki Morter)
5| gvW gmjv (Mud Morter)

B‡Ui Mvu_ywbi Kv‡R cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ (Tools for Brick Masonry) t B‡Ui Mvu_ywbi Kv‡R ivRwg¯¿xiv
†h mg¯Í hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i, Zv njt
1| KwY© (Trowel) 6| wcb I myZwj (Line and Pins)
2| evïwj (Brick hammer) 7| `vMhš¿ (Scutch)
3| w¯úwiU †j‡fj (Sprit level) 8| †evj÷vi (Bolster)
4| Ijb (Plumbbob) 9| R‡q›Uvi (Jointer)
5| ¸wYqv (Mason’s square) 10| wgUvi iæj (Metre rule)

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hš¿cvwZi eY©bv t
 KwY©K (Trowel) t KwY©K Gi mvnv‡h¨ gmjv KovB n‡Z DwV‡q B‡Ui Dci ivLv nq I weQv‡bv
nq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ BUI KvUv hvq|
 evïwj (Brick hammer) t BU KvUvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq Ges BU‡K AvNvZ K‡i †Kv‡m©i g‡a¨
emv‡bv nq|
 w¯úwiU †j‡fj (Sprit level) t B‡Ui Mvu_ywbi mgvšÍivjZv cixÿv Kiv nq|
 Ijb (Plumbbob) t ‡`Iqv‡ji LvovB (Vertical) cixÿv Kiv nq|
 wcb I myZwj (Line and Pins) t Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡m©i A¨vjvBb‡g›U wVK Kiv nq|
 ¸wYqv (Mason’s square) t Gi mvnv‡h¨ ‡`Iqv‡ji mg‡KvYxZv (Right Angle) cixÿv Kiv
nq|
 `vMhš¿ (Scutch) t Gi mvnv‡h¨ big BU KvUv nq Ges c„ô‡`k †Wªwms Kiv nq|
 †evj÷vi (Bolster) t Gi mvnv‡h¨ mwVKfv‡e (Accurate) BU KvUv nq|
 R‡q›Uvi (Jointer) t †Rv‡oi c‡qw›Us Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wgUvi iæj (Metre rule) t GK wgUvi j¤^v|

6.2 weªK g¨vmbwi Kv‡R e¨eüZ KvwiMwi k‡ãi cwiPq t

1| †÷ªPvi (Stretcher) t ‡`Iqvj c„‡ôi mv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e B‡Ui ˆ`N¨© eivei ¯’vcb Ki‡j evwni †_‡K
B‡Ui †h cvk¦© †`Lv hv‡e Zv‡K †÷ªPvi e‡j|
2| †nWvi (Header) t ‡`Iqvj c„‡ôi mv‡_ AvovAvwofv‡e B‡Ui ˆ`N¨© eivei ¯’vcb Ki‡j evwni †_‡K
B‡Ui †h cvk¦© †`Lv hv‡e Zv‡K †nWvi e‡j|
3| †Kvm© ev iÏv (Course) t gvwUi m‡½ mgvšÍivj Ges mgZ‡j GK †jqvi ev ¯Íi B‡Ui Muv_ywb‡K ejv
nq †Kvm© Muv_ywb ev GK iÏv Muv_ywb|
4| d«M (Frog) t B‡Ui P¨vÞv c„‡ôi MZ©‡K d«M e‡j| wZbwU D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ dªM e¨envi Kiv nq,
h_vt
 †Rvovi gmjvi mv‡_ d«‡Mi gmjv wg‡j Pvwe ˆZwi K‡i, hv B‡Ui miY (displacement)
cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
 B‡Ui IRb n«vm Kivi Rb¨, hv‡Z LiP Kg nq|
 cÖ¯‘ZKvi‡Ki bvg wjLvi Rb¨, †`Iqvj wbg©vYKv‡j d«M Dc‡i ivLv nq|
5| †nWvi †Kvm© (Header Course) t B‡Ui Muv_ywb‡Z hw` †Kvb †Kvm© m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †nWvi Øviv wbg©vY Kiv
nq, Z‡e Zv‡K †nWvi †Kvm© e‡j|
6| †÷ªPvi †Kvm© (Stretcher Course) t B‡Ui Muv_ywb‡Z hw` †Kvb †Kvm© m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †÷ªPvi Øviv wbg©vY
Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K †÷ªPvi †Kvm© e‡j|

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7| eÛ (Bond) t GKwU B‡Ui m‡½ Aci GKwU B‡Ui †Rvov †`Iqvi Kjv‡KŠkj‡K eÛ e‡j ev GKwU
†`Iqv‡ji AjUvi‡bU †Kv‡m© B‡Ui Ifvij¨vwcs Øviv m¤ú~Y© †`Iqvj‡K GK‡Î ms‡hvM Kiv‡K eÛ e‡j|
Muv_ywb‡Z Awew”Qbœfv‡e Lvov †Rvov cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ e‡Ûi cÖ‡qvRb|
8| †eW (Bed) t gvwUi mgvšÍiv‡j Ges †h mgZ‡j GK †Kvm© BU Muv_v nq, Zv‡K H †Kv‡m©i †eW e‡j|
Ab¨ K_vq GK †Kvm© B‡Ui †eW n‡”Q H †Kvm© B‡Ui wb¤œZj| D`vniY ¯^iƒc Z…Zxq †Kv‡m©i Muv_ywbi †eW
n‡”Q wØZxq †Kv‡m©i Muv_ywbi Dc‡ii mgZj †ÿÎ|
9| †eW R‡q›U (Bed Joint) t `yÕwU cvkvcvwk †Kv‡m©i ga¨eZ©x Avbyf~wgK †Rvov‡K †eW R‡q›U e‡j|
10| R‡q›U (Joint) t `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK B‡Ui ms‡hvM¯’j‡K R‡q›U e‡j| R‡q›U wm‡g›U gmjv ev Pzb
gmjvi n‡Z cv‡i| B‡Ui †e‡Wi mgvšÍiv‡ji R‡q›U‡K †eW R‡q›U e‡j| Ab¨ K_vq, gmjvi Avbyf~wgK
R‡q›U, hvi Dci g¨vmbwi ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K †eW R‡q›U e‡j| †eW R‡q›U e¨ZxZ †h R‡q›U †`Iqvj
c„‡ôi mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K µm R‡q›U ev wm¤új R‡q›U e‡j| †h R‡q›U †`Iqvj †dm-Gi
mgvšÍivj _v‡K Zv‡K Iqvj R‡q›U e‡j|
11| e¨vU (Bat) t B‡Ui ˆ`‡N¨©i wKQz Ask †K‡U †djv‡K e¨vU e‡j| A_v©r BU‡i fv½v UzKiv‡K e¨vU ev
Avajv BU e‡j|
12| ‡K¬vRvi (Closer) t GKwU B‡Ui j¤^v cvk¦© AÿZ †i‡L B‡Ui Ab¨ cvk¦© KvUv n‡j †K¬vRvi BU cvIqv
hv‡e| Ab¨ K_vq †K¬vRvi nj B‡Ui mywbw`©ó fv½v GKwU UzKiv|
13| KzBb †K¬vRvi (Queen Closer) t BU‡K j¤^vjw¤^ mgvb `yÕfvM Ki‡j A_v©r A‡a©K cÖ¯’wewkó c~Y©
ˆ`‡N¨©i BU‡K KzBb †K¬vRvi e‡j|
14| wcøš’ (Plinth) t e„wó I AvenvIqvi cÖfve †_‡K gy³ ivLvi Rb¨ f~-c„ô †_‡K evwoi †g‡S wKQzUv
DuPz‡Z Kiv nq, G D”PZv‡K wcøš’ D”PZv e‡j| wcøš’ D”PZv mycvi÷ªvKPvi †`Iqv‡ji wb¤œcÖvšÍ †_‡K
evwn‡ii w`‡K Avbyf~wgKfv‡e wKQzUv evwo‡q †`Iqv nq| G ewa©Zvsk‡K wcøš’ e‡j|
15| wj‡›Uj (Lintel) t †Kvb duvKv RvqMvi Dci¯’ KvVv‡gvi †jvW‡K `yB cv‡k¦©i mv‡cv‡U© ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi
Rb¨ cv_i, BU, KvV A_ev Avi.wm.wm Øviv wbwg©Z Avbyf~wgK †g¤^vi‡K wj‡›Uj e‡j|
16| c¨viv‡cU (Parapet) t Qv‡`i Dci Pviw`‡K ¯^í D”PZv, m¤úbœ †h †`Iqvj wbg©vY Kiv nq, Zv‡K
c¨viv‡cU e‡j| Qv` e¨enviKvix‡`i wbivcËvi Rb¨ GUv wbg©vY Kiv nq|
17| †Kvwcs (Coping) t †`Iqv‡j e„wói cvwb I Av`ª©Zvi AbycÖ‡ek eÜ Kivi Rb¨ ewn¯’t †`Iqv‡ji Dci
we‡klfv‡e wbwg©Z †kl †Kvm© Muv_ywb‡K †Kvwcs e‡j| GUv KswµU, cv_i A_ev B‡Ui n‡Z cv‡i| Qv‡`i
c¨viv‡c‡U, K¤úvDÛ Iqv‡ji Dci GUv e¨envi Kiv nq|
18| nvwbK¤^ (Honey comb) t A‡bK mgq Av‡jv -evZvm hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ †`Iqv‡j cvkvcvwk †QvU
†QvU Rvbvjvi e`‡j †dvKi ev wQ`ª ivLv nq|d‡j Rvbvjv ‰Zwii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| mvaviYZ ivbœvNi,
cvqLvbv Ges eviv›`vi cÖv‡šÍi Aa© B‡Ui cyiæ †`Iqv‡j 10 x 7.5 †mwg gv‡ci †dvKi ivLv nq, G‡K
nvwbK¤^ Mvu_ywb e‡j|

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19| Kjvg (Column) t GUv GKwU GKK fvwU©K¨vj †jvW weqvwis †g¤^vi| GUv †`Iqv‡j n‡Z c„_K K‡i
wbg©vY Kiv nq| Gi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i eo gvcwU †QvUwUi Pvi ¸‡bi †ewk n‡e bv|
20| †em‡g›U (Basement) t †Kvb fe‡bi gvwUi wb‡Pi Zjv‡K †em‡g›U ev f~Mf© Zjv e‡j|

6.3 weªK g¨vmbwii mvaviY wbqgmg~nt

g¨vmbwi Kv‡Ri mvg_¨© wb¤œwjwLZ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj, h_v t
 e¨eüZ gvjvgv‡ji ¸Yv¸Y (Type of material used)
 KvwiMi-Gi `ÿZv (Nature of workmanship)
 cwi`k©b (Supervision)
A`ÿ KvwiMi I cwi`k©‡bi Afv‡e m‡ev©Ëg gvjvgvj e¨envi K‡iI my›`i wbg©vY KvR Avkv Kiv hvq bv|
my›`i wbg©vY Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mvaviY wbqgvejx wb¤œiƒct
1. fvj B‡Ui Muv_ywbi Kv‡R BU‡K Aek¨B wbLuyZ, k³, DËgfv‡e †cvov‡bv, avZe kãhy³ Ges
mg AvKvi I AvK…wZ Ges mgeY©wewkó n‡e| B‡U †Kvb dvUj, duvcv, fv½v `vM, wQ`ª, KuvKi
Ges Pz‡bi wcÛ A_ev †Kvb ÎæwU-weP¨ywZ _vK‡e bv| bL Øviv B‡Ui Dci `vM w`‡j `vM co‡e
bv, Ggb c„ó n‡e| `yÕwU BU‡K ci¯úi AvNvZ Ki‡j avZe kã Drcbœ n‡e Ges 90 †_‡K
120 †mwg Dci †_‡K ‘T’ AvKv‡i mgZj gvwUi Dci †d‡j w`‡j BU fv½‡e bv| 24 N›U
hver BU‡K cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q ivL‡j Gi ïKbv IR‡bi 20% ev / As‡ki †ewk cvwb †kvlb
1
5

Ki‡e bv|
2. Muv_ywbi Kv‡R e¨env‡ii c~‡e© BU‡K fvjfv‡e wfwR‡q wb‡Z n‡e| hZÿY ch©šÍ ey`ey` DV‡Z
_vK‡e ZZÿY ch©šÍ wfwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| B‡Ui Mv‡q †Kvb gqjv AveR©bv ev jeYRvZxq
c`v_© _vK‡j Zv cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖ_‡g m¤ú~Y© †e‡Wi (Full bed) Dci gmjv wewQ‡q BU‡K Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Pvc w`‡q emv‡Z n‡e,
hv‡Z gmjvi mv‡_ †j‡M hvq| mg¯Í †Kvm©¸‡jv Avbyf~wgK n‡e Ges Lvov †Rvov¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e
Lvov n‡e|
4. mg¯Í †Rvov¸‡jv gmjv Øviv c~Y© K‡i mgZj (Flush) K‡i w`‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z †Kvb duvKv bv
_v‡K|
5. hw` †`Iqvj `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK B‡Ui cyiæ nq, Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K †Kv‡m© gmjv Øviv †ewWs d¬vwms
(Bedding and flushing) Kiv QvovI MÖvDwUs (Grouting) Kiv DwPZ|

6. cÖ‡qvRb e¨wZ‡i‡K Muv_ywbi Kv‡R †Kvb weªK e¨vU (Brick Bats) e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
7. B‡Ui Muv_ywbi Kv‡R Bswjk eÛ e¨envi Kiv fvj| KviY mg¯Í Kv‡R GKB ai‡Yi eÛ e¨envi
Kiv hvq|
8. ¸Yv¸Y m¤úbœ gmjv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges m¤ú~Y© Kv‡R GKB iKg gmjv e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e| Avi †Rv‡oi cyiæZ¡ †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB 13 wgwg Gi †ewk n‡e bv|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

9. weªK-Ab-GR (Brick-on-edge) wb‡`©k Kiv bv n‡j d«M‡K (Frog) Dc‡i †iL †e‡Wi Dci BU
weQv‡Z n‡e|
10. wcøš’, Rvbvjvi wmj, Qv` †j‡fj I c¨viv‡cU †`Iqv‡ji Dc‡i weªK-Ab-GR G BU weQv‡bv
DwPZ|
11. g¨vmbwi Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ mg¯Í RvqMvq GKB †j‡f‡ji nIqv DwPZ| GK Ask n‡Z Ab¨
As‡ki Muv_ywbi D”PZvi ZviZg¨ 100 †mwg Gi †ewk nIqv DwPZ bq|
12. ev‡Uªm, KvD›Uvi †dvU© BZ¨vw`i Kv‡R GK †Kvm© wbg©v‡Yi ci Ab¨ †Kvm© wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
g~j †`Iqv‡ji mv‡_ Aek¨B eÛ wVK ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kvb µ‡gB †`Iqvj wbg©vY †k‡l ev‡Uªm
wbg©vY Kiv Pj‡e bv|
13. Avqib wd·vi (†hgbt cvBc, `iRv-Rvbvjvi †nvì dv÷ BZ¨vw`) hw` †`Iqv‡j ¯’vcb Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb nq, Z‡e wm‡g›U gmjv ev wm‡g›U KswµU Øviv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
14. gmjv big _vKv Ae¯’vq †dm R‡q‡›Ui gmjv Kgc‡ÿ 10-15 wgwg Mfx‡i †iwKs Kiv nq hv‡Z
cøv÷vwis Ges c‡qw›Us Kv‡R Pvwe (Key ) m„wó nq|
15. B‡Ui Muv_ywbi KvR †kl nIqvi 28 w`b ci cøv÷vwis Kiv DwPZ, hv‡Z g¨vmbwi Ges KswµU
Kv‡R (Shrinkage) ms‡KvPb nIqvi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq cvq|
16. ‡h mg¯Í Kv‡R cøv÷vwis A_ev c‡qw›Us Kiv n‡e bv, †m mg¯Í †ÿ‡Î Muv_ywbi mg‡qB
R‡q›U¸‡jv d¬vm K‡i P~ovšÍ Kiv nq|
17. Muv_ywbi KvR †kl n‡j Kgc‡ÿ mvZ w`b wfwR‡q (Curing) ivL‡Z nq|
18. hLb cyivZb †`Iqvj‡K kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ cyiæ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb, ZLb cyivZb †`Iqvj‡K
GK BU cwigvY †K‡U †dj‡Z n‡e| DËg ewÛs-Gi Rb¨ c„ô‡K †LuvwP‡q Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov K‡i
bZzb KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|
19. fwel¨‡Z †`Iqv‡ji ˆ`N©¨ hw` e„w× Kivi m¤¢vebv _v‡K, Z‡e †`Iqv‡j Uzw_s (Toothing) K‡i
KvR eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
20. kxZ I MÖx®§Kvjxb ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ cÖvq 30 C nq, Z‡e D³ ZvcgvÎvi e¨eav‡b 30 wgUvi
0

j¤^v †`Iqv‡j cÖvq 10 wgwg e„w× cvq| ZvB cÖwZ 30-40 wgUvi ˆ`‡N¨© Kgc‡ÿ 18 wgwg PIov
cÖmviY †Rvo w`‡Z n‡e|
21. AwZwi³ †jvW enbKvix Kv‡Vi, ÷x‡ji A_ev Avi.wm.wm ex‡gi cÖv‡šÍ cv_i, KswµU A_ev
Avi.wm.wm wbwg©Z †eW eø‡Ki Dci ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
22. GKw`‡b m‡ev©”P 1.5 wgUv‡ii †ewk ew‡Ui Muv_ywb Kiv y DwPZ bq|
23. cÖ_‡g †`Iqv‡ji `yB cÖvšÍ wbg©vY K‡i c‡i g‡a¨i Muv_ywb Kiv nq| GKwU myZv †U‡b †Kv‡m©i
A¨vjvBb‡g›U wVK ivLv nq| Gfv‡e mKj †Kvm© GKBfv‡e wbg©vY Kiv nq|

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6.4 B‡Ui Mvu_ybxi Rb¨ gU©vi cÖ¯‘Z t

1) ‡¯úwmwd‡Kk‡b D‡jøwLZ Abycv‡Z evwj I wm‡g›U wb‡Z n‡e;
2) evwj ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e;
3) evwj I wm‡g›U Ggbfv‡e †gkv‡Z n‡e †hb wgkÖ‡Yi mKj Ask GKB is avib K‡i;
‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx ev cÖ‡KŠkjxi wb‡`w©k©Z cvwb I wm‡g›U Gi Abycv‡Z cvwb wgkÖ‡Y
w`‡q Lye fvjfv‡e †gkv‡Z n‡e;
4) wgkÖY‡KGKUv mgmZ¡ wgkÖ‡Y iƒc w`‡Z n‡e hv gU©vi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e
5) wm‡g‡›Ui cÖv_vwgK RgvU evavi mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ m¤ú~Y© gU©vi e¨envi †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|
6) cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK wm‡g‡›Ui cÖv_vwgK RgvU evavi mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ †kl Kiv hvq †mfv‡e gU©vi
cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e|

6.5 eÛ (Bond)
B‡Ui Kv‡Ri eÛ (Bond in brick work) t
‡Kvb wbqgKvbyb ev c×wZ Qvov Gjv‡g‡jvfv‡e BU ev cv_i †Mu‡_ †`Iqvj ev Ab¨ †Kvb KvVv‡gv ˆZwi
Ki‡j Zv †UKmB nq bv| GRb¨ GKB AvKvi AvK…wZi BU Øviv wbqgKvbyb Abyhvqx Muv_ywb Kiv nq, hv‡Z
GUv k³ Ges †UKmB nq| ZvB BU‡K G‡Ki ci GK mvwR‡q k„•Ljve× K‡i Awew”Qbœ †`Iqv‡j cwiYZ
Kivi c×wZ‡K eÛ (Bond) e‡j| Ab¨ K_vq GKwU B‡Ui mv‡_ Aci GKwU B‡Ui †RvovB Kivi
c×wZ‡K eÛ e‡j|
DËg e‡Ûi KvR (Function of good brick bonding) t
1| †`Iqvj ev KvV‡gvi kw³ Ges ¯’vwqZ¡Zv e„w× Kivi Rb¨|
2| Lvov †Rvov cwinvi Kivi Rb¨|
3| †`Iqv‡ji Dci AvcwZZ †jvW‡K mylgfv‡e e›Ub Kivi Rb¨|
4| wkqvi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨|
5| †mŠ›`h© e„w× Ges wbg©vY KvR `ªæZ Kivi Rb¨|
6| B‡Ui cvi¯úvwiK B›UvijwKs m„wó Kivi Rb¨|
e‡Ûi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Bonds) t
1| Bswjk eÛ (English Bond)
2| †d¬wgk eÛ (Flemish Bond)
(K) Wvej †d¬wgk eÛ (Double Flemish Bond)
(L) wms‡Mj †d¬wgk eÛ (Single Flemish Bonds)
3| ‡÷ªPvi eÛ (Stretcher Bond)
4| †nWvi eÛ (Header Bond)

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

5| Mv‡W©b Iqvj eÛ (Garden Wall Bond)

(K) Bswjk Mv‡W©b Iqvj eÛ (English Garden Wall Bond)
(L) †d¬wgk Mv‡W©b Iqvj eÛ (Flemish Garden Wall Bond)
6| †dwms eÛ (Facing Bond)
7| †iwKs eÛ (Raking Bond)
(K) †nwis †evb eÛ (Herring Bone Bond)
(L) Wvqv‡Mvbvj eÛ (Diagonat Bond)
9| Bswjk µm eÛ (English Cross Bond)
10| wRM-R¨vM eÛ (Zig-Zag Bond)
11| weªK-Ab-GR eÛ (Brick-on-edge Bond)
e‡Ûi Qwe t

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Bswjk eÛ (English Bond) t G cÖKvi eÛ Aëvi‡bU †Kvm© †nWvi Ges †÷ªPvi Øviv MwVZ| A_v©r G‡Z
GK ¯Íi †÷ªPvi Ges Aci ¯Íi †nWvi Muv_ywb n‡e| †Kvb †Kvm© ev ¯Í‡i †nWvi I †÷ªPvi cvkvcvwk em‡e
bv| Aëvi‡bU †Kv‡m© †nWvi I †÷ªPv‡ii Lvov †Rvo GKB jvB‡b n‡e| Lvov †Rvo¸‡jv hv‡Z GKB
†iLvq bv c‡o †mRb¨ †nWvi †Kv‡m©i cÖ_g †nWv‡ii ci GKwU KzBb †K¬vRvi emv‡Z nq| ZvQvov PIov
†`Iqv‡ji gvSLv‡b KLbI †÷ªPvi em‡e bv| cÖvq me ai‡Yi wbg©vY Kv‡R G RvZxq eÛ e¨envi Kiv
nq|
†d¬wgk eÛ (Flemish Bond) t G cÖKvi e‡Û GKB †Kv‡m© †nWvi I †÷ªPvi cvkvcvwk em‡e| cÖwZwU
†Kv‡m©i †nWvi B‡Ui †K‡›`ª _vK‡e| G‡Z AwaK msL¨K e¨vU e¨envi Kiv hvq e‡j LiP Kg nq| †d¬wgk
eÛ `yB cÖKvi| h_vt
(K) Wvej †d¬wgk eÛ (Double Flemish Bond)
(L) wms‡Mj †d¬wgk eÛ (Single Flemish Bonds)
Wvej †d¬wgk eÛ (Double Flemish Bond) t G cÖKvi e‡Û cÖ‡Z¨K †Kv‡m© evwn‡i Ges wfZ‡i Dfq
w`‡K GKB iKg †`Lv hv‡e| GKB †Kv‡m© †nWvi I †÷ªPvi cvkvcvwk _vK‡e| GKwU †nWv‡ii `yÕcv‡k¦©
`yBLvwb †÷ªPvi BU _vK‡e| G cÖKvi eÛ Bswjk e‡Ûi †P‡q †`L‡Z my›`i| G‡Z e¨vU e¨envi Kiv nq
e‡j LiP Kg nq| Z‡e Bswjk e‡Ûi †P‡q GB eÛ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `~e©j nq|
wms‡Mj †d¬wgk eÛ (Single Flemish Bonds) t G cÖKvi eÛ Bswjk I Wvej †d¬wgk e‡Ûi mn‡hv‡M
MwVZ| G‡Z cÖwZ †Kv‡m© †dwms-G †d¬wgk e‡Ûi Ges e¨vwKs I wdwjs-G Bswjk eÛ n‡e| d‡j Dfq
cÖKvi e‡Ûi myweav cvIqv hvq| Z‡e G cÖKvi e‡Ûi †`Iqv‡ji PIov b~b¨Zg 1 / B‡Ui n‡e|
1
2

‡÷ªPvi eÛ (Stretcher Bond) t G cÖKvi e‡Û cÖwZ †Kv‡m© mg¯Í BU‡KB †`Iqv‡ji j¤^vw`‡K
j¤^jw¤^fv‡e A_v©r †÷ªPvi wnmv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq| †Kej gvÎ Aa© BU cyiæZ¡wewkó †`Iqv‡ji †ÿ‡Î G
cÖKvi eÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb- cvwU©kb †`Iqvj, w¯øcvi †`Iqvj (Sleeper wall), wWwfkb †`Iqvj
(Division wall) BZ¨vw`| G‡K ivwbs eÛ (Running Bond) -I e‡j|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

†nWvi eÛ (Header Bond) t G cÖKvi e‡Û cÖwZ †Kv‡m© BU‡K †nWvi wnmv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq| GK B‡Ui
mgvb cyiæZ¡wewkó †`Iqv‡ji Rb¨ A_ev euvKv (Curved) Iqvj wbg©vY Kivi Rb¨ †nWvi eÛ e¨envi Kiv
nq| wKš‘ †gvUv †`Iqv‡j G ai‡Yi e‡Û KvR nq bv| KviY ZLb AvovAvwo †Kvb eÛ m„wó nq bv| GK
BU mgvb cyiæZ¡wewkó ‡MvjvKvi †`Iqvj ev †hLv‡b B‡Ui avc Qvov nq, K‡e©wjs (Corbeling), Kvwb©‡mi
KvR Ges dzwUs-Gi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
†nwis †evb eÛ (Herring Bone Bond) t Pvi B‡Ui AwaK cyiæ †`Iqv‡ji †ÿ‡Î G ai‡Yi eÛ LyeB
Dc‡hvMx| †`Iqv‡ji †K›`ª †iLv n‡Z Dfq w`‡K 45 †Kv‡b BU mvRv‡bv nq, hv‡Z `yB fv‡Mi B‡Ui
0

g‡a¨ 45 †Kvb m„wó nq| iv¯Ívi Kv‡R †nwis †evb eÛhy³ eywbqv` we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb| eZ©gv‡b †g‡S‡ZI G
0

cÖKvi eÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|

Wvqv‡Mvbvj eÛ (Diagonat Bond) t `yB n‡Z Pvi B‡Ui cyiæ †`Iqv‡ji †ÿ‡Î G ai‡Yi eÛ LyeB
Dc‡hvMx| BU¸‡jv ‡KvbvKzwbfv‡e mvRv‡bv nq, †hb GKB w`‡K 45 †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i| cÖwZ cuvP ev mvZ
0

†Kvm© BU Muv_vi ci GK †Kv‡m© G ai‡Yi eÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| †dwms e¨vwKs G BU emv‡bvi ci
Avf¨šÍixY BU¸‡jv wbw`©ó w`‡K GKB †Kv‡b emvb nq| cÖv‡šÍi †QvU wÎf~R AvKvi ¯’vb¸‡jv BU‡K †K‡U
wÎf~RvKvi A_ev cÖ‡qvRbxq AvKvi K‡i ¯’vcb Kiv nq| mvaviYZ iv¯Ívi bx‡P G cÖKvi e‡Û BU mvRv‡bv
nq|
wRM-R¨vM eÛ (Zig-Zag Bond) t G ai‡Yi eÛ A‡bKUv †nwis †evb e‡Ûi gZ| gv`yi eyb†~bi gZ eÜb
g‡b nq| mvaviYZ iv¯Ívi Kv‡R Ges †g‡S‡Z G cÖKvi eÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Figur below shows Bond in Corner Wall:

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Figure below shows Bond in ‘T’ junction:

6.6 K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi (Composite Masonry):

wewfbœ ai‡Yi wbg©vYmvgMÖx Ges wewfbœ †kªwYi Mvu_ywbi mgš^‡q wbwg©Z Muv_ywb‡K K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi e‡j| G
†ÿ‡Î †`Iqv‡ji †dwms-G Ges e¨vwKs-G wfbœ wfbœ wbg©vYmvgMÖx e¨envi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ †dwms DrK…ó
gv‡bi gvjvgvj A_ev DËg †kªwYi Muv_ywb Avi e¨vwKs-G wb¤œgv‡bi gv‡bi gvjvgvj e¨envi Kiv nq| G

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Kvi‡Y wbg©vY e¨q A‡bK Kg nq| myZivs ¯^í e¨‡q †`Iqv‡ji †mŠ›`h© e„w× Kivi Rb¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
wbg©vYmvgMÖxi mgš^‡q †h †`Iqvj wbg©vY Kiv nq, Zv‡K K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi e‡j|
wb‡¤œv³ `yÕwU D‡Ï‡k¨ K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi e¨envi Kiv nq| h_vt
1| †`Iqv‡ji †mŠ›`h© e„w× Kivi Rb¨|
2| mnRjf¨ gvjvgvj e¨envi K‡i m‡e©v”P Avw_©K mvkÖ‡qi Rb¨|
K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi wb¤œwjwLZ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K, h_v t
1| ‡÷vb K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi (Stone Composite Masonry)
2| weªK ‡÷vb K‡¤úvwRU g¨vmbwi (Brick Stone Composite Masonry)
(K) A¨vmjvi †dwms Ges weªK e¨vwKs
(L) †÷vb ¯øve †dwms Ges weªK e¨vwKs
(M) weªK †dwms Ges ivej e¨vwKs
3| wm‡g›U KswµU g¨vmbwi (Cement Concrete Masonry)
(K) †dwms Ges KswµU e¨vwKs
(L) †÷vb †dwms Ges KswµU e¨vwKs
4| n‡jv †K¬ UvBj g¨vmbwi (Hollow Clay Tile Masonry)
(K) UvBj †dwms Ges weªK e¨vwKs
(L) UvBj Iqvj
5| KswµU eøK g¨vmbwi (Concrete Block Masonry)
6| wiBb‡dvm©W weªK g¨vmbwi (Reinforced Brick Masonry)
7| Møvm eøK g¨vmbwi (Glass Block Masonry)

6.7 cvwU©kb Iqvj t

‡Kvb Kÿ ev K‡ÿi †Kvb Ask‡K wef³ Kivi Rb¨ BU, KvV, Møvm, KswµU A_ev G RvZxq c`v_© Øviv
†h cvZjv Avf¨šÍixY †`Iqvj (Thin internal wall) wbg©vY Kiv nq, Zv‡K cvwU©kb Iqvj e‡j| fvievnx
A_ev Afvievnx Dfq cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ cvwU©kb †`Iqvj¸‡jv Afvievnx (Non-load
bearing) n‡q _v‡K| GUv †dvwìs, KjvcwQej A_ev Ave× (Fixed) n‡Z cv‡i| G cÖKvi †`Iqvj
†MvcbxqZv iÿvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| GUv kã ev `„k¨ cÖwZ‡ivaK n‡e| GKwU DËg Afvievnx cvwU©kb
Iqvj Aek¨B m¯Ív, nvjKv, cvZjv, AwMœ‡ivax Ges mn‡R wbg©vY †hvM¨ n‡e|
weªK cvwU©kb Iqvj (Brick partition wall) t m¯Ív e‡j me©Î Giƒc cvwU©kb Iqvj e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv
2 cÖKvi| h_vt
(K) †cøBb weªK cvwU©kb (Plain Brick partition)
(L) wiBb‡dvm©W weªK cvwU©kb (Reinforced brick partition)

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

†cøBb weªK cvwU©kb (Plain Brick partition) t

G cÖKvi cvwU©kb Iqv‡ji cyiæZ¡ Aa© B‡Ui cyiæ‡Z¡i mgvb| BU‡K †÷ªPvi wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i G cvwU©kb
Iqvj ˆZwi Kiv nq| Gi Dfq cvk¦© cøv÷vi Kiv nq| h_vh_fv‡e wbg©vY KvR mgvav Ki‡j †`Iqvj
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e kw³kvjx Ges AwMœwb‡ivaK n‡e|
wiBb‡dvm©W weªK cvwU©kb (Reinforced brick partition) t
GUv †cøBb cvwU©kb A‡cÿv †ewk gReyZ| hLb †`Iqv‡ji j¤^vjw¤^ e‡Ûi cÖ‡qvRb A_ev hw` †`Iqvj‡K
AvcwZZ †jvW enb Ki‡Z nq, ZLb G RvZxq cvwU©kb Iqvj ˆZwi Kiv nq| †`Iqv‡ji cyiæZ¡ Aa© B‡Ui
cyiæ‡Z¡i mgvb| wiBb‡dvm©‡g›U wnmv‡e G·‡gU (Exmet) e¨envi Kiv nq| we‡klfv‡e cvZjv ÷xj
†cøU‡K †K‡U †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †U‡b WvqgÛ AvK…wZi Rv‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq, hv GKmc¨v‡ÛW †gUvj
bv‡g cwiwPZ| cÖwZ Z…Zxq †Kv‡m© G·‡gU e¨envi Kiv nq| weªKUi bv‡g Av‡iv GK cÖKvi
wiBb‡dvm©‡g‡›Ui Rvwj cvIqv hvq| GUv wKQzUv †Ubkb Zvi Ges evBwÛs Zv‡ii gva¨‡g Rv‡ji AvKv‡i
ˆZwi Kiv nq| GQvovI 6 wgwg e¨v‡mi gvBì ÷xj evi e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

6.8 K¨vwfwU Iqvj (Cavity wall) t

`yÕwU c„_K †`Iqv‡ji mgš^‡q †h †`Iqvj wbg©vY Kiv nq A_v©r †`Iqv‡ji g‡a¨ 5 †mwg †_‡K 8 †mwg
duvK †i‡L †h †`Iqvj wbg©vY Kiv nq Zv‡K K¨vwfwU Iqvj e‡j| K¨vwfwU Iqv‡ji wZbwU Ask Av‡Q|
h_vt
1| AvDUvi jxd (Outer leaf) -‡`Iqv‡ji ewn¯’t Ask|
2| Bbvi jxd (Inner leaf) -‡`Iqv‡ji AšÍ¯’t Ask|
3| K¨vwfwU (Cavity) -Awew”Qbœ duvKv Ask|

`yÕwU mgvšÍivj †`Iqvj‡K gv‡S Iqvj UvB (Wall tie) Øviv AvUwK‡q ivLv nq| `yÕwU †`Iqv‡ji cyiæZ¡
mgvb A_ev Bbvi jxd-Gi cyiæZ¡ †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| AvcwZZ †jvW enb Ki‡Z n‡e e‡j Bbvi jxd‡K
h‡_ó kw³kvjx Ges cyiæZ¡ n‡Z nq| AvDUvi Ges Bbvi jxd-Gi cyiæZ¡ †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Aa© B‡Ui Kg
n‡e bv| Aweivg duvKv _vKvi Kvi‡Y evwn‡ii AvenvIqv wfZ‡ii †`Iqv‡j †Kvb cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i bv|
K¨vwfwU Iqv‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Need for cavity wall) t
wb¤œwjwLZ D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ A_ev cÖ‡qvR‡b K¨vwfwU Iqvj wbg©vY Kiv nq, h_vt
1| Av`ª©Zv cÖwZ‡iva (Damp prevention) t K¨vwfwU Iqvj, AvDUvi jxd †_‡K Bbvi jx‡d Av`ª©Zv
cÖ‡e‡k euvav `vb K‡i Ges `vjv‡bi wfZ‡i Av`ª©Zv gy³ _v‡K| hLb Av`ª©Zv AvDUvi jxd †_‡K wfZ‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb K¨vwfwUi evZvm Øviv D³ Av`ª©Zv ev®úxfeb nq Ges K¨vwfwU‡K Well ventilated
iv‡L |
2| Zvc wb‡ivaK (Thermal Insulation) t duvcv RvqMvi evZvm Kzcwievnx wnmv‡e KvR K‡i e‡j ewn¯’t
†`Iqvj †_‡K AšÍ¯’t †`Iqv‡j Zvc mÂvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs K¨vwfwU Iqv‡ji Zvc wb‡ivaK
ÿgZv †ewk|

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3| kã wb‡ivaK (Sound Insulation) t K¨vwfwUi evZvm DËg kã we‡kvlK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| hw`
`vjv‡b K¨vwfwU Iqvj cÖ`vb Kiv hvq, Z‡e evwn‡ii kã‡K K¨vwfwU †kvlY K‡i jq| d‡j `vjvb kã
wb‡ivaK nq|
4| †jvbv aiv cÖwZ‡iva (Efflorescence Prevention) t K¨vwfwU Av`ª©Zv cÖ‡e‡k evav `vb K‡i| ZvB
K¨vwfwUi AšÍ¯’t fvievnx †`Iqvj memgq †jvbv aiv †_‡K gy³ _v‡K|
5| Avw_©K mvkÖq (Economy) t GKB cyiæZ¡wewkó †`Iqv‡ji †ÿ‡Î mwjW Iqv‡ji Zzjbvq K¨vwfwU
Iqvj-Gi wbg©vY e¨q 20% Kg nq|

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cvV-7 t fe‡bi wewea KvR

(Miscellaneous work in Building Construction)

Contents

7.1 fe‡bi wfZi I evwn‡ii gvwU fivUKiY

7.2 B‡Ui ‡mvwjs Gi KvR
7.3 W¨v¤ú cÖæwds †Kvm© (D.P.C)
7.4 cøvóv‡ii KvR
7.5 ‡c‡U›U †÷vb
7.6 ‡g‡Si Uvwj
7.7 Iqvj UvBjm&
7.8 KvV (Wood) I Kv‡Vi KvR
7.9 wó‡ji Rvbvjv I MÖx‡ji KvR
7.10 is Gi KvR
7.11 KbwµU ¯ŒxW (Concrete Screed)
7.12 Rj Qv`

Objectives:
GB cv‡V AskMÖnY Kivi ci cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY- fe‡bi g~j KvR †hgb dvD‡Ûk‡bi KvR,
exg, Kjvg Qv`, wmwo, BZ¨vw`i XvjvB KvR Ges B‡Ui Mv_ybxi KvR | GB mKj Kv‡Ri
evB‡i Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR mg~n †hgb: fe‡bi wfZi I evwn‡ii gvwU fivUKiY Gi
KvR, B‡Ui ‡mvwjs Gi KvR, W¨v¤ú cÖæwds †Kvm© (D.P.C) Gi KvR, cøvóv‡ii KvR, ‡c‡U›U
†÷vb Gi KvR, ‡g‡Si Uvwj Gi KvR, Iqvj UvBjm& Gi KvR, KvV (Wood) I Kv‡Vi KvR,
wó‡ji Rvbvjv I MÖx‡ji KvR, is Gi KvR, KbwµU ¯ŒxW (Concrete Screed) Gi KvR, Rj
Qv` Gi KvR BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©¨ we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

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fe‡bi wewea KvR

7.1 fe‡bi wfZi I evwn‡ii gvwU fivUKiY
fe‡bi wf‡Zi KvR †hgb Kjvg dzwUs, mU© Kjvg ev cvBwjs, cvBj K¨vc Ges mU© Kjvg ev Muv_ywbi
KvR f~wgZ‡ji Dci ch©šÍ DVv m¤úbœ nevi ci ciB wfZi Ges evwn‡ii gvwU fivU KvR ïiæ ei‡Z nq|
GB KvR mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z n‡e| †Xjv fvs‡Z n‡e, ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i `yigyR Ki‡Z n‡e, gvwU‡Z †Kvb
cPbkxj c`v_© _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| wf‡Zi M‡Z© cvwb _vK‡j Zv wb®‹vkb K‡i gvwU fivU Ki‡Z n‡e|
m¤ú~Y© Kuv`v gvwU ev ˆRe gvwU w`‡q fivU Kiv hv‡e bv| Kuv`v gvwUi mv‡_ ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i evwj wgwk‡q fivU
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ˆRe gvwU m¤ú~Y© AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| gvwU fivU KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi ci †`L‡Z n‡e
†Kv_vI †Kvb `ye©jZv Av‡Q wKbv| `ye©j RvqMv¸‡jv cybivq `yigyR Ki‡Z n‡e| GgbwK wb¤œgv‡bi gvwU
AcmviY K‡i fvj gvwU w`‡q cybivq fivU Ki‡Z n‡e Ges `yigyR Ki‡Z n‡e| Bgvi‡Zi wfZ‡ii Ges
evwn‡ii gvwU fivU KvR fvj fv‡e `yigyR K‡i K¤ú¨vKkb wbwðZ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wbP Zjvi †d¬vi
†UKmB n‡e bv| f~wgZ‡ji Dci ch©šÍ gvwU fivU KvR m¤úbœ nevi ci †MÖW exg XvjvB Kv‡Ri Rb¨
cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq| †MÖW ex‡gi Zjb AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ `yigyR K‡i K¤ú¨vKkb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| †MÖW
ex‡gi Zjv hw` `ye©j _v‡K feb †`‡e hvIqv mnR n‡e|

7.2 B‡Ui ‡mvwjs Gi KvR t

cvkvcvwk GKUv K‡i BU wewQ‡q B‡Ui ‡mvwjs Gi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| GKUv B‡Ui mvBR nj:
240wgwg X 115wgwg X 70wgwg | B‡Ui ‡mvwjs Gi Kv‡R Dci n‡Z GKwU B‡Ui 240wgwg X 115wgwg
‡`Lv hv‡e| G Kv‡R m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡P ewY©Z welq †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e t
o Aek¨B cÖ_g ‡kÖYxi BU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e;
o B‡Ui d«M gvK© Dc‡ii w`‡K ivL‡Z n‡e;
o BU¸‡jv GK¯Í‡i mgZ‡j Nwbófv‡e emv‡Z n‡e;
o B‡Ui ms‡hvM ¯’v‡b evwj w`‡q fivU Ki‡Z n‡e|

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wb‡P B‡Ui †mvwjs Gi KvR †`Lv‡bv njt

240 wgwg 115 wgwg

`yB B‡Ui gv‡Si duvK Kgc‡ÿ 0.80

GdGg evwj w`‡q fivU Kiv n‡q‡Q|

70 wgwg
115 wgwg
240 wgwg

7.3 W¨v¤ú cÖæwds †Kvm© (D.P.C)

wb¤œgv‡bi wbg©vY mvgMÖx e¨envi, ÎæwUc~Y© wbg©vY, `ye©j wWRvBb BZ¨vw` Bgvi‡Zi Av`ª©Zvi KviY n‡Z
cv‡i| Bgvi‡Zi wfUvZj (Plinth level) ch©šÍ Muv_ywbi ci W¨v¤ú cÖæwds †Kvm© ¯’vcb K‡i cieZ©x
Muv_ywbi KvR Kiv n‡j Bgvi‡Zi Av`©ªZv eûjvs‡k †iva Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB BgviZ wbg©v‡Y Av`©ªZv ‡ivaK
e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e W¨v¤ú cÖæwds †Kvm© ms‡hvRb GKwU MyiæZ¡c~Y© KvR| †fRv gvwU †_‡K Rjxq Ask wfwËi
†`qv‡ji gva¨‡g Dc‡ii w`‡Ki †`qv‡j cvwb K¨vwcjvix G¨vKk‡bi gva¨‡g (Capillary action) D‡V
Av‡m| ZvB wfUvZj ch©šÍ Muv_ywbi KvR m¤úbœ nevi ci gvwU †_‡K wfwËi †`qv‡ji gva¨‡g Av`©ªZv
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai j‡ÿ¨ W¨v¤ú †Kvm© ¯’vcb Kiv nq|

D.P.C cÖ‡qvM c×wZt

 Iqv‡ji m¤ú~Y© cyiæZ¡ Ry‡o D.P.C ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 D.P.C ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© Iqv‡ji DcwiZj fvjfv‡e †j‡fj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 mvaviYZt 1 t 1.5 t 3 Abycv‡Zi wm‡g›U, evwj I †QvU `vbvi †Lvqv Gi wgkÖY 1 / Ó - 2Ó cyiæ‡Z¡
1
2

¯’vcb Kiv nq|

 D.P.C ¯Íi h_vh_fv‡e wKDwis Kivi ci Zvi Dci Mig weUzwgb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZ eM© wgUv‡i
0.25 †KwR weUzwgb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 7.4 cøvóv‡ii KvR

fe‡bi †`qvj†K AvenvIqvi cÖwZKzj Ae¯’v †_‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ cøvóv‡ii cª‡qvRb| ZvQvov fe‡bi
wfZi I evwn‡ii †mŠ›`h©¨ e„w×i Rb¨I cøvóv‡ii cª‡qvRb| cøvóvi †`qvj‡K gReyZ I kw³kvjx K‡i|
cøvóvi †`qvj‡K Av`ª©Zv †_‡K iÿv K‡i| evwj-wm‡g‡›Ui gkjv Øviv †`qvj ev Qv‡` †h Av¯Íib ¯’vcb Kiv
nq Zv‡K cøvóvi e‡j| evwj-wm‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ A‡bK mgq Pudlo e¨envi Kiv nq| cøvóv‡i mvaviYZt
wPKb `vbvi evwj e¨envi Kiv nq| cøvóvi hZ gm„b n‡e †`qv‡j is Gi LiP ZZ Kg n‡e| GQvov cøvóvi
hZ gm„b n‡e †`qv‡ji †mŠ›`h©¨ ZZ e„w× cv‡e| XvjvB Gi †m›Uvwis I mvUvwis Ly‡j †djvi ci ciB
Av`ª©Zv _vKv Ae¯’vq cøvóv‡ii KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| Bgvi‡Zi wewfbœ As‡ki Rb¨ cøvóv‡ii cyiæZ¡ Ges
evwj wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ wewfbœ iKg Ki‡Z nq, hvi GKwU m¤¢ve¨ ZvwjKv wb‡P †`qv nj| Z‡e
†¯úwmwd‡Kkb AbymiY K‡iB gv‡V Zv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq cøvóvi †K‡U evwni †`qv‡j wewfbœ wWRvBb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb cyiæ cøvóv‡ii| cøvóvi †ewk cyiæ Ki‡Z n‡j `yB ev wZb ¯Í‡i cøvóvi Ki‡Z nq|
 Avgv‡`i †`‡k B‡Ui mvBR Kg-‡ewk nevi Kvi‡Y †`qv‡ji `yB Zj †j‡fj K‡i Muv_v hvq bv|
ZvB GK Zj wVK †i‡L BU Muv_v nq d‡j Aci ZjwU AwZ gvÎvq Agm„Y _v‡K| Agm„Y ZjwU
†_‡K †R‡M _vKv B‡Ui Ask †K‡U-‡Qu‡U †`qvj †gvUvgywU mgZ‡j Avbvi ci cøvóvi Ki‡Z
n‡e| Zv bv n‡j cøvóv‡ii cyiæZ¡ Kg-‡ewk n‡e| GZ cøvóvi †UKmB n‡e bv| ZvQvov Agm„Y
†`qv‡j cøvóvi Ki‡j AcÖ‡qvRbxqfv‡e †ewk gkjvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
 kyK‡bv †`qv‡j cøvóvi Ki‡j cøvóvi `ªæZ ïwK‡q hvq Ges Pzj duvUj †`Lv †`q Ges cøvóv‡ii
¯’vwqZ¡ K‡g hvq| ZvB cøvóvi ïiæ Kivi 6 N›Uv c~‡e©B †`qvj fvjfv‡e wfwR‡q wb‡Z nq|
 Kv‡Vi `iRv-Rvbjvi †PŠKv‡Vi Dci cøvóvi Pov‡bv hv‡e bv|
 cøvóvi m¤úbœ nevi 18 N›Uv ci wbqwgZ cvwb wQwU‡q Kgc‡ÿ GK mßvn ch©šÍ wKDwis Ki‡Z
nq|
 bL dzUv‡j evwj †ewi‡q Avm‡j eyS‡Z n‡e wKDwis Kg n‡q‡Q|
 mvaviYZt ¯‹vwUs Gi RvqMv ev` †i‡L cøvóvi mgvß Ki‡Z nq|
 XvjvB Kv‡Ri Dci cøvóvi ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© XvjvB Gi Z‡j `vM †K‡U Agm„Y K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges
wm‡g›U MÖvDU (1t3) cÖ‡qvM Kivi ci ciB cøvóvi ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cøvóvi †kl nevi ci `ªæZ hv‡Z ﮋ bv nq †m Rb¨ Qvqv cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

cøvvóvi Kv‡R j¶¨Yxq welq¸‡jv n‡jvt

1) B‡Ui R‡q›U (joint) i¨vwKs AvDU Kiv bv _vK‡j K‡i ‡bqv| B‡Ui KvR Kivi
mgqB B‡Ui R‡q›U (joint) i¨vwKs AvDU K‡i ivLv †kÖq|
2) cøvvóvi Kivi ¯’vb cwi®‹vi Kiv;
3) mvi‡dm cvwb w`‡q wfRv‡bv I mvi‡dm WªvB Kiv;
4) evwji Gd.Gg †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK wbwðZ Kiv;
5) evwj I wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK wbwðZ Kiv;

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

6) evwj I wm‡g›U mwVKfv‡e ‡gkv‡bv wbwðZ Kiv;

7) mwVK cyiæ‡Z¡ c×wZMZfv‡e cøvvóvicÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv; Ges
8) wKDwis wbwðZ Kiv|

7.5 ‡c‡U›U †÷vb

wm‡g›U evwji mv‡_ cv_i KzwP wgwk‡q mvaviYZt 1t 1.5t3 Abycv‡Z †c‡U›U †÷vb XvjvB Kiv nq|
†c‡U›U †÷vb XvjvB Kivi c~‡e© †g‡Si DcwiZj cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e, †g‡Si Kswµ‡U `vM †K‡U
wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †c‡U›U †÷vb ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ Kswµ‡Ui fvj ewÛs nq| Zvici †g‡Si KswµU‡K cvwb
LvIqv‡Z n‡e| †g‡Si DcwiZ‡ji cvwb ïwK‡q hvIqvi ci 1t3 Abycv‡Z wm‡g›U MÖvDwUs ˆZwi K‡i Zv
k³ eªvk w`‡q †g‡S‡Z eªvk K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Zvici wm‡g›U, evwj I cv_i KzwPi wgkªY †g‡S‡Z †X‡j
w`‡q mgvb fv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| wgkÖ‡Yi DcwiZj Kv‡Vi evZv †U‡b mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e| c‡i wbU
wm‡g›U wdwbwks Gi Rb¨ wm‡g›U †có (1t2) óx‡ji Kzwbi mvnv‡h¨ gm„Y fv‡e †j‡c w`‡Z n‡e|
†¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx cv_i KzwPi cwie‡Z© wcKW& Svgv B‡Ui †Lvqv e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| GK GKwU iæ‡g
GK Uvbv KvR K‡i †kl Ki‡Z n‡e| 18 N›Uv ci cvwb Øviv Wzwe‡q Kgc‡ÿ GK mßvn wKDwis Ki‡Z
n‡e| †c‡U›U †÷vb 1 / Ó - 2Ó cyiæ nq Z‡e WªBs Gi wWRvB‡b D‡jøL _vK‡e| eo iæ‡gi †ÿ‡Î †g‡S‡K
1
2

8Õ X 8Õ ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ eø‡K fvM K‡i †c‡U›U †÷vb Kiv DËg| mKj eøK GK m‡½ XvjvB Kivi
cwie‡Z© GKvwaK ch©v‡q XvjvB m¤úv`b Kiv DËg| mvaviYZt †KvbvKzwb Ae¯’v‡bi eøKmg~n ch©vqµ‡g
XvjvB Kiv DËg|

7.6 ‡g‡Si Uvwj

AvRKvj †`kx-we‡`kx wewfbœ iK‡gi †d¬vi Uvwj cvIqv hvq| †d¬vi Uvwji mvBR mvaviYZt 1Õ X 1Õ, 16Ó
X 16Ó, 20Ó X 20Ó Ges 24Ó X 24Ó n‡q _v‡K| †d¬vi Uvwji cyiZ¡ / Ó †_‡K / Ó n‡q _v‡K|
3
16
1
4

‡d¬v‡ii Rb¨ †nv‡gv‡Rwbqvg Uvwj me©v‡cÿv Dc‡hvMx| †g‡S‡Z †d¬vi Uvwj ¯’vc‡bi KvR ïiæ Kivi Av‡M
†g‡Si KswµU †c‡U›U †÷vb ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †hfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq †mfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| †hgbt
†g‡Si KswµU fvj K‡i cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e, Kswµ‡U `vM †K‡U wb‡Z n‡e| Zvici UvBjm& ¯’vc‡bi
5 N›Uv c~‡e© Kgc‡ÿ 24 N›Uv cvwb LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Kswµ‡Ui DcwiZj †fRv _vKv Ae¯’vq UvBj‡m&i
KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡g †g‡Si Kswµ‡U Nb wm‡g›U MÖvDU †j‡c w`‡Z n‡e| Zvici 1Ó cyiæ‡Z¡i
wm‡g›U-evwji (1t3) ïKbv gkjv Qwo‡q w`‡q mgZj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Avevi wm‡g›U MÖvDU cÖ‡qvM K‡i
UvBjm& ewm‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Zvic~‡e© UvBjm& 24 N›Uv wfwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e Ges jvMvevi 6 N›Uv c~‡e© cvwb
†_‡K DwV‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU UvBjm& w¯úwiU †j‡fj w`‡q cvk^©eZ©x UvBj‡m&i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L
mgZj Ki‡Z n‡e| GK-GKwU iæ‡g UvBjm& jvMv‡bv m¤úbœ nevi 18 N›Uv ci Kg c‡ÿ GK mßvn
wKDwis Ki‡Z n‡e| wKDwis m¤úbœ nevi ci UvB‡j‡m&i R‡q›U iw½b wm‡g›U w`‡q (UvBj‡m&i is G mv‡_
wgwj‡q) f‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

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7.7 Iqvj UvBjm&

Iqvj UvBjm& jvMvevi c~‡e© DcwifvM cÖ¯‘Z K‡i †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgbt B‡Ui mvBR Kg-‡ewk nevi
Kvi‡Y †`qv‡ji GKwU Zj (Surface) Agm„Y _v‡K| Agm„Y ZjwU †_‡K †R‡M _vKv BU †K‡U-‡Qu‡U
†`qvj ‡gvUvgywU mgZj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j gkjvi cyiæZ¡ Kg-‡ewk nevi Kvi‡Y UvBjm& jvMvevi
ci mn‡R D‡V Avm‡e| mgZj Kivi ci †`qv‡j cvwb LvIqv‡Z n‡e Ges †`qvj Av`ª© _vKv Ae¯’vq
UvBjm& ¯’vc‡bi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| UvBj‡m&i KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© UvBjm& 24 N›Uv wfwR‡q ivL‡Z
n‡e Ges jvMvevi 6 N›Uv c~‡e© cvwb †_‡K DwV‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| UvBj‡m&i Zjvq 1Ó - 1 / Ó gkjv (wm‡g›U-
1
4

evwji wgkÖY 1t3 Abycv‡Z) jvwM‡q wb‡q UvBjm& emv‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU UvBjm& w¯úwiU †j‡fj w`‡q
cvk^©eZ©x UvBj‡m&i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L mgZj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cwi‡k‡l UvBj‡m&i R‡q›U iw½b wm‡g›U w`‡q
(UvBj‡m&i is G mv‡_ wgwj‡q) f‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

7.8 KvV (Wood) I Kv‡Vi KvR t

 KvV cÖ‡qvRbxq j¤^v I Matured n‡Z n‡e;
 KvV ÎæwUgy³ n‡Z n‡e;
 WªBs I †¯úwmwdKk‡b D‡jøwLZ ev ev¯ÍevqbKvix ms¯’v I cÖ‡KŠkjxi wb‡`©wkZ e„‡¶i
KvVe¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Vi Kv‡R j¶¨Yxq welq¸‡jv n‡jvt

 Kv‡Vi R‡q›U mwVKfv‡e wbwðZ Kiv;
 mKj ai‡bi Kv‡Ri †j‡fj wbwðZ Kiv;
 mwVKfv‡e Kâv, ûK, Zvjv BZ¨vw` jvMv‡bv wbwðZ Kiv;
 Kv‡Vi cyiæZ¡ mwVK wKbv, wdwbwms gm„Y I †`L‡Z my›`i wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiv|

7.9 wó‡ji Rvbvjv I MÖx‡ji KvR t

wó‡ji Rvbvjv I MÖx‡ji Kv‡Rj¶¨Yxq welq¸‡jvt
 MÖxj I mvUv‡ii Z-evi, A¨v‡½j I d¬¨vUevi †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e;
 mvUv‡ii wój mx‡Ui cyiæZ¡ †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e;
 wó‡ji †h †Kvb wdwbk&W AvB‡Ug mvB‡U cwien‡bi c~‡e© Gw›U K‡ivwmf †cB‡›Ui KvR mgvav
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
 mgy`q AvB‡Ug h_v¯’v‡b †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx wdwUs I wdw·s Ki‡Z n‡e|

7.10 is Gi KvR
fe‡bi †kvfv ea©b, ¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ges feb‡K cÖwZK~j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨
is Kiv GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq KvR| h‡_vchy³ is bv Ki‡j feb ÿq n‡Z n‡Z Zvi Avqy K‡g Avm‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wm‡g›U, cøvóvi Gi Dci PzbKvg e¨ZxZ ¯^vfvweK fv‡e Pvi iK‡gi is Kv‡Ri K_v D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †hgbt
(1) wmb‡_wUK wW‡÷¤úvi
(2) cwj wfbvBj wW‡÷¤úvi
(3) cøvwóK wW‡÷¤úvi
(4) wmé Bgvjkb
is cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wZbwU Dcv`vb Avek¨K| h_vt †cB›U, cÖvBgvi Ges w_bvi| Dchy³ cÖvBgvi e¨ZxZ is
Gi KvR †UKmB n‡e bv Ges D¾¡j †`Lv‡e bv| PzbKvg e¨ZxZ evwn‡ii †`qv‡j `yB cÖKvi is e¨envi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K| h_vt
(1) wm‡g›U †cB›U
(2) Bgvjkb (I‡q`vi cÖæd Bgvjkb, GwµwjK cøvwóK Bgvjkb, ‡P·PvW© Bgvjkb BZ¨vw`)

is Kivi c~‡e© cøvóv‡ii DcwifvM cÖ¯‘Z K‡i †bevi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi KiYxq m¤ú‡K©I we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡et
(1) is cÖ‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© cøvóvi ïKv‡bv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
(2) wkwil KvMR/eªvk w`‡q AvjMv evjy, DuPz-wbPz Askmg~n cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(3) QÎvK I k¨vIjv civ †`qvj Zvi ev bvwi‡K‡ji †Qveovi eªvk w`‡q cwi¯‹vi K‡i cvwb w`‡q
ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges Avevi m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ïKv‡Z n‡e|
(4) ‡jvbv aiv †`qvj QÎvK I k¨vIjvi b¨vq cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges ïKv‡Z n‡e| AZcit
†jvbv aiv ¯’v‡b 5-10% wgDwi‡qwUK GwmW jvwM‡q 10/15 wgwbU ci Avevi cvwb w`‡q ay‡q
ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
GK bR‡i is Gi KvR m¤ú‡K© KiYxqt
 wUb ev †KŠUvi Mv‡q †jLv wb‡`©kvejx mZK©Zvi mv‡_ c‡o is cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
 is Kivi c~‡e© is Kivi ¯’vb cwi¯‹vi K‡i fvjfv‡e ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡Z¨Kevi e¨env‡ii c~‡e© wU‡bi wfZ‡ii is fvj fv‡e †b‡o wb‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ_g †KvU fvj fv‡e bv ïKv‡bv ch©šÍ wØZxq evi is jvMv‡bv hv‡e bv|
 AwZwi³ Av`ª© ev Rjxq ev®úc~Y© AvenvIqvq is Kiv DwPr bq|
 me mgq MyYMZ gvb m¤úbœ mwVK w_bvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 is cvZjv Kivi e¨vcv‡i †KŠUvq wjwLZ wb‡`©k †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
 ‡Kvb is-B AwZwi³ cvZjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
 is Kivi mgq Hand Gloves e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
 is †Rv‡L jvM‡j m‡½ m‡½ cÖPzi cwigv‡b cwi¯‹vi cvwbi SvcUv †Qv‡L w`‡Z n‡e| GiciI hw`
Amyweav g‡b nq Zvn‡j Wv³v‡ii civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

is ev cwjk Gi KvR t
KvVv‡gv is ev cwjk Kivi D‡Ïk¨ t
 AvenvIqvRwbZ ¶q¶wZ †_‡K KvVv‡gv‡K i¶v Kiv ;
 KvVv‡gvi c„ôZj my›`i I g‡bvig Kiv ;
 Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ BZ¨vw`‡K ‡cvKvi AvµgY †_‡K i¶v K‡i|

is ev cwjk Kivi cÖ¯‘wZ t

1) is ev cwjk Gi KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e©B Kv‡Ri ¯’vb fvjfv‡e mv‡f© K‡i Ges wbwðZ n‡Z
n‡e †h wK cwigvY Ges wK ai‡bi is ev cwjk msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ is ev
cwjk Kivi R‡b¨ eªvk ev †ivjvi Ges is ev cwjk Kivi ¯’vb cwi®‹vi Kivi R‡b¨ ¯Œ¨vwcs,
eªvk, wkwil KvMR BZ¨vw` ‡KvbwU wK cwigv‡Y cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
2) cÖ‡qvRbxq gvjvgvj msMÖn K‡i Kv‡Ri aib †gvZv‡eK cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K `¶ †cB›Uvi
Ges Zvi †nívi msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) is ev cwjk ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e wKfv‡e KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e| wgw¯¿ KvR
Kivi c×wZ avivevwnKfv‡e Rv‡b wKbv Zv †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e|
4) ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK msM„nxZ is ev cwjk Gi e¨envi wewa †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e |
5) is cvZjv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j msM„nxZ is Gi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx cwigvY gZ h_vh_
w_bvi ev Zviwcb ev cwi®‹vi cvwb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Bgvjkb †cB›U n‡j cwi®‹vi
cvwb Ges Gbv‡gj †cB›U n‡j wU-6 w_bvi ev Zviwcb wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx is Gi mv‡_
wgwk‡q cvZjv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
6) fe‡bi evB‡ii †`qv‡j R‡b¨ I‡q`vi †KvU, wm‡g›U †cB›U (†mœv‡mg) wbe©vPb KivB DËg
n‡e|
7) †`qvj ev Qv‡` is Kivi R‡b¨ 4 ev 5 fvj is eªvk ev 8 †_‡K 10 DbœZgv‡bi
†ivjvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

7.10.1 fe‡bi wfZ‡ii †`qv‡j is Kivi †ÿ‡Î KiYxq t

is Kivi c~‡e© mvi‡dm cÖ¯‘ZKiYt
bZyb mvi‡dm t is e¨env‡ii c~‡e© mg¯Í g¨vmbvix mvi‡dm Aek¨B wKDwis Kivi ci ïwK‡q wb‡Z
n‡e| d¨v½vm, gqjv, cøv÷v‡ii evowZ Ask BZ¨vw` Zv‡ii eªvk ev DbœZgv‡bi m¨vÐ †ccvi w`‡q
AvuPwo‡q AcmviY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
†Kvb ai‡bi d¨v½vm nIqvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡j GK †KvU Anti fungus solution cÖ‡qvM K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e| †`qv‡j Av`ªZv †`Lv w`‡j 5-10% Muriatic Acid Gi solution w`‡q ‡aŠZ Kivi
ci cv‡bi Dchy³ cvwb w`‡q ay‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
cyivZb mvi‡dm t
> cyivZb mvi‡d‡mi big, AvjMv, D‡V hvIqv Ask BZ¨vw` AcmviY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| is
e¨env‡ii c~‡e© mvi‡dm ¯Œ¨vwcs K‡i, Zvi ev Zvj eªvk, wkwil KvMR BZ¨vw` w`‡q fvjfv‡e

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

N‡l AvjMv gqjv ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv`vb ev `vM Zz‡j cvwb w`‡q ay‡q cwi®‹vi I gqjvgy³
K‡i ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
> mvi‡d‡m †Kvb MZ© _vK‡j Zv cywU (Putty) w`‡q fivU K‡i mgZj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cywU ïwK‡q
†M‡j wkwil KvMR w`‡q N‡l gm„Y K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
> ‡ekx MZ© m„wó n‡j ev cøv÷vi L‡m co‡j cybt cøvóvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| h_vh_ wKDwis ‡kl K‡i
mvi‡dm ïwK‡q ‡M‡j cøv÷vi Kiv mvi‡dm cywU w`‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges cywU ïwK‡q †M‡j wkwil
KvMR w`‡q N‡l gm„Y K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
> AvjMv gqjv ev ay‡jv-evwj †S‡o fvjfv‡e cwi®‹vi cvwb w`‡q ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges †fRv mvi‡dm
fvjfv‡e ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
wfZ‡ii †`qv‡j is t
mvaviYZ fe‡bi wfZi †`qvj ev Qv‡` cøvwóK Bgvjkvb †cB›U, BwR K¬xb Kvjvi, jv·vix wmé
Bgvjkvb, GwµwjK cvwóK Bgvjkvb, GwµwjK wWm‡U¤úvi BZ¨vw` is e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
is Gi cwigvY t
bZyb mv‡d©m t
- cÖvBgvi wn‡m‡e ÔcvUb wmjvi' ev ÔIqvUvi wmjviÕ cwi®‹vi cvwb w`‡q 40% †_‡K 50% cvZjv
K‡i GK †KvU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ wjUv‡i 105 eM©dzU †_‡K 120 eM©dzU Gwiqvq cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
- GwµwjK cøvwóK Bgvjkvb ev cøvwóK Bgvjkb †cB›U bZyb mvi‡dm cÖwZ wjUv‡i 140 eM©dzU
†_‡K 160 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
cyivZb mv‡d©m t
GwµwjK cøvwóK Bgvjkvb ev cøvwóK Bgvjkb †cB›U cyivZb mvi‡d‡m cÖwZ wjUv‡i 140 eM©dzU †_‡K
150 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e |

cÖ‡qvM c×wZ t
bZyb mvi‡dm t
1) cøv÷vi fvjfv‡e ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Av`ªZv cwigvcK hš¿ (Moisture meter) w`‡q Av`ªZv
cwigvc K‡i †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Av`ªZv cwigvcK h‡š¿i wiwWs 15 Gi wb‡P _vK‡j cøv÷vi
ïwK‡q †M‡Q e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges is †`qvi KvR ïiæ KiæZ n‡e| wiwWs 15 Gi †ewk
_vK‡j cøv÷vi Av‡iv ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
2) ïwK‡q hvIqv cøv÷vi cv_i I wkwil KvMR w`‡q N‡l cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
3) is e¨env‡ii c~‡e© mvi‡dm fvj wdwbwks Gi R‡b¨ cÖvBgvi wn‡m‡e ÔcvUb wmjvi' ev ÔIqvUvi
wmjviÕ cwi®‹vi cvwb w`‡q 40% †_‡K 50% cvZjv K‡i GK †KvU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖwZ wjUv‡i 105 eM©dzU †_‡K 120 eM©dzU Gwiqvq cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e
MY¨ n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

4) DbœZ gv‡bi wdwbwks mvi‡dm cvIqvi R‡b cÖvBgvi ïKv‡bvi ci 2 †KvU †_‡K 3 †KvU
IqvUvi †eBRW Iqvj cywU jvMv‡Z n‡e|
5) cywU ïwK‡q †M‡j 24 N›Uv c‡i Zv wkwil KvMR w`‡q fvjfv‡e N‡l gk„Y K‡i cwi®‹vi cvwb
wgwk‡q 30% †_‡K 35% cvZjv K‡i GwµwjK cøvwóK Bgvjkvb ev cøvwóK Bgvjkb †cB›U
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
6) GwµwjK cøvwóK Bgvjkvb ev cøvwóK Bgvjkvb †cB›U 2 †KvU †_‡K 3 †KvU e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ †KvU e¨env‡ii gv‡S Kgc‡¶ 6 N›Uv weiwZ w`‡Z n‡e |

cyivZb mvi‡dm t
- GwµwjK cøvwóK Bgvjkvb ev cøvwóK Bgvjkvb †cB›U 2 †KvU e¨envi Kiv fvj| Z‡e GK †KvUI
e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZ †KvU e¨env‡ii gv‡S Kgc‡¶ 6 N›Uv weiZx w`‡Z n‡e|

7.10.2 fe‡bi evB‡ii ‡`qvj I‡q`vi †KvU, wm‡g›U †cB›U e¨envi I KiYxq t
I‡q`vi †KvU, wm‡g›U †cB›U e¨envi Kivi c~‡e© fe‡bi evB‡ii †`qvjI wfZ‡ii †`qv‡ji gZ
cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
KvVv‡gvi evB‡ii ‡`qvj cøv÷vi ev KbwµU mvi‡dm n‡j is Kivi R‡b¨ I‡q`vi †KvU, wm‡g›U
†cB›U BZ¨vw` ‡KvU e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e wm‡g›U †cB›U A‡c¶v I‡q`vi †KvU Gi LiP
†ekx c‡o| Avi †dqvi †dm KbwµU ev wmivwgK weªK †`qvj n‡j wmwjKb IqvUvi wiwcj¨v›U †cB›U
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wm‡g›U †cB›U e¨envi t
is Gi cwigvY t
b~Zb mv‡d©m t wm‡g›U †cB›U cÖwZ †KwR‡Z bZyb †`qv‡j 75 eM©dzU †_‡K 85 eM©dzU Gwiqvq Kfvi Kiv
hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
cyivZb mv‡d©m t wm‡g›U †cB›U cÖwZ †KwR‡Z cyivZb †`qv‡j 80 eM©dzU †_‡K 90 eM©dzU Gwiqvq Kfvi
Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
wm‡g›U †cB›U Ki‡Yi R‡b¨ is cÖ¯‘ZKiY t
wm‡g›U †cB›U Kivi R‡b¨ cÖ_‡g `yBfvM cvDWv‡ii mv‡_ GKfvM cwi®‹vi cvwb fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q
†c÷ ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e Gevi AviI GKfvM cvwb †c‡÷i mv‡_ fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q eªvk w`‡q
wba©vwiZ †`qv‡j jvMv‡Z n‡e| A_©vr wm‡g›U †cB›U is cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cvDWvi I cvwbi
me©‡gvU AbycvZ n‡e 1:1|

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cÖ‡qvM c×wZ t
bZyb mv‡d©m t
1) wm‡g›U †cB›U e¨env‡ii c~‡e©B †`qvj cvwb w`‡q wfwR‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges hLb †`qvj ïKv‡Z ïiæ
Ki‡e ZLb wm‡g›U †cB›U Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) ‡Kvb cÖKvi cÖvBgvi ev wmjvi ev cywUs e¨wZ‡i‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z mv‡d©‡m GK †KvU wm‡g›U †cB›U
jvMv‡Z n‡e|
3) wm‡g›U †cB›U cÖwZ †KvU e¨env‡ii GK N›Uv Av‡M †`qvj ‡fRv‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g †KvU e¨env‡ii
12 N›Uv ci †`qvj Avevi fvjfv‡e †fRv‡Z n‡e| Gi 12 N›Uv ci †`qvj AveviI fvjfv‡e
†fRv‡Z n‡e Ges ‡`qvj ïKv‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jB wØZxq †KvU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wØZxq †KvU
e¨env‡ii 12 N›Uv ci is e¨env‡ii ¯’vb/†`qvj Avevi ci ci `yÕ evi fvjfv‡e cvwb w`‡q
†fRv‡Z n‡e|
4) bZyb mv‡d©‡m wm‡g›U †cB›U fvj wdwbwks Gi R‡b¨ 2 †KvU ‡_‡K 3 †KvU is e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Z‡e wZb †KvU e¨env‡i fvj wdwbwks cvIqv hvq|
cyivZb mv‡d©m t
1) †`qvj Aek¨B cwi®‹vi K‡i wm‡g›U †cB›U e¨env‡ii GK N›Uv Av‡M cvwb w`‡q wfwR‡q wb‡Z
n‡e|
2) hLb †`qvj ïK‡bv n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e ZLb wm‡g›U †cB›U cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) ‡Kvb cÖKvi cÖvBgvi ev wmjvi ev cywU e¨wZ‡i‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z mvi‡d‡m GK †KvU wm‡g›U †cB›U
jvMv‡Z n‡e|
4) cÖ_g †KvU e¨env‡ii 12 N›Uv ci †`qvj fvjfv‡e †fRv‡Z n‡e| Gi 12 N›Uv ci †`qvj
Avevi †fRv‡Z n‡e Ges ‡`qvj ïK‡bv n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jB wØZxq †KvU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKBfv‡e 12 N›Uv ci Avevi is e¨env‡ii ¯’vb/†`qvj ci ci `yÕevi fvjfv‡e cvwb w`‡q
†fRv‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡eB GK †KvU ev `yÕ†KvU wm‡g›U †cB›U e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5) wm‡g›U †cB›U cyivZb mvi‡d‡m 2 †KvU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e LiP Kgv‡bvi cÖ‡kœ ev
cyivZb
mv‡d©m fvj _vK‡j GK †KvUI e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

I‡q`vi †KvU e¨envi I KiYxq t

is Kivi c~‡e© mvi‡dm ev Zj cÖ¯‘ZKiYt
bZyb mvi‡dm t is e¨env‡ii c~‡e© mg¯Í g¨vmbvix mvi‡dm Aek¨B wKDwis Kivi ci ïwK‡q wb‡Z
n‡e| Av`ªZv cwigvcK hš¿ (Moisture meter) w`‡q Av`ªZv cwigvc K‡i †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Av`ªZv
cwigvcK h‡š¿i wiwWs 15 Gi wb‡P _vK‡j ïwK‡q †M‡Q e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges is †`qvi KvR ïiæ
Ki‡Z n‡e| wiwWs 15 Gi †ewk _vK‡j g¨vmbvix mvi‡dm Av‡iv ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

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d¨v½vm, gqjv, cøv÷v‡ii evowZ Ask BZ¨vw` Zv‡ii eªvk ev DbœZgv‡bi m¨vÐ †ccvi w`‡q AvuPwo‡q
AcmviY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
†Kvb ai‡bi d¨v½vm nIqvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡j GK †KvU Anti fungus solution cÖ‡qvM K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| †`qv‡j Av`ªZv †`Lv w`‡j 5-10% Muriatic Acid Gi solution w`‡q ay‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i
ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
cyivZb mvi‡dm t - cyivZb mvi‡d‡mi big, AvjMv, D‡V hvIqv Ask BZ¨vw` AcmviY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
is e¨env‡ii c~‡e© mvi‡dm ¯Œ¨vwcs K‡i, Zvi ev Zvj eªvm, wkwil KvMR BZ¨vw` w`‡q fvjfv‡e N‡l
AvjMv gqjv ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv`vb ev `vM Zz‡j cvwb w`‡q ay‡q cwi®‹vi I gqjvgy³ K‡i ïwK‡q wb‡Z
n‡e|
mvi‡d‡m †Kvb MZ© _vK‡j Zv Exterior wall putty w`‡q fivU K‡i mgZj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cywU
ïwK‡q †M‡j wkwil KvMR w`‡q N‡l gm„Y K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
‡ekx MZ© m„wó n‡j ev cøv÷vi L‡m co‡j cybt cøvóvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| h_vh_ wKDwis ‡kl K‡i mvi‡dm
ïwK‡q ‡M‡j cøv÷vi Kiv mvi‡dm cywU w`‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges cywU ïwK‡q †M‡j wkwil KvMR w`‡q N‡l
gm„Y K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
AvjMv gqjv ev ay‡jv-evwj †S‡o fvjfv‡e cwi®‹vi cvwb w`‡q ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges †fRv mvi‡dm
fvjfv‡e ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
I‡q`vi †KvU cÖ‡qv‡M is Gi cwigvY t
bZyb mv‡d©m t
1) cÖwZ wjUvi I‡q`vi †KvU is G bZyb †`qv‡j 165 eM©dzU †_‡K 175 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e hv GK
†KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
2) gk„Y wdwbwks Gi R‡b¨ ÔcvUb wmjviÕ (cÖwZ wjUv‡i 105 eM©dzU †_‡K 120 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e
hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e) ev (Exterior wall putty cÖwZ †KwR‡Z 25 eM©dzU †_‡K 30 eM©dzU
Gwiqvq KvR Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e) e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cyivZb mvi‡dm t
- cÖwZ wjUvi I‡q`vi †KvU is Øviv cyivZb †`qv‡j 180 eM©dzU †_‡K 190 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv
hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e |
is cÖ¯‘Z KiY t
- evRv‡i cÖvß †Kvb cÖwZwôZ is †Kv¤úvwbi ÔI‡q`vi †KvUÕ is ïK‡bv †`qv‡ji R‡b¨
cÖ_‡g 100 fvM cvZjv ( GK fvM I‡q`vi †KvU + GK fvM cvwb) K‡i GK ‡KvU
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
- wØZxq †KvU Kivi mgq eªvm e¨envi Ki‡j 2 fvM †cB›U Ges 1 fvM cvwb Ges †ivjvi
e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î 3 fvM †cB›U Ges 1 fvM cvwb †gkv‡q is Ki‡Z n‡e|

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cÖ‡qvM c×wZ t bZyb mvi‡dm

1) cÖ_‡g 100 fvM cvZjv (GK fvM I‡q`vi †KvU + GK fvM cvwb) K‡i ïK‡bv †`qv‡j GK
‡KvU ÔI‡q`vi †KvUÕ eªvk ev †ivjvi e¨envi K‡i is Ki‡Z n‡e |
2) gk„Y wdwbwks Gi R‡b¨ ÔI‡q`vi †KvUÕ e¨env‡ii c~‡e©B ÔcvUb wmjviÕ (cÖwZ wjUv‡i 105 eM©dzU
†_‡K 120 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e) ev Exterior wall putty
(cÖwZ †KwR‡Z 25 eM©dzU †_‡K 30 eM©dzU Gwiqvq KvR Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨
n‡e) cÖ‡qvM K‡i wb‡Z n‡e |
3) mvi‡dm wdwbwks AwZ my›`i Ki‡Z n‡j GK †KvU ÔcvUb wmjviÕ e¨env‡ii 24 N›Uv c‡i
Exterior wall putty GK †KvU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4) mvaviYZt ÔI‡q`vi †KvUÕ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq wmjvi ev cywU e¨envi Kiv nq bv|
5) mvi‡dm ïwK‡q †M‡j (Kgc‡¶ 6 N›Uv c‡i) eªvk e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î 2 fvM †cB›U Ges 1 fvM
cvwb Ges †ivjvi e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î 3 fvM †cB›U Ges 1 fvM cvwb wgwk‡q is Ki‡Z n‡e|
6) Gfv‡e 2 †KvU ev 3 †KvU ÔI‡q`vi †KvUÕ bZzb mvi‡d‡mi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ †KvU
e¨env‡ii Kgc‡¶ 6 N›Uv c‡i cieZ©x †KvU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

cyivZb mvi‡dm t
1) I‡q`vi †KvU e¨env‡ii c~‡e©B †`qvj Aek¨B cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
2) ‡Kvb cÖKvi cÖvBgvi ev wmjvi ev cywU e¨wZ‡i‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ïK‡bv mv‡d©‡m GK †KvU I‡q`vi
†KvU jvMv‡Z n‡e|
3) eªvk e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î 2 fvM †cB›U I 1 fvM cvwb Ges †ivjvi e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î 3 fvM †cB›U
Ges 1 fvM cvwb wgwk‡q is Ki‡Z n‡e|
4) cÖ_g †KvU ÔI‡q`vi †KvUÕ e¨env‡ii Kgc‡¶ 6 N›Uv c‡i wØZxq †KvU I‡q`vi †KvU cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
7) Gfv‡e 1 †KvU ev 2 †KvU I‡q`vi †KvU cyivZb mvi‡d‡mi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ
†KvU e¨env‡ii Kgc‡¶ 6 N›Uv c‡i cieZ©x †KvU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

7.10.3 †jvnv RvZxq mvi‡d‡m †cB›U e¨envi I KiYxq t

mvi‡dm cÖ¯‘ZKiYt
bZyb mvi‡dm t †jvnv RvZxq KvVv‡gvi mvi‡d‡m †cB›U e¨envi Kivi c~‡e© Zv‡ii eªvm, ¯Œ¨vwcs,
wkwil KvMR BZ¨vw` w`‡q fvjfv‡e N‡l AvjMv gqjv ev `vM Zz‡j cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e |
gwiPv _vK‡j iv÷ wigyfvi w`‡q gwiPv `~i K‡i cvwb w`‡q mvi‡dm fvj K‡i ay‡q ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
cyivZb mvi‡dm t is e¨env‡ii c~‡e© cyivZb mvi‡d‡mi is A_ev Ab¨vb¨ Lvivc c`v_© gy³ K‡i
cÖ‡qvR‡b cvwb w`‡q ay‡q ïwK‡q mvi‡dm ˆZix K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| c~‡e©i is Zz‡j †dj‡Z Zv‡ii eªvm ev
DbœZgv‡bi m¨vÐ †cvcvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Paint remover I hvwš¿K c×wZ MÖnY K‡i

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mvi‡dm SKS‡K cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| gwiPv Zzj‡Z Rust remover, †K‡ivwmb ev wRwc w_bvi
e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| is Kivi c~‡e© Aek¨B mvi‡dm ﮋ I gqjvgy³ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

†cB›U Kivi Rb¨ is Gi cwigvY t

bZyb mvi‡dm t
1) gwiPv cÖwZ‡ivaK ÔcÖvBgviÕ ev Ô†iW A·vBW cÖvBgviÕ Zviwcb ev w_bvi w`‡q 15% †_‡K 20%
cvZjv K‡i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ wjUv‡i 140 eM©dzU †_‡K 160 eM©dzU Gwiqvq Kfvi Kiv
hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
1) wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›U cÖwZ wjUv‡i 155 eM©dzU †_‡K 165 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e hv
GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|
cyivZb mvi‡dm t
- wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›U cÖwZ †KvU cÖwZ wjUv‡i 155 eM©dzU †_‡K 165 eM©dzU
Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e|
mvi‡d‡m †cB›U cÖ‡qvM c×wZ t
bZyb mvi‡dm t
2) mvi‡dm cwi®‹vi Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q wb‡q gwiPv cÖwZ‡ivaK ÔcÖvBgviÕ ev Ô†iW A·vBW cÖvBgviÕ
Zviwcb ev w_bvi w`‡q 15% †_‡K 20% cvZjv K‡i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ wjUv‡i 140
eM©dzU †_‡K 160 eM©dzU Gwiqvq Kfvi Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
3) Ôwmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›UÕ ev Ab¨ is Kivi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK 2 †_‡K 4 fvj is eªvk
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4) msM„wnZ Ôwmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›UÕ ev Ab¨ is Gi e¨envi wewa †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e Ges fvjfv‡e
eªvk e¨envi Ki‡Z is cvZjv Kivi R‡b¨ 5% †_‡K 10% w_bvi wU-6 Ges †¯cÖ e¨envi Kivi
R‡b¨ 25% †_‡K 30% w_bvi wU-6 e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5) ÔcÖvBgviÕ ev Ô†iW A·vBW cÖvBgviÕ e¨env‡ii ci Zv ïwK‡q †M‡j Ôwmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›UÕ
cÖwZ wjUv‡i 155 eM©dzU †_‡K 165 eM©dzU Gwiqvq Kfvi Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨
n‡e|
6) cÖ_g †KvU is ïwK‡q hvevi ci wØZxq †KvU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| is ïwK‡q hvevi mgqKvj
AvenvIqv‡f‡` 15 N›Uv †_‡K 24 N›Uv cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|
cyivZb mvi‡dm t
1) mvi‡dm †ewk cyivZb bv n‡j Ges bZzb Ae¯’vq fvjfv‡e cÖvBwgs Kiv _vK‡j cyivZb
mvi‡d‡m †Kvb ÔcÖvBgviÕ ev Ô†iW A·vBW cÖvBgviÕ Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| hw` cÖ‡qvRb nq Z‡e
bZzb mvi‡d‡mi gZB ÔcÖvBgviÕ ev Ô†iW A·vBW cÖvBgviÕ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖvBwgs †k‡l
is cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e | Ab¨_vq mivmwi is Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) is Kivi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK 2 †_‡K 4 fvj is eªvm e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

3) msM„wnZ is Gi e¨envi wewa †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e Ges fvjfv‡e eªvk e¨envi Ki‡Z is cvZjv Kivi
R‡b¨ 5% †_‡K 10% w_bvi wU-6 Ges †¯cÖ Kivi R‡b¨ 25% †_‡K 30% w_bvi wU-6 e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4) wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›U cÖwZ wjUv‡i 155 eM©dzU †_‡K 165 eM©dzU Gwiqvq Kfvi Kiv hv‡e
hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e |
5) cÖ_g †KvU is ïwK‡q hvevi ci wØZxq †KvU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| is ïwK‡q hvevi mgqKvj
AvenvIqv‡f‡` 15 N›Uv †_‡K 24 N›Uv cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|

7.10.4 Kv‡Vi Kv‡R †cB›U e¨envi I KiYxq t

†mŠ›`h© i¶v, D¾jZv e„w× I `xN©¯’vqx Kivi R‡b¨ Kv‡Vi Kv‡R wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi wmb‡_wUK
Gbv‡gj †cB›U e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq|
is cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi mvi‡dm cÖ¯‘ZKiY t
bZyb mvi‡dm t Kv‡Vi mvi‡d‡m wcb, ¯Œz, ZviKuvUv BZ¨vw`i wQ`ª ev Kv‡Vi R‡q›U cywU w`‡q eÜ
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| m¨vÐ †ccvi w`‡q mvi‡dm N‡l cwi®‹vi Kvco w`‡q fvjfv‡e gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
cyivZb mvi‡dm t Kv‡Vi mvi‡dm is Ki‡Z ﮋ I AvjMv is ev cyivZb †cB›U dvBb Møvm †ccvi
Ges †MvjvKvi Kuv‡Pi Zx² Ask w`‡q AvuPwo‡q Zz‡j †d‡j wdwbwks mvi‡dm ‰Zix K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
mvi‡d‡m wcb, ¯Œz, ZviKuvUv BZ¨vw`i wQ`ª ev Kv‡Vi R‡q›U duvKv n‡q †M‡j cywUs w`‡q eÜ K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e| m¨vÐ †ccvi w`‡q N‡l mvi‡dm wdwbwks K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| AZtci cwi®‹vi Kvco w`‡q
mv‡d©m fvjfv‡e gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
†cB›U cÖ‡qvM c×wZ t
1) cÖ_‡g ÔDW cÖvBgviÕ evÔ wmb‡_wUK AvÛvi †KvUÕ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ wjUv‡i 70 eM©dzU
†_‡K 90 eM©dzU Gwiqvq Kfvi Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
2) ÔDW cÖvBgviÕ evÔ wmb‡_wUK AvÛvi †KvUÕ ïKv‡bvi R‡b¨ 24 N›Uv A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) 24 N›Uv c‡i GK †KvU wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›U cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ wjUv‡i 180 eM©dzU
†_‡K 200 eM©dzU Gwiqvq is Kiv hv‡e hv GK †KvU wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
4) 1g †KvU wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj †cB›U e¨envi K‡i Zv ïKv‡bvi R‡b¨ Kgc‡ÿ 15 N›Uv A‡cÿv
Ki‡Z n‡e|
5) Kgc‡ÿ 15 N›Uv A‡cÿv K‡i ïwK‡q hvevi c‡i 2q †KvU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Vi Kv‡R cwjk e¨envi I KiYxq t

Kv‡Vi Kv‡Ri †mŠ›`h© i¶v, D¾jZv e„w× I `xN©¯’vqx Kievi R‡b¨ Kv‡Vi Kv‡R wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi
cwjk Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

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cwjk cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi mvi‡dm cÖ¯‘ZKiYt cwjk e¨envi Kivi c~‡e© cyivZb cwjk, ay‡jv-evwj,
†Zj, wMÖR BZ¨vw` eªvm, ¯Œ¨vwcs, KuvP, Agk„Y wkwil KvMR BZ¨vw` w`‡q fvjfv‡e N‡l Zz‡j cwi®‹vi
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| duvKv, dvUv ev MZ© _vK‡j Zv Dchy³ cywUs ev wmjvi w`‡q fivU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cywUs
ev wmjvi e¨env‡ii ci ¯’vb¸‡jv ïb¨ ‡MÖ‡Wi wkwil KvMR w`‡q fvjfv‡e N‡l gk„Y K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
mvi‡d‡m cwjk cÖ‡qvM c×wZ t
1) eªvk, †¯cÖ A_ev Kvc‡oi c¨vW e¨envi K‡i cwjk Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) cwjk Kivi R‡b¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z `ªeY DWwKcvi (cÖwZ wjUv‡i cÖwZ †KvU wn‡m‡e 180 eM©dzU †_‡K
200 eM©dzU) e¨envi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv e¨envi Kievi mgq eªvk e¨envi Ki‡j 20%
†_‡K 25% Ges Kvc‡oi c¨vW e¨envi Ki‡j ev †¯cÖ Ki‡j 50% wU-6 w_bvi w`‡q cvZjv
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e cÖwZ †¶‡ÎB cÖ_g †KvU 50% cvZjv Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) cÖ_g †KvU e¨env‡ii ci Zv cy‡ivcywi ïwK‡q †M‡j k~b¨ ‡MÖ‡Wi wkwil KvMR w`‡q fvjfv‡e N‡l
†bevi c‡iB wØZxq †KvU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4) wØZxq †KvU cwjk ev DWwKcvi e¨envi Kiv fvj|

7.10.5 †nvqvBU Iqvk / Kvjvi Iqvk t

gvjvgvj:
K) Pzb,
L) Mvg A¨vivweK,
M) bxj,
O) cvwb|

†nvqvBU Iqvk cª¯‘Z cÖYvjx t

1) †nvqvBU Iqvk wgkÖY cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZ 14 †KwR Py‡bi Rb¨ GK †KwR AvVvi(Gum)
cª‡qvRb nq;
2) cÖ_‡g Dchy³ cvÎ wb‡Z n‡e;
3) cv‡Î cvwb wb‡q Pzb ‡gkv‡Z n‡e;
4) Lye fvjfv‡e bvovPvov K‡i wgwk‡q wgkÖY Nb Ki‡Z n‡e;
5) wgkªY Nb n‡j GK NbdzU wgkÖ‡Y 250 MÖvg wn‡m‡e Mvg A¨vivweK †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e;
6) c‡i wgkª‡Yi m‡½ cwigvYgZ bxj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e;
7) Aa© Zij wgkªY ev ¯øvwi ˆZixi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e;
8) Zvici GwU‡K fvjfv‡e †b‡o e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z n‡e;
9) †nvqvBU Iqvk Kivi Av‡M †`qv‡ji c„ô‡`‡ki me©Î mwVKfv‡e cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
KLb †nvqvBU Iqvk Kiv hv‡et
 cøvóv‡ii wKDwis Kiv †kl n‡j †nvqvBU Iqvk Gi KvR ïiæ Kiv hv‡e;
 †nvqvBU Iqv‡ki Kivi c~‡e© wkwil KvMR w`‡q cy‡iv cøvóvi N‡l cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
 AZtci †nvqvBU Iqvk Ki‡Z n‡e|

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7.10.6 we`¨vjq feb wbg©v‡Y Colour Code (PEDP-4) wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj t
µwgK
is †Kv_vq e¨eüZ n‡e eªv‡Ûi bvg is †qi bvg
bs
evR©vi weªK ‡iW(Brick Red)I‡q`vi †KvU
01 iæj c‡qw›Us Gwkqvb wgs †iW(Ming Red)G‡c· I‡q`vi †KvU
GwjU weªK ‡iW(Brick Red)gvóvi †KvW
evR©vi Ad †nvqvBU(Off white),I‡q`vi †KvU
02 ¯‹z‡ji evwn‡ii is Gwkqvb jvBU Ad †nvqvBU(Light Off White G‡c· I‡q`vi †KvU
GwjU Ad †nvqvBU(Off white), gvóvi †KvU
evR©vi
¯‹z‡ji evB‡ii (wR
Gwkqvb cøvwUbvg †MÖ(Platinum Gray),I‡q`vi †KvU,G‡c· I‡q`vi
03 Gj-wcGj) Ges †kÖYx
K‡ÿi ¯‹viwUs cÖæd,gv÷vi †KvU
GwjU

‡kÖYxK‡ÿi mvg‡bi evR©vi ‡jgb B‡q‡jv (Lemon Yellow),jv·vix wmé

Rvbvjvi wmj, wjb‡Uj
04 Gwkqvb ‡jgb B‡q‡jv (Lemon Yellow),i‡qj jv·vix wméBgvjmb
Ges Rvbvjvi `y&B
cv‡ki 10 ? †`qvj| GwjU ‡jgb B‡q‡jv (Lemon Yellow) wméBgvjmb
evR©vi Ad †nvqvBU(Off white),cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
wkÿ‡Ki Ni Ges wmuwo Gwkqvb jvBU Ad †nvqvBU(Light Off White)wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb
05
N‡ii wfZ‡ii †`qvj
GwjU Ad †nvqvBU(Off white),cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
evR©vi G¨vcj †nvqvBU(Apple White) cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
‡kÖYxKÿ
06 01,02,03,04 Gwkqvb G¨vcj †nvqvBU(Apple White) wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb
(‡`qvj- 1,2)
GwjU G¨vcj †nvqvBU(Apple White) wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb
evR©vi wc¼ wjwj (Pink Lily) cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
‡kÖYxKÿ -01 (†`qvj-
07 Gwkqvb G¨v÷vi (Aster) wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb
3,4)
GwjU cv&DWvi wc¼(Power Pink) cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
evR©vi mvgvi MÖxb(Summer Green), cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
‡kÖYxKÿ -02 (‡`qvj
08 Gwkqvb ‡RW †_ªvY(Jade Throne), wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb
03,04)
GwjU mvgvi MÖxb(Summer Green), cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
evR©vi ‡m‡jóvBb (Celestine), cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
‡kÖYxKÿ -03,(‡`qvj
09 Gwkqvb ‡m‡jóvBb-we(Celestine-B) wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb
3,4)
GwjU ‡m‡jóvBb (Celestine), cøvw÷K Bgvjmb
10 ‡kÖYxKÿ-04 (‡`qvj evR©vi wkdb(Chiffon) cøvw÷K Bgvjmb

122
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

µwgK
is †Kv_vq e¨eüZ n‡e eªv‡Ûi bvg is †qi bvg
bs
3,4) Gwkqvb Iwi‡q›Uvj n¨vm(Oriental hush) wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb

GwjU ‡Pix ‡eøvmg (Cherry Blossom) wcÖwgqvg Bgvjkb

evR©vi, weªwj‡q›U ‡nvqv&&BU(Brillant White) cøvw÷K Bgvjmb, wcÖwgqvg
11 wmwjs‡qi is
Gwkqvb, GwjU Bgvjkb
12 `iRv&&Ges `iRv †d«g evR©vi,Gwkqvb Ad †nvqvBU(Off white), wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj/wcÖwgqvg Møm
,GwjU Gbv‡gj †cB›Uvi
13 mKj †gUvj wmU Ges evR©vi,Gwkqvb Ad †nvqvBU(Off white), wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj/wcÖwgqvg Møm
GgGm e· (Rvbvjvi ,GwjU Gbv‡gj †cB›Uvi
mvUvi ,MÖxj,eviv›`vi
†iBwjs,wkwoi †iBwjs)
14 eø¨vK †evW© wfZ‡ii is evR©vi eø¨vK †evW© †cB›U (Black Board Paint)
Gwkqvb Kv‡jv g¨vU wcÖwgqvg Møm Gbv‡gj †cB›U (Black, Matt
Enamel Paint)
GwjU Kv‡jv g¨vU Gbv‡gj †cB›U (Black, Matt Enamel Paint)
15 eø¨vK †evW© eW©vi evR©vi,Gwkqvb cøvwUbvg ‡MÖ (Platinum Grey),I‡q`vi †KvU,G‡c· I‡q`vi
,GwjU cÖyd,gvóvi †KvU
16 we`¨vj‡qi Aÿi evR©vi,Gwkqvb Kv‡j (Black) I‡q`vi †KvU/G‡c· I‡q`vi cÖæd/gvóvi †KvU
bvg djK ,GwjU
Rwgb evR©vi,Gwkqvb Ad †nvqvBU(Off white)/ jvBU Ad †nvqvBU(Light Off
,GwjU White)I‡q`vi †KvU/ G‡c· I‡q`vi cÖæd/gvóvi †KvU
17 we`¨vj‡qi d¨vb Ges Ad †nvqvBU(Off white
myBP †evW©
18 we`¨vj‡qi evwn‡ii evR©vi Ad †nvqvBU (Off white) I‡q`vi †KvU
Uq‡j‡Ui (wfZ‡ii
Ges evwn‡ii is) Gwkqvb jvBU Ad †nvqvBU(Light Off White) / G‡c· I‡q`vi cÖæd
GwjU Ad †nvqvBU(Off white) gvóvi †KvU
19 dvwb©Pvi †e Ges evR©vi,Gwkqvb evP© †M Ö(Birch Grey)wmb‡_wUK Gbv‡gj/wcÖwgqvg MømGbv‡gj
†Uwej) (Uc+‡d«g) , GwjU †cB›U

we:`ª: 7.5 eM©wgUvi bZzb †`qv‡j 1 †KvU is w`‡Z- 1 wjUvi is jv‡M|

GK bR‡i is Gi KvR m¤ú‡K© KiYxqt
 wUb ev †KŠUvi Mv‡q †jLv wb‡`©kvejx mZK©Zvi mv‡_ c‡o is cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
 is Kivi c~‡e© is Kivi ¯’vb cwi¯‹vi K‡i fvjfv‡e ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡Z¨Kevi e¨env‡ii c~‡e© wU‡bi wfZ‡ii is fvj fv‡e †b‡o wb‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ_g †KvU fvj fv‡e bv ïKv‡bv ch©šÍ wØZxq evi is jvMv‡bv hv‡e bv|
 AwZwi³ Av`ª© ev Rjxq ev®úc~Y© AvenvIqvq is Kiv DwPr bq|
 me mgq MyYMZ gvb m¤úbœ mwVK w_bvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 is cvZjv Kivi e¨vcv‡i †KŠUvq wjwLZ wb‡`©k †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|

 ‡Kvb is-B AwZwi³ cvZjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
 is Kivi mgq Hand Gloves e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
 is †Rv‡L jvM‡j m‡½ m‡½ cÖPzi cwigv‡b cwi¯‹vi cvwbi SvcUv †Qv‡L w`‡Z n‡e| GiciI hw`
Amyweav g‡b nq Zvn‡j Wv³v‡ii civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|

7.11 KbwµU ¯ŒxW (Concrete Screed) t

1) Qv‡`i Dci KbwµU ¯ŒxW (Concrete Screed) XvjvB Qv` XvjvB‡qi c‡ii w`bB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Qv` XvjvB‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ XvjvB Kiv hv‡e bv| Qv` XvjvB‡qi c‡ii w`b Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK †Lvqv, evjy I wm‡g›U wgwk‡q h_vh_ Xv‡j Qv‡`i Dci KbwµU ¯ŒxW XvjvB
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi Dci Kzwbœ w`‡q wdwbwks w`‡Z n‡e;
3) Gici Qv‡`i avi eivei B‡Ui ev gU©v‡ii euva w`‡Z n‡e;
4) avi eivei †`qv euva k³ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Qv‡` cvwb wQwU‡q †fRv‡Z n‡e;
5) euva k³ nIqvi ci Qv‡` cvwb Rwg‡q 28 w`b e¨vcx wKDwis Gi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|

7.12 Rj Qv`
Rj Qv` ˆZwi‡Z Pzb, myiwK Ges †Lvqv 2t2t7 Abycv‡Z n‡Z n‡e| Rj Qv‡`i Rb¨ †h †Lvqv e¨envi Kiv
n‡e Zv fvj †cvov‡bv B‡Ui ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e| †Lvqvi m‡e©v”P mvBR 19 wgt wgt †_‡K Zvi wb‡P n‡Z
n‡e| myiwK Aek¨B fvj †cvov B‡Ui n‡Z n‡e| Z‡e AwZwi³ †cvov bq, hv cvwb‡Z fv‡m| myiwK 64
b¤^i Pvjybx AwZµg Ki‡e| Pzb n‡Z n‡e Kwj Pzb .. | Pzb dzwU‡q A_ev KwjKiY K‡i wgwn cvDWv‡i
cwiYZ K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Pzb dzUv‡bvi ci 12 bs †gk Pvjybx‡Z †P‡j KYv¸‡jv Avjv`v K‡i
†dj‡Z n‡e Ges KYv¸‡jv cybtivq cvDWvi K‡i e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Pzb dzUv‡bvi ci `yB mßv‡ni
g‡a¨ Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pz‡bi kw³ we‡klfv‡e n«vm cv‡e| 100
wmGdwU Rj Qv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖavb Dcv`vbmg~nt
 ‡Lvqv = 95 wmGdwU
 myiwK = 27 wmGdwU
 Pzb = 482 wmGdwU
Pzb-myiwK-‡Lvqv wgkªY c×wZ
cÖ_‡g KwjK…Z Pzb I myiwK mwVK Abycv‡Z 2Ó ¯Í‡i wewQ‡q Zv fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q wb‡Z n‡e| fvjfv‡e
wgwkÖZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ cybt cybt †gkv‡Z n‡e| †Lvqv c„_K fv‡e 6Ó ¯Í‡i ¯‘c K‡i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cvwb Øviv
wm³ Ki‡Z n‡e| Pzb-myiwKi wgkÖY †Lvqvi Dci wewQ‡q †Kv`v‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Dwë‡q cvwë‡q fvjfv‡e
wgwk‡q wb‡Z n‡e| ﮋ Ae¯’vq †gkv‡bvi ci D³ wgkÖ‡Y cvwb ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| D³ cvwbi mv‡_

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wb¤œwjwLZ `ªe¨vw` (cÖwZ 100 eM©dzU 3 BwÂi cyiæ wnmv‡e A_©vr 25 wmGdwUÕi Rb¨ 30 wjUvi cvwb)
fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q wb‡Z n‡et
1| †gw_ 250 MÖvg
2| L‡qi 250 MÖvg
3| †Svjv ¸o 2 †KwR 500 MÖvg
4| Mve ev KuvPv mycvwi 2 †KwR 500 MÖvg
5| Pzb 2 †KwR 500 MÖvg
6| dyUšÍ cvwb 30 wjUvi
7| †ZuZzj 2 †KwR 500 MÖvg
GLv‡b fvjfv‡e jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e wgwkÖZ cvwb †hb Mwo‡q evB‡i P‡j bv hvq|
 GB wgkÖY 24 N›Uv †i‡L †`evi ci †Kv`vj w`‡q fvjfv‡e †gkv‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e 24 AšÍi AšÍi 4
w`b †gkv‡Z n‡e| Gici wgkÖY nv‡Z wb‡q †Xjv evbv‡j †evSv hv‡e ch©vß cwigv‡Y AvVv‡jv
n‡q‡Q wKbv|
 ch©vß AvVv‡jv bv n‡j cÖvq 10 w`b ch©šÍ GB wgkÖY ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZw`b †Kv`vj Øviv
†gkv‡bvi mgq Dcv`vbmg~‡ni wgwkÖZ cvwb SuvSwii mvnv‡h¨ wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
 Pzb-myiwK-‡Lvqvi wgkÖY Qv‡` weQv‡bvi c~‡e© Qv` fvjfv‡e N‡m Ges ay‡q cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| wgkÖY weQv‡bvi mgq gv‡ci †P‡q 1Ó †ewk cyiæ K‡i weQv‡Z n‡e Ges c‡i Zv wcwU‡q
cÖ‡qvRbxq gv‡c wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
 wgkÖY weQv‡bvi mgq jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e Qv‡`i ‡Wªb cvB‡ci w`‡K Xvj _vK‡Z n‡e Ges GKw`‡bB
Qv‡` wgk¨Y weQv‡bvi KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wgkÖY weQv‡bvi ci cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q nvjZv cvÆv w`‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq †j‡fj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x
ch©v‡q `yigyR Ges gyMi Øviv ZZÿY ch©šÍ †cUv‡bv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e hZÿY ch©šÍ Avcbv n‡Z
`yigyR †diZ bv Av‡m| †cUv‡bvi mgq c¨viv‡cU Ges †`qv‡j Qv‡`i R‡q‡›Ui KvQvKvwQ
RvqMv¸‡jv‡Z AwZwi³ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| hLb †cUv‡bvi KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K †mB
mgq wgwkÖZ cvwb wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †gvUvgywU †cUv‡bvi KvR 5-6 w`b ch©šÍ Ki‡Z nq|
 me‡k‡l 2 fvM Pzb Avi 1 fvM myiwK wgwk‡q / Ó cyiæ Av¯Íi w`‡q †kl Ki‡Z n‡e| †QvU KzwY©
1
2

w`‡q DcwifvM N‡l gm„Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges 15 w`b †fRv PU, KPzwicvbv ev Lo w`‡q Qv` †X‡K
†i‡L wKDwis Ki‡Z n‡e|
 ‡cUv‡bv †kl nevi `yÕw`b ci 1 / Ó-2Ó Mfxi MZ© Luy‡o cvwb Øviv c~Y© Ki‡j hw` †`Lv hvq M‡Z©i
1
2

cvwb Rj Qv` †kvlY Ki‡Q bv Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e Rj Qv‡`i KswµU Kvsw•LZ kw³ AR©b K‡i‡Q|
Zv bv n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Rj Qv‡`i KswµU fvjfv‡e K¤ú¨vKkb nq bvB| AveviI †cUv‡Z n‡e|
ewa©Z †cUv‡bv‡ZI hw` cixÿv K‡i GKB dj cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j cybivq Rj Qv` KivB evÃbxq|
 me‡k‡l Rj Qv‡`i Dci wm‡g›U MÖvDU †j‡c gm„Y K‡i wm‡g›U wdwbwks Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

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Qv` XvjvB Gi mgq nvjKv Xvj †i‡L XvjvB Kiv n‡j Rj Qv‡` Xvj ivLv mnR nq| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv
hvq Rj Qv‡`i gvjvgvj Qv‡`i Dc‡iB Rgv Kiv nq Ges wgkÖYI Qv‡`i Dc‡iB Kiv nq, hv KLbI
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Qv‡`i Dci gvjvgvj Rgv K‡i wgkÖY Ki‡j Qv‡`i KswµU †f` K‡i Qv‡`i Zjvq wekÖ x
jvj `vM c‡i hvq hv †Kvb iKg is K‡iI Avovj Kiv hvq bv| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq feb Dc‡ii
w`‡K m¤úªmviY (Vertical Extension) Kivi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j Rj Qv` bv K‡i weKí A¯’vqx e¨e¯’v MÖnY
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKQz weKí e¨eöv wb‡P †`qv njt
(K) Rj Qv‡`i cwie‡Z© DbœZgv‡bi iæwds K¤úvDÛ e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv Qv‡`i dvUj †iva
Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvcgvÎv n«v‡m mnvqK|
(L) wm‡g›U gkjv w`‡q iæwds UvBjm& jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| iæwds UvBjm& Gi R‡q›U fvjfv‡e gkjv
w`‡q f‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
(M) Pzb-wm‡g›U I evwji gkjv 1t1t10 Abycv‡Z wgwk‡q Qv‡`i Dci cvZjv (1Ó-1 / Ó) cÖ‡jc ¯’vcb K‡i
1
2

me‡k‡l wKDwis K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Qv‡` †Kvb g‡Z cvwb Rg‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv|

126
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV-8 t Kv‡Ri †¯úwmwd‡Kmb

(Specification of Works)

‡mk‡bi D‡Ïk¨:
GB cv‡V Ask MÖnY Kivi ci cÖkxÿYv_©xMY †iU wmwWDj Gi cÖwZwU welq ¯úófv‡e eyS‡Z
cvi‡eb| †iU wmwWD‡j mswÿß AvKv‡i AvB‡Ug Iqvix Kv‡Ri †¯úwjwd‡Kkb D‡jøL _v‡K,
G Qvov Av‡iv wKQz wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q hv Kv‡Ri †¯úwbwd‡Kkb wnmv‡e cwiwPZ| GB Aa¨vqwU
Av‡jvPbvi jÿ n‡”Q hv‡Z K‡i cÖwkÿYv_x© gv‡V KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q †¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi fzj
e¨L¨v bv K‡ib| †¯úwbwd‡Kkb mwVK fv‡e e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges gv‡Vi †jvKRb‡`i‡K
eySv‡Z cv‡ib|

GjwRBwW †iU wmwWDj

Kv‡Ri ¸bMZ gvb i¶v‡_© Kv‡Ri †¯úwmwd‡Kmb ˆZix Kiv nq| Gi A_© n‡jv D³ Kv‡Ri gvjvgvj I
Gi aiY, ¸bvejx, Kv‡Ri wbqgvejx, gvjvgvj I Kv‡Ri cix¶v mg~‡ni wb‡`©wkZ gvb Ges G msµvšÍ
Av‡iv wKQz wb‡`©kbv †¯úwmwd‡Kmb G †`qv _v‡K| GB wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx wbg©vY KvR mgvß Ki‡Z nq|
wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx wbg©vY KvR Kiv bv n‡j wej cÖ`vb Kiv hvq bv| GjwRBwWÕ‡Z Kv‡Ri ÷¨vÛvW I
†¯úwmwd‡Kmb Av‡Q| GQvov †iU wmwWDj G KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv wKQz wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q hv Kv‡Ri
†¯úwmwd‡Kmb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| cÖwZ eQi GB †iU wmwWDj nvj bvMv` Kiv nq| BsivwRÕ‡Z †iU
wmwWDj Gi weeiY _v‡K| †iU wmwWDj Gi cÖwZwU wehq Avgiv A‡b‡K ey‡S DV‡Z cvwi bv| cÖwZwU
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ c„_K c„_K AvB‡Ug _v‡K hvi wfbœ wfbœ weeiY n‡q _v‡K | cÖwZwU weeiY ey‡S KvR Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
 †iU wmwWDj cÖv°jb ˆZix Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq;
 †iU wmwWD‡j Kv‡Ri eY©bv _v‡K;
 †iU wmwWD‡j wKQz †¯úwmwd‡Kmb wb‡`©k _v‡K;
Ab¨vb¨ †¯úwmwd‡Kmb GjwRBwWÕi wewfbœ ÷¨vÛvW eB / g¨vbyqvj G D‡j¬L _v‡K; Frequency of test
†iU wmwWDj I GjwRBwWÕi wewfbœ ÷¨vÛvW eB / g¨vbyqvj G D‡j¬L _v‡K; †iU wmwWDj I †¯úwmwd‡Kmb
Aek¨B fvj K‡i ey‡S wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq ¸bMZ KvR cvIqv hv‡e bv| G Rb¨ †iU wmwWDj
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi e¨e¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|
GB K¬vkwU cwiPvjbv Kvix cÖwkÿK cÖ_‡g cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i‡K D`vnib ¯^iƒc K‡qKwU AvB‡U‡gi
†¯úwjwd‡Kkb eywS‡q w`‡eb Ges cieZ©x‡Z cÖwkÿYv_©xMY cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡g wK wK †¯úwjwd‡Kkb aiv
n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡i wbY©q Ki‡eb Ges cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡gi bx‡P †`qv cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡eb|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Building Works
wfZ cyb:fivU KvR (LGED’s Schedule of Rates 2015)
Description of Item of Works: Sand filling in foundation trenches and inside plinth with
sand (minimum FM 0.80) in 150mm layers in/c leveling, watering and consolidating each
layer up to finished level etc. all complete as per direction of the E-I-C. Dry density after
compaction shall not be less than 95% of MDD (STD). (Item code 5.02.03)

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b t

K) KZ Gd Gg - Gi evwj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
L) cÖwZ †jqvi K¤ú¨vK‡UW evwji cyiæZ¡ KZ n‡Z n‡e ?
M) K¤ú¨vKkb Kivi ci Dry density KZ n‡Z n‡e ?

B‡Ui †mvwjs Gi KvR (LGED’s Schedule of Rates 2015) t

Description of Item of Works: Single layer brick flat soling with 1st class or picked bricks,
true to level, camber/super elevation and grade including carrying bricks, filling the
interstices tightly with sand of mínimum FM 0.80 etc. all complete as per direction of the E-
I-C. (Item code 5.03.01)

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) wK ai‡bi BU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e?
L) KZ †jqv‡i †mvwjs Ki‡Z n‡e ?
M) ga¨eZ©x dvKv ¯’vb¸‡jv KZ Gd Gg evwj Øviv c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e ?

W¨v¤ú cªyd †Kvm© Gi KvR (LGED’s Schedule of Rates 2015)t

Description of item of Works: 38mm thick Damp Proof Course (DPC) with cement
concrete (1:1.5:3) in Portland Composite Cement (CEM II/AM, 42.5N), sand (minimum FM
1.80) and 10mm down well graded 1st class/picked brick chips (LAA value not exceeding
38), in/c casting by concrete mixture machine, compacting, curing for requisite period, coal
tar/bitumen painting, etc. all complete as per direction of the E-I-C. (Item code 5.03.08)

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) gvjvgv‡ji AbycvZ KZ ?
L) †Kvb wm‡g›U e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
M) W¨v¤ú cÖæd †Kv‡m©i cyiæZ¡ KZ?
N) evwji Gd Gg KZ ?
O) wK ai‡bi †Lvqv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
P) ‡Lvqvi LAA gvb KZ n‡Z n‡e ?

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B‡Ui KvR (LGED’s Schedule of Rates 2015)t

Description of Item of Works: Brick work with 1st class bricks in cement mortar (1:6) in
foundation and plinth with Portland Composite cement (CEM II/AM, 42.5N) and best quality
sand (minimum FM1.2), filling the interstices tightly with mortar, raking out joints, cleaning
and soaking bricks at least for 24 hours before use, washing of sand, curing for requisite
period, etc. all complete as per direction of the E-I-C. (Item code 5.04.01)

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) gU©v‡i e¨eüZ evwji Gd Gg KZ ?
L) e¨venv‡ii c~‡e© BU KZÿY Av‡M wfRv‡Z n‡e ?
M) evwj wK ay‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
N) gU©v‡i evwj I wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ KZ ?
O) wK ai‡bi BU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?

Gg Gm i‡Wi KvR (LGED’s Schedule of Rates 2015)t

Description of Item of Works: Supplying and fabrication of M.S High strength Ribbed or
deformed bar reinforcement conforming to BDS ISO 6935-2:2006 (or standard subsequently
released from BSTI) of required size and length for all types of RCC work in/c straightening
removing rusts, cleaning, cutting, hooking, bending, binding or tieing with supply of 22
B.W.G. annealed binding wire double fold, placing in position in/c lapping, or welding
wherever required as directed, anchoring to the adjoining members wherever necessary,
spacing and securing them in position by proper size concrete cover blocks (1:1) supports,
metal chairs, spacers, splices or laps etc. complete in/c cost of all materials, labour, local
handling, cost includes necessary equipment and machinery, loading and unloading,
transportation, all other necessary incidental charges including all leads and lifts etc. to
complete the work as per specifications, design, drawings and direction of the E-I-C.
(Undersize reinforcement will not be accepted under any circumstance. Measurement will be
made based as length of bar on standard weight i.e. 77KN/m3 (BNBC Table 6.2.1) basis.
Chairs, laps, Splice and separators will not be measures for payment. The cost of these
remains inclusive in the unit rate).
RB 300: Ribbed bar or Deformed bar produced and marked as per BDS ISO 6935-2:2006
with minimum yield strength, fy(ReH)=300 MPa, but the actual yield strength based on mill
tests dose not exceed fy by more than the 125 MPa and the ratio of actual ultimate strength,
fu(Re) to to actual tensile yield strength (fy) shall be at least 1.25 and minimum elongation
after fracture (A565) & minimum total elongation and maximum force (Agt) is 17% and 2.5%
respectively. (Item code 5.06.01.01)

KswµU ¯ŒxW KvR (LGED’s Schedule of Rates 2015) t

Description of Item of Works: 38mm thick on an average roof top cement concrete screed
in proportion (1:1.5:3) with Portland Composite cement (CEM II/AM, 42.5N) and best quality
sand (minimum FM1.8) and 12mm down well graded 1st class brick chips/picked chips,
with neat cement finishing on the following day of roof slab casting including mixing
concrete, laying, cost of all materials, labour and transportation to the site, finishing the

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

edges and corners, curing for the requisite period etc. all complete as per drawing,
specification and direction. (Item code 5.12.15)

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) gvjvgv‡ji AbycvZ KZ ?
L) †Kvb wm‡g›U e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
M) KbwµU ¯ŒxW Kv‡RicyiæZ¡ KZ?
N) evwji Gd Gg KZ ?
O) wK ai‡bi †Lvqv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
P) KLb KbwµU ¯ŒxW KvR Ki‡Z n‡e ?
Q) KbwµU ¯ŒxW KvR †Kv_vq Ki‡Z nq ?
cøvóv‡ii KvR (LGED’s Schedule of Rates 2015) t
Description of Item of Works: Minimum 12mm thick cement plaster (1:4) with Portland
Composite cement (CEM II/AM, 42.5N) and best quality sand (minimum FM 1.2) to dado,
plinth wall upto 150mm below ground level, water tank or any where directed with neat
cement finishing in/c washing of sand, racking out joint and picking up cement morter in/c
finishing the edges and corners and cutting for the requisite period etc. all complete as per
direction of the E-I-C. (Item code 5.12.01)

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) evwj KZ fvM ?
L) wm‡g›U KZ fvM ?
M) cøvóvi Kv‡RicyiæZ¡ KZ?
N) evwji Gd Gg KZ ?
O)evwj wK ay‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e?
P) Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ cøvóvi †Kv_vq e¨envi Kiv hv‡e ?
Kv‡Vi KvR (LEGD Schedule of Rates 2015) t
Description of Item of Works: Supplying and making door and windows frames with
sesoned wood of required size in/c painting two coats of coal tar to the surface in contact
with wall, fitted and fixed in position and mending good any damage (All sizes of wood are
finished) for all floors etc. as per direction of the E-I-C. (Jack Wood (Item code 5.07.01).
 Garjan Wood (Item code 5.07.01.01)
 Jarul & Local Teak Wood (Item code 5.07.01.02)
 Silkarai/Chikrashi Wood (Item code 5.07.01.03)
 Telsu Wood (Item code 5.07.01.04)
 Teak Chambal wood (Item code 5.07.01.05)
 Mehgani Wood/Shishu (Item code 5.07.01.06)
 Jack Wood (Item code 5.07.01.07)

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Description of Item of Works: Supplying, fitting and fixing 38mm thick well matured natural
seasoned solid wooden door shutters(mínimum 250mm wide plank ) having top rail style of
sections (100mmx38mm) lock rail (100mmx38mm) and bottom rail (225mmx38mm), closed
joints and provited with best quality 4 nos. 100mm iron hinges, 2 nos. best quality 12mm dia
300mm and 225mm long iron tower socket bolts, 2 nos. heavy type nickel plated handle,
hinge cleats, buffer blocks and finished with sand papering for all floors etc. all complete as
per direction of the E-I-C.(Single leaf door. All sizes of wood are finished). (Item code
5.08.01)
 Jack Wood (Item code 5.08.01.01)
 Gamari/Chapalish Wood (Item code 5.08.01.02)
 Teak Chambal wood (Item code 5.08.01.03)
 Chittagong Teak Wood (Item code 5.08.01.04)
 Mehgani Wood (Item code 5.08.01.05)

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) wK ai‡bi KvV e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
L) Kâv, nvZj wK ai‡bi n‡e ?
M) Kv‡Vi cyiæZ¡ KZ ?
N) Kv‡Vi Z³vi mvBR KZ n‡e ?
Steel window shutter Gi KvR (LGED's Schedule of Rates 2015) t
Description of Item of Works: Supplying,fitting and fixing Steel window shutter with frames
& grill as per drawing and design having requisite nos. of vertical and horizontal standard MS
angle (19mmx19mmx3mm) and Z section (19mmx19mmx19mmx3mm) for shutter and MS
flat bar (25mmx4.5mm) and (19mmx3mm) and (10mmx10mm) square bar welded
horizontally @ 125mm at inside face of frame of window shutter with F.I. clamp 75mmx3mm
duly embaded in cement concrete (1:2:4) and mending good the damages in/c finishing the
intersecting points by filling with all cost of charges for fabrication and manufacturing by
welding, riveting, etc. supplying all essential fittings like stopper, handle, 3 nos. catch hooks,
300mm long adjustable iron cleats, 50mm long pin hinges, 150mm long clamps for fitting
frame in/c supplying, fitting, fixing 22 BWG MS sheet in position welded to steel shutter
with(19mmx3mm) MS flat bar stiffener and putty and painting the window with two coats of
synthetic enamel paint over a coat of anticorrosive priming, etc. for all floors, all complete as
per direction of the E-I-C. (Item code 5.08.15).

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) MS angle Gi cyiæZ¡ KZ?
L) Z section Gi cyiæZ¡ KZ?
M) wK ai‡biMS sheet e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
N) KZ ‡KvU synthetic enamel paintw`‡Z n‡e ?
O) Synthetic enamel paintcÖ‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© wK Ki‡Zn‡e ?

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

P) cªwZwU window shutter G catch hook KZwU w`‡Z n‡e ?

†nvqvBU Iqvk (LGED's Schedule of Rates 2015) t

Description of Item of Works: White washing three coats over a coat of priming with
slacked stone lime mixed with gums, blue. Lime mix prepared at least 12 hours before use,
in/c removing the floating materials from the mixture, surface cleaning to free all foreign
materials before application of each coat. Applying one vertical and one horizontal wash for
each coat and successive coat is to be applied after drying up of previous coat i/c cost of
hair brush, providing necessary scaffolding and necessary cleaning the plinth, floors, doors,
windows, partions and ventilators by washing, rubbing as if necessary before and after the
wash, polishing the surface with sand paper etc. all complete for all floors i/c cost of all
materials as per direction of the E-I-C. (Item code 5.16.01.01).

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) †nvqvBU Iqvk KZ †KvU Ki‡Z n‡e ?
L) †nvqvBU Iqvk Kivi Rb¨ wK wK gvjvgvj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ?
M) e¨env‡ii Rb¨ jvBg wgkÖY KZ Av‡M cÖ¯‘Z K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e ?
N) cÖ_g †KvU †kl nIqvi ci KLb wØZxq †KvU †`qv hv‡e ?
O) †nvqvBU Iqvk Kivi ci wKfv‡e cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ Ki‡Z n‡e?

Plastic emulsion paint (LGED's Schedule of Rates 2015) t

Description of Item of Works: Painting with plastic emulsion paint of best quality and
approved colour in a seal container from authorized manufacturer. Applying each coat and
successive coat is to be applied as per manufacturer special procedure, to wall and ceiling in
two coats over a coat of priming coat of water sealer and ready mixed putty of approved
brand. It applied on sand papered and cleaned surface and after drying applied sealer coat,
2 coats of ready mixed wall putty of approved brand, each coat dried and smoothened by
sand papering. Applying plastic emulsion paint one vertical and one horizontal coat for each
coat and successive coat is to be applied after drying up of previous coat by
brush/roller/spray in/c cleaning the plinth, floors, doors, windows, portions and ventilators by
washing, rubbing, as necessary and sand papering the surface and necessary scaffolding,
etc. curing for the requisite period etc. all complete for all floors i/c cost of all materials as per
direction of the E-I-C. (Item code 5.16.05.01).

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) wK‡mi Øviv †cBw›Us Ki‡Z n‡e ?
L) †cBw›Us Kivi Av‡M †Kvb †KvU w`‡Z n‡e?
M) cªwZ †KvU ej‡Z wK eySvq?
N) cÖ_g †KvU †kl nIqvi ci KLb wØZxq †KvU †`qv hv‡e ?
O) †cBw›Us ‡kl Kivi ci wKfv‡e cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ Ki‡Z n‡e ?

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

I‡q`vi †KvU KvR (LGED's Schedule of Rates 2015) t

Description of Item of Works: On exterior surface applying as per manufacturer instruction
specific coat of weather coat of approved quality and colour delivered from authorized local
agent of the manufacturer in a sealed container. Applying one vertical and one horizontal
coat for each coat and successive coat is to be applied after drying up of previous coat by
brush/roller/spray in/c cleaning, washing, rubbing, as necessary and sand papering the
surface and necessary scaffolding, etc. all complete for all floors i/c cost of all materials as
per direction of the E-I-C. (Item code 5.16.09).
3 coat (Item code 5.16.09.01).
2 coat (Item code 5.16.09.02).

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) cÖwZ †KvU ej‡Z wK †evSvq ?
L) ‡KvU jvMv‡bvi c~‡e© ewnf©v‡Mi mvi‡dm wK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e ?
M) KLb wØZxq †KvU †`qvi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e ?
N) ‡Kv_v n‡Z Ges wK Ae¯’vq gvjvgvj wb‡Z n‡e ?
Gbv‡gj †cB‡›Ui Kv‡Ri GKwU AvB‡Ug wb‡P †`qv nj (LEGD Schedule of Rates 2012) t
Item Code 5.16.10.01- Painting to door and window frames and shutters in two coats with
synthetic enamel paint of best quality and approved colour over a coat of priming. Applying
one vertical and one horizontal coat for each coat and successive coat is to be applied after
drying up of previous coat by brush/roller/spray in/c cleaning, washing, rubbing, as
necessary and sand papering the surface and necessary scaffolding, etc. all complete for all
floors i/c cost of all materials as perdirection of the E-I-C.

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ AvB‡Ug Abyhvqx wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b t

K) Synthetic enamel is Gi †KvU wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e ?
L) cÖwZ GKwU †KvU ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
M) is Gi ‡KvU jvMv‡bvi c~‡e© wK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e ?
N) KLb wØZxq c~Y© †KvU †`qvi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e ?

133
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV 9t wewìs BDwUwjwU mvwf©‡mm

(Building Utility Services)

Contents:

9.1 c¬vw¤^s GÛ m¨vwb‡Ukb KvR

9.1.1 c¬vw¤^s wm‡÷g
9.1.2 cvBc
9.1.3 c¬vw¤^s wdKPvi
9.1.4 cvBc wdwUsm
9.2 ˆe`y¨wZK KvR
9.2.1 Iq¨vwis I †kªYxwefvM
9.2.2 evwn¨K ˆe`y¨wZKiY
9.2.3 Af¨šÍixY ˆe`y¨wZKiY
9.2.4 ‰e`y¨wZK Zvi I K¨vej
9.2.5 ‰e`y¨wZK Zv‡ii R‡q›U
9.2.6 Avw_©s

Objectives:

GB cv‡V Ask MÖnY K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©xMY feb wbg©vY Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ mKj cÖKvi cøvw¤^s
Ges †mwbUk‡bi KvR †hgb cvwbi jvB‡bi cvBc wdwUs, cvBc jvB‡b cøvw¤^s wdKPvi
emv‡bv, cøvw¤^s wm‡÷g ¯’vcb, †mwb‡Ukb jvBb emv‡bv, †mwb‡Ukb wm‡÷g ¯’vcb wewfbœ
cÖKvi cøvw¤^s wdKPvi m¤ú‡K©¨ avibv †bqv Ges fe‡bi we`y¨wZK KvR †hgb Iq¨vwis,
Iq¨vwis Gi †Uw÷s, ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi I K¨vej m¤ú‡K©¨ aviYv, ˆe`y¨wZK Zv‡ii R‡q›U Avw_©s
BZ¨vw` we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges gv‡Vi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †jvKRb‡`i eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|

134
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

9.0 wbgœwjwLZ KvR mg~n wewìs BDwUwjwU mvwf©‡mm Gi AšZf©z³t

1. c¬vw¤^s GÛ m¨wb‡Ukb KvR
2. B‡jKwUªK KvR|

9.1 c¬vw¤^s GÛ m¨vwb‡Ukb KvR

c¬vw¤^s ej‡Z †evSvq cvBc, cvBc wdwUsm, fvje, wd·Pvi BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g evbv‡bv GKwU wm‡÷g hv
evwo‡Z cvwb mieivn Ges wb®‹vk‡b e¨envi nq|
c¬vw¤^s Ges m¨wb‡Ukb Kv‡Ri DcKib ¸‡jv PviwU fv‡M wef³|
 cvBct - ‡bUIqvK© ˆZwii gva¨‡g cvwb mieivn Ges wb®‹vkb K‡i |
 cvBc wdwUsmt - cvBc jvB‡bi cvBc ms‡hvRb , cvBc jvB‡bi w`K cwieZ©b , cÖavb
cvBc n‡Z kvLv jvBb evwni Kiv , eo AvKv‡ii cvB‡ci mv‡_ †QvU AvKv‡ii cvBc
†Rvov †`qv Ges cvBcjvB‡b c¬vw¤^s wdKPvi emv‡Z mvR mi›Rv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq , †m
mg¯Z mvR mi›Rvg‡K cvBc wdwUsm e‡j|
 fvj¡ t (cvwbi Pvc wbqš¿b Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq)
 wd·Pvi t (K‡gvW, c¨vb, †ewmb, kvIqvi, U¨vc, ev_Uve BZ¨vw`|)
m¨vwb‡Ukb ej‡Z eySvq GB eR¨ cvwb‡K ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z Dcv‡q cÖK…wZ‡Z wb®‹vkb hv‡Z cwi‡e‡ki Dci
Lvivc cÖfve bv c‡o| GjwRBwW Zvi AvIZvaxb GjvKvq weï× cvwb mieivn Ges Zij gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡b
GKK fv‡e A_ev Abvb¨ miKvix ms¯’vi mn‡hvwMZvq c¬vw¤^s Ges m¨wb‡Ukb KvR K‡i _v‡K|
c¬vw¤^s Kv‡Ri DcKib mg~n `ywU fv‡M wef³
 c¬vw¤^s wd·Pvi
 c¬vw¤^s cvBc Ges wdw·s

135
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

c¬vw¤^s wd·Pvi
Abvqv‡m cvwbi e¨env‡i Ges e¨eüZ cvwb ev cvwb w`‡q evwnZ Zij
gjg~Î ¯^qswµqfv‡e
wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ c-vw¤^s e¨e¯’vq †h mKj cvÎ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i c¬vw¤^s
wd·Pvi e‡j| h_vt (1) wm¼ , (2) nvZ †avqvi †ewmb, (3) ev_Uve,
(4) kvIqvi ev_, (5) d¬vwks wmóvib, (6) BDwibvjm, (8) IqvUvi
†K¬v‡mU BZ¨vw`|

cvBc, †f›U I U¨v‡ci mvnv‡h¨ e¨eüZ wd·v‡ii cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ njt-

 cvwb I Abvb¨ Zij eR¨© c`v_© wb®‹vkb Kiv|
 Drcbœ `yM©Ügq welv³ M¨vm †ei K‡i †`qv|
 welv³ M¨vm evox‡Z XzK‡Z bv †`qv|
mKj cÖKv‡ii wd·vi gm„Y Ges cvwb †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ggb ai‡bi
c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi n‡q
_v‡K| wd·vi ¸‡jvi AvK…wZ Ggb ai‡bi nIqv DwPZ †hb me AskB
mn‡R cwi®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e
nq|

9.1.1 c¬vw¤^s wm‡÷g

weÁvb I cÖhyw³i Pig DrK‡l©i GB hy‡M ¯^v¯’¨wewa †g‡b Rxeb hvcb Kiv mKj m‡PZb gvby‡li Kvg¨|
Ò`vjv‡b cvwb mieiv‡ni Rb¨ Ges e¨eüZ gqjv cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ ZijeR©¨ wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ `vjv‡b ev
M„‡n cvBc, mvR-miÄvg, wdwUsm Ges Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ ¯’vc‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj‡K c¬vw¤^s wm‡÷g (Plumbing
/Plumbing System) e‡jÓ|

c¬vw¤^s wm‡÷‡gi ¸iyZ¡

`vjvb‡KvVv ev M„‡n weÁvb m¤§Zfv‡e Avivg I myweavw`i g‡a¨ emevm Kivi Rb¨ c¬vw¤^s wm‡÷‡gi
¸iyZ¡c~Y© (Importance of plumbing system) f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ `vjvb ev M„‡n weÁvb m¤§Z c¬vw¤^s
wm‡÷g ¯’vcb Kiv Riæix|
 Drm †_‡K cvwb msMÖn K‡i, cÖ‡qvR‡b †kvabvMv‡i cvwb †kva‡bi ci `vjvb †KvVvq emevmiZ
†jvKR‡bi Kv‡Q cvwb †cŠ‡Q †`qv|
 emevmKvix †jvKR‡bi e¨eüZ cvwb wb®‹vkb Kiv |
 †hLv‡b cwiKwíZ wmDqvi jvBb †bB †mLv‡b e¨eüZ cvwb‡K Db¥y³ b`©gv ev Rjvk‡q ev
†mcwUK U¨vs‡K Ges †hLv‡b wmDqvi jvBb Av‡Q †mLv‡b wmDqvi jvB‡b wb®‹vkb Kiv |

c¬vw¤^s ms¯’vcb
cvwb mieivn I e¨eüZ cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ ZijeR©¨ wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ `vjvb‡KvVv, evm M„‡n ev Ab¨vb¨
febvw`‡Z †h mg¯Z cvBc, wdwUsmmn wdKPvi e¨eüZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K h_vh_fv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv‡K c¬vw¤^s
¯’vcb (Plumbing installation) e‡j|

136
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

c¬vw¤^s ms¯’vcb c×wZ‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v-

(K) mieivn c×wZ (Supply system)
(L) wdKPvi c×wZ (Fixture system)
(M) wb®‹vkb c×wZ (Drainage system)
(K) mieivn c×wZ t me iK‡gi †hvMvb cvBc‡K mieivn cvBc e‡j| GB cvBc iv¯Zvi mieivn
cvBc †_‡K cvwb msMÖn K‡i `vjv‡b Aew¯’Z Uq‡jU, Iqvk †ewmb, ivbœvNi, ev_iyg cÖf„wZ
RvqMvq †cuŠ‡Q †`q| G‡`i ms‡hvM †`Iqv nq mieivn c×wZi gva¨‡g|
(L) wdKPvi c×wZ t Iqvk †ewmb, IqvUvi K¬‡mU, wmsK&, jwÛ‡Uª, ev_Uve BZ¨vw`‡K wdKPvi e‡j|
M„‡n emevmKvixMY G wdKPvi ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cvwb e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡`i ms‡hvM †`Iqv
nq wdKPvi c×wZi gva¨‡g|
(M) wb®‹vkb c×wZ t G c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi wdKPvi n‡Z wbM©Z e¨eüZ gqjv cvwb, e„wói cvwb,
gjgyÎ I _vjvevmb †avqvi cvwb wb®‹vkb cvB‡ci gva¨‡g wmDqvi cvB‡c †cŠQvb nq| G‡K
†Wª‡bR wm‡÷g e‡j| hw` wmDqvi n‡Z wbM©Z `yM©Ühy³ M¨vm A_ev RxevYy M„‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i
Zvn‡j bvbv iKg †ivM Rxevby Qwo‡q co‡e| wb®‹vkb c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi cvBc h_v t m‡qj
÷¨vK, †Wªb cvBc I I‡q÷ cvB‡ci ms‡hvM †`Iqv nq|

9.1.2 cvBc
cvBc t ÒduvKv, †MvjvKvi `xN© bj hvi wfZi w`‡q Zij c`v_© cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K cvBc e‡jÓ| c¬vw¤^s
Kv‡R mieivnK…Z cvwb `vjv‡bvi wewfbœ wdKPv‡i e¨eüZ nIqvi ci †ei K‡i †`Iqvi Rb¨ cvBc
e¨eüZ nq|
M„‡ni gjg~Î wb®‹vkbKvix Lvov cvBc‡K ÷¨vK (Stack) cvBc e‡j| ev_iy‡gi gqjv cvwb, Ni‡avqv
cvwb, ivbœvN‡ii gqjv cvwb‡K mv‡jR (Sullege) e‡j| ‡Kvb M„‡ni mv‡jR, gjg~Î wdKPvi (Fixture)
n‡Z Uªv‡ci gva¨‡g wbM©Z n‡q †h cvB‡ci mvnv‡h¨ wb®‹vwkZ nq Zv‡K m‡qj (Soil) cvBc e‡j| †h
cvB‡ci gva¨‡g evwoi gj-gyÎ, gqjv cvwb, iv¯Ív †avqv e„wói cvwb, KjKviLvbvi eR©¨ †bvsiv cvwb
BZ¨vw` wb®‹vwkZ nq, Zv‡K wmDqvi (Sewer) cvBc e‡j| wmDqvi cvBc mvaviYZ: iv¯Ívi cv‡k gvwUi
wb‡P ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
e¨env‡ii wfwˇZ cvB‡ci ‡k«bxwefvM t
(K) mieivn cvBc (Supply pipe)
(L) mvwf©m cvBc (Service pipe)
(M) wb®‹vkb cvBc (Drainage pipe)
(N) ‡f›U cvBc (Vent pipe)
(O) m‡qj cvBc (Soil pipe)
(P) gqjv cvwb wb®‹vkb cvBc (Waste water drainage pipe)
(Q) e„wói cvwb wb®‹vkb cvBc (Rain water drainage pipe)
(R) nvDR wmDqvi (House swear)
(S) ÷ªxU †gBb wmDqvi (Street main sewer)

137
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(K) mieivn cvBc (Supply pipe) t `vjv‡b cvwb mieiv‡ni Rb¨ cÖavb, Dc-cÖavb A_ev iv¯—vi wb‡P
†h cvBc emv‡bv nq H¸‡jv‡K mieivn cvBc e‡j| Kvó Avqib (Cast iron), wcwfwm (PVC),
÷xj (Steel), M¨vjfvBRW Avqi‡bi (GI) Øviv GB me cvBc ˆZwi nq|
(L) mvwf©m cvBc (Service pipe) t mieivn cvBc n‡Z A‡c¶vK…Z miæ AvKv‡ii cvBc hv Øviv
e¨env‡ii ¯’v‡b cvwb Avbv nq Zv‡K mvwf©m cvBc e‡j| GB cvBc wc.wf.wm ev M¨vjfvbvBRW
Avqi‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
(M) wb®‹vkb cvBc (Drainage pipe)t †Kvb `vjvb ev M„‡ni e¨eüZ cvwb †h mKj cvB‡ci gva¨‡g
wb®‹vkb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K wb®‹vkb cvBc e‡j| GKv‡R mvaviYZ: Kvó Avqib, G¨vm‡e÷m wm‡g›U
cvBc, wm‡g›U cvBc ev wc.wf.wm. cvBc e¨eüZ nq|
(N) †f›U cvBc (Vent pipe)t mvaviYZt †f›U cvBc `yÕwU Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| h_v- (1) `vjv‡bi gqjv
cvwb wbM©gb cvBc n‡Z `yM©Ü hy³ M¨vm wbM©gb Kiv, (2) Uª¨vc wmj i¶v Kiv| GB cvBc Lvovfv‡e
m‡qj cvB‡ci (Soil pipe) mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| GB cvB‡ci D”PZv `vjv‡bi Qv` n‡Z Kgc‡¶ 2
wgUvi †ewk ivLv nq| e„wói cvwb hv‡Z cvB‡c XyK‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ cvB‡ci gv_vq Uzwc ev
KvD‡qj (Cowel) civb nq|
(O) m‡qj cvBc (Soil pipe)t IqvUvi K¬‡mU ev Ab¨ †Kvb wdKPvi n‡Z wb®‹vwkZ cvwb †h wbw`©ó cvB‡c
wM‡q c‡o Ges †h cvBc Øviv Zv nvDR wmqv‡i †cŠ‡Q †`qv nq Zv‡K m‡qj cvBc e‡j| KswµU,
wc.wf.wm I Kvó Avqib Øviv G cvBc wbwg©Z nq|
(P) gqjv cvwb wb®‹vkb cvBc (Waste water drainage pipe)t `vjvb ev M„‡n Aew¯’Z wewfbœ wdKPvi
n‡Z msM„nxZ gqjv cvwb `vjv‡bi Mv‡q Lvovfv‡e jvMv‡bv cvB‡ci mvnv‡h¨ iv¯Zvi wb‡P Aew¯’Z
cvB‡c †cŠQv‡bv nq| GB Lvov cvBcwU‡K gqjv cvwb wb®‹vkb cvBc (Waste Water Drainage
Pipe) e‡j| wc.wf.wm I Kvó Avqib Øviv G cvBc wbwg©Z nq|

(Q) e„wói cvwb wb®‹vkb cvBc (Rain water down pipe)t `vjv‡bi Qv‡` e„wói †h cvwb Rgv nq Zv
`vjv‡bi mv‡Z mshy³ Lvov cvB‡ci mvnv‡h¨ cÖ_‡g Pvicv‡ki †Wª‡b Ges c‡i †Wª‡bi mvnv‡h¨
iv¯Zvi wb‡P ms¯’vwcZ eo cvB‡c wb®‹vwkZ nq| Lvov GB cvBcwU‡K e„wói cvwb enbKvix cvBc
(Rain water down pipe) cvBc e‡j| wc.wf.wm I Kvó Avqib Øviv G cvBc wbwg©Z nq|

(R) nvDR wmDqvi (House sewer)t †h wmDqvi jvBb `vjvb n‡Z wb®‹vwkZ cvwb cÖavb iv¯Zvi wb‡P
¯’vwcZ wmDqvi jvB‡b †cŠwQ‡q †`q Zv‡K nvDR wmDqvi e‡j| wc.wf.wm, Kvó Avqib ev KswµU
Øviv G cvBc wbwg©Z nq|
(S) ÷ªxU †gBb wmDqvi (Street main sewer)t nvDR wmDqvi n‡Z msN„nxZ wmD‡qR †h cvB‡ci
gva¨‡g †kvab ev Acmvi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Dchy³ ¯’v‡b †bIqv nq Zv‡K ÷ªxU †gBb wmDqvi e‡j|
wc.wf.wm I KswµU Øviv G cvBc wbwg©Z nq|

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9.1.3 c¬vw¤^s wdKPvi

`vjv‡b cvwb e¨envi Kivi ci e¨eüZ cvwb ev Ab¨vb¨ Zij c`v_© wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ c¬vw¤^s e¨e¯’vq †h mKj
cvÎ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K wdKPvi (Fixture) e‡j| h_v- ev_Uve, wmsK, nvZ †avqvi †ewmb,
IqvUvi †K¬v‡mU, BDwibvj&m, jÛªx-‡Uª BZ¨vw`|
wewfbœ cÖKvi wdKPvi I e¨envit
1) nvZ †avqvi †ewmb (Wash hand basin)t nvZ †avqvi †ewmb mvaviYZ: †MvmjLvbvi wfZ‡i,
†MvmjLvbv msjMœ †`Iqv‡j, LvIqvi N‡ii †`Iqv‡j ¯’vcb Kiv nq| GwU †d¬vi †_‡K Dc‡i
†`Iqvj msjMœ eªv‡KU, †jM, c¨v‡W÷vj I †Kwe‡bU Øviv ms¯’vcb Kiv nq|
2) kvIqvi ev_ (Shower bath) t GwU mvaviYZ: †MvmjLvbvq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| kvIqvi †iv‡Ri
Ae¯’v‡bi Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i †g‡Si Dci †`Iqv‡j ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
3) ev_Uve (Bath tub) t ev_Uve ev_iæ‡g ¯’vwcZ GK cÖKvi †PŠev”Pv we‡kl| GwU †g‡Si Dci
ev_iæ‡gi myweavRbK KY©v‡i, `yB †`Iqvj ev wZb †`Iqvj msjMœ ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiv nq| KLbI
KLbI `yB †`Iqv‡ji gv‡S GK †`Iqvj msjMœ ¯’v‡bI ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
4) wmsK (Sink) t ivbœvN‡i e¨eüZ _vjv, evwU I Ab¨vb¨ evmb‡Kvlb †aŠZ Kivi Rb¨ †h cvÎ
e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K wK‡Pb wmsK e‡j| GwU mvaviYZ: ivbœvN‡iB ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
5) IqvUvi †K¬v‡mU (Water closet) t cvwb evwnZ e¨e¯’vq cvqLvbvi †h cvÎwU‡Z gjZ¨vM Kiv nq
†mB gjcvÎ Ges Zrmn Uªvc ev mvBdbwU‡K GK ms‡M ejv nq IqvUvi †K¬v‡mU ev ms‡¶‡c
WweøD.wm. (W.C)|
6) BDwib¨vjm (Urinals) t †h cv‡Î Avgiv cÖmªve Z¨vM Kwi Zv‡K gyÎvavi (urinals) e‡j|

wewfbœ cÖKvi wdKPv‡ii Qwe

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

c¬vw¤^s wdKPvi mg~‡n e¨eüZ d¬v‡mU ev fvj¦ t

wee wKK (Bib cock) t mieivn jvBb n‡Z cvwb wdKPvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb
¯’v‡b e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ wee KK e¨eüZ nq| G¸‡jv wewfbœ cÖKvi e¯‘ h_v-
wcZj, c¬vwóK BZ¨vw`i ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|

wee KK©

wcjvi KK (Pillar cock) t †ewmb, ev_Uve I j¨vfv‡Uvix ai‡bi wdKPv‡ii

Dcwi As‡ki wQ`ª w`‡q Zj‡`k †_‡K cvwb Avbvi Rb¨ wcjvi KK e¨envi
Kiv nq| mieivn jvB‡bi mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ wcjvi KK I
jvB‡bi gv‡S wjW (Lead) ev c¬vwó‡Ki cvBc e¨envi Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv
wewfbœ cÖKvi e¯‘ h_v- wcZj, c¬vwóK BZ¨vw`i ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
wcjvi KK©

÷c KK (Stop cock) t GwU mvaviYZt mvwf©m cvBc ev AvDU‡jU cvB‡c

e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ mvwf©m jvB‡bi cvwb wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|
cÖ‡qvR‡b mieivn eÜ K‡i evmv-evwoi wdwUsm, wdKPvi, cvBc BZ¨vw`
†givgZ I bZzb jvBb ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv wewfbœ cÖKvi e¯‘ h_v-
wcZj, c¬vwóK BZ¨vw`i ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
÷c KK©

9.1.4 cvBc wdwUsm

cvBc wdwUsm (Pipe fittings) t cvBc ms‡hvRb, jvB‡bi w`K cwieZ©b, cÖavb jvBb n‡Z kvLv jvBb
¯’vcb, eo e¨v‡mi cvB‡ci mv‡_ †QvU e¨v‡mi cvB‡ci ms‡hvRb I cvBc jvB‡b c¬vw¤^s wdKPvi emv‡Z †h
mKj mvR-miÄv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq G¸‡jv‡KB cvBc wdwUsm e‡j| wewfbœ cÖKvi wdwUsm ¸wji bvg t
m‡KU, Gj‡ev, †eÛ, wU, BDwbqb, †iwWDmvi, wbcj, µm, c¬vM, eyk, ÷c KK, †MU fvj&f, †PK
fvj&f, IqvB wU, IqvB eªv BZ¨vw`|
wdwUs‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t
wb‡gœ wdwUs‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡j¬L Kiv nj|

1) cvB‡ci mv‡_ cvB‡ci ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨|

2) jvB‡bi w`K cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨|
3) cÖavb jvBb n‡Z kvLv jvBb †ei Kivi Rb¨|
4) eo AvKv‡ii cvB‡ci mv‡_ A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU AvKv‡ii cvBc ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨|
5) cvBc jvB‡bi ¶q¶wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨|
6) cvBc jvB‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi wdKPvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨|
7) jvB‡b cÖevngvb Zij ev M¨vm wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨|
8) we‡kl c×wZ‡Z evMv‡b cvwb †`Iqvi Rb¨|

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wewfbœ cÖKvi wdwUs‡mi e¨envi (Uses of fittings) t

1) m‡KU (Socket) t G‡K mvaviYZt Kvcwjs I ejv n‡q _v‡K| †mvRv jvBb‡K ewa©Z Kivi
Kv‡R m‡KU e¨eüZ nq| m‡K‡Ui g~j KvR nj †Rvov †`Iqv| ZvQvov wee KK I fvj&e BZ¨vw`
cvB‡ci mv‡_ ms‡hvRb Kivi Rb¨I m‡KU e¨envi Kiv nq|
2) Gj‡ev (Elbow) t Gj‡ev †e‡Ûi gZ jvB‡bi w`K cwieZ©‡b e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU mvaviYZt
1 1
90 , 60 , 45 , 222 , 114 †Kv‡Yi n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov Wªc Gj‡ev, w÷ªU Gj‡ev BZ¨vw`
0 0 0 0 0

bv‡gI cvIqv hvq|

3) ‡eÛ (Bend) t †eÛ Øviv cvBc jvB‡bi w`K cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †eÛ 90 †Kv‡Yi †ewk nq|
0

†eÛ K‡qK cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K, †hgb- wiUvY© †eÛ, †K¬vR †eÛ, wgwWqvg †eÛ, Y †eÛ BZ¨vw`|
†eÛ e¨envi Ki‡j cÖevwnZ Zij Kg evavcÖvß nq|
4) wU (Tee) t †Kvb cvBc jvB‡bi mv‡_ 90 †Kv‡Y cvBc ms‡hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ ÔwUÕ e¨eüZ nq| wU
0

wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i, ‡hgb- †c-Bb wU, mvwf©m wU, Wªc wU BZ¨vw`|
5) BDwbqb (Union) t m‡KU e¨envi K‡i cvBc ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡j cieZ©x‡Z Ly‡j wb‡Z Amyweav
nq| cvBc jvBb †hLv‡b †Lvjvi cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡b BDwbqb e¨eüZ nq| BDwbqb e¨eüZ n‡j
cvBc ms‡hvM I wfbœ Kiv DfqB mnR|
6) ‡iwWDmvi (Reducer) t cvBc jvB‡b wewfbœ e¨v‡mi `yBwU cvBc GK‡Î ms‡hvM †`IqAvi Rb¨
†h wdwUsmwU e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K wiwWDmvi e‡j| eo e¨v‡mi cvBc †_‡K †QvU e¨v‡mi cvBc
ms‡hvM †bIqvi mgq wiwWDmvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
7) wbcj (Nipple) t wbcj ms‡hvMKvix wdwUsm| Gi `yB cÖv‡š—B evwn‡ii w`‡K cu¨vP KvUv _v‡K|
wbcj wZb cÖKvi| h_v- †K¬vR wbcj, kU© wbcj I js wbcj|
8) µm (Cross) t PviwU cvBc jvBb hLb GKB ¯’v‡b wgwjZ nq ZLb µm e¨envi Kiv nq| GKB
we›`y n‡Z mg‡Kv‡Y Pvwiw`‡K cvBc ms‡hvRb Kivi Rb¨ µm e¨eüZ nq|
9) cøvM (Plug) t A‡bK mgq cvBc jvBb hw` cieZ©x‡Z evovevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K Zvn‡j jvB‡bi
mgvwß bv NwU‡q AvcvZZt eÜ ivLv nq| G ai‡Yi cvB‡ci †kl cÖv‡š— c-vM K¨vc e¨envi n‡q
_v‡K|
10) eyk (Bush) t †ewk Amg e¨v‡mi cvBc ¯’vc‡b hw` cÖ‡qvRbxq wdwUsm bv cvIqv hvq ZLb eyk
e¨envi Kiv nq|
11) ‡MU fvj&f (Gate valve) t cvwbi jvB‡b cÖavb, Dc-cÖavb I kvLv jvB‡b cvwbi cÖevn wbqš¿Y
Kivi Rb¨ †MU fvj&f e¨envi Kiv nq|

12) cvwbi wgUvi (Water meter) t cvB‡ci wfZi w`‡q cvwb mieiv‡ni cwigvY cwigv‡ci Rb¨
e¨eüZ we‡kl hš¿‡K cvwb wgUvi e‡j| cvwb mieivn jvB‡bi ms‡hvM MÖnYKvix cÖwZwU evmM„‡ni
Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e GB wgUvi ms‡hvRb Kiv nq|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

13) ‡PK fvjf& (Check valve) t cÖavb KvR nj cvwbi cÖev‡ni w`K cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨w`‡K
cÖevwnZ Kiv|
14) IqvB †eÛ (Y-bend) t GKwU cvBc jvBb †_‡K `yÕwU cvBc jvBb mgvb †Kv‡Y ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨
IqvB †eÛ e¨eüZ nq|
15) m¨vwbUvwi µm (Sanitary cross) t GKwU †gvUv jvBb †_‡K `yÕwU †QvU e¨v‡mi †eÛ AvKv‡ii †h
ms‡hvRb Kiv nq Zv‡K m¨vwbUvwi µm e‡j|
16) wU-IqvB (Tee-Y) t †gvUv e¨v‡mi cvBc †_‡K †QvU e¨v‡mi cvBc IqvB AvKv‡i ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
17) IqvB-eªv (Y-branch) t †gvUv e¨v‡mi cvBc †_‡K †KŠwYKfv‡e IqvB AvK…wZi †eÛ wnmv‡e
cvBc jvB‡b e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎ t cvBc wdwUsm

Uª¨vc (Trap) t Uª¨vc GK ai‡Yi euvKv bj| GwU c¬vw¤^s Gi wb®‹vkb c‡_ euvKv euvav m„wó K‡i hv‡Z `yM©Ü
N‡i XyK‡Z bv cv‡i| Uª¨v‡ci GKwU Ask me mgq cvwb aviY K‡i _v‡K| aviYK…Z cvwb (Trap seal)
N‡ii wfZ‡i `yM©Ü ev `~wlZ M¨vm cÖ‡e‡k evav cÖ`vb K‡i|

Uª¨vc e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessary of using trap) t

(1) M„‡ni Af¨všÍ‡i `~wlZ M¨vm cÖ‡e‡k evav cÖ`vb K‡i|
(2) `yM©Ühy³ M¨vm M„nf¨šZ‡i cÖ‡ek bv Ki‡Z Uª¨v‡c cvwb aviY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
(3) evwn‡ii M¨vm cÖ‡e‡k evav cÖ`vb K‡i M„n‡K evm Dc‡hvMx iv‡L|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

(4) evwm›`v‡`i †ivMevjvB ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i|

(5) evav cÖ`vb K‡i M¨vm‡K wbw`©ó w`‡K wbM©g‡Y eva¨ K‡i|

Uª¨v‡ci cÖKvi‡f` t
Gm-Uª¨vc (S-Trap) t GB Uª¨v‡c eR©¨ cÖ‡ek c_ Lvov _v‡K| GB Uª¨vc I‡q÷ IqvUvi wbM©gb c‡_
mshy³ _v‡K|
wc-Uª¨vc (P-Trap) t GB Uª¨v‡ci eR©¨ c`v_© cÖ‡ek c_wU Lvov Ges Gi wb®‹vkb c_wU Abyf~wgK|
wdKPv‡ii wbM©gb c‡_i I‡q÷ IqvUvi cvB‡ci mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
wKD-Uª¨vc (Q-Trap) t Gi eR©¨ cÖ‡ek c_wU Lvov| wbM©gb c_wU Abyf~wgK bv n‡q wKQzUv wbgœg~Lx †Kv‡Y
wb‡Pi w`‡K bvgv‡bv| wdKPv‡i e¨eüZ I‡q÷ IqvUvi cvB‡ci mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K|
e¨vM Uª¨vc (Bag Trap) t GB ai‡bi Uª¨vc mvaviYZt bvwc‡Zi †`vKv‡b e¨eüZ nq| Pzj AvUwK‡q Uª¨vc
eÜ n‡q bv hvq †mRb¨ GB Uª¨vc e¨envi Kiv nq|
ivwbs Uª¨vc (Running Trap) t wewfbœ wdKPvi avivevwnKfv‡e e¨env‡ii mgq hw` GKwU gvÎ Uª¨vc
e¨envi nq Zvn‡j Uª¨v‡ci cÖ‡ek Ges evwni c_ `yBwU Abyf~wgK †iLv eivei ¯’vcb Kiv nq| G‡KB
ivwbs Uª¨vc e‡j| wdKPv‡ii wb®‹vkb cvB‡ci mv‡_ GB Uª¨vc ¯’vcb Kiv nq|

Gm-Uª¨vc wc-Uª¨vc wKD-Uª¨vc

e¨vM Uª¨vc ivwbs Uª¨vc Uª¨v‡ci wewfbœ Ask

wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Uª¨vc
I‡q÷ cvBc eÜ nIqvi KviY t
cøvw¤^s wdKPvi mg~‡n e¨eüZ gqjv cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ eR©¨ c`v_© I‡q÷ cvB‡ci gva¨‡g m‡qj cvBc
ev nvDm †Wª‡b wb®‹vkb Kiv nq| cøvw¤^s wdKPv‡i e¨eüZ gqjv cvwb e¨wZ‡i‡K Ab¨vb¨ eR©¨ c`v_©
h_v KvMR, b¨vKov, cwjw_b, cøvwóK e¨vM, Lv`¨ KYv I gv_vi Pzj BZ¨vw` I‡q÷ cvB‡c cvwb
cÖevn gš’i n‡q A`ªexf~Z c`v_© mg~n wb®‹vwkZ nIqvi cwie‡Z© cvB‡ci Zjvq ev Mv‡q †j‡M

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

RgvUe× n‡q cvBc eÜ n‡q c‡o| I‡q÷ cvBc †mvRv bv n‡j ev AwaK `xN© n‡j ˆZjv³ c`v_©
R‡gI jvBb eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| eÜ nIqvi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ cÖPzi cwigvY cvwb cÖevn
wbwðZ Kiv DwPZ| ZvQvov wdKPvi mg~‡ni Zjvq Aek¨B QuvKwb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
cÖwZw`b QuvKwb cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
I‡q÷ IqvUvi cvBc I †Wª‡bR cvB‡ci cv_©K¨ t
IqvUvi †K¬v‡mU I BDwibvjm& e¨wZZ, hveZxq wdKv‡ii wb‡P, mœvbN‡i, ivbœvN‡i Ges `vjv‡bi
evwn‡i Lvovfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq| gqjv cvwb †_‡K m„ó `yM©Ühy³ `~wlZ M¨vm hv‡Z M„‡n ev `vjv‡b
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ I‡q÷ cvBc I wdKPv‡ii gv‡S Uª¨vc e¨envi Kiv nq| I‡q÷ cvBc
wc.wf.wm., Kvó Avqib I G¨vm‡e÷m wm‡g›U Øviv ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
I‡q÷ IqvUvi cvBc I †iBb IqvUvi cvB‡ci hveZxq cvwb †Wª‡bR IqvUvi cvB‡ci gva¨‡g
wmDqvi cvB‡c wb®‹vkb Kiv nq| G mKj cvBc Avi.wm.wm., wm‡g›U KswµU, Kvó Avqib I
G¨vm‡e÷m wm‡g›U Gi ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
I‡qó IqvUvi cvBc I †Wª‡bR cvB‡ci e¨envi t
`vjvb ev M„‡ni IqvUvi †K¬v‡mU, BDwibvjm& n‡Z cÖvß cvwb e¨wZ‡i‡K mKj cÖKvi gqjv cvwb
hv‡Z my›`ifv‡e I mn‡R e¨eüZ ¯’vb †_‡K I‡q÷ IqvUvi ÷¨v‡Ki gva¨‡g †Wª‡bR cvB‡ci
AcmviY Kiv hvq †mRb¨ I‡q÷ IqvUvi cvBc e¨envi Kiv nq|
`vjvb ev M„‡ni evwn‡ii cwi‡ek my›`i I cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLvi Rb¨ †Wª‡bR cvBc e¨envi Kiv
nq| G cvB‡ci gva¨‡g gqjv cvwb, e„wói cvwb I Ni-evwo †avqvi hveZxq cvwb wmDqvi jvB‡b
AcmviY Kiv nq|

9.2 ˆe`y¨wZK KvR

9.2.1 Iq¨vwis I †kªYxwefvM
Iq¨vwis n‡”Q cÖ‡UKwUf wWfvBm I K‡›Uªvwjs wWfvB‡mi mgš^‡q Zv‡ii A_ev ˆe`y¨wZK †jvW mg~n‡K
myk„sLj †j-AvDU Gi gva¨†g mvc-vB-Gi mv‡_ mwVK c×wZ‡Z Ges ˆe`y¨wZK wewa Abyhvqx ms‡hvM
Kiv| my›`i I wbqgZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq we`y¨r kw³‡K e›Ub I e¨env‡ii c×wZ‡Z ˆe`y¨wZKiY ev
Electrificiation ejv nq| ‰e`y¨wZKiY mvaviYZ t 2 cÖKvi| h_v-
 evwn¨K ˆe`y¨wZKiY (External Electrification)
 Af¨šÍixY ˆe`y¨wZKiY (Internal Electrification)

9.2.2 evwn¨K ˆe`y¨wZKiY

N‡ii evwni w`‡q †h we`y¨Zvqb Kiv nq Zv‡KB evwn¨K ˆe`y¨wZKiY (External Electrification) ejv
nq| G‡K Avevi `yB (2) fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v-
 Ifvi †nW (Over Head)
 AvÛvi MÖvDÛ (Under Ground) ev f~Mf©¯’|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

9.2.3 Af¨šÍixY ˆe`y¨wZKiY

N‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡q †h we`y¨Zvqb Kiv nq Zv‡KB Af¨š—ixY ˆe`y¨wZKiY (Internal Electrification) ejv nq|
Af¨š—ixY ˆe`y¨wZKiY‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v t-
1| nvDR Iq¨vwis (House Wiring)
2| WvK&U Iq¨vwis (Duct Wiring)
nvDR Iq¨vwis (House Wiring)t my›`i I wec`gy³ Ae¯’vq M„‡n we`y¨r mieivn, e›Ub I e¨envi
wbwgË cwievnxi mvnv‡h¨ we`y¨r GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ cwievnx‡K wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z
my›`ifv‡e ¯’vcb Kivi bvgB nvDR Iq¨vwis|
nvDR Iq¨vwis cÖv_wgK fv‡e `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb t
(K) mvi‡dÝ ev G·‡cvRW Iq¨vwis (Surface or exposed wiring)
(L) Kbwmì Iq¨vwis (Concealed wiring)
mvi‡dm ev G·‡cvRW Iq¨vwis (Surface or Exposed Wiring) t ‡`qvj A_ev wfZ‡ii Qv` Gi Dci
w`‡q †h Iq¨vwis Kiv nq A_©vr †h Iq¨vwis Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq Zv‡KB mvi‡dm ev G·‡cvRW
Iq¨vwis (Surface or Exposed Wiring) ejv nq|

mvi‡dm ev G·‡cvRW Iq¨vwis‡K Avevi 5 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb,

e¨v‡Ub Iq¨vwis t Kv‡Vi evUvg w`‡q GB ai‡bi Iq¨vwis Kiv nq e‡j G‡K e¨v‡Ub Iq¨vwis ejv nq|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k hZ iK‡gi Iq¨vwis Kiv nq, Zvi g‡a¨ kZKiv 60 fvMB e¨v‡Ub Iq¨vwis| GB RvZxq
Iq¨vwis mn‡R Kiv hvq, RwUjZv I cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvgvw`i `vgI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg I mnRjf¨| GB
Iq¨vwis-Gi †¶‡Î †`qv‡j Kv‡Vi ¸wji Dci w`‡q e¨v‡Ub jvwM‡q Zvi Dci wjsK wK¬c w`‡q K¨vej
jvMv‡bv nq|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

KÛyBU Iq¨vwis t ‡Kvb †Kvb RvqMvq †`qv‡ji Dci w`‡q Ges A‡bK RvqMvq †`qv‡ji wfZi w`‡q
KÛyBU wb‡q G Iq¨vwis Kiv hvq| i¶vKvix cvB‡ci ga¨ w`‡q Bbmy‡j‡UW K¨ve‡ji Iq¨vwis Kiv‡K
KÛyBU Iq¨vwis e‡j|

Kbwmì Iq¨vwis (Concealed Wiring) : ‡h Iq¨vwis †gv‡UB †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, Zv‡KB Kbwmì ev
jyKvBZ Iq¨vwis ejv nq| GKB ai‡Yi Iq¨vwis †`Iqvj, wfZ‡ii Qv` BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ jyKv‡bv Ae¯’vq
_v‡K|

wewfbœ ai‡bi Iq¨vwis

Kbwmì KÛyBU Iq¨vwis

Iq¨vwis Gi †Uw÷s Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t

GKwU b~Zb ˆe`y¨wZK Bb÷‡jk‡bi KvR m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡j Iq¨vwis †`vl-ΓwUnxb Ges wbivc` Av‡Q
wKbv †`Lvi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv †U÷ Kiv `iKvi| †U÷¸‡jv wbgœiƒc t
†U†÷i bvg KLb Kiv nq
K) wbiwe”QbœZv ev Kw›UDwbwU †U÷
(Continuity test) hLb evoxi Iq¨vwis KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K
L) Bbmy‡jkb †U÷ (Insulation test
or insulation resistance test)
(i) `yBwU KÛv±‡ii g‡a¨ hLb evoxi Iq¨vwis KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K
(Conductor to conductor)
(ii) KÛv±i I Av‡_©i g‡a¨
(Earth to conductor) hLb Iq¨vwis Gi KvR †kl n‡q †M‡j
M) ‡cvjvwiwU †U÷ (Polarity test) hLb evoxi Iq¨vwis KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K
N) Av_© †U÷ (Earth test) hLb Iq¨vwis Gi KvR †kl n‡q †M‡j
O) Av_© Kw›UwbDwU KÛv±‡ii †iwR÷¨vÝ †U÷ hLb Iq¨vwis Gi KvR †kl n‡q †M‡j
(Resistance test of earth continuity test)

146
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Kbwmì Iq¨vwis Kivi †¶‡G wewfbœ c`‡¶c mg~n t

 ‡`Iqv‡j LvR KvUv
 cvBc I Ab¨vb¨ wdwUsm Ÿmvb
 LuvR cøv÷vi I wKDwis Kiv
 †Kej Uvbv I cÖ‡qvRbxqv †U÷ Kiv
 SDB I MDB ‡Ÿv‡W©i mg¯Í KvR ‡kl Kiv I cÖ‡qvRbxq †U÷ Kiv
 Avw_©s ¯nvcb, ms‡hvM I cÖ‡qvRbxq †U÷ Kiv
 wd·vi jvMvb
 MDB †Z we`y¨r jvB‡bi ms‡hvM ¯nvcb I cÖ‡qvRbxqv †U÷ Kiv

‡`Iqv‡j LvR KvUvi mgq hv KiYxq:

 c¬vb Abyhvwq ‡`Iqv‡j `vM ‡`Iqv
 KvUvi w`‡q `vM eivei ¯nvwcZe¨ cvB‡ci e¨v‡mi ‡`o ¸Y Mfxi K‡i Ges e¨v‡mi w`¸b
`yi‡Z¡ `ywU `vM ‡`Iqv
 Avivj wP‡Rj w`‡q PIov cwigvY Ask KvU‡Z KvU‡Z eM©vK…wZ Lv‡Ri wPwýZ ‡iLv eivei
AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e
 wP‡Rj AvbygvwbK 45 wWMÖx †Kv‡Y a‡i eM©vK…wZ wPwýZ ¯’v‡bi wfZi n‡Z Lv‡R Lv‡R mgvš—
ivjfv‡e Ges µgvMZfv‡e nvZzwoi AvNv‡Z KvU‡Z n‡e
 cÖ‡qvRbxq MfxiZvq †cuŠQv ch©šÍ evisevi G cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _vK‡e Lv‡Ri MfxiZv A‡c¶vK…Z
†ekx n‡j, Gi †K›`ª n‡Z KvUv Avi¤¢ K‡i cÖv‡š—i w`‡K AMÖmi nIqv myweavRbK
 QzPuv‡jv wP‡R‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Lv‡Ri Zj‡`k cwi®‹vi K‡i Lv‡Ri KvR mgvcb Ki‡Z n‡e
 Aek¨B LvR KvUv B‡Ui Mv_zwbi KvR ‡kl nevi 21 w`b c‡i ïiz Ki‡Z n‡e

‡`Iqv‡j LuvR KvUvi ‡k‡l cvBc I Ab¨vb¨ wdwUsm Ÿmv‡bvi ci c¬vóv‡ii KvR Ki‡Z n‡e

wd·vi (Fixture) t †`qv‡ji mv‡_ †h mg¯— wRwbmcÎ AvUKv‡bv nq Z‡K wd·vi e‡j| Avevi wKQz wKQz
ˆe`y¨wZK miÄvgI wd·v‡ii AšÍf~©³|
wdwUsm (Fittings) t wdwUsm n‡”Q ˆe`y¨wZK evwZi †nvìv‡ii †kW (Shade) mn a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ mg¯Z
Askiƒ‡c †h miÄvg e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K wdwUsm ejv nq| Bnv ˆe`y¨wZK
Bb÷‡jk‡bi Ask we‡kl|

147
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wb‡gœ KZK¸‡jv wd·vi I wdwUs‡mi bvg †`Iqv nj t

6t ‡nvìvi 7t myBP

m‡KU AvDU‡jU I c¬vM ‡nvìvi

eªv wWw÷ªweDkb †evW© wWw÷ªweDkb †evW©

148
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

KÛyBU myBP †evW©

R‡q›U e· ‡d¬w·ej KÛyBU

Avw_©s K¬¨v¤ú wK¬c I m¨vWj

9.2.4 ‰e`y¨wZK Zvi I K¨vej

‰e`y¨wZK e¨e¯’vq Zvi I K¨ve‡ji Electrical Wires and Cables gva¨‡g GK¯’vb n‡Z Aci ¯’v‡b we`y¨r
cwievwnZ nq| mvaviY A‡_© ÔZviÕ ej‡Z Bbmy‡jk‡bi AveiYnxb Zvi‡KB (Bare Condcutor) eySvq|
GB AveiYnxb Zvi Ifvi‡nW jvB‡b e¨eüZ nq| Bbmy‡jkb †`Iqv Zvi‡K K¨vej e‡j| K¨ve‡ji g‡a¨
Zvi GKnviv (Solid) A_ev eû Zv‡ii mgvnvi n‡Z cv‡i|

mwVKfv‡e ej‡Z - Bbmy‡jkb Øviv Ave„Z ev Abve„Z GKwU GKK cwievnx ev KÛvKUi‡KB Iq¨vi ev
ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi ejv nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvb †fv‡ëR‡K cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ggb ch©¨vß Bbmy‡jk‡bi
mgš^‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z cwievnx‡K ˆe`y¨wZK K¨vej ejv nq|

149
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

‰e`y¨wZK Zvi Ges K¨ve‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t

‰e`y¨wZK Zvi K¨vej
1| Bbmy‡jk‡bi Aveibnxb KÛvKUi‡K 1| Bbmy‡jkb †`Iqv ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi‡K K¨vej
ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi e‡j| e‡j|
2| ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi KwVb (mwjW) A_ev i¾y 2| K¨vej me mgqB ÷¨vÛvW nq|
(÷¨v‡ÛW) Dfq nB‡Z cv‡i|
3| Zv‡ii Bbmy‡jkb i¶vKvix avZe-AveiY 3| K¨ve‡j Bbmy‡jk‡bi Dci Avev‡iv fvix
_v‡K bv| Bbmy‡jkb A_ev Bbmy‡jkb i¶vKvix avZe
AveiY _v‡K|
4| bMœ ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi e¨ZxZ nvj&Kv Bbmy‡jkb 4| K¨vej gvSvwi Ges D”P †fv‡ë‡Ri
hy³ ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi mvaviYZ wbgœ Ges gvSvwi (400/1000 †fvë) R‡b¨ e¨eüZ nq|
†fv‡ë‡Ri (150/400) Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

nvBR Iq¨vwis G e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZt †h Kq cÖKvi Bbmy‡j‡UW ˆe`y¨wZK K¨vej e¨eüZ
nq Zv wbgœiƒc t
K) wcwfwm (Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC) K¨vej|
L) wfAvBAvi (Volcanized Indian Rubber, VIR) K¨vej|
M) wUAviGm/wmwUGm K¨vej (Though Rubber Sheathed/Cab Tyre Sheathed)
N) ‡d¬w·ej K¨vej (Flexible Cable)
O) I‡q`vi cÖæd K¨vej (Weather Proof Cable)
P) wgbv‡ij Bbmy‡j‡UW K¨vej (Mineral Insulated Cable M.I. Cable)
Q) jxW Kfvi K¨vej (Lead Covered Cable)
‰e`y¨wZK Zvi Ges K¨ve‡ji †¯úwdwK‡kb

wbw`©ó Zvi I K¨vej eySv‡Z Zvi †kªYx, KÛv±‡ii Dcv`vb, AvKvi, cÖ¯’‡”Q`, †Kv‡ii msL¨v, BÝy¨‡jkb
I †fv‡ëR †MÖW BZ¨vw` D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
1| wcwfwm (cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW) 2 x 3 / 0.029 †LB hy³ Zvi, Kcvi Zvi, †fv‡ëR 250/440
†fvë (IYYL) Zvi|
2| wcwfwm BÝy¨‡j‡UW Ges wcwfwm kx‡_W UzBb-‡Kvi P¨vcUv †fv‡ëR 250/440 †fvë (IYEY)
Zvi|
3| K¨vej ¯’vc‡b hw` hvwš¿K ¶wZ nq| Zv n‡j Aek¨B Avg©vwis K¨vej e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| ‡hLv‡b K¨vej e¨envi n‡e †mBLvbKvi m‡e©v”P Kv‡i›U Ifvi ‡jvW wnmve K‡i K¨vej wbaviY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| K¨ve‡ji ˆ`‡N©¨i Dci †fv‡ëR NvUwZ wnmve K‡i K¨vej wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| cwievnxi c͇֯”Q` †¶Îdj Ges cIqvi NvUwZi wnmve K‡i K¨vej wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|

150
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Z‡e nvBR Iq¨vwis G e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ mPviPi wcwfwm (Polyvinyl Chloride, PVC) Bbmy‡j‡UW
ˆe`y¨wZK K¨vej e¨eüZ nq
wcwfwm K¨vej (Polyvinyle Chloride Cable) : Gi cyiv bvg nj Polyvinyle Chloride Cable| eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`‡k hZ iKg ˆe`y¨wZK Iq¨vwis Kiv nq Dnvi kZKiv 90% fvM Kiv nq GB RvZxq K¨vej Gi
mvnv‡h¨| Bnv big c-vw÷K RvZxq c`v‡_©i ˆZix DbœZgv‡bi Bbmy‡jkb| †hLv‡b a~qv, †Zj, M¨v‡m
ivevi RvZxq Bbmy‡jkb bó n‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K, †mLv‡b wcwfwm RvZxq AveiY LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
Gi Avi GKwU ¸Y Av‡Q, Bnv `vn¨ e‡U wKš‘ hZ¶Y Av¸‡bi ¯ú‡k© _v‡K wVK ZZ¶Y R¡‡j Av¸b m‡i
†M‡j Avi Av¸b R¡‡j bv| wcwfwm GwmW, G¨vjKvwj, cvwb, m~‡h©i Zvc, gvwUi M¨vm cÖf„wZ ¶wZKviK
wRwb‡mi †ZRw¯Œqv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ AvRKvj f~-Mf©¯’ K¨vej wcwfwm Gi n‡q _v‡K|
wcwfwm K¨vej Avevi wbgœwjwLZ K‡qK iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K|
1| GK †Kvi K¨vej
 ‡h K¨ve‡j gvÎ GKwU conducting wire _v‡K

2| `yB †Kvi K¨vej

 ‡h K¨ve‡j gvÎ `zBwU conducting wire _v‡K

3| wZb †Kvi K¨vej

 ‡h K¨ve‡j gvÎ wZbwU conducting wire _v‡K|
 wZb †Kvi K¨ve‡j KL‡bv ewnive‡bi bx‡P flexible
protective sheath _v‡K

4| Pvi †Kvi K¨vej

 ‡h K¨ve‡j gvÎ PviwU conducting wire _v‡K
 Pvi †Kvi K¨ve‡j KL‡bv ewnive‡bi bx‡P flexible
protective sheath _v‡K

151
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wcwfwm K¨vej Gi e¨envi t

(1) GB K¨vej evox-Ni, Kj-KviLvbvq Iq¨vwis-Gi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
(2) ‡h mKj ¯’v‡b K¨ve‡ji Dci Nlv ev AvNvZ jvMvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K, †mB mKj ¯’v‡b GB ˆe`y¨wZK
Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
(3) Av`ª©Zvc~Y© ¯’v‡b Ges †h mKj ¯’v‡b ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw`i cÖfve Av‡Q, †mB mKj ¯’v‡b GB K¨vej
e¨envi nq|
9.2.5 ‰e`y¨wZK Zv‡ii R‡q›U
R‡q›U Gi A_© t Bbmy‡jkb DVv‡bv `yÕwU Avjv`v Zvi‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wbq‡g cu¨vPv‡bv‡K ms‡hvM ev
R‡q›U (Joints of Electrical Wire) e‡j| A_ev GK †LB wewkó `yÕwU Zv‡ii ms‡hvM‡K R‡q›U e‡j|
fvj R‡q›U Gi wbgœwjwLZ ˆewkó¨ _vK‡Z n‡e t
1) Bnv k³ n‡Z n‡e, †hb Uvb‡j ms‡hvM¯’j Ly‡j bv hvq|
2) ms‡hvM¯’j †hb Kv‡i›U cÖev‡n AwZwi³ evavi m„wó bv K‡i|
Zvi R‡q‡›Ui cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t
 Zv‡ii ˆ`N©¨Zv e„w× Kivi Ges evoxi Iq¨vwis-Gi Kv‡R
myBP I Rsmb ev‡· G ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Zvi
R‡q‡›Ui cÖ‡qvRb| Zv Qvov `yN©Ubv RwbZ Kvi‡Y
wew”Qbœ nIqv Zv‡ii †Rvov jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ R‡q›U-Gi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
 Zv‡ii †Rvov jvMv‡bvi ci Aek¨B wmb‡_wUK ‡Uc w`‡q fvjfv‡e ‡Uwcs Ki‡Z n‡e|
9.2.6 Avw_©s
‡Kvb Zvi, Zv‡ii AveiY, KjKâv, wKsev Avmevec‡Îi e¨env‡ii †Lvj cÖf„wZi ms‡M gvwUi ˆe`y¨wZK
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv‡K Avw_©s (Earthing) e‡j| A_ev, AbvKvswLZ we`y¨‡Zi nvZ n‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ
Ges gvbyl‡K i¶v K‡i ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZi avZz wbwg©Z ewniveiY n‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK Kv‡i›U‡K †Kvb Zv‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ wbivc‡` c„w_exi gvwU‡Z †cÖi‡Yi e¨e¯’v‡K Avw_©s e‡j|
Avw_©s Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t
 ‰e`y¨wZK mK n‡Z i¶v cvIqv Ges ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡K i¶v I Av¸b jvMvi m¤¢vebv n‡Z
wbivc` ivLvi Rb¨ ˆe`y¨wZK miÄv‡gi Avw_©s Ki‡Z nq|
 ‰e`y¨wZK †h †Kvb Kv‡R A_©vr ˆe`y¨wZK IqvK© A¨vcøvq¨vÝ, †gvUi †Rbv‡iUi, UªvÝdigvi, myBP
Mxqvi BZ¨vw` IqvBwÛs Gi Bbmy‡jk‡b Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ Ki‡j cieZ©x‡Z hv‡Z gvby‡li kix‡ii
†Kvb ¶wZ bv nq Zvi Rb¨ Avw_©s Gi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ Kv‡i›U ev jx‡KR Kv‡i›U gvwU‡Z P‡j
hvq|
 µwUKvjxb Ae¯’vq hv‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK mvRmiÄv‡g †Kvb wec`RbK ‡fv‡ëR bv _v‡K Zvi wbðqZv
‡`q|
 µwUKvjxb Ae¯’vq hv‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK mvRmiÄv‡g †Kvb wec`RbK ‡fv‡ëR bv _v‡K Zvi wbðqZv
‡`q|
d‡j gvby‡li ev ˆe`y¨wZK AvmevecÎ Ges Iq¨vwis A¨vc-vqv‡Ýi †Kvb ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

152
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Avw_©s Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb t

K) Av_© B‡jK‡UªvW c„w_exi gvwUi mv‡_ Kvh©Kix ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi wbwg‡Ë
†h †c¬U, cvBc ev iW‡K gvwUi bx‡P †cvZv nq, Dnv‡K Av_©
B‡jK‡UªvW e‡j|
Dnv Avevi K‡qK cÖKv‡ii nq, h_v t
cvBc B‡jK‡UªvW, iW B‡jK‡UªvW, ‡c-U B‡jK‡UªvW, kxU
B‡jK‡UªvW, w÷ªc ev Iq¨vi B‡jK‡UªvW,
L) Avw_©s jxW ev Av_© B‡jK‡UªvW Ges Avw_©K Kw›UwbDwU Zvi‡K †h Zvi w`‡q
cÖavb Av‡_©i Zvi ms‡hvM Kiv nq, G‡K Avw_©s jxW e‡j| Avw_©s jxW `yB ai‡Yi,
h_v t
1. bMœ Zvgvi Zvi (Bare copper wire)
2. Zvgvi cvZ (Copper strip)
M) Av_© Kw›UwbDwUi Zvi ev Avw_©s jxW Ges ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZi evB‡ii avZe Avei‡Yi
Av‡_©i wbiwew”Qbœ Zvi| g‡a¨ †h Zvi w`‡q ms‡hvM Kiv nq †mB Zvi‡K ejv nq Av_©
Kw›UwbDwU Zvi|

153
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV-10: feb wbg©vY KvR Z`viwKi ‡PK wjó

(Supervision Check List for Building Construction
Works)

Contents:
1.0 wewìs wbg©vY KvR cwi`k©bKv‡j †PK wjó: 2.0 feb wbg©v‡Y wewfbœ ÎæwU
1.1 dvD‡Ûkb IqvK© 2.1 Footing XvjvB Kivi mgq
1.2 wWwcwm wbg©vY 2.2 Kjvg XvjvB Kivi mgq
1.3 mycvi ÷ªvKPv‡i B‡Ui KvR 2.3 exg XvjvB Kivi mgq
1.4 †g‡Si evwj fivUKiY 2.4 B‡Ui Muv_wyb Kivi mgq
1.5 Qv` XvjvB 2.5 i‡Wi KvR Kivi mgq
1.6 Qv‡`i dg©IqvK© †Lvjv 2.6 ‡m›Uvwis, mvUvwis, dg©IqvK©
1.7 cøvóvi Kivi mgq
1.8 †W‡Wv 2.7 cøvóvwis Kivi mgq
1.9 Kv‡Vi KvR 2.8 is Kivi mgq
1.10 MÖx‡ji KvR 2.9 Rj Qv` Kivi mgq
1.11 †mwb‡Ukb I IqvUvi mvcøvB 2.10 MÖwDÛ ‡d¬vi XvjvB Kivi mgq
1.12 wUDeI‡qj

Objectives:
GB cv‡V Ask MÖnY K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©xMY feb wbg©v‡bi wewfbœ KvR †hgb : dvD‡Ûk‡bi
Iq©vK, exg XvjvB, Kjvg XvjvB, Qv` XvjvB, cøvóvi, MÖx‡ji KvR, BZ¨vw` cwi`k©b Kivi
mgq wbg©vb Kv‡Ri ¸bMZ gvb wbqš¿‡b wK wK welq jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e Ges wbg©vY Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ †jvKRb mvavibZ †h mKj f~j ÎæwU K‡ib Zv ZvrÿwbK eyS‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
Ab¨‡`i‡K eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|

154
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Z`viwKi Rb¨ wKQz †PK wjó:

feb wbg©vY KvR Z`viwK‡Z †PK wjó e¨envi Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb wbqš¿‡Y mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i| feb wbg©vY
KvR Z`viwKi Rb¨ wKQz †PK wjó wb‡P †`qv n‡jv| nu¨v, bv N‡i wUK wPý w`‡q I gšÍe¨ N‡i mswÿß
AvKv‡i wj‡L feb wbg©vY KvR Z`viwK Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

1.0 wewìs wbg©vY KvR cwi`k©b Kv‡j †PK wjó

(cwi`k©bKv‡j nu¨v/bv N‡i wUK wPý w`b Ges cª‡qvR‡b gšÍe¨ w`b I cÖ¨‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiæb)
1.1 dvD‡Ûkb IqvK©
µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. wewìs Gi wfZ †j-AvDU b·v Abyhvqx Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
2. wcøš’ Gi D”PZv (Level) h_vh_ ¯’v‡b mwVKfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv
n‡q‡Q wK ?
3. b·v I wWRvBb Abyhvqx wfZ Lbb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
4. wf‡Zi gvwUi aiY I fvi enb ÿgZv mwVK Av‡Q wK?
5. wf‡Zi KvR Kivi gZ h‡_ó gvjvgvj I cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K
Rbej Av‡Q wK?
6. mvB‡U cÖ‡qvRbxq wgKPvi †gwkb, fvB‡eªUi Ges hš¿cvwZ
e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Av‡Q wK?
7. AvenvIqv Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx wK ?
8. e„wó n‡j m¤úvw`Z KvR wbivc` ivLvi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q wK?
9. cvwb ‡m‡P ‡ei Kivi(de-watering) cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wK ?
10. cvwb †m‡P‡ei Kivi cÖ‡qvRb_vK‡j †m‡Pi hš¿cvwZ Av‡Q wK ?
11. fzwg aŸ‡mi AvksKv Av‡Q wK?
12. _vK‡j cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v †bqv n‡q‡Q wK?
13. †Lvqv, evwj, wm‡g›U Ges i‡Wi †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx
j¨ve‡iUix cixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
14. j¨ve‡iUix cixÿv djvdj MÖnY‡hvM¨ wK ?
15. ‡Lvqv, wm‡g›U I evwji gvV cixÿv K‡i mwVK Ae¯’vq cvIqv
†M‡Q wK ?
16. evwji evwés cixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
17. evwés †gvZv‡eK evwji cwigvY e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q wK ?
18. Kswµ‡U e¨eüZ cvwbi gvb wVK Av‡Q wK?
19. ‡Lvqv, evwj I wm‡g›U gvcvi †divi mvBR wVK Av‡Q wK?
20. wf‡Zi gvwU mwVKfv‡e `„pxfeb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?

155
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY

21. XvjvB Gi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †mvwjs Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
22. wm‡g›U KswµU Gi KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx †Lvqv, evwj I wm‡g›U
Av‡Q wK ?
23. h_vh_fv‡e wm‡g›U, evwj I †Lvqv †gkv‡bv n‡”Q wK ?
24. cvwb-wm‡g‡›Ui AbycvZ †ekx e‡j g‡b n‡”Q wK?
25. mvB‡U møv¤ú ‡Uó hš¿cvwZ Av‡Q wK ?
26. wgkÖY mø¨v¤ú †Uó K‡i mwVK cvIqv †M‡Q wK ?
27. wgkYÖ wQ`ªwenxb cv‡Î enb Kiv n‡”Q wK?
28. wgkY 1 wgUvi Gi †ekx DuPz †_‡K †djv n‡”Q wK?
29. wgkY cÖv_wgK RgvU evauvi (Kgc‡ÿ 45 wgwbU) mgqKv‡ji
g‡a¨ e¨envi K‡i †djv n‡”Q wK ?
30. wm‡g›U KswµU XvjvB mwVKfv‡e `„pxfeb Kiv n‡”Q wK ?
31. wm‡g›U KswµU XvjvB Gi cyiæZ¡ I †j‡fj (Level) wVK Av‡Q
wK ?
32. wm‡g›U KswµU XvjvB wKDwis Kiv n‡”Q wK ?
33. B‡Ui KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© wm.wm. †K PzovšÍ RgvU euvavi mgq
ch©šÍ AÿZ (undisturbed) Ae¯’vq ivLv n‡q‡Q wK?
34. wf‡Zi B‡Ui Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb cixÿv K‡i mwVK cvIqv
†M‡Q wK?
35. Muv_ybxi Av‡M BU 24 N›Uv cvwb‡Z wfRv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
36. AbycvZ Abyhvqx gkjvi gvjcÎ e¨envi n‡”Q wK?
37. B‡Ui eÛ mwVK gZ ivLv n‡”Q wK?
38. Dj¤^ Ges AvbyfzwgK gU©vi R‡q›U †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx n‡”Q
wK ?
39. B‡Ui cÖ‡Z¨KwU †Kvm© mwVKfv‡e Dj¤^ I AvbyfzwgK n‡”Q wK
40. R‡q‡›Ui wfZi gkjv mwVKfv‡e fiv n‡”Q wK ?
41. GKw`‡b GK wgUvi Gi †ekx D”PZvi B‡Ui KvR n‡”Q wK?
42. B‡Ui Muv_ybx wKDwis Kiv n‡”Q wK ?
43. B‡Ui Muv_ybx 14 w`b wKDwis Kiv n‡”Q wK ?
44. B‡Ui Mv_ybx RgvU euvavi ci wf‡Zi gvwU ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i
†¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx `„pxfeb Kiv n‡”Q wK ?

156
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

1.2 wWwcwm wbg©vY

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. wcøš’ ch©šÍ B‡Ui KvR mwVKfv‡e Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
2. WªBs G DPC Kivi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q wK?
3. DPC Gi †j‡fj WªBs Abyhvqx Av‡Q wK?
4. DPC †Z e¨eüZ †Lvqv wc‡KU B‡Ui wK ?
5. †Lvqvi mvBR wVK Av‡Q wK?
6. DPC Gi gvjcÎ mwVK gZ †gkv‡bv n‡”Q wK?
7. DPC Gi gkjvq †ekx cvwb e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q wK?
8. DPC Gi `„pxfeb wVKgZ Kiv n‡”Q wK?
9. DPC ‡K wbqg gvwdK wKDwis Kiv n‡”Q wK?

1.3 mycvi ÷ªvKPv‡i B‡Ui KvR

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. B‡Ui KvR Kivi Rb¨ gvPv `iKvi n‡j Zv Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK ?
2. b·v Abyhvqx `iRv-Rvbvjvi Rb¨ duvKv RvqMv ivLv
n‡q‡Q wK?
3. wjb‡Uj †j‡fj mwVK Av‡Q wK?
4. wjb‡Uj Gi shuttering mwVK mvB‡Ri wK ?
5. wjb‡Uj Gi i‡Wi mvBR, msL¨v I µ¨vsK wVK Av‡Q wK?
6. wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii Rb¨ mwVK gv‡ci gU©vi eøK ‰Zix Kiv
n‡q‡Q vK ?
7. wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z gv‡ci gU©vi eø‡K Zv‡ii
¸bv †`qv
n‡q‡Q vK ?
8. wjb‡Uj G clear cover e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
9. wjb‡Uj Gi Rb¨ Kjvg †_‡K iW †ei Kiv Av‡Q wK?
10. wjb‡Uj Gi XvjvB Gi gvjvgvj wVK cwigv‡Y Av‡Q wK ?
11. †Lvqvi mvBR wVK Av‡Q wK?
12. evwji Gd.Gg. wVK Av‡Q wK?
13. wm‡g›U wVK Av‡Q wK ?
14. wm‡g›U gvV cixÿv K‡i mwVK cvIqv †M‡Q wK ?

157
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY

15. wjb‡Uj Gi gkjv mwVK gZ †gkv‡bv n‡”Q wK?
16. wjb‡Uj Gi XvjvB-G cwigvYgZ cvwb e¨envi n‡q‡Q
wK?
17. wjb‡Uj Gi XvjvB mwVK gZ `„pxfeb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
18. wjb‡Uj Gi XvjvB †kl Kivi ci wbw`ó mgq ch©šÍ
wKDwis Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?

1.4 †g‡Si evwj fivUKiY

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. †g‡S evwj w`‡q fivU Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?
2. †g‡S evwj mwVK gZ ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i `„pxfeb Kiv n‡”Q wK ?
3. †g‡Si †KvYv¸‡jv we‡kl hZœ mnKv‡i `„pxfeb Kiv n‡”Q
wK ?

1.5 Qv` XvjvB

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. mvUvwis Gi mvBR (ˆ`N¨© x cÖ¯’ x D”PZv) wVK Av‡Q wK
?
2. mvUvwis Gi Kv‡Vi gvb wVK Av‡Q wK ?
3. mvUvwis cvwb wb‡ivaK (water tight) n‡”Q wK ?
4. mvUvwis Gi LyuwU¸‡jv h_vh_ `~i‡Z¡ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK ?
5. mvUvwis Gi LyuwU¸‡jv h_vh_ msL¨vq e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK ?
6. mvUvwis Gi †j‡fj wVK Av‡Q wK ?
7. XvjvB Gi c~‡e© mvUvwis cwi®‹vi K‡i cvwb w`‡q †fRv‡bv
n‡q‡Q wK ?
8. XvjvB Gi Rb¨ euvk I KvV w`‡q k³ gvPv ˆZix Kiv
n‡q‡Q wK ?
9. KvUv ev dvUv iW e`jv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
10. i‡Wi mvBR (e¨vm) wVK Av‡Q wK ?
11. i‡Wi †¯úwms wVK Av‡Q wK ?

158
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY

12. Dc‡ii I bx‡Pi i‡Wi Ae¯’vb b·v Abyhvqx mwVK ¯’v‡b
Av‡Q wK ?
13. i†Wi ûK wVK Av‡Q wK (†cøb iW n‡j) ?
14. i‡Wi j¨vwwcs wVK Av‡Q wK ?
15. iW wVKgZ cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
16. wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii Rb¨ mwVK gv‡ci gU©vi eøK ‰Zix Kiv
n‡q‡Q vK ?
17. wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z gv‡ci gU©vi eø‡K Zv‡ii
¸bv †`qv
n‡q‡Q vK ?
18. wK¬qvi Kfvi eøK i‡Wi ms‡M Zvi w`‡q euvav n‡q‡Q wK ?
19. Dc‡ii iW h_v¯’v‡b ivLvi Rb¨ i‡Wi †Pqvi ev eøK
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
20. Qv‡` d¨vb ûK h_vh_ mvB‡Ri Ges gv‡ci mwVK ¯’v‡b
emv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
21. ˆK`y¨wZK jvBb ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ ˆe`y¨wZK mvgMÖx h_vh_
¯’v‡b emv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
22. ˆK`y¨wZK jvBb ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ PVC cvBc bottom layer
i‡Wi Dc†i emv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
23. XvjvB Gi †Lvqvi mvBR wVK Av‡Q wK ?
24. XvjvB Gi †Lvqvi gvb wVK Av‡Q wK ?
25. evwjiF.MI gvb wVK Av‡Q wK ?
26. evwji gvb wVK Av‡Q wK ?
27. evwji evwés cixÿv n‡q‡Q wK ?
28. wm‡g‡›Ui gvV cixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
29. wm‡g‡›Ui gvb wVK Av‡Q wK ?
30. mvB‡U Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx wg·vi ‡gwkb Av‡Q wK ?
31. Stump †Uó K‡i workability mwVK cvIqv †M‡Q wK ?
32. wmwjÛvi mwVKfv‡e ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
33. wmwjÛvi‡K †fRv PU w`‡q gywo‡q AÿZ Ae¯’vq ivLv
n‡q‡Q wK?
34. wmwjÛvi‡K mwVKfv‡e cvwb LvIqv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK?
35. XvjvB Gi †Lvqv, evwj, wm‡g›U I cvwbi AbycvZ
‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb‡gvZv‡eK e¨eüZ n‡”Q wK ?
36. gkjv h_vh_fv‡e †gkv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
37. gkjv h_vh_fv‡e enb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?

159
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY

38. gkjv h_vh_fv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
39. h_vh_fv‡e `„pxfeb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
40. h_vh_fv‡e wdwbwks Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
41. e„wói cvwb Mwo‡q covi Rb¨ wVK gZ Xvj ivLv n‡q‡Q wK
?
42. wKDwis Kivi Rb¨ Qv` cvwb w`‡q f‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q wK ?
43. XvjvB Kgc‡ÿ 28 w`b ch©šÍ curing Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?

1.6 Qv‡`i dg©IqvK© †Lvjv

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY

1. KswµU XvjvB Kv‡Ri eqm Kgc‡ÿ 28 w`b n‡q‡Q wK ?
2. h_vh_v wbq‡g mvUvwis †Lvjv n‡q‡Q wK ?
3. wbivcËv e¨e¯’v Av‡Q wK ?
4. mvUvwis I Ab¨vb¨ gvjvgvj wewìs †_‡K miv‡bv n‡q‡Q
wK ?
5. mvUvwis †Lvjvi ci Qv‡`i µwU wePz¨wZ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q wK ?
6. µwU-wePª¨wZ¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb e¨ve¯’v †bIqv n‡q‡Q wK
?

1.7 cøvóvi
µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. wmwjs mwVKfv‡e wPwcs I cixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
2. wmwjs mwVKfv‡e cixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
3. †`qvj Gi gU©vi i¨vwKs Kiv n‡q‡Q ?
4. wmwjs I †`qvj fvjgZ †fRv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
5. cøvóv†ii evwji FM wVK Av‡Q wK ?
6. cøvóv†ii evwj cwi®‹vi Av‡Q wK ?
7. cøvóv†ii wm‡g‡›Ui gvb wVK Av‡Q wK ?
8. cøvóv†ii evwj I wm‡g›U mwVKfv‡e wgwk‡q mg¯^Z¡ wgkÖY
n‡q‡Q wK?

160
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY

9. cøvóv†ii gkjvq †ekx cvwb e¨envi n‡”Q wK ?
10. cøvóvi ¯’vc‡bi Av‡M wmwjs I †`qv‡j cwigvYgZ †fRv‡bv
n‡q‡Q wK ?
11. cøvóv†ii cyiæZ¡ †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx n‡”Q wK ?
12. cøvóv†ii †j‡fj wVK Av‡Q wK ?
13. cøvóvi‡K 14 w`b ch©šÍ fvjgZ wKDwis Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?

1.8 †W‡Wv
µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. †W‡Wv Ask gvc Abyhvqx cøvóvi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
2. cøvóvi Kivi ci †bU wm‡g›U wdwbwks Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
3. 14 w`b ch©šÍ fvjgZ wKDwis Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?

1.9 Kv‡Vi KvR

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. `iRv Rvbvjvi gvc WªvBs Abyhvqx Av‡Q wK ?
2. `iRv †d«g mwVK gv‡ci n‡q‡Q wK ?
3. Kv‡Vi aib †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx Av‡Q wK bv ?
4. cvKv‡bv(seasoned) KvV e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
5. Kv‡V dvUv Av‡Q wK ?
6. Kv‡V h_vh_fv‡e cywWs †`qv n‡q‡Q wK ?
7. Kv‡V h_vh_fv‡e cywWs Nlv n‡q‡Q wK ?
8. Kv‡Vi R‡q›U¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e n‡q‡Q wK ?
9. Kv‡Vi is wbqggvwdK Kiv wVK Av‡Q wK ?
10. `iRv wVKgZ jvMv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
11. Rvbvjvi wnÄ †¯úwmwd‡Kkb †gvZv‡eK jvMv‡bv n‡q‡Q
vK ?
12. Rvbvjv wVKgZ is Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?

161
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

1.10 MÖx‡ji KvR

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. Mªx‡ji cv‡Zi cyiæZ¡ ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb gZ Av‡Q wK ?
2. Mªx‡ji cv‡Zi PIov ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb gZ Av‡Q wK ?
3. Mªx‡ji cv‡Zi `~iZ¡ (†¯úwms) ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb gZ Av‡Q
wK ?
4. Mªx‡ji cv‡Zi I‡qwìs ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb gZ Av‡Q wK ?
5. is Kivi Av‡M fvjgZ Nlv I cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
6. †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx is e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
7. is Gi †KvU msL¨v wVK Av‡Q wK ?
8. MÖxj mwVK ¯’v‡b `„pfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?

1.11 †mwb‡Ukb I IqvUvi mvcøvB

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx gvjvgvj e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q wK ?
2. cvwbi jvBb h_vh_ ¯’v‡b mwVKfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q wK
?
3. myqv‡iR jvB‡bi Xvj wVK n‡”Q wK ?
4. mvBdyb h_vh_fv‡e Avbyf~wgK mwVK ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiv
n‡q‡Q wK ?
5. mvBdb h_vh_fv‡e Dj¤^fv‡e mwVK ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiv
n‡q‡Q wK ?
6. M¨vm cvBc (vent pipe) mwVKfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK ?
7. M¨vm cvBc (vent pipe) mwVK ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK ?
8. M¨vm cvB‡ci Dci KvI‡qj †`Iqv Av‡Q wK ?
9. †mwÞK U¨vsK Gi intel cvBc h_vh_ †j‡ej Abyhvqx
Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK ?
10. †mwÞK U¨vsK Gi outlet cvBc h_vh_ †j‡ej Abyhvqx
Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
11. †g‡Si slope wVK Av‡Q wK ?
12. †mwÞK U¨vsK water tight Av‡Q wK ?

162
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY

13. g¨vb‡nvj Kfvi mwVK mvB‡Ri wK ?
14. g¨vb‡nvj Kfvi mwVK ¯’v‡b emv‡bv n‡q‡Q wK ?
15. †mvK I‡q‡ji mvBR b·v Abyhvqx Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
16. †mvK I‡q‡ji MfxiZv b·v Abyhvqx Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
17. †mvK I‡qj †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx brick bats
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?

1.12 wUDeI‡qj
µ.bs Kv‡Ri aiY nu¨v bv gšÍe¨/c`‡ÿc MÖnY
1. wUDeI‡qj mwVK ¯’v‡b Av‡Q wK ?
2. wUDeI‡qj cvBc †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyhvqx Av‡Q wK ?
3. wUDeI‡q‡ji strainer mwVK depth G Av‡Q wK ?
4. cvwb Av‡m©wbK gy³ wK bv Zv cixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
5. cvwb wb¯‹vk‡bi e¨e¯’v wVK Av‡Q wK ?
6. Floor wVKgZ ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q wK ?
7. wUDeI‡qj †P‡c cvwb DVv‡bv hv‡”Q wK ?

2.0 feb wbg©v‡Y wewfbœ ÎæwU

feb wbg©v‡Y wewfbœ ÎæwU †`Lv hv‡”Q | g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ÎæwU ms‡kvab KvR mnR bq| | Giƒc ÎæwU †hb
bv N‡U Zv KvR Kivi mgqB †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡P wKQz ÎæwU D‡jøL Kiv nj t
A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq feb wbg©vY Kv‡j wg¯¿x‡`i K_vi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q _v‡K|
G‡Z K‡i wbg©vY †k‡l A‡bK fzj-ÎæwU †_‡K hvq, ZLb Avi wKQzB Kivi _v‡K bv|
wg¯¿x‡`i Af¨vm wb‡Ri gZ K‡i †evSv‡bv, ‡hfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í †Zgb fv‡e
†evSv‡bv| me‡k‡l feb wbg©vYKv‡j mvaviYZt †h mKj ÎæwU †`Lv hvq Zvi wKQz wb‡P
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| GB ai‡Yi fzj †hb bv nq|
2.1 Footing XvjvB Kivi mgq
 Footing XvjvB Kivi mgq i‡Wi wb‡P mvaviYZt 21/2Ó †_‡K 3Ó wK¬qvi Kfvi
w`‡Z ejv nq| †h‡nZz GKwU B‡Ui cyiæZ¡ 21/2Ó †_‡K 23/4Ó _v‡K †m‡n‡Zz B‡Ui
UzKiv e¨envi K‡i wK¬qvi Kfvi †`qv nq Zv †gv‡UB MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii
Rb¨ h_vh_ gv‡ci wm‡g›U gU©vi eøK (1:1) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

163
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

 A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq i‡Wi mvB‡W wK¬qvi eøK jvMv‡bv nq bv| i‡Wi mvB‡WI
wK¬qvi eøK jvMv‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡qvRbxq dg©IqvK© e¨envi n‡”Q bv| gvwU hw` k³ cvIqv hvq mvBR gZ gvwU
†K‡U dg©IqvK© QvovB XvjvB Kiv n‡”Q|
 Footing XvjvB Kgc‡ÿ 3 w`b wKDwis Kivi ci kU© Kjv‡gi Rb¨ Kjvg Key
ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq Kjvg Key ˆZwi Kiv QvovB kU© Kjv‡gi Rb¨ dg©IqvK©
emv‡bv nq Zv †gv‡UB MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
2.2 Kjvg XvjvB Kivi mgq
 Kjv‡gi PZz©w`‡K mgcwigvb wK¬qvi Kfvi _vK‡Z n‡e, GKw`‡K †ewk Av‡iKw`‡K
Kg nIqv Pj‡e bv|
 Kjv‡gi wK¬qvi Kfvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wm‡g›U gU©vi eø‡Ki wfZi 22 †MwR Zvi
cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z eøKwU‡K i‡Wi mv‡_ †eu‡a †`qv hvq|
 wK¬qvi Kfv‡ii mvBR n‡e me w`‡KB mgvb A_©vr 11/2Ó wK¬qvi Kfvi ej‡Z
†evSvq 11/2Ó X 11/2Ó X 11/2Ó |
 GKmv‡_ 5Õ-0Ó Gi †ewk Kjvg XvjvB Kiv hv‡e bv| wKš‘ †`Lv hvq †d¬vi †_‡K
wjb‡Uj ch©šÍ _v‡K 7Õ-0Ó| A‡b‡K GB 7Õ-0Ó GKmv‡_ XvjvB Ki‡Z Pvq Zv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
 Kjvg hLb XvjvB nq †`Lv hvq GK mv‡_ 40-50 Nbdz‡Ui †ewk XvjvB nq bv|
†m‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq wVKv`vi wg·vi †gwkb e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvq bv| wg·vi †gwkb
Qvov XvjvB MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Kjv‡g XvjvB Gi cwigvb Kg
n‡jI Kjvg fe‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AsM|
 Kjvg XvjvB Gi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq AZ¨šÍ jyR gkjv ˆZwi Kiv nq A_©vr cvwbi
cwigvb †ewk †`qv nq| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY wg¯¿x‡`i‡K †hb XvjvB Compaction
Ki‡Z bv nq ev Vibrator Pvjv‡Z bv nq| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB jyR gkjv ˆZwi Kiv
hv‡e bv| gkjv Ggb n‡e †hb gkjv w`‡q wcÛ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
 Kjvg XvjvB ‡h‡nZz GK mv‡_ 40-50 Nbdz‡Ui †ewk nq bv, †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖvqB †`Lv
hvq †Kvbiƒc mycviwfkb QvovB XvjvB KvR n‡q hv‡”Q|A_©vr GjwRBwWÕi †Kvb
†jvKRb ZLb mvB‡U hvq bv|
 Kjvg XvjvB †k‡l XvjvB Gi Dci GKwU BU XzwK‡q ivL‡Z nq Ges 3-4 N›Uv ci
BUwU Ly‡j wb‡Z nq, hv‡Z XvjvB Gi g‡a¨ GKwU MZ© ˆZwi nq| MZ©wU Key
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wKš‘ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq BU XzwK‡q ivLv nq bv ev BU
XzwK‡q ivL‡jI mgqgZ (KswµU RgvU evuavi Av‡M) Ly‡j †bIqv nq bv| Zv‡Z
wKš‘ wn‡Z wecixZ n‡”Q|

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 Kjvg XvjvB Gi ci Dc‡ii w`‡Ki i‡W wm‡g›U gkjv †j‡M _vKvUvB ¯^vfvweK|
wKš‘ GB wm‡g›U gkjv XvjvB Gi ci ciB cwi¯‹vi K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e|
2.3 exg XvjvB Kivi mgq
 ex‡gi Dfq cv‡k †hb mgcwigvb wK¬qvi Kfvi _v‡K| ex‡gi wK¬qvi Kfvi eøK 4Õ-
0Ó AšÍi AšÍi i‡Wi mv‡_ †eu‡a w`‡Z n‡e Ges GKwU eøK em‡e ex‡gi Zjv †_‡K
3Ó Dc‡i Ges Av‡iKwU eøK em‡e ex‡gi Dci †_‡K 3Ó wb‡P|
 cÖvqB †`Lv hvq exg I Kjv‡gi ms‡hvM ¯’‡j GZ †ewk iW euvav _v‡K †h mvavib
KswµU ex‡gi Zjv Ges Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P mwVKfv‡e †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î
exg I Kjv‡gi ms‡hvM ¯’jwU XvjvB Kivi Rb¨ A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU `vbvi KswµU
ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z nq Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î wm‡g‡›Ui cwigvb 10% evwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
 exg I Kjv‡gi ms‡hvM ¯’‡ji KswµU Vibrator Øviv Compaction Kiv A‡bK
†ÿ‡ÎB KwVb n‡q c‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î 5 m~Zv iW w`‡q fvj K‡i Compaction K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e|
 exg I Kjv‡gi ms‡hvM ¯’‡ji gva¨‡g fe‡bi m¤ú~Y© fvi gvwU‡Z †cuŠQvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î
GB AskUzKz A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvB †‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb MvdjwZ Kiv hv‡e bv|
 ex‡gi KswµU hLb Compaction Kiv n‡e Vibrator i‡Wi Mv‡q ev dg©Iqv‡K©i
Mv‡q jvM‡Z cvi‡e bv| GZ K‡i dg©Iqv‡K©i †Rvov Ly‡j †h‡Z cv‡i Ges i‡Wi
euvab Ly‡j wM‡q iW RvqMv †_‡K b‡o hv‡e|
 exg XvjvB Gi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb †Rvov ivLv hv‡e bv| GKvšÍ hw` †Rvov ivL‡Z nq
†RvovwU ivL‡Z n‡e Kjvg I ex‡gi ms‡hvM ¯’‡ji †K›`ª †iLv eivei A_ev ex‡gi
gvSLv‡b| XvjvB Lvov AvKv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
 exg Ges Qv` GKmv‡_ XvjvB KivUvB DËg| hw` exg XvjvB Kivi K‡qKw`b ci
Qv` XvjvB Ki‡Z nq †m‡ÿ‡Î Qv‡`i MfxiZv (Thickness) †P‡q 1Ó †ewk ev`
w`‡q exg XvjvB Ki‡Z n‡e A_©vr Qv‡`i MfxiZv 5Ó n‡j exg XvjvB 6Ó ev` w`‡q
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Qv` ev exg XvjvB Gi †ÿ‡Î hw` †Kvb R‡q›U w`‡Z nq wKsev 1 -11/2 N›Uvi Rb¨
XvjvB eÜ †i‡L Avevi ïiæ Ki‡Z nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î †Rvov ¯’v‡bi jyR gkjv cwi¯‹vi
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges wm‡g›U MÖvDU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| 1 fvM wm‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ 3
fvM cvwb wgwk‡q MÖvDW ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 w`‡bi ZvcgvÎv hw` 300 †mw›U‡MÖ‡Wi †ewk nq Zvn‡j XvjvB m¤úbœ nevi mv‡_
mv‡_ ch©vqµ‡g Zv cwjw_b w`‡q †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e|

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2.4 B‡Ui Muv_wyb Kivi mgq

 cÖvqB †`Lv hvq ïK‡bv B‡Ui GKw`‡K cvwb †`qv n‡”Q Ab¨w`‡K H BU w`‡qB
Muv_ywb Kiv n‡”Q| Zv †gv‡UB MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Muv_ywbi 6 N›Uv c~‡e© 24 N›Uv BU
wfwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|
 cÖvqB †`Lv hvq Muv_ywbi Rb¨ †h gkjv ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv N›Uvb ci N›Uv e¨envi
Kiv n‡”Q| gkjv ˆZwi Kivi 45 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ m¤ú~Y© gkjv e¨envi K‡i †kl
Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` e¨envi Kiv bv nq Zv RgvU euva‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges e¨envi
Aby‡cv‡hvMx n‡q c‡o| ZLb H gkjv‡Z Avevi cvwb wgwk‡q big Kiv nq Ges
e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv †gv‡UB MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| gkjv ˆZwi Kivi mgq †hB cvwb
e¨envi Kiv n‡e Zvici Avi †Kvb cvwb e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
 Muv_wyb m¤úbœ nevi ci B‡Ui Muv_ywbi R‡q›U¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hv‡e A‡bK
‡ÿ‡Î G cÖvšÍ †_‡K Aci cÖvšÍ AvMv-‡Mvov duvKv A_©vr R‡q‡›U gkjv fvjfv‡e
†XvKv‡bv nqwb| Muv_wyb m¤úbœ nevi ci cÖ‡Z¨KwU R‡q›U cixÿv K‡i Zv fivU
K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
 Muv_wyb m¤úbœ nevi ci cÖvqB †`Lv hvq B‡Ui Mv‡q wm‡g›U-gkjv †j‡M Av‡Q| Zv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Muv_wyb m¤úbœ nevi ci ciB AvjMv wm‡g›U-gkjv cwi¯‹vi K‡i
w`‡Z n‡e|
 w`‡bi KvR †k‡l Muv_ywbi R‡q›Umg~n (Horizontal Ges Vertical) †iwKs K‡i w`‡Z
n‡e A_©vr R‡q›Umg~‡n †Kvb jyR gkjv _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 B‡Ui Muv_wyb m¤úbœ nevi 24 N›Uv ci †_‡KB Kgc‡ÿ 15 w`b ch©šÍ ˆ`wbK 3/4
evi cvwb w`‡q wfwR‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
2.5 i‡Wi KvR Kivi mgq
 i‡Wi WvqvwgUvi mwVK gv‡ci n‡Z n‡e| WªBs Gi A¯úóZvi Kvi‡Y i‡Wi
WvqvwgUvi, i‡Wi msL¨v wKsev †¯úwjs fzj †hb bv nq|
 GI Zviw`‡q X-evBwÛs K‡i GKwU i‡Wi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU iW euva‡Z nq| X-evBwÛs
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZt 24 †MwR ev 21 †MwR GI Zvi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
BOQ Gi Description AbymiY K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e KZ †MwR Zvi e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wK¬qvi Kfvi wVK †i‡L i‡Wi LuvPv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr ex‡gi LuvPv ˆZwi Kivi
†ÿ‡Î ex‡gi Stirrup Gi evwni-evwni mvBR n‡e wK¬qvi Kfvi ev` w`‡q| Kjv‡gi
LuvPv ˆZwi Kivi mgq Kjv‡gi Ring Gi evwni-evwni mvBR n‡e wK¬qvi Kfvi ev`
w`‡q|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq WªBs-G i‡Wi `yB gv_vq gvUvg †`Lv‡bv Av‡Q Ges gvUvg
KZ Bw j¤^v n‡e Zv KLbI †jLv _v‡K, KLbI _v‡K bv| hw` †jLv bv _v‡K

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DשZb Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq
WªBs-G gvUvg †`Lv‡bv m‡Ë¡I ev¯Í‡e Zv †`qv n‡”Q bv, Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
 i‡W hw` gwiPv _v‡K ev iW hw` Acwi¯‹vi _v‡K, iW euvavi Av‡MB Zv cwi¯‹vi
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 iW †ewÛs Gi †ÿ‡Î Cranked Gi MfxiZvi gvc mwVK n‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i
Qv‡`i Cranked i‡Wi MfxiZvi gvc mwVK bv n‡j Qv‡`i kw³‡Z Zvi gvivZ¥K
cÖfve co‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq Dc‡ii iW Ges wb‡Pi i‡Wi MfxiZv wVK ivLvi Rb¨
i‡Wi †Pqvi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Zv wgwkÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †Pqv‡ii gvc Ges
†¯úwjs wVK ivL‡Z n‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq i‡Wi †jwcs gvc gZ †`qv nq bv| Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
ci ci `yBwU †jwcs †`qv hv‡e bv| †hgbt ex‡gi Zjvi i‡Wi gvSLv‡b †`qv hv‡e
bv| Qv‡`i Zjvi i‡Wi gvSLv‡b †`qv hv‡e bv|
2.6 ‡m›Uvwis, mvUvwis, dg©IqvK© Kivi mgq
 ‡m›Uvwis Kv‡R euv‡ki LuywU e¨envi n‡e bvwK wó‡ji LuywU e¨envi n‡e Zvi Aby‡gv`b
wb‡Z n‡e|
 LuywU mwVK gv‡ci n‡Z n‡e A_©vr LuywU hw` j¤^vq Kg nq Zvi wb‡P BU w`‡Z nq,
LuywUi wb‡P BU ‡`qv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
 mvUvwis Kivi Rb¨ mvB‡U †h mKj KvV wb‡q Avmv nq Zv e¨envi Kivi c~‡e©B †`‡L
wb‡Z n‡e| mvUvwis Gi Kv‡R e¨eüZ KvV mwVK Rv‡Zi n‡Z n‡e A_©vr †h KvV
†iv‡` euvKv n‡q hvq Zv mvUvwis Gi Rb¨ fvj bq|
 mvUvwis Gi Kv‡V †Rvov-Zvwj hZ Kg ci‡e ZZB fvj| †Rvov-Zvwj hZ †ewk n‡e,
mvUvwis w`‡q wm‡g›U-cvwb †ewi‡q Avmvi m¤¢ebv †ewk n‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq mvUvwis Kv‡R ˆZj gvLv nq bv , Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq `~e©j mvUvwis Gi Kvi‡b Kswµ‡U hLb Vibrator e¨envi Kiv
nq ZLb mvUvwis Gi †Mvov Ly‡j hvq Ges XvjvB Gi AvK…wZ wVK _v‡K bv|
 ‡m›Uvwis Ges mvUvwis Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs Gi Kv‡R †Kvb ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq bv| ¯‹¨v‡dvwìs hw`
kw³kvjx bv nq, †h †Kvb mgq `~N©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i Ges XvjvB Kv‡R mgq †ewk
jvM‡e| Kvib XvjvB kÖwgK DVv-bvgv Ki‡Z ev PjvPj Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva Ki‡e
bv|

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2.7 cøvóvwis Kivi mgq

 Avgv‡`i †`k B‡Ui mvBR wVK bv _vKvi Kvi‡b Muv_ywbi GK mvBW DuPz -wbPz _v‡K|
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq evowZ BU bv †K‡U DuPz-wbPz Ae¯’vq cøvóvi Kiv nq| GZ
K‡i †Kv_vI cøvóvi 11/2Ó Avevi cøvóvi 1/2Ó nq| GB ai‡Yi cøvóvi †UKmB nq bv|
cøvóvi Kivi c~‡e© evowZ BU Aek¨B †K‡U wb‡Z n‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq GKw`‡K †`qvj †fRv‡bv n‡”Q, Av‡iK w`‡K †`qvj cøvóvi
Kiv n‡”Q, Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| cøvóvi Kivi 6 N›Uv c~‡e© †`qvj‡K fvjfv‡e wfwR‡q
wb‡Z n‡e|
 cÖvqB †`Lv hvq Muv_ywbi Rb¨ †hB gkjv ˆZwi Kiv n‡”Q Zv Zv N›Uvb ci N›Uv
e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| †`Lv hvq gkjv ïwK‡q †M‡j Avevi cvwb †gkv‡bv n‡”Q, Zv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| gkjvi cwigvb Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv †hb 45 wgwb‡Ui
g‡a¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq| gkjv‡Z cÖ_‡gB †hB cvwb e¨envi Kiv n‡e Zvici Avi
†Kvb cvwb e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
 cøvóv‡ii evwj wPKb Pvjbx w`‡q fvjfv‡e †P‡j wb‡Z n‡e| GB KvRwU A‡bK mgq
Kiv nq bv|
 cøvóvi fe‡bi †mŠ›`h©¨ e„w×i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AsM| cøvóv‡ii Kv‡R `ÿ wg¯¿x
wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq ïaygvÎ `ÿ wg¯¿xi Afv‡e cøvóv‡ii
KvR fvj n‡”Q bv| Kv‡Ri ïiæ‡ZB wg¯¿xi `ÿZv ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e|
 XvjvB Gi Dci †hgb exg, Kjvg, Qv` BZ¨vw`i DcwiZj cøvóvi Kivi mgq
fvjfv‡e LuywP‡q wb‡Z n‡e| GB KvRwU mwVKfv‡e Kiv nq bv|
 cøvóvi m¤úbœ nevi 24 N›Uv ci †_‡KB Kgc‡ÿ 15 w`b ch©šÍ w`‡b 3/4 evi cvwb
w`‡q wfwR‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq cøvóvi m¤úbœ nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv ïwK‡q hv‡”Q| cøvóv‡ii
Dci mivmwi †iv` civi Kvi‡YB `ªæZ ïwK‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z cøvóvi `~e©j n‡q hvq|
cøvóvi PjvKvjxb cøvóv‡ii Dci mivmwi †iv` ci‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv|
2.8 is Kivi mgq
 A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †`Iqvj fvj K‡i ïwK‡q hvevi Av‡MB is Gi KvR ïiæ
Kiv nq| †fRv †`Iqv‡j KLbB is Kiv DwPZ bq|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq is Gi mv‡_ wb¤œ gv‡bi w_bvi (Thinner) e¨envi Kiv nq|
Zv KLbI MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
 is KLbI Lye cvZjv K‡i jvMv‡bv DwPr bq|
 is Kivi c~‡e© mwVK cÖvBgvi e¨envi Kiv DwPr| cÖvBgvi is Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ e„w× K‡i|
 m`¨ is Kiv Kÿ Ave× ivLv wVK bq|

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2.9 Rj Qv` Kivi mgq

 A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq wg¯¿x Rj Qv‡`i Rb¨ big wb¤œ gv‡bi †Lvqv I myiwK Avb‡Z
e‡j| Rj Qv‡` wb¤œ gv‡bi †Lvqv I myiwK e¨envi Kiv DwPr bq|
 Rj Qv‡` h_vh_ Xvj (Slope) _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e„wói cvwb R‡g _vK‡Z bv cv‡i|
 Rj Qv‡` cv_i Pzb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e, cvDWvi Pzb bq|
2.10 MÖwDÛ ‡d¬vi XvjvB Kivi mgq
 gReyZ MÖvDÛ ‡d¬vi mvaviYZt Kgc‡ÿ 6Ó Compacted Sand Filling Kiv nq,
Zvi Dci cwjw_b weQv‡bv nq| cwjw_‡bi Dci Brick Solling Kiv nq Ges Brick
Solling Gi 3Ó - 4Ó wm‡g›U KswµU Kiv nq| wm‡g›U Kswµ‡Ui †c‡U›U †÷vb
wKsev Tiles Gi KvR Kiv nq| wKš‘ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq jyR gvwUi Dci
Sand Filling Kiv n‡”Q, Sand Filling Kivi c~‡e© gvwU fvjfv‡e ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i `„pxfeb
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq Specification G Sand Filling Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q wKš‘
ev¯Í‡e Sand Filling Kiv n‡”Q bv| Sand Filling Kiv n‡jI Sand Filling Gi
Compaction †K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q bv|

 ‡UKmB MÖvDÛ ‡d¬vi ˆZwi Kivi †ÿ‡Î Sand Filling GKwU MyiæZ¡c~Y© welq| Sand
Filling GKkZ fvM `„pxf~Z n‡Z n‡e|

 bxU wm‡g›U wdwbwks Gi PjZv D‡V hvIqv GKwU mvavib ÎywU| Gi cÖavb KviY
wm‡g›U Kswµ‡Ui Dci evwj+wm‡g‡›Ui cvZjv gkjv †g‡i †j‡fj K‡i Zvi Dci
wm‡g›U †g‡i bxU wdwbwks Kiv nq| bxU wdwbwks Ki‡Z n‡e †c‡U›U †óvb Gi
Dci mivmwi wm‡g›U †g‡i|
 bxU wm‡g›U wdwbwks Gi Dci Kgc‡ÿ 15 w`b cvwb Rwg‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|
 .. Gi Dci wm‡g›U-KswµU K‡i Kgc‡ÿ 15 w`b cvwb Rwg‡q ivLvi ci Zvi Dci
†c‡U›U †óvb bxU wdwbwks wKsev UvBj‡mi KvR Kiv hv‡e| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq
wm‡g›U KswµU Kivi 2-3 w`b ciB Zvi Dci †c‡U›U †óvb bxU wKsev UvBj‡mi
KvR Kiv| G‡Z K‡i wm‡g›U Kswµ‡U dvUj †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i hv †Pv‡L †`Lv bvI
†h‡Z cv‡i|

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cvV-11: Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wbivcËv Ges e¨w³MZ wbivcËv

(Work Site and Occupational Health & Safety)

Contents
11.1 Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wbivcËvRwbZ mveavbZv
11.2 wewìs KbóªvKkb/i¶Yv‡e¶Y KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v
11.3 cvBwjs Gi KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v
11.4 Ab¨vb¨ wbivcËvRwbZ mveavbZv
11.5 e¨w³MZ wbivcËv miÄvgv`x

Objective

wbg©vY Kv‡R cÖwZwbqZ: wewfbœ ai‡bi `~N©Ubv NU‡Z †`qv hvq| †hgb dvD‡Ûk‡bi gvwU
KvUvi mgq gvwUi cvo †f‡½ gvwU Pvcv ci‡Q, XvjvB Kivi mgq mvUvwis †f‡½ ci‡Q,
cøvóvi Kivi mgq ev B‡Ui Mv_ybx Kivi mgq gvPv (Scaffolding) ‡f‡½ ci‡Q BZ¨vw`|
GB mKj `yN©Ubvi wk^Kvi cÖavbZ: wbg©vY kÖwgKMY wKš‘ †h mKj Kg©KZ©v wbg©vY KvR
Z`viKx‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Kg©‡ÿ‡Î kÖwgK‡`i wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv|
Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb Z`viwKi cvkvcvwk KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q wbivcËv g~jK e¨e¯’v mwVK
fv‡e †bqv n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv Aek¨B wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB cv‡V AskMÖnY K‡i cÖwkÿYv_
x©MY Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’vw` †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡K wK wK welq jÿ ivL‡Z
n‡e Zv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡R‡`i m‡PZbZv e„w× n‡e| wbg©vY kÖwgK‡`i‡K
m‡PZb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

11.1 Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wbivcËvRwbZ mveavbZv

iv¯Ívi KvR PjvKv‡j memgq iv¯Ív eÜ K‡i KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î GK cv‡k KvR K‡i Ab¨
cv‡k hvb PjvP‡ji Rb¨ †Lvjv ivL‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î h_vh_ e¨e¯’v †hgb Wªvg ev LyUvi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vwi‡KW
w`‡q weKí iv¯Ív cÖ`k©b, ivw·ejv evwZ ivLv Ges wewfbœ mvBb ¯’vcb Kiv `iKvi| hv‡Z PjvPjKvix Ges
KvR m¤úv`bKvix mK‡jiB Rvb gv‡ji †Kvb ÿqÿwZ bv nq|
mKj wbg©vY KvR GK ai‡Yi bq| wKQz wKQz Kv‡R ‡ekx SzwK _v‡K| †hgb: DuPz RvqMvq KvR Kiv,
fe‡bi evB‡ii w`‡K KvR Kiv, Mfxi Lbb KvR, cvBwjs KvR, Xvjy ¯’v‡b †ivjvi Pvjv‡bv, cyivZb
AeKvVv‡gv fvsMv BZ¨vw`| G mg¯Í KvR Kivi mgq h_vh_ wbivcËv g~jK e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| †hgb: cv‡q
eyU/nv‡Z †gvRv/gv_vq †nj‡gU/‡Kvg‡i †eë cov| SzwKc~Y© KvR wbw`©ó mg‡q ZË¡veavq‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

civgk© g‡Z Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb SzwKc~Y© KvR ev¯ÍevqbKvix `ßi/Dc‡`óv dvg©/wVKv`v‡ii KvwiMix
Kg©KZ©vi Dcw¯’wZ Qvov Kiv hv‡e bv|
wbg©vY Kv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix†`i‡K wbg©vY mvB‡U _vK‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K wbg©vY mvB‡U Kg
†ekx `~N©Ubv NUvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K| Rxe‡bi g~j¨ AZzjbxq| GKvi‡Y Avgv‡`i‡K wbg©vY mvB‡U
wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v wb‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq Avgiv e‡j _vwK Safety First. wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v ïay †h
†UKwbK¨vj Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix Rb¨ †bqv nq Zv bq, wbg©vY kÖwgK‡`i Rb¨ wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v †bqv
cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov wbg©vY mvB‡U cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v †bqv nq hv‡Z `~N©Ubv bv N‡U, †hgb mvB‡U Gi
wbw`ó GjvKvq wN‡i ivLv nq,hvi Kvi‡Y;
 Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix `~N©Ubv Gov‡Z mÿg n‡eb| AKvj g„Zz¨, AsMnvbx BZ¨vw` n‡Z iÿv cvIqv
hv‡e,
 wbg©vY Kv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ bq Ggb RbMY ev cÖvYxK~j `~N©Ubv n‡Z iÿv cv‡e,
 e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZi ÿqÿwZ Kg n‡e|
Avgiv †h mKj wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v wb‡q _vwK Zv wbg©vY mvBU I AeKvVv‡gv †f‡` wfbœ wfbœ n‡q _v‡K|

11.2 wewìs KbóªvKkb/i¶Yv‡e¶Y KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v

- Kvh©¯’j †eov Øviv †ewóZ Ki‡Z n‡e
- KswµU, mvUvwis I i‡Wi fi en‡bi wbwg‡Ë Dchy³ I ch©vß k³ cÖc&m e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z
n‡e
- k³ wfwËi Dci cÖc&m¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e
- ïaygvÎ wba©vwiZ mg‡qi c‡i mvUvwis †Lvjv hv‡e
- mvUvwis †Lvjvi mgq AwZwi³ †jvKRb Kvh©¯’‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv
- mvUvwis Gi gvjvgvj mg~n G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e bv †i‡L ¸`v‡g GK¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- A‡K‡Rv gvjvgvj, †jvnvi KvuUv BZ¨vw` †Kvb wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
- †Kvb wbg©vY mvgMÖx `vjv‡bi Dci n‡Z bx‡P †djv hv‡e bv
- Kg Xvjy Ges nvZ - †iwjs wewkó i¨v¤ú wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e
- kªwgK‡`i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ k³ I gReyZ gvPv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e
- kªwgK/Kg©Pvix‡`i k³ Zjvwewkó RyZv (®úÄ bq) e¨envi eva¨Zvg~jK Ki‡Z n‡e
- gvwUi bx‡Pi Rjvavi, †mwÞK U¨vsK ev Ab¨ †Kvb Avav‡ii gyL †Lvjv Ae¯’vq ivLv hv‡e bv
- Kg©¯’‡j QvDbx/gvjvgvj ivLvi cvkvcvwk cvqLvbv, bjK‚c BZ¨vw`i myweav ivL‡Z n‡e
- wbg©vY¯’v‡b Kvh© PjvKvjxb mg‡q kªwgK‡`i Aek¨B †nj‡gU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
- DuPz gvPvq KvR Kivi mgq kªwgK‡`i †Kvg‡i wbivcËvg~jK `wo evua‡Z n‡e
- gvwUi bx‡Pi Avavi/cvwbi U¨vs‡Ki-mvUvwis †Lvjvi mgq welv³ M¨vm Av‡Q wK bv Zv cix¶v
Ki‡Z n‡e
- cÖwZwbqZ cix¶vi gva¨‡g hvbevnb I hš¿cvwZ i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ mvwf©wms I †givgZ Ki‡Z
n‡e

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- ïaygvÎ †hvM¨ I cÖwk¶Y cÖvß PvjK Øviv hvbevnb I hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
- ÔcÖv_wgK wPwKrmvÕ ev· Kvh©¯’‡j ivLv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e
- AwZwi³ gvjvgvj I AveR©bv Kvh©¯’j †_‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| mgmgq Kvh©¯’j‡K
cwi®‹vi-cwiQbœ& ivL‡Z n‡e|

11.3 cvBwjs Gi KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v

- myweavRbK RvqMvq ÒcvBwjs Gi KvR Pwj‡Z‡QÒ evsjv †jLvq mvBb‡evW© jvMv‡Z n‡e
- RbmvaviY‡K Kg©¯’j n‡Z `y‡i ivLvi Rb¨ †eov w`‡Z n‡e
- WªvBwfs hš¿cvwZ, cywj BZ¨vw` Kvh©¶g Av‡Q wK bv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e
- †hvM¨ PvjK‡`i mvnv‡h¨ WªvBwfs hš¿cvwZ e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e
- cvBj D‡Ëvjb Gi mgq Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Pvix‡`i wec` n‡Z `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

11.4 Ab¨vb¨ wbivcËvRwbZ mveavbZv

iv¯Ív, eªxR Ges `vjvb wbg©v‡Yi/i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Kv‡R wbivcËv wbwðZKiY wbqg-Kvbyb QvovI wb¤œwjwLZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨
DwjøwLZ wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
1) AeKvVv‡gvi Rb¨ Lbb KvR t
- MZ© Lbb Kivi mgq mwVK XvjyZv ivL‡Z n‡e
- Mfxi MZ© Lbb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †VKbv (†mvwis) Ges gva¨wgK evg© Gi e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e
- Kg©¯’‡ji Pvicv‡k mvgwqKfv‡e †eovi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e
- Kg Xvjy Ges nvZ †ivwjs wewkó i¨v¤ú wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e
- AeKvVv‡gvi cv‡k gvwU ¯‘c Kiv wb‡la Ki‡Z n‡e

2) Kswµ‡Ui KvR t
- bZzb Kswµ‡Ui Pvc mn¨ Kivi Rb¨/‡bqvi Rb¨ k³ mvUvwis w`‡Z n‡e
- KswµU XvjvB‡qi RvqMvq †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ Kg Xvjy Ges k³ nvZ †iwjs wewkó i¨v¤ú ˆZix
Ki‡Z n‡e
- gB mwVKfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv cix¶v K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e
- hš¿cvwZ †hvM¨ Ges cÖwk¶Y cÖvß PvjK‡`i Øviv e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e
- evwZj/Ae¨eüZ KswµU †hLv‡b †mLv‡b ¯‘c Kiv hv‡e bv
- wbw`©ó mg‡qi c‡iB mvUvwis Ges †VKbv Lyj‡Z n‡e
- KvuUvhy³ Z³v Ges wUb wmU Avjv`v RvqMvq ivL‡Z n‡e
- KswµU Kv‡Ri c‡i A‡aŠZ Ae¯’vq †Kv`vj, †ejPv, Kzwbœ, evjwZ, fvB‡eªUi, wgw·s †gwkb
BZ¨vw` ivLv hv‡e bv

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11.5 e¨w³MZ wbivcËv miÄvgv`x (Personal Protective Equipment, PPE)

Eye and Face Protection

‡PvL Ges gy‡Li wbivcËvi Rb¨ Face

Shields Ges Goggles e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e| †hgbt I‡qwìs Kivi mgq Face
Shields e¨envi Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

Photo: Face Shield & Safety Glass

Head Protection

gv_vi wbivcËvi Rb¨ Head Protector

(Hard Hat) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbt
eªxR, wewìs KÝUªvKkb mvB‡U KvR Kivi
mgq Aek¨B Head Protector ci‡Z n‡e|
BwÄwbqvi, mycvifvBRvi GgbwK †h †Kvb
cwi`k©K KÝUªvKkb mvBU cwi`k©‡b †M‡j
Zvi Head Protector _vK‡Z n‡e|
Photo: Head Protector
Foot Protection

cv‡qi wbivcËvi Rb¨ Safety Shoe, Gum

Boot ci‡Z n‡e| †hgbt eªxR, wewìs Gi
KÝUªvKkb mvB‡U Safety Shoe Aek¨B
ci‡Z n‡e| iv¯Ívi Kv‡R †hgbt weUzwgbvm
Kv‡c©wUs Gi KvR Kivi mgq Gum Boot
civ Riæix|
Photo: Foot Protector

Hand Protection

nv‡Zi wbivcËvi Rb¨ †gŠRv civ AZ¨šÍ

Riæix| †hgbt Grinder/Cutter e¨envi
Kivi mgq/I‡qwìs Kivi mgq Cotton Gi
nvZ †gŠRv civ AZ¨šÍ Riæix| we`y¨r jvB‡b
KvR Kivi mgq Rubber Gi nvZ †gŠRv civ
Riæix|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

Safety Vest

iv¯Ívq KvR Kivi mgq we‡kl K‡i Mvwo

PjvPj eÜ †bB Ggb iv¯Ívq iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi
KvR Kivi mgq ev Ggb iv¯Ívq †Kvb
Inspection Kivi mgq Aek¨B Reflective
Vest ci‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †h †Kvb mgq
`yN©Ubv N‡U †h‡Z cv‡i|
Photo: Reflective Vest

First Aid
‡h †Kvb ai‡Yi `yN©Ubvq cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †`qvi Rb¨
mvB‡U mve©ÿwbK First Aid Box _vK‡Z n‡e| First Aid
Box wbqwgZ wbwiÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq Jla-c‡Îi
ch©vßZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Jla-c‡Îi Expire
Date †`‡L e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| mycvifvBRix
Kg©KZ©vMY hLbB gvV cwi`k©‡b hv‡eb, Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri
cvkvcvwk GB welqwUI †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡eb|
Kv‡Ri mgq kÖwgK‡`i e¨w³MZ wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ kÖwgK‡`i‡KI mKj ai‡Yi Personal
Protective Equipment ci‡Z n‡e| mycvifvBRix Kg©KZ©vMY‡K welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
hLbB gvV cwi`k©‡b hv‡eb, Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri mv‡_ wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’vw` ch©‡eÿY K‡i cwi`k©b wi‡cvU©
w`‡eb|

SAFETY IN YOUR HAND

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV - 12: gvwU Z`šÍ Ges gvwU cixÿv

(Soil Investigation and Soil Tests)

Contents:
12.0 f‚wgKv
12.1 gvwUi cÖKvi‡f`
12.2 f~-¯Íi D`&NvUb I bg~bv msMÖn
12.3 gv‡V gvwU kbv³ Kib
12.4 gvwU cixÿv (Soil Tests)
12.5 gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv (Bearing Capacity) wbY©q
Objectives:

‡h ¯’v‡b feb wbg©vY Kiv n‡e †m ¯’v‡bi gvwU Z`šÍ Ges cixÿv K‡i gvwUi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii mvweŸ©K Ae¯’v
†hgb gvwUi aib (Type of Soil), gvwUi Cohesion, Shear Strength, Bearing Capacity
BZ¨vw` Rvbvi ci GKRb wWRvBb BwÄwbqvi feb wbg©vY Kv‡Ri wWRvBb I WªBs cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib| gv‡V feb
wbg©vY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kg©KZ©v‡`i wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, wWRvBb I WªBs G gvwUi Bearing
Capacity hZ aiv n‡q‡Q wbg©vY ¯’‡j †hLv‡b Foundation Gi Bottom Level _vK‡e †m¯’v‡bi
cÖwZwU Foundation Gi gvwUi Bearing Capacity , Design Bearing Capacity Gi †P‡q Kg
n‡e bv| GB cv‡V Ask MÖnY K‡i cÖwkÿYv_x©MY gv‡V gvwUi Bearing Capacity eySvi Kjv‡KŠkj
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

12.0 f‚wgKv
AeKvVv‡gv wWRvBb I wbg©vY Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ Kjv‡KŠkjx‡`i gvwU m¤ú‡K©¨ h_vh_ Ávb _vKv AZ¨šÍ
Riæix| H mKj e¨w³ eM©‡K Aek¨B wgwËKv‡KŠk‡ji g~j bxwZ¸wj Rvb‡Z n‡e Ges Kvh© †ÿ‡Î †m¸wj
cÖ‡qvM Kivi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †h †Kvb ai‡bi AeKvVv‡gv †hgb eªxR, Kvjfv©U, iv¯Ív, wewìs
BZ¨vw`i m¤ú~Y© fvi †kl ch©šÍ gvwU‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq| gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv mwVK fv‡e wbY©q K‡iB
AeKvVv‡gvi dvD‡Ûkb wWRvBb Ki‡Z nq| gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv eyS‡Z n‡j Rvb‡Z n‡e gvwUi aib,
gvwUi †kÖYxweb¨vm, gvwU Z`šÍ cÖwµqv, gvwUi cixÿv gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv wbY©q cÖwµqv, gvwU fvienb
ÿgZv e„w× Kivi cÖwµqv BZ¨vw`|

12.1 gvwUi cÖKvi‡f`

`vbvi AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i gvwU‡K gyUvgywUfv‡e `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
1| †gvUv `vbv gvwU- (Coarse-grained soil)
2| myÿè `vbv gvwU- (Fine- grained soil)

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‡gvUv `vbv gvwU n‡”Q †mB gvwU hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kbv Lvwj †PvL †`Lv hvq, †hgb bywo cv_i, †gvUv evjy,
ga¨g evjy, myÿè evjy|
myÿè `vbv gvwU n‡”Q †mB gvwU hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kbv GZ myÿè †h Zv‡`i‡K Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv ; †hgb
cwj gvwU, Kv`v gvwU|
g~jZt `vbvi AvKv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i gvwUi †h cÖKvi‡f` ˆZwi n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Iqv n‡jv-
AvKvi
gvwUi cÖKvi
‡_‡K ch©šÍ
b~wo cv_i 2 wgt wgt eo
‡gvUv evjy 2 wgt wgt 0.6 wgt wgt
‡gvUv `vbv gvwU
ga¨g evjy 0.6 wgt wgt 0.2 wgt wgt
m~² evjy 0.2 wgt wgt 0.06 wgt wgt
‡gvUv cwj gvwU 0.06 wgt wgt 0.02 wgt wgt
ga¨g cwj gvwU 0.02 wgt wgt 0.006 wgt wgt
m~² `vbv gvwU
m~² cwj gvwU 0.006 wgt wgt 0.002 wgt wgt
Kv`v gvwU 0.002 wgt wgt †QvU

wgkÖ `vbvhy³ gvwU-

cÖK…wZ‡Z †h mKj gvwU cvIqv hvq †ekxi fvM †ÿ‡ÎB Zv wgkÖ `vbv hy³ gvwU A_vr gvwUi g‡a¨ †gvUv I
m~² GB ai‡bi `vbvB eZ©gvb| gvwU‡Z †gvUv ev m~² `vbvi †h †Kvb GKwUi cwigvb Ab¨vb¨ Ask †_‡K
†ekx _vK‡j H gvwU‡K AwaK cwigv‡b we`¨gvb As‡ki bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv nq Ges Aí cwigv‡b
we`¨gvb AskwUi bvg H gvwUi bv‡gi c~‡e© h_vh_ we‡klb wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb Kv`v wgwkÖZ
evwj (Clayee Sand) GLv‡b evwji cwigvb †gvU gvwUi IR‡bi A‡a©‡Ki †P‡q †ekx Ges Kv`vi
cwigvb †gvU gvwUi A‡a©‡Ki Kg GKB fv‡e cwj wgwkÖZ ev`v (Mudy Clay or CM) GLv‡b Kv`vi
cwigvb †gvU gvwUi A‡a©‡Ki †P‡q †ekx Ges cwj gvwUi cwigvb A‡a©‡Ki †P‡q Kg|

‰Re gvwU
‡h gvwU‡Z h‡_ó cwigvb ˆRe c`v_© _v‡K Zv‡K ˆRe gvwU e‡j| ¶q cÖvß wkKo, Mv‡Qi cvZv, Nvm,
AvMvQv Ges ¶q cÖvwßi wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Avukhy³ Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`RvZ c`v‡_©i Dcw¯’wZ Øviv ˆRe gvwU‡K
mn‡RB †Pbv hvq| ‡fRv Ae¯’vq G gvwU Mvp ev`vgx, AZ¨šÍ Mvp aymi A_ev Kv‡jv i‡Oi nq Ges
big ¯c‡Äi gZ Abyf~Z nq| m`¨ msM„nxZ gvwUi bgybvq cPbkxj ˆRe c`v‡_©i we‡kl MÜ cvIqv
hvq| A‡bK gvwU †Kej gvÎ AvswkK ˆRe nq Ges cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GB me gvwU cÖavbZt A‰Re c`v_©
w`‡q ˆZwi _v‡K| GB gvwU Av`k© A‰Re gvwU †_‡K wfbœ ag©x Ges G‡Z ˆRe c`v‡_©i cwigvb
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg _vK‡jI Zv jÿ¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| gvwU Mvp ev`vgx, Mvp aymi A_ev Kv‡jv i‡Oi
n‡j, Zv‡Z †ek wKQz cwigvb m~² `vbvi ˆRe c`v_© _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| m`¨ msM„nxZ gvwUi bgybvi
ˆRe MÜwU hZœ mnKv‡i jÿ¨ K‡i mvaviYfv‡e ˆRe gvwU‡K mbv³ Kiv hvq| bgybvwU ﮋ n‡j Zv
wfwR‡q c‡i Clr Mig Ki‡j we‡kl ˆRe MÜwU cvIqv mnR nq|

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12.2 f~-¯Íi D`&NvUb I bg~bv msMÖn

gvwU msMÖn I mbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ f~-¯Íi D`&NvU‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î D`&NvUb Kg©m~Px t
(1) gvwUi g‡a¨ miæ MZ© Kiv A_ev ciL-K~c Lbb Kiv
(2) Zzicyb Øviv gvwUi wewfbœ ¯Íi †_‡K AÿZ (Undisturbed) ev weÿZ (Disturbed)
gvwUi bg~bv msMÖn| Kg©‡ÿ‡Î gvwUi ¯Í‡ii MfxiZv I wewfbœ gvwUi ¯Í‡ii ci¤úiv
wbiƒcY KivB f~-¯Íi D`&NvUb Kg©m~Pxi g~j D‡Ïk¨|
(3) iW cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q gvwU cixÿv (Rod Penetration Method)
(4) ó¨vÛvW© ‡cwb‡Ukb †Uó (SPT) c×wZ

f~-¯Íi D`&NvUb
(K) ciL-K~c Lbb c×wZ
GB c×wZ‡Z mvaviY Lbb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ AKz¯’‡j GKwU ciL K~c Lbb Kiv nq| GB ciL K~cwU 5
dzU X 5 dzU AvK…wZi GKwU eM©‡ÿÎ A_ev cÖvq 5
dzU e¨v‡mi GKwU e„Ë n‡j fvj nq| GB cÖKvi
D`&NvUb Kv‡h©i Rb¨ LbbK…Z K‚cwUi MfxiZv 10
dzU †_‡K 20 dz‡Ui g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLv evÃbxq| †h
me RvqMvq f~-Mf©¯’ cvwbZj f~-c„‡ôi KvQvKvwQ
†mLv‡b ciL K~‡ci g‡a¨ f~-Mf©¯’ cvwb Pzqv‡bv eÜ
ivLvi Rb¨ K~‡ci MfxiZv Av‡iv Kwg‡q †`Iqv †h‡Z
cv‡i| ciL K~c Lbb Kivi ci K~‡ci Lvov
†`qvj¸‡jv Lye KvQ †_‡K fvj K‡i ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z gvwUi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii †ea (Thickness) wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e nq I cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ gvwUi
wewfbœ ¯Íi †_‡K bg~bv msMÖn Kiv nq| ciL K~c Lbb Øviv f~-¯Íi D`&NvU‡bi c×wZ wP‡Î e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

(L) Zzicyb Øviv wQ`ªKiY c×wZ

GwU n‡”Q f~-¯Íi D`&NvUb I bg~bv msMÖ‡ni mijZg c×wZ| GB
c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv mvaviY I mnRcÖvc¨| hš¿¸‡jv
wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| MZ© Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ Zzicyb wP‡Î
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
GB c×wZ‡Z ZzicybwU Nywi‡q Nywi‡q gvwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q wQ`ª
Kiv nq| wKQyUv wQ`ª nIqvi ci bgybv msMÖn I hš¿ cwi®‹vi Kivi
Rb¨ ZzicybwU gvwUi wfZi †_‡K †ei K‡i Avbv nq| ZzicybwU
c~‡e©i wQ‡`ªi g‡a¨ cybivq cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q GKB NUbvi cybive„wË
Ki‡Z nq| f~-¯Íi D`&NvU‡bi CwáZ MfxiZv ch©šÍ wQ`ª n‡q
†M‡j KvR eÜ K‡i †`Iqv nq|

177
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

GB c×wZ‡Z f~-Mf©¯’ cvwbi Ae¯’v, gvwUi cÖK…wZ I e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZi aiY Øviv Z`šÍe¨ gvwUi MfxiZv
wba©vwiZ nq| mvaviYZt GB c×wZ f~-Mf©¯’ cvwbZ‡ji Dc‡ii †Kvb AMfxi Zj ch©šÍ e¨envi Kiv
nq| wKš‘ Zzicyb cÖvq 50 dzU MfxiZv ch©šÍ †bqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
(M) iW cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q gvwU cixÿv (Rod Penetration Test)
GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjv ch©šÍ gvwU Lbb K‡i wb‡Z nq| dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjv †j‡fwjs
I †Wªwms K‡i 12 †_‡K 16 wg:wg: iW GKRb †jvK Zvi mg¯Í kw³ w`‡q gvwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q w`‡e| G
‡ÿ‡Î iWwU 4-5 dzU j¤^v n‡Z cv‡i, GKRb †jvK hv‡Z iWwU‡Z Sz‡j Zvi kix‡ii mg¯Í IRb i‡Wi
Dci †dj‡Z cv‡i| iWwU gvwU‡Z KZUzKz cÖ‡ek Kij ‡hgb 4”/5”/6”/7”/8”/9”/10” BZ¨vw` Zv
†bvU K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq GB cixÿvwU K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e iWwU †Kvb
dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq KZ UzKz cÖ‡ek Kij| hw` cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq iWwU cÖ‡e‡ki cwigvb
KvQvKvwQ _v‡K †hgb 1” †_‡K 1/2” cv_©K¨ Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvi gvwU GKB
cÖK…wZi Ges cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq gvwUi Bearing Capacity I KvQv-KvwQ| G †ÿ‡Î GKB
†jvK‡K cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡b GB cixÿvwU Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e GB c×wZwU Non-Cohesive gvwUi Rb¨
Dc‡hvMx bq|
gv‡V wbg©vY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjx ev mycvifvBRviMY GB cixÿvwUi gva¨‡g dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvi gvwU
cixÿv K‡i A‡bKUv wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡ib †h fe‡bi dvD‡Ûkb wWRvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î Allowable Bearing
Capacity hZ aiv n‡qwQj Zv ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq cvIqv hv‡”Q wKbv| G ‡ÿ‡Î
gv‡V wbg©vY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K cÖ_‡g GB cixÿvwU Ki‡Z n‡e †h Lv‡b Bore hole K‡i
ó¨vÛvW© †cwb‡Uªkb †Uó(SPT) Kiv n‡q‡Q wVK H ¯’v‡b dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjv ch©šÍ gvwU †K‡U K‡qK ¯’v‡b G
cixÿvwU Ki‡Z n‡e| H ¯’v‡b iWwU hZ UzKz cÖ‡ek Kij Zv †bvU K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges cÖwZwU
dvD‡Ûk‡bi gvwUi Zjv GKB iW I GKB †jvK w`‡q cixÿv K‡i Zvi mv‡_ wgjv‡Z n‡e| hw` †hLv‡b
Bore hole Kiv n‡qwQj †mB ¯’v‡bi gvwUi cÖK…wZi mv‡_ cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi gvwUi cÖK…wZ wg‡j hvq Zv
n‡j a‡i †bqv hvq wWRvBb Bearing Capacity Gi mv‡_ Zvi mv`„k Av‡Q| Zv hw` bv nq A_©vr
Bore hole Gi ¯’v‡b iWwU hZUzKz cÖ‡ek Kij Zv hw` †Kvb †Kvb dvD‡Ûk‡b Zvi †P‡q †ekx cÖ‡ek
K‡i(1 Gi Dc‡i) Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e H dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvi gvwU `ye©j Av‡Q| ZLb welqwU DשZ‡bi mv‡_
Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î dvD‡Ûkb wi-wWRvBb Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i ev †hB
dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvi gvwU `ye©j Av‡Q Zv AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges KZUzKz fivU Ki‡Z n‡e wK ai‡bi
evwj Øviv fivU Ki‡Z n‡e Ges fivU gvwU/evwj dvDwÛk‡bi PZzw`©K KZUzKz evov‡Z n‡e, G mKj
wm×všÍ DשZb Kg©KZ©viv w`‡eb| wbg©vY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjxMb‡K eyS‡Z n‡e Ges wbwðZ Ki‡Z
n‡e †h Bore hole Gi ¯’v‡bi gvwUi cÖK…Z Bearing Capacity, Designed Bearing Capacity
Gi mgKÿ wKbv| iW gvwU‡Z KZUzKz cÖ‡ek Kij (6”/7”/8”) †mB gv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i gvwUi kw³
(Bearing Capacity) m¤ú‡K© avibv †bqv hvq| G wel‡q wbg©vY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjxMY‡K `ÿZv
AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| gvwUi kw³ m¤ú‡K©¨ avibv cvIqvi Rb¨ wKQz wKQz welq GB cv‡V D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
j¨v‡ev‡iUix‡Z gvwU cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ feb wbgv©Y ¯’‡ji †Kv_vq †Kv_vq Bore hole Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv
mywbw`©ó fv‡e Soil Test Report Gi Bore hole Layout Plan G ‡`qv _v‡K|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

‡bvUt A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq Footing Lay out Plan (Structural Drawing) G D‡jøL K‡i †`qv
nq †h, Foundation Gi KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© Aek¨B Plate Load Test Gi gva¨‡g Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î
Foundation Gi Zjvi gvwUi Bearing Capacity wbY©q K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e ‡h, Designed
Bearing Capacity Gi mgKÿ wKbv| †m‡ÿ‡Î wbg©vb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K Aek¨B Plate
Load Test K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| ‡hLv‡b Plate Load Test Kiv nj †mB GKB ¯’v‡b Rod
Penetration Test K‡i RPT Gi †hB gvb cvIqv hv‡e Zv cÖwZwU Foundation G †c‡Z n‡e|

(N) ó¨vÛvW© ‡cwb‡Ukb †Uó (SPT) c×wZ

gvwUi AZxe Mfx‡i wewfbœ ¯’‡i gvwUi cÖK…wZ Rvbvi Rb¨ G c×wZ AZ¨šÍ cÖPwjZ| G c×wZ‡Z mvaviYZ:
1.5 wg: AšÍi AšÍi gvwUi Mfx‡i gvwUi cÖK…wZ cixÿv Kiv nq| gvwUi cÖK…wZ cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ SPT-
Spoon Gi mvnv‡q¨ gvwUi Sample ‡bqv nq Ges H ¯’v‡b gvwUi cÖwZ‡iva/mn¨kw³ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨
SPT-Spoon wU‡K 12” ¯’‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ KZwU AvNvZ (Blow) †j‡M‡Q Zv wbY©q Kiv nq|
SPT-Spoon wU‡K 12” ¯Í‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z hw` 20 wU AvNvZ jv‡M †m †ÿ‡Î N-Value n‡e 20|
SPT-Spoon Gi mvnv‡h¨ gvwUi †h Sample ‡bqv nq †mB Sample Gi j¨ve‡iUix †U‡ói gva¨‡g
gvwUi aiY (Type of Soil) wbY©q Kiv nq| Grain Size Analysis Kiv nq, Liquid Limit,
Plastic Limit Test Kiv nq BZ¨vw`| G Qvov Undisturbed Soil Sample msMÖn K‡i j¨ve‡iUix
†U‡ói gva¨‡g Cohesion, Friction Angle, Shearing Strength, Unit weight BZ¨vw` wbY©q
Kiv nq|

179
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

gvwUi N-Value, Shearing Strength (Su), Cohesion(c), Friction Angle, Unit Weight
BZ¨vw` Rvbvi ci gvwUi Ultimate Bearing Capacity Ges Allowable Bearing Capacity
wbY©q Kiv nq| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq gvwUi Allowable Bearing Capacity cÖwZwU Bore hole G
GKB iKg bq | †m †ÿ‡Î Designer cÖwZwU Bore hole Gi gvwUi Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq G‡b Design
Bearing Capacity wbY©q K‡ib|

12.3 gv‡V gvwU kbv³ Kib

m~² `vbv gvwU Ges ‰Re gvwU kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ gv‡V wb¤œ wjwLZ cixÿv mg~n Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
1| ﯋ kwµ cixÿv (Dry Strength Test)
2| cÖmvib cixÿv (Dilatancy Test)
3| weK…wZ‡hvM¨Zv cixÿv (Plasticity Test)

ﮋ kw³ cixÿv (Dry Strength Test)

(K) c~‡e© cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Nb AvK…wZi bg~bv `ywUi GKwU‡Z
mvgvb¨ cvwb wgwk‡q gvwUi GKwU `jv ˆZwi Kiæb|
(L) bgybvwU‡K †iŠ‡`ª A_ev ﮋKiY Pzjøx‡Z m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
ï‡Kv‡Z w`b|
(M) gvwUi `jvwU‡K e„×vs¸j I ZR©bxi g‡a¨ †i‡L Pvc
w`‡q ‡f‡½ ¸u‡ov K‡i †djvi †Póv Kiæb| ﮋ kw³ cixÿvi
GB c×wZwU wP‡Î e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

bg~bvwUi ﮋ kw³i gvÎv wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e eY©bv Kiæb t

(1) AZ¨šÍ Kg kw³ A_ev kw³nxb - hw` bgybvwU ïaygvÎ bvovPvov Kivi Pv‡cB †f‡O hvq|
(2) Kg kw³ - hw` bgybvwU AvOy‡ji mvgvb¨ Pv‡cB †f‡O ay‡jvi gZ n‡q hvq|
(1) ga¨g ‡Mv‡Qi kw³ - hw` bgybvwU †f‡O ay‡jvi gZ ¸u‡ov Ki‡Z †ek wKQyUv AvOy‡ji
Pvc cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
(2) DPP kw³ - fvOv †M‡jI bgybvwU‡K hw` AvOy‡ji Pv‡c ay‡jvi gZ ¸u‡ov K‡i †djv
bv hvq|
(3) AZ¨šÍ D”P kw³ - hw` bgybvwU‡K †Kvb k³ Zj I e„×vs¸‡ji g‡a¨ †i‡L Pvc w`‡qI
fvOv bv hvq|
cÖmviY cixÿv (Dilatancy Test)
(K) c~‡e© cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Aci Nb AvK…wZi bg~bvwU‡K h‡_ó cvwb wgwk‡q †gvjv‡qg A_P AvVv‡jv bq Ggb
GKwU wm³Zvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
(L) GB gvwU `jv evwb‡q ‡mUv nv‡Zi Zvjyi g‡a¨ ivLyb| Qywoi djvi mvnv‡h¨ GwU‡K gm„Y Kiyb|
(M) nv‡Zi Zvjy AvbyfywgK †i‡L †Rv‡i †Rv‡i bvoyb Ges Ab¨ nvZ w`‡q GB nv‡Zi Zjvq g„`y g„`y
av°v w`‡Z _vKzb| gvwUi DcwiZ‡ji †Pnviv ch©‡e¶Y Kiyb| nv‡Zi gywV eÜ Kiæb Ges cybivq
gywV Ly‡j a‡i `jvi cÖwZwµqv j¶¨ Kiyb| cixÿvi c×wZwU wP‡Î e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

180
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

bg~bvi cÖwZwµqv wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e eY©bv Kiæb t

(1) `ªæZ - hw` bvovPvovi mgq cvwb
bgybvi Dc‡ii Z‡j D‡V Av‡m Ges wb‡®úlY
Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ AšÍwn©Z nq| bgybvwUi
DcwiZ‡ji PKP‡K A_ev wb®úÖf †Pnviv
†`‡L gy³ cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ ev Abycw¯’wZ †evSv
hvq|
(2) axi - hw` cvwb DcwiZ‡j Avb‡Z
`jvwU‡K †Rv‡i †Rv‡i bvovPvovi cÖ‡qvRb
c‡o Ges hw` wb‡®úlY K‡iI bgybvwUi
DcwiZ‡ji †Pnvivi †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b Kiv bv hvq|
(3) wbw®ª‹q - hw` cix¶v‡Z bgybvwUi DcwiZ‡ji †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b bv N‡U|

weK…wZ‡hvM¨Zv cixÿv (Plasticity Test)

(K) cÖmviY cix¶v n‡q hvevi ci ‡mB bg~bvwU‡K
GKwU j¤^v `jvi AvK…wZ w`b|
(L) bgybvwU GKwU gm„Y Z‡ji Dci †i‡L †ej‡Z _vKzb
Ges cÖvq / Bw e¨v‡mi GKwU myZwji AvK…wZ‡Z
1
8

Avbvi †Póv Kiyb|

(M) bgybvwU fuvR K‡i Avevi †ej‡Z _vKzb| fuvR Kiv I
†ej‡bi GB cÖwµqv cybt cybt Pvjv‡Z _vKzb| GK ch©v‡q /
1
8

Bw e¨v‡m G‡m gvwUi myZwjwU UzK‡iv UzK‡iv n‡q †f‡O

co‡e| GB ch©v‡q bgybvwUi ga¨Kvi cvwbi cwigvb‡K gvwUi weK…wZ‡hvM¨Zvi mxgv (Plastic
limit) e‡j| GB Ae¯’vq gvwU †e‡j myZwj ˆZix Ki‡Z KZUzKz Pv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv jÿ¨
Kiæb| gvwUi myZwjwUi kw³I j¶¨ Kiæb| cixÿvi c×wZwU wP‡Î e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cixÿvi ci gvwUi cÖwZwµqv wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e eY©bv Kiæb t
(1) `ye©j I †gvjv‡qg - weK…wZ‡hvM¨ mxgvi KvQvKvwQ G‡j hw` gvwUi myZwjwU ‡ej‡Z mvgvb¨
PvcB h‡_ó g‡b nq Ges mvgvb¨ K‡qK Bw j¤^v myZwji GK cÖvšÍ AvOy‡j a‡i Szwj‡q w`‡j myZwjwU
wb‡Ri IRb enb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
(2) ga¨g ‡Mv‡Qi KwVb - weK…wZ‡hvM¨ mxgvi KvQvKvwQ G‡j hw` gvwUi myZwjwU ‡ej‡Z ga¨g
†Mv‡Qi Pv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K Ges mvgvb¨ K‡qK Bw j¤^v myZwj Szwj‡q w`‡j myZwjwU hw` Zvi
wb‡Ri IRb enb Ki‡Z cv‡i |
(3) AZ¨šÍ KwVb - weK…wZ‡hvM¨ mxgvi KvQvKvwQ G‡j hw` gvwUi myZwjwU ‡ej‡Z †ek LvwbKUv
Pv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K Ges ‡ek K‡qK Bw j¤^v myZwj Szwj‡q w`‡j hw` GwU Abvqv‡m wb‡Ri
IRb enb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

181
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

m~² `vbv gvwU mbv³Ki‡Yi QK

c~e©eZ©x cixÿvmg~‡ni wfwˇZ m~² `vbv gvwU mbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡P GKwU QK Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡jv|
ch©‡eÿY cixÿvmg~n †_‡K m~² `vbv gvwU mbv³KiY
cÖmviY weK…wZ‡hvM¨ weK…wZ‡hvM¨Zvi
mvaviY bvg ﮋ kw³
cÖwZwµqv myZwjwUi mwnòyZv eY©bv
evjyhy³ cwj kw³nxb-AZ¨šÍ Kg `ªæZ `ye©j-‡gvjv‡qg A‡hvM¨-mvgvb¨
kw³
cwj AZ¨šÍ Kg `ªæZ `ye©j-‡gvjv‡qg A‡hvM¨-mvgvb¨
Kv`vhy³ Kg-ga¨g `ªæZ-axi ga¨g †Mv‡Qi KwVb mvgvb¨-ga¨g
cwj
evjyhy³ Kv`v Kg-D”P axi-wbw®Œq ga¨g †Mv‡Qi KwVb mvgvb¨-ga¨g
cwjhy³ ga¨g-D”P axi-wbw®Œq ga¨g †Mv‡Qi KwVb mvgvb¨-ga¨g
Kv`v
Kv`v D”P-AZ¨šÍ D”P wbw®Œq AZ¨šÍ KwVb D”P
‰Re cwj Kg-ga¨g axi `ye©j-‡gvjv‡qg mvgvb¨
‰Re Kv`v ga¨g-AZ¨šÍ D”P wbw®Œq ga¨g †Mv‡Qi KwVb ga¨g-D”P

gvwUi cÖKvi‡f` I ˆewkómg~n

nv‡Zi g‡a¨ wb‡q Pvc w`‡q †Q‡o w`‡j wm³ Ae¯’vq gvwU e„×vs¸j
gvwUi gvwU KYvi I Ab¨ Avs¸‡ji mvnv‡h¨
cÖK…wZ mvaviY †Pnviv hLb ﮋ hLb wm³ wdZvi AvK…wZ †`qv hv‡e
wKbv?
evjy LmL‡m †Pnvivi ‡Mvjvi AvK…wZ ‡Mvjv ˆZwi Kiv wdZvi AvK…wZ †`IqvB hv‡e
`vbv `vbv, ﮋ †`Iqv hv‡e bv †M‡jI mvgvb¨ bv
Ae¯’vq mi mi Ges Pvcgy³ K‡i ¯ú‡k©B Muy‡ov n‡q
K‡i m‡i †h‡Z w`‡j `vbvq hv‡e
cv‡i `vbvq wew”Qbœ
n‡q co‡e
cwj ﮋ Ae¯’vq ‡Mvjvi AvK…wZ ‡Mvjvi AvK…wZ GKUz †d‡U †d‡U wM‡q
‡Nvjv‡U i‡Oi, †`Iqv hv‡e, hv †`Iqv hv‡e Ges wdZvi AvK…wZ †b‡e,
mn‡RB †f‡O bovPov Ki‡j wm³ Ae¯’vq ‡gvjv‡qg Abyf~Z n‡e
c‡o Ges fvOvi †f‡O Ki‡e bv Aev‡a bovPov
mgq †gvjv‡qg Kiv hv‡e, mn‡RB
Abyf~Z nq Kv`v Kv`v n‡q
co‡e
Kv`v KYv¸‡jv GZ KwVb GKwU ‡gvjv‡qg GKwU j¤^v cvZjv wdZvi AvK…wZ
†QvU †h Lvwj †Mvjv AvK…wZ †Mvjvi AvK…wZ †`Iqv hv‡e, Avevi msnZ

182
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

nv‡Zi g‡a¨ wb‡q Pvc w`‡q †Q‡o w`‡j wm³ Ae¯’vq gvwU e„×vs¸j
gvwUi gvwU KYvi I Ab¨ Avs¸‡ji mvnv‡h¨
cÖK…wZ mvaviY †Pnviv hLb ﮋ hLb wm³ wdZvi AvK…wZ †`qv hv‡e
wKbv?
†Pv‡L †`Lv hvq †`Iqv hv‡e, hv †`Iqv hv‡e, hv †Mvjvi AvK…wZ †`Iqv hv‡e
bv, `jv¸‡jv Aev‡a bovPov Aev‡a bovPov GKwU †Mvjvi AvK…wZ‡ZI
AvOzj w`‡q fvOv Ki‡jI fvO‡e Ki‡jI fvO‡e bv Avbv hv‡e|
KóKi, wm³ bv
Ae¯’vq AvVv‡jv
ˆRe cPbkxj Nvm, cvZv, †Svc, MvQ BZ¨vw` †_‡K GB gvwU ˆZwi nq| gvwUi g‡a¨ Kv‡Vi Avu‡ki b¨vq
gvwU `ªe¨vw` mn‡RB `„ó nq| gvwU Kv‡jv, a~mi ev ev`vgx i‡Oi nq| mPviPi wbPz Rwg ev Rjvf~wg‡Z GB
gvwU cvIqv hvq|

m~² `vbv gvwUi wm³Zvi gvÎv (Consistency) I kw³

m~² `vbv gvwUi wm³Zvi gvÎv I kw³ wb¤œewY©Z cÖYvjxi mvnv‡h¨ wbiƒcY Kiv hv‡e t
1) 3 Bw gv‡ci GKwU AÿZ Nb AvK…wZi bg~bvi UzKiv wbb|
2) GKwU Qzwii mvnv‡h¨ Nb AvK…wZi DcwiZj mgZj Kiæb|
3) Nb AvK…wZi bg~bvwUi g‡a¨ e„×vs¸j †V‡j cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q w`b; hw` e„×vs¸j cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv bv
hvq Zvn‡j e„×vs¸‡ji b‡Li mvnv‡h¨ AvuPi KvUzb|
m~² `vbv gvwU wm³Zvi gvÎv I K…šÍb‡iva kw³(Shear Strength) QK
mbv³KiY cÖwµqv wm³Zvi gvÎv K„šÍb‡iva kw³, Ub/eM©dzU
e„×vs¸j‡K K‡qK Bw ch©šÍ Abvqv‡m XyKv‡bv ‡gvjv‡qg 0.25 †_‡K Kg
hvq|
ga¨g †Mv‡Qi kw³ cÖ‡qv‡M e„×vs¸j‡K K‡qK `„p (ga¨g) 0.25 †_‡K 0.5
Bw ch©šÍ Abvqv‡m XyKv‡bv hvq|
e„×vs¸j w`‡q Mv‡q Abvqv‡m MZ© Kiv hvq, KwVb 0.5 †_‡K 1.0
wKš‘ wfZ‡i e„×vs¸j XyKv‡Z †ek kw³i
cÖ‡qvRb nq |
e„×vs¸‡ji bL w`‡q Mv‡q Abvqv‡m `vM KvUv AZ¨šÍ KwVb 1.0 †_‡K 2.0
hvq|
e„×vs¸‡ji bL w`‡q Mv‡q `vM KvUv †ek k³ 2.0 Gi Dci
KwVb|

183
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

12.4 gvwU cixÿv (Soil Tests)

feb wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ wZbwU ¯’v‡b Bore Hole K‡i gvwU cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
AwfÁZv m¤úbœ Firm wb‡qvM K‡i gvwU cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| GB Kv‡Ri Terms of Reference
(TOR) Av‡M fv‡MB ˆZwi K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e A_ev GjwRBwW m`i `ßi ‡_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z
n‡e| feb wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZt 18 †_‡K 20 wgt ch©šÍ Mfx‡i gvwU cixÿv Ki‡Z nq
A_ev GgbwUI ejv _vK‡Z cv‡i †h, gvwUi Mfx‡i N-Value 30 (wÎk) †hLv‡b cvIqv hv‡e
H ch©šÍ Ki‡Z n‡e| feb wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Soil Test Report G mvaviYZt †h mKj Z_¨
_vK‡e Zv n‡jvt
1| Grain Size Analysis
2| Bore Hole Log Ges cÖwZ 1.5 wgt AšÍi AšÍi N-Value
3| Kv`v gvwUi ¯Í‡i Unconfined Compression Test Result
4| evwj gvwUi ¯Í‡i Direct Shear Test Result
GQvov Shallow Foundation Gi Rb¨ gvwUi Allowable Bearing Capacity Gi Z_¨ _vK‡e|
Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q gvwUi cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ †hB SPT Kiv n‡e Zv Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx
wKsev Dc‡Rjv mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx wKsev Dc‡Rjv cÖ‡KŠkjxi ZË¡veav‡b n‡Z n‡e| SPT Gi
KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© GB Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ mKj‡K wb‡q Co-ordination Meeting Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges H wgwUs Gi Qwe ivL‡Z n‡e| †Rjv ev wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb GjvKvq SPT Ki‡Z n‡e
mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx/wmwbqi mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx wKsev †Rjv wbe©vnx cÖ‡KŠkjxi ZË¡veav‡b| H
A‡ji wbe©vnx cÖ‡KŠkjx ev ZË¡veavqK cÖ‡KŠkjx GB KvR gwbUi Ki‡eb|
‡Pv‡L †`‡L gvwU kbv³ KiY:-

Bore hole ‡_‡K †bqv gvwUi Sample Gi wb‡¤œv³ ‰ewkó¨My‡jv mvavibZ †Pv‡L †`‡L kbv³ Kiv nq:
K) gvwUi is (Colour) : jvj‡P (Redish), ev`vgx (Brownish) Kv‡jv (Black) BZ¨vw`|
L) `vbvi AvKvi (Particle Size) : †hgb †gvUv cwj, ga¨g cwj, myÿè cwj, †gvUv evwj, ga¨g evwj,
myÿè evwj, cwj hy³ myÿè evwj, cwj hy³ Kv`v gvwU BZ¨vw`|
M) msmw³ cÖebZv (Cohesiveness) : †hgb ga¨g bgbxq (Medium Plasticity), D”P bgbxq
(High Plasticity), bgbxq bq (Non-Plastic) |
N) ˆRe/A‰Re (Organic /Inorganic) : ˆRe gvwU D”P bgbxq Ges `yM©Ü hy³|
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii gvwUi `vbv I AvKvi :
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii gvwUi `vbv I AvKvi‡K cÖ‡qvRb †f‡` wb‡¤œv³ mxgv‡iL w`‡q wPýZ Kiv nq|

‡evìvi (Boulders) 3ÕÕGi Dc‡i

b~ox cv_i (Gravel) 3ÕÕ‡_‡K 4.75 wg:wg: Gi Dc‡i
evwj (Sand) 4.75 wg:wg: †_‡K 0.075 wg:wg: Gi Dc‡i
cwj Ges Kv`v (Silt & Clay) 0.075 wg:wg: †_‡K Zvi bx‡P

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

wewfbœ cÖKvi gvwUi kZKiv wnmve:

cÖK…wZ‡Z †h gvwU cvIqv hvq Zvi cÖvq meB wgkÖ `vbv hy³| h_v mgfe mwVK fv‡e me wgkª `vbv hy³
gvwUi †gvUv I myÿè `vbv As‡ki kZKiv wnmve K‡i wb‡Z nq| kZKiv wnmve‡K wb‡¤œv³ Dcv‡q cÖKvk
Kiv nq|

5% Gi wb‡P _vK‡j ejv n‡e ‘Trace’

5% -10% Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j ejv n‡e ‘Few’
15% -25% Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j ejv n‡e Little
30% - 45% Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j ejv n‡e Some
50% -100% Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j ejv n‡e Mostly
‡hgb hw` ejv nq Clay with little sand’ Zvi A_© nj GB gvwU‡Z evwji cwigvb 15%-25% Ges
Kv`vi cwigvY 50% -100% Ge g‡a¨|

12.5 gvwUi fvi enb ÿgZv (Bearing Capacity) wbY©q

‡h †Kvb ai‡bi AeKvVv‡gvi mc~Y© fvi †kl ch©šÍ gvwU‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq| AeKvVv‡gvi ‡Kvb iKg
ÿwZ bv K‡i gvwU †h cwigvb fvi enb Ki‡Z mÿg Zv‡K Allowable Bearing Capacity e‡j|
GKRb wWRvBbvi‡K gvwUi Allowable Bearing Capacity †R‡b AeKvVv‡gvi wfZ (Foundation)
wWRvBb Ki‡Z nq| wbg©vb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ GKRb cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K wWRvBbvi †h cwigvb Allowable
Bearing Capacity a‡i dvD‡Ûkb wWRvBb K‡i‡Qb Zv cÖwZwU dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zjvq ev¯Íe A‡_© wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ GKRb wbg©vb cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K I (Construction Engineer) gvwUi Bearing
Capacity m¤ú©‡K¨ avibv _vK‡Z n‡e | †Kvb gvwUi ¯Í‡i Bearing Capacity KZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv
eyS‡Z n‡e| wWRvBbvi Bearing Capacity hZ a‡i wWRvBb K‡i‡Qb hw` Zvi †P‡q Kg g‡b nq Zv
wWRvBbvi‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e| wWRvBbvi hw` cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡ib Foundation wi-wWRvBb Ki‡Z cv‡ib
ev dvD‡Ûk‡bi wb¤œZ‡ji gvwUi ¯Íi Treatment K‡i H ¯Í‡ii Bearing Capacity e„w× Kivi e¨e¯’v
wb‡Z cv‡ib| dvD‡Ûkb Gi Geotechnical wWRvBb Kivi Rb¨ Allowable Bearing Capacity
wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| Ultimate Bearing Capacity †K Safety Factor w`‡q fvM Ki‡j Allowable
Bearing cvIqv hvq| Safety Factor (SF) 2 †_‡K 3 ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i, Zv wbf©i Ki‡Q gv‡V Kv‡Ri
¸bMZ gvb KZUzKz wbwðZ Kiv hv‡e Zvi Dci|
gvwUi Ultimate Bearing Capacity ej‡Z eySvq dvD‡Ûk‡bi Dci AeKvVv‡gvi fvi ci†j †h ch©v‡q
dvD‡Ûkb Fail Ki‡e wVK H g~û‡Z© gvwU‡Z hZUzKz fvi cij Zv‡KB Ultimate Bearing Capacity
e‡j| gvwUi Bearing Capacity wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e gvwUi aiY A_©vr Cohesive
soil bvwK Non- Cohesive soil Zv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e|

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

‡Uwejt Cohesive Ges Non- Cohesive soil †Pbvi Dcvq

gvwUi aiY ˆewkó¨
Non- Cohesive Lvwj †Pv‡L wKQz bv wKQz gvwUi `vbv †`Lv hv‡e, †`L‡Z LmL‡m Ges ïKbv
soil Ae¯’vq nv‡Z wb‡q `jv evbv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j `jv evbv‡bv hv‡e bv| †fRv Ae¯’vq
nv‡Z wb‡q `jv evbv‡bv †M‡jI Zv nvjKvfv‡e bvovPvov Ki‡jB †fs‡M hv‡e|
myZwj evbv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †d‡U †d‡U hv‡”Q|
Cohesive Soil gvwUi `vbv LyeB m~² †`Lv hv‡e, ïKbv gvwUi UzKiv nv‡Z wb‡q Av½yj w`‡q
fvsMvi †Póv Ki‡j mn‡R fvsMv hv‡e bv| †fRv Ae¯’vq nv‡Z wb‡j nv‡Zi
Zvjy‡Z gvwU AvU‡K (Stick) _vK‡e| kyKbv gvwUi `jv nv‡Z wb‡q bvovPvov
Ki‡jI fv½‡e bv| A‡bK j¤^v myZwj evbv‡bv hv‡e|

Cohesive soil Gi Bearing Capacity wbY©qt

1. gvwUi Shear strength(Su) wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Gi gva¨‡g mivmwi Su wbY©q Kiv hvq| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î
Su Gi gvb (Value) KvQvKvwQ cvIqv hv‡e| Su=12 N kN/m2 ; N Gi gvb (Value) soil
report †_‡K cvIqv hv‡e|
3. j¨ve‡iUix‡Z gvwUi Undisturbed Sample G‡b Shear wK¤^v Unconfined
Compression Test Gi gva¨‡g Su Gi AwaKZi mwVK gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq, Z‡e welqwU
gvwUi Sample msMÖ‡ni ¸YMZ gvb Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
4. Safety factor wZb (3) a‡i gvwUi Allowable Bearing Capacity, q=1.9 Su
Non-cohesive soil Gi Bearing Capacity wbY©qt

Terzaghi equation e¨envi K‡i Non-cohesive soil Gi Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qf)
Ges Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qn) wbY©q Kiv hvq|

Ges

With the bearing capacity factors:

factor for surcharge

factor for cohesion

factor self-weight

factor self-weight
and
B, L, D Width, Length and Depth of foundation,

cohesion, effective friction angle and effective unit weight

186
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

G †ÿ‡Î Laboratory Test Gi gva¨‡g gvwUi Cohesion (c), Fiction Angle Ges Unit weight †ei
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GQvov Non-cohesive soil Gi Bearing Capacity dvD‡Ûkb Base Gi AvK…wZi
(Shape e.g, Square, Rectangular, Raft etc.) Dci wbf©i K‡i Kg †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb
Squar footing Gi †ÿ‡Î gvwUi Bearing Capacity, Rectangular Footing Gi †P‡q †ekx n‡e,
Raft dvD‡Ûkb Gi †ÿ‡Î gvwUi Bearing Capacity, Rectangular Footing Gi †P‡q †ekx n‡e|
A_©vr Foundation Gi Shape GKwU MyiæZ¡c~Y© welq| GQvov Foundation Depth Gi Dci wbf©i
K‡i gvwUi Bearing Capacity Kg †ewk n‡Z cv‡i|

AZGe wbg©vY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡KŠkjx wK¤^v mycvi fvBRvi‡`i‡K gvwUi Bearing Capacity wbwðZ
n‡q Foundation Gi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î gvwUi Bearing Capacity KZ n‡Z cv‡i Zvi
GKUv aviYv †bqvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ wel‡q `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

gvwUi Consistency/Compactness:

myÿè `vbv gvwUi (Cohesive Soil) Consistency ev Compactness ‡K wb¤œ ewY©Z Criteria Gi
wfwˇZ Very Soft, Soft, Firm, Hard I Very Hard Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Very Soft nv‡Zi ey‡ov Av½yj gvwU‡Z †P‡c ai‡j 1ÕÕ Gi †ekx †`u‡e hv‡e|
Soft nv‡Zi ey‡ov Av½yj gvwU‡Z †P‡c ai‡j cÖvq 1ÕÕ †`u‡e hv‡e|
Firm nv‡Zi ey‡ov Av½yj gvwU‡Z †P‡c ai‡j cÖvq 1/4ÕÕ Mfxi `vM ci‡e|
Hard nv‡Zi ey‡ov Av½yj gvwU‡Z †P‡c ai‡j ‡Kvb `vM ci‡ebv wKš‘ bL w`‡q AvPi
w`‡j `vM ci‡e|
Very Hard bL w`‡q AvPi w`‡j `vM ci‡e bv|

hw` myÿè `vbv (Cohesive/Fine grained Soil) gvwUi N-Value Rvbv _v‡K Zvn‡j Consistency
ev Compactness wb‡¤œv³ ‡Uwej e¨envi K‡i wbY©q Kiv hvq|
Consistency of Saturated N-Value Remarks
Cohesive Soil

Very Soft 0 to 2 Squeezes between fingers when squeezed.

Soft 3 to 5 Very easily deformed by squeezing.
Medium 6 to 9 ---
Stiff 10 to 16 Hard to deform by hand squeezing.
Very Stiff 17 to 30 Very hard to deform by hand squeezing.
Hard > 30 Nearly impossible to deform by hand squeezing.

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

GKB fv‡e `vbv hy³ (Non- Cohesive/Granular Soil) gvwUi Consistency ev Compactness
wb‡¤œv³ †Uwej e¨envi K‡i wbY©q Kiv hvq|
Compactness of Granular Very Loose Loose Medium Dense Very Dense
(Non-cohesive) Soil N-Value
Fine Sand 1 to 2 3 to 6 7 to 15 16 to 30 -----
Medium Sand 2 to 3 4 to 7 8 to 20 21 to 40 > 40
Coarse Sand 3 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 25 26 to 45 > 45

myÿè& `vbv gvwUi Plasticity : j¨ve‡iUix †U‡÷i gva¨‡g Plasticity Index wbY©q K‡i, Plasticity
Index gvb Gi wfwˇZ wb‡¤œv³ †Uwej e¨envi K‡i myÿè `vbv gvwUi Plasticity Rvbv hvq|
Degree of Plasticity Plasticity Index
Non – Plastic (NP) 0 to 1
Slight Plasticity 1 to 5
Low Plasticity 5 to 10
Medium Plasticity 10 to 20
High Plasticity 20 to 35
Very high Plasticity 35 and above

ASTM Soil Classification Abymv‡i hw` Liquid Limit (LL) 50 Gi bx‡P n‡q Zv n‡j H gvwU‡K
Low Plastic Soil ejv n‡e Avi hw` LL Gi gvb 50 Gi †ekx nq Zv n‡j H gvwU‡K High Plastic
Soil ejv n‡e|
GKRb wbg©vY cÖ‡KŠkjx Dc‡iv³ welq mg~n PP©vi gva¨‡g †Pv‡L †`‡L gvwUi Ae¯’v wbY©‡q `ÿZv AR©b
Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb|
Correlation Table of Soils Based on SPT values:

Values of Unit Weight and Angle of internal friction of Non-cohesive soil based
on N-values (Ref. K. Terzaghi and R.B Peck):

N-Values Condition Relative Angle of Internal Moist Unit

Density Friction in degree Weight in pcf
0 to 4 Very Loose 0.0 -0.2 25 -30 70 -100
4 to 10 Loose 0.2 – 0.4 30 - 35 90 -115
10 to 30 Medium 0.4 – 0.6 35 - 40 110 -130
30 to 50 Dense 0.6 – 0.85 40 - 45 110 -140
Over 50 Very Dense 1.00 = or > 45 130 -150

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

cvV- 13: fe‡bi bKkv I wWRvBb- WªBs Abykxjb

(Exercise on Reading of Building Design & Drawings)

Contents
13.1 wWRvBb- WªBs Gi ¸iæZ¡
13.2 wWRvBb- WªBs mx‡Ui ZvwjKv
13.3 wWRvBb- WªBs mxU

Objective
GB cv‡V AskMÖnY K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©xMY feb wbg©vY m¤ú©wKZ me ai‡Yi WªBs †hgb
AvwK©‡UKPvivj WªBs, óªvKPvivj WªBs, cøvw¤^s I †mwb‡Ukb WªBs Ges B‡jKwUªK¨vj wWRvBb
BZ¨vw` cwi¯‹vi fv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡eb Ges gv‡Vi †jvKRb‡`i‡K eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|

(GB Aa¨v‡qi †klvs‡k `Countrywide Rural Market Development Project’ Gi AvIZvq Two
Storied Rural Market Bhaban wbg©v‡bi GKwU WªBs †m‡Ui cÖavb cÖavb WªBs mxU mg~n mshy³ Kiv
n‡jv| wb¤œewb©Z welqmg~n Av‡jvPbv †k‡l GB †mk‡bi cÖwkÿK Power-Point Presentation Gi
gva¨‡g cÖwZwU WªBs mxU eo c`©vq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb Ges cÖwkÿYv©_x†`i we¯ÍvwiZ eySv‡eb hv‡Z K‡i
cÖwkÿYv_©xMb feb wbg©vY m¤ú©wKZ me ai‡bi WªBs cwi®‹vifv‡e eyS‡Z cv‡ib Ges gv‡Vi
†jvKRb‡`i‡K eySv‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov GZ`m‡½ GKwU evoxi KvR (Home Task) †`qv Av‡Q (GB
Aa¨v‡qi †kl cvZvq) cÖwkÿK Home Task wU cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i eywS‡q w`‡eb Ges wb‡`©k w`‡eb †h,
Home Task wU m¤úbœ K‡i c‡ii w`‡bi Re-Cap ‡mkb Gi cÖwkÿ‡Ki wbKU Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| Home
Task wUi Rb¨ †gvU b¤^i _vK‡e 20, hvnv Post Test Gi 80 b¤^‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡e|)

13.1 wWRvBb- WªBs Gi ¸iæZ¡

‡h †Kvb ai‡bi AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e©B Zvi wWRvBb Ges WªBs m¤ú©‡K avibv †bqv
GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kv‡R ØvwqZ¡ cÖvß e¨w³‡K WªBs eySvi gZ c~Y© Ávb _vKv Acwinvh©|
WªBs mwVK fv‡e eyS‡Z cviv, co‡Z cviv Ges Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wbg©vY kÖwgK‡`i‡K eywS‡q w`‡Z cviv GKRb
`ÿ cÖ‡KŠkjx ev mycvifvBRvi Gi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
WªBs hw` fzj eySv‡bv nq, Z‡e ØvwqZ¡ cÖvß cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K ev mycvifvBRvi‡K Zvi Rb¨ KwVb ˆKwdqr
w`‡Z nq| Ggb wK Zv‡K PvKzixPz¨Z n‡Z nq| WªBs fzj eySv‡bvi Kvi‡Y wbg©vY Kv‡R fzj ÎæwU n‡j
Kv‡Ri ¯’vqxZ¡ K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i Ggb wK ZvrÿwbK †f‡½ ci‡Z cv‡i, AeKvVv‡gvi ‡mŠ›`h©¨ wewNœZ n‡Z
cv‡i Ggb wK AeKvVv‡gv A‡bKvs‡k e¨envi Aby‡cv‡hvMx n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| WªBs Gi cÖwZwU †jLv,

189
feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

WvB‡gbmb, wPý wbf‚©j fv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡jB †Kej gvÎ WªBs I wWRvBb gZ mwVK AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY
m¤¢e| GK `j we‡kl‡Ái mgš^‡q AeKvVv‡gvi wbg©vY Kv‡Ri wWRvBb I WªBs Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wWRvBb
I WªBs n‡”Q cÖ‡KŠkjx‡`i g‡bi fvlv hvi gva¨‡g KvRwU wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi w`K wb‡`©kbv †`qv
n‡q _v‡K| gv‡Vi Kv‡R `vwqZ¡ cÖvß cÖ‡KŠkjx wKsev mycvfvBRvi‡K wWRvBb I WªBs cwieZ©b Kivi
ÿgZv †`qv nq bv| hw` †Kvb Kvi‡b wWRvBb WªBs ©cwieZ©b Kivi AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y© cÖ‡qvRb nq Zvn‡j
Zv‡K wWRvBb BwÄwbqvi Gi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| WªBs I wWRvBb Gi †Kvb AskB wWRvBb
BwÄwbqvi Gi AbygwZ e¨wZZ cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv| WªBs G hw` †Kvb f~j ÎæwU _v‡K Zv ms‡kvab K‡i
As-Built WªBs ‰Zix K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

GjwRBwW †h mKj AeKvVv‡gv e¨vcKfv‡e wbg©vY K‡i _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ feb wbg©vY Ab¨Zg| GjwRBwW
DuPz-bxPz wewfbœ ai‡Yi feb wbg©vb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| ¯‹zj wewìs, gv‡K©U wewìs, BDwbqb cwil` feb, G
Qvov wewfbœ miKvix feb mg~n `ÿZvi mv‡_ wbg©vY K‡i hv‡”Q| Ab¨vb¨ AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kv‡Ri
cvkvcvwk feb wbg©vY Kv‡R GjwRBwWi `ÿZvi wb`©kb ¯^iƒc, wewfbœ ms¯’v KZ©…K GjwRBwW‡K Zv‡`i
wbR¯^ feb wbg©vY Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb| mvwe©K ¸bMZ gvb eRvq †i‡L wKfv‡e feb wbg©vY KvR WªBs
Ges wWRvBb gZ `ªæZ m¤úbœ Kiv hvq Zv GB Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

13.2 wWRvBb- WªBs mx‡Ui ZvwjKv

feb wbg©vY Kv‡Ri ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ †h mKj wWRvBb Ges WªBs Abymib K‡i KvR Ki‡Z nq Zvi
GKwU ZvwjKv †`qv nj| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ïaygvÎ GjwRBwW KZ©…K Aby‡gvw`Z wWRvBb Ges WªBs AbymiY
Ki‡Z n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨KwU WªBs mx‡U Aby‡gv`bKvixi ¯^vÿi _vK‡e Ges Zv †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e|
cÖwZwU WªBs mx‡U WªBs bs ev msL¨v wm‡Ui Dc‡i ev wb‡P Wvb w`‡K †Kvbvq D‡jøL Kiv _v‡K| G Qvov
cÖwZwU WªBs mx‡Ui bx‡P UvB‡Uj e·/eøK _v‡K †hLv‡b cÖKí I ¯‹x‡gi bvg D‡jøL Kiv _v‡K, WªBs
UvB‡Uj D‡jøL Kiv _v‡K| WªBs cov Ges e¨env‡ii myweav‡_© WªBs bs Ges WªBs UvB‡Uj fvj K‡i †`‡L
wb‡Z nq| ‡h †KvY fe‡bi wWRvBb WªBs †h mKj Ask wb‡q MwVZ Zv‡`i bvg I mswÿß eY©bv ‡`qv njt
1| AvwK©‡UKPvivj WªBs t GB As‡k fe‡bi AvB‡mv‡gwUªK wfD- (cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a), cøvb (wewfbœ Zjvi),
Gwj‡fkb (wewfbœ w`‡Ki) Ges cÖ¯’‡”Q` (wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi) †`qv _v‡K| fe‡bi AvB‡mv‡gwUªK wfD
†_‡K GK Rb cÖ‡KŠkjx ev feb wbg©vY Kg©KZ©v eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| febwU wbg©vY nIqvi ci †`L‡Z †Kgb
†`Lv‡e|
fe‡bi cøvb †_‡K eySv hv‡e fe‡bi †Kvb iæ‡gi mvBR KZ n‡e Ges feb wbg©vY m¤úbœ nIqvi ci
fe‡bi gvwjK‡K cøvb gZ iæg mvBR eywS‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ab¨_vq fe‡bi gvwj‡Ki wbKU GB wbg©vY KvR
MÖnY †hvM¨ n‡e bv| fe‡bi wfZ‡i Iqvj Gi Ae¯’vb, Iqv‡ji cyiZ¡, `iRv- Rvbvjvi Ae¯’vb, `iRv-
Rvbvjvi mvBR (PIov), `iRv- Rvbvjvi cvjøv iæ‡gi wfZ‡ii w`‡K †Lvjv n‡e bvwK evwn‡ii w`‡K †Lvjv
n‡e BZ¨vw` cwi¯‹vi fv‡e eySv hv‡e| GgbwK fe‡bi cÖwZwU iæ‡gi †Kvb dvwb©Pvi †Kv_vq em‡e ZvI
cøv‡b †`qv _vK‡Z cv‡I, †d¬vi UvBjm wK¤^v †gvRvBK Gi wWRvBb cøv‡b †`qv _vK‡Z cv‡i|
fe‡bi Gwj‡fkb †_‡K eySv hv‡e febwUi wbg©vYKvR m¤úbœ nIqvi ci m¤œyL n‡Z †`L‡j †Kgb †`Lv
hv‡e, wcQb n‡Z †`L‡j †Kgb †`Lv hv‡e, Wvb ev evg cvk n‡Z †`L‡j †Kgb †`Lv hv‡e| GQvov
fe‡bi evwni †`qv‡ji m¤§y‡L wK is (mv`v, †MÖ,µxg) n‡e, †cQ‡b wK is n‡e, Wvb ev evg cv‡k wK is
n‡e, mvb‡m‡Wi eW©v‡i wK is n‡e BZ¨vw` cwi¯‹vi fv‡e eySv hv‡e| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î fe‡bi Ab¨vb¨
As‡ki (cøvb, †mKkb) WªBs Gi mv‡_ fe‡bi Gwj‡fkb‡K mgš^q K‡i wm×všÍ w`‡Z myweav nq|

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fe‡bi cøvb G wb‡`©wkZ wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi †mKkb †_‡K eySv hv‡e fe‡bi wcø‡š’i D”PZv KZ n‡e, cÖwZwU
†d¬v‡ii D”PZv KZ n‡e, `iRv Rvbvjvi Ae¯’vb eySv hv‡e, `iRv Rvbvjvi D”PZv KZ n‡e, wjb‡U‡ji
Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq n‡e| djm& ¯ø¨ve ev wmwjs BZ¨vw`i we¯ÍvwiZ †_‡K cwi¯‹vi eySv hv‡e| fe‡bi Kvwb©k
_vK‡e wK _vK‡e bv, hw` _v‡K Kvwb©k KZ UzKz †ei n‡e BZ¨vw` Rvbv hv‡e|
2| óvKPvivj WªBs t GB As‡k fe‡bi wfwËi KvR †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Rj Qv‡`i KvR ch©šÍ m¤úbœ Kivi
wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ †`qv _v‡K| GB As‡k mvavibZ †h mKj WªBs mxU †`qv _v‡K Zv wb¤œiƒc:
COLUMN LAYOUT PLAN: Kjv‡gi Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv _v‡K, †m›Uvi jvBb †`Lv‡bv _v‡K, †m›Uvi jvBb
†_‡K Kjvg †Kvb w`K KZUzKz hv‡e Zv †`Lv‡bv _v‡K, GK †m›Uvi jvBb †_‡K Ab¨ †m›Uv jvB‡bi `~iZ¡
†`qv _v‡K|
SCHEDULE OF COLUMN: Kjv‡gi mvBR †`Lv‡bv _v‡K Ges i‡Wi we¯ÍvwiZ bKkv †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|
FOOTING LAYOUT PLAN: dzwUs UvBc (†hgb, cvBj dzwUs c¨vW dzwUs) †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| dzwUs Gi
mvBR Ges Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| cvBj dzwUs n‡j cvB‡ji Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv _v‡K, cvBj g¨v‡ci mvBR
Ges AvK…wZ †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| cvBj †_‡K cvB‡ji †m›Uvi Uz †m›Uvi `~iZ¡ †`qv _v‡K| cvB‡ji Uc †j‡fj
†`hv _v‡K BZ¨vw`|
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF FOUNDATION : GB mx‡U dzwUs Gi we¯ÍvwiZ †`qv _v‡K, †hgb: gvwUi
Dci †_‡K dzwUs Gi MfxiZv, dzwUs Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖ¯’ Ges cyiZ¡ i‡Wi we¯ÍvwiZ †hgb i‡Wi mvBR, AvK…wZ,
Ae¯’vb, `~iZ¡ (Spacing) BZ¨vw` †`qv _v‡K| gvwUi bx‡P Kjv‡gi mvBR, CC Gi cyiZ¡ Ges mvBR,
GgbwK CC Gi bx‡P †Kvb AwZwi³ wdwjs _vK‡j Zvi we¯ÍvwiZ †`qv _v‡K|
GRADE BEAM LAYOUT PLAN : GB mx‡U †MÖW ex‡gi Ae¯’vb †hgb Kjv‡gi †m›Uvi jvBb †_‡K KZ
UzKz ev‡g ev Wv‡b emv‡Z n‡e, †MÖW ex‡gi aib (GB-1, GB-2.) mvBR BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| †MÖW
exg wcøš’ †j‡fj †_‡K KZUzKz bx‡P em‡e Zv †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF GRADE BEAM : GB mx‡U ‡MÖW ex‡gi we¯ÍvwiZ †hgb mvBR, MfxiZv,
i‡Wi Ae¯’vb, mvBR, AvK…wZ, `~iZ¡ (Spacing) BZ¨vw` †`qv _v‡K| Stirrup Gi mvBR, `~iZ¡
(Spacing) BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF STAIR : GB mx‡U Stair Gi we¯ÍvwiZ †hgb wmwoi av‡ci msL¨v, ˆ`N©¨,
cÖ¯’, D”PZv, Waist Slab Gi cyiZ¡ (Thickness) i‡Wi msL¨v, Ae¯’vb, mvBR, AvK…wZ, `yiZ¡
(Spacing), †jwcs Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖ¯’ BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv _v‡K, †jwÛs ex‡gi we¯ÍvwiZI GB mx‡U †`qv _v‡K|
FLOOR BEAM LAYOUT PLAN: GB mx‡U ‡d¬vi ex‡gi Ae¯’vb †hgb Kjv‡gi †m›Uvi jvBb †_‡K KZ`~i
Wv‡b ev ev‡g emv‡Z n‡e, †d¬vi ex‡gi aib †hgb (FB-1, FB-2) mvBR BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| Floor
Beam Layout Plan cÖwZwU Floor Gi Rb¨ GKB bv I n‡Z cv‡i|
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF FLOOR BEAM : GB mx‡U †d¬vi ex‡gi we¯ÍvwiZ †hgb mvBR, MfxiZv,
i‡Wi Ae¯’vb, mvBR, AvK…wZ, `~iZ¡ (Spacing) BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| Ggb wK Spacer Bar Gi
mvBR, Ae¯’vb, †jwcs Gi Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw`I †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| Stirrup Gi mvBR, msL¨v, `~iZ¡
(Spacing) BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|

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REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF SLAB : GB mx‡U ¯ø¨v‡ei cyiZ¡ (Thickness), ¯ø¨v‡ei Outline, i‡Wi
Ae¯’vb, mvBR, AvK…wZ, `~iZ¡ (Spacing) BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| GgbwK KY©vi evi Gi we¯ÍwiZ j¨vwcs
Gi we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
cÖavb cÖavb óªvKPvivj WªBs m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj| G QvovI GB As‡k _vK‡Z cv‡i SUN SHED
Ges LINTEL Gi we¯ÍvwiZ WªBs, `iRv-Rvbvjv we¯ÍvwiZ WªBs, MÖxj Gi wWRvBb, Ifvi-‡nW IqvUvi
U¨vs‡Ki we¯ÍwiZ WªBs, Rj Qv` wbg©v‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ WªBs, †iwjs Gi we¯ÍvwiZ WªBs BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨ †h cÖvq cÖwZwU WªBs mx‡Ui Wvb cv‡k NOTES, LEGEND BZ¨vw` ms‡ÿ‡c †jLv _v‡K| NOTES,
ev LEGEND G hv wKQz †jLv _v‡K Zv H mx‡Ui mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z welq Ges welqmg~n AZ¨šÍ ¸i‡Z¡i mv‡_
Abymib Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cøvw¤^s WªBsm (Plumbing Drawings): GB As‡k fe‡bi cøvw¤^s, IqvUvi mvcøvB Ges m¨vwb‡Ukb
Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z welq mg~n wewfbœ mx‡U we¯ÍvwiZ †`hv _v‡K|
GB As‡k mvavibZ : †h mKj WªBs mxU †`qv _v‡K Zv wb¤œiƒct
PLUMING LEGEND: cøvw¤^s m¨vwbUvix Ges IqvUvi mvcøvB m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ WªBs mx‡U †h mKj cÖZxK
e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi GKUv mswÿß weeib GB mx‡U †`qv _v‡K|
PLUMING FIXTURE & FITTING DETAILS: GB mx‡U cøvw¤^s Kv‡R †h mKj wdKmvi †hgb: S-TRAP, P-
TRAP, Y-BRANCH, T-BRANCH BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi Qwe mn cwiwPwZ GKB fv‡e U‡q‡jU ev
Iqvk iæ‡g †h mKj wdwUsm jvMv‡bv nq †hgb: HAND BASIN, COMMODE, LONG PAN BZ¨vw`i Qwe
mn cwiwPwZ †`qv _v‡K|
GROUND FLOOR PLAN WITH PIT, SEPTIC TANK, SOAK WELL POSITION: GB mxU MÖvDÛ †d¬v‡ii
Avkcv‡k †Kv_vq PIT, SEPTIC TANK, SOAK WELL BZ¨vw` ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi GKUv wPÎ †`qv
_v‡K|
ROOF WATER SUPPLY NET WORK: GB mx‡U Ifvi †nW IqvUvi U¨vsK/ PVC U¨vsK †_‡K cvwb †Kvb
c‡_ wewfbœ †d¬v‡i hv‡e Zv †`Lv‡j †`Lv‡bv _v‡K| ZvQvov Qv‡`i e„wói cvwb †Kvb c‡_ AcmvwiZ n‡e
Zv †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|
TOILET WATER SUPPLY NET WORK, WASTE WATER LINE, SOIL PIPE LINE : GB mx‡U m‡qj cvBc
jvBb Waste Water jvBb Ges IqvUvi mvcøvB jvBb †Kvb c‡_ emv‡Z n‡e Zv †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|
TYPICAL PIPING SYSTEM: GB mx‡U wewfbœ cvBwcs †hgb Rain water piping, vent piping
waste water piping BZ¨vw` Qv` †_‡K bx‡Pi w`‡K bvgvevi c×wZ wPÎ mnKv‡i †`qv _v‡K|
INSPECTION PIT DETAILS: GB mx‡U Inspection Pit cøvb, †mKkb Ges Ab¨vb¨ we¯ÍvwiZ †`qv
_v‡K|
SEPTIC TANK DETAILS : GB mx‡U Septic Tank Gi cøvb, †mKkb Ges Ab¨vb¨ óªvKPvivj welq †hgb
Top Slab Gi RCC work, Septic Tank Gi †`qv‡ji RCC Work BZ¨vw` we¯ÍvwiZ †`qv _v‡K|

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SOAK WELL DETAILS : GB mx‡U Soak Well Gi †mKkb, cøvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ we¯ÍvwiZ welq †`qv
_v‡K|
4| B‡jKwUªK¨vj wWRvB (Electrical Design) t GB As‡k fe‡bi B‡jKwUªK¨vj Kv‡Ri we¯Ívwi welq
wewfbœ mx‡U †`qv _v‡K|
GB As‡ki cÖavb cÖavb WªBs mx‡Ui mswÿß cwiwPwZ wb‡¤œ †`qv nj t
ELECTRICAL DRAWING SHEET INDEX : B‡jKwUªK¨vj m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ WªBs mx‡U †h mKj cÖZxK wPý
e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi GKUv mswÿß weeib GB mx‡U †`qv _v‡K| ZvQvov wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© (General
Note) ‡`qv _v‡K|
ELECTRICAL FIXTURE LAYOUT FOR GROUND FLOOR / FIRST FLOOR : GB mx‡U fe‡bi wewfbœ
†d¬v‡i B‡jKwUªK¨vj wd·vi †hgb: d¨vb, jvBU, wgUvi †evW©, cvIqvi e· BZ¨vw` ‡Kv_vq emv‡Z n‡e
Zvi we¯ÍvwiZ †`qv _v‡K|
ELECTRICAL CONDUIT LAYOUT FOR GROUND FLOOR/ FIRST FLOOR: GB mx‡U jvBwUs Ges
cvIqvi jvB‡bi Conceal cvBc †Kvb c‡_ hv‡e Zv †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT FLOOR: ‡d¬vi wfwËK Distribution ‡ev‡W©i
B‡jKwUªK¨vj mvwK©‡Ui we¯ÍvwiZ welq GB mx‡U †`qv _v‡K|
AIR TERMINAL OF EARTHING DETAILS: GB mx‡U EARTHING Gi we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lv‡bv _v‡K|

13.3 wWRvBb- WªBs mxU

`Countrywide Rural Market Development Project’ Gi AvIZvq Two Storied Rural Market
Bhaban wbg©v‡bi GKwU WªBs †m‡Ui cÖavb cÖavb WªBs mxU mg~n mshy³ Kiv n‡jv:
GB †mk‡bi cÖwkÿK Power-Point Presentation Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU WªBs mxU eo c`©vq Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡eb Ges cÖwkÿYv©_x†`i we¯ÍvwiZ eySv‡eb hv‡Z K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©xMb feb wbg©vY m¤ú©wKZ me ai‡bi
WªBs cwi®‹vifv‡e eyS‡Z cv‡ib Ges gv‡Vi †jvKRb‡`i‡K eySv‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov GZ`m‡½ GKwU evoxi
KvR (Home Task) †`qv Av‡Q (GB Aa¨v‡qi †kl cvZvq) cÖwkÿK Home Task wU cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i
eywS‡q w`‡eb Ges wb‡`©k w`‡eb †h, Home Task wU m¤úbœ K‡i c‡ii w`‡bi Re-Cap ‡mkb Gi
cÖwkÿ‡Ki wbKU Rgv w`‡Z| Home Task wUi Rb¨ †gvU b¤^i _vK‡e 20, hvnv Post Test Gi 80
b¤^‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡e|

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Architectural Design & Drawings

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Structural Design & Drawing

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Plumbing Drawings

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Electrical Design

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H o me T a s k
1. febwUi MÖvDÛ †d¬v‡ii wK¬qvi Height KZ?
2. febwUi wcøš’ Height KZ?
3. FGL (Finished Ground Level) †_†K febwUi †gvU D”PZv KZ?
4. wmwoi cÖwZwU av‡ci ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ Ges D”PZv KZ?
5. febwUi- Column Lay-out Plan Gi mxU b¤^i KZ?
6. gvwUi bx‡P Kjv‡gi Clear Cover KZ Ges gvwUi Dc‡i KZ?
7. Kjv‡gi Tie evi Gi mvBR I Spacing KZ?
8. Allowable Bearing Capacity KZ a‡i Footing Design Kiv n‡q‡Q?
9. gv‡V Foundation Gi Bearing Capacity Test Kivi cØwZwUi bvg wK?
10. dzwUs (Footing) Gi mvBR Ges MfxiZv KZ?
11. ‡MÖW ex‡gi MfxiZv Ges PIov KZ?
12. ‡MÖW ex‡gi Kswµ‡Ui wWRvBb Strength KZ aiv n‡q‡Q Ges 28 w`‡b Cylinder
Strength KZ aiv n‡q‡Q?
13. ¯ø¨v‡ei Corner bar Gi mvBR Ges Spacing KZ n‡e?
14. febwU‡Z ¯ø¨ve Thickens KZ aiv n‡q‡Q?
15. ¯ø¨v‡ei Binder Rod Gi mvBR Ges Spacing KZ?
16. wmwoi Waist Slab Gi Thickness KZ?
17. wmwoi Main Rod Ges Binder Rod Gi mvBR KZ I Spacing KZ?
18. Uq‡j‡Ui Waste Water line Ges Water Supply cvBc †Kvb c‡_ hv‡e? (WªBs
No wjLyb)
19. ‡mcwUK U¨vs‡Ki Iqvj Thickens ‰`‡N©¨i w`‡K Ges cÖ‡¯’i w`‡K KZ n‡e?
20. Soak Well Gi WvqvwgUvi KZ? (Mv_ybxi evwni evwni)
21. Electrical Conceal cvBc †Kvb c‡_ hv‡e Zvi WªBs mxU bs wjLyb?
22. Electrical Drawing G †h mKj cÖZxK e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨v †Kv_vq
cvIqv hv‡e? WªBs mxU bs wjLyb?

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cvV-14t fe‡bi wbqwgZ/ ˆ`bw›`b iÿYv‡eÿY

(Routine Maintenance of Building)

Contents
14.1 iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡
14.2 iÿYv‡eÿY Kv‡Ri †kÖYxweb¨vm
14.3 wbqwgZ/ ˆ`bw›`b iÿYv‡eÿY (Routine/ Day to Day Maintenance)
14.4 wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿY Kv‡Ri †PK wj÷

Objective
wewfbœ cÖK‡íi AvIZvq GjwRBwW MZ K‡qK `k‡K AmsL¨ feb wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| Z‡e
h_vh_ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Afv‡e feb My‡jvi Avqy¯‹vj e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm cv‡”Q| feb ¸‡jv‡K
emev‡mi Dc‡hvMx ivLv Ges wWRvBb jvBd wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi iÿYv‡eÿY
Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB cv‡V Ask MÖnY‡k‡l cÖwkÿYv_x©MY fe‡bi wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿY
wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
14.1 iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡
MZ K‡qK `k‡K LGED D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K feb wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| Z‡e, A‡bK †ÿ‡Î h_vh_
iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Afv‡e feb¸‡jvi Avqy¯‹vj e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm cv‡”Q Ges feb¸‡jv emev‡mi Rb¨
Abyc‡hvMx n‡q co‡Q|
wbg©vY mvgMÖxi ¸YMZgvb, wbg©vY c×wZ Ges cwi‡ekMZ Ae¯’v Ges feb e¨env‡ii Dci wbf©i
K‡i AeKvVv‡gvmg~‡ni A½-cÖZ¨½ (Component & Element) Kg ev †ekx nv‡i bó n‡Z
_v‡K| iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q AeKvVv‡gvmg~n‡K hZ`~i m¤¢e bZzb Ae¯’vi gZ msiÿY
Kiv hv‡Z K‡i GwU Kvh©Kifv‡e Avkvbyiæc Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| wewb‡qv‡Mi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g fe‡bi Kvw•LZ Avqy¯‹vj Ges ‡mŠ›`©h¨ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| GQvov
iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨enviKvix‡`i wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv, cwi‡mev¸‡jv eRvq ivLv,
fe‡bi ‡mŠ›`©h¨ eRvq ivLv, ch©vß cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLv Ges AeKvVv‡gvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AebwZ †iva
Kiv ev n«vm Kiv|
Kvh©Ki ( Effective) iÿYv‡eÿY Kg©m~Pxi ¸iæZ¡ D‡cÿv Kiv hvq bv| KviY GwU PzovšÍ
iÿYv‡eÿY e¨q n«vm Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i| eo AvKv‡ii iÿYv‡eÿY ev c~Y©evmb
e¨‡qi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡j mgqgZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi e¨q LyeB mvgvb¨| GKmgq ch©vß A_© e¨q

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K‡iI †Kvb iÿYv‡eÿYB KvVv‡gvwU‡K Zvi cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vi cvkvcvwk cÖZ¨vwkZ Avqy®‹vj ch©¨šÍ
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Kvh©Ki ( Effective) iÿYv‡eÿY Kg©m~Pxi wPÎ bx‡P
MÖvd Øviv ‡`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
COST EFFECTIVE MAINTENANCE GRAPH

New Condition Tk.1.0lac Tk.2.0lac Tk.2.0lac Tk.20.0lac

With Maintenance
Per f orm anc e

Without Maintenance Rehabilitation

Without Maintenance

0 2 4 6 8 10
Age (Year)

14.2 iÿYv‡eÿY Kv‡Ri †kÖYxweb¨vm

GUv my¯úó †h, meai‡bi iÿYv‡eÿY KvR cÖwZwbqZ iÿYv‡eÿY Ki‡Z nq bv| wKš‘ wKQz wKQz
iÿYv‡eÿY KvR cÖwZwbqZ Ki‡Z n‡e, wKQz wKQz iÿYv‡eÿY KvR wbwÏ©ó mgq AšÍi AšÍi †`L‡Z
n‡e Ges wKQz KvR ermivšÍ‡i Ki‡Z n‡e| wKQz AvB‡Ug Av‡Q, D`vniY¯^iƒc Qv` w`‡q cvwb
Pzqv‡j (Leakage), cvwb mieivn eÜ n‡j ev ˆe`y¨wZK mieivn eÜ n‡j A‡cÿv Kiv hv‡e bv,
Awej‡¤^ wVK Ki‡Z n‡e| wej‡¤^i Kvi‡Y evwm›`v‡`i ïay KóB n‡e bv eis Zv‡`i wech©‡qi KviY
n‡Z cv‡i|
†h AvB‡Ug Gi KvR¸‡jv ˆ`bw›`b Kiv `iKvi Ges hLbB cÖ‡qvRb ZLbB Kiv `iKvi †m¸‡jv
e¨enviKvix †Mvôxi D‡Ï¨v‡M wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj iÿYv‡eÿY KvR
Awej‡¤^/ Riæix wfwˇZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, †m¸‡jv wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g, ermivšÍ‡i Ki‡Z n‡e|
†h mg¯Í AvB‡Ug Gi KvR `xN© e¨eav‡b Kivi my‡hvM Av‡Q †hgb Pvi ermi AšÍi AšÍi, †m mg¯Í
AvB‡Ug Gi KvR I iÿYv‡eÿY wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvovI KvVv‡gvMZ myiÿv wbwðZ
Kivi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í AvB‡Ug Gi KvR (†QvU/eo †givgZ) Riæwi wfwˇZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †m¸‡jv
Riæwi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Riæwi iÿYv‡eÿY c×wZ AbymiY K‡i Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i iÿYv‡eÿY Kvh©µg‡K wb¤œiƒc †kÖYxKiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:
1) wbqwgZ/ ˆ`bw›`b iÿYv‡eÿY
2) mgqvšÍi iÿYv‡eÿY
3) Riæwi iÿYv‡eÿY

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14.3 wbqwgZ/ ˆ`bw›`b iÿYv‡eÿY (Routine/ Day to Day Maintenance)

feb‡K myiwÿZ ivL‡Z Ges feb msjMœ cÖv½b‡K cwi‡ekMZfv‡e myiwÿZ ivL‡Z †hmg¯Í †QvU
†QvU KvR¸‡jv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †m ¸‡jv‡KB wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi KvR ejv nq| G mg¯Í †QvU
†QvU KvR hLbB cÖ‡qvRb, ZLbB Kiv `iKvi Ges ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i Kiv `iKvi| G mg¯Í Kv‡Ri
AvIZvq †h¸‡jv AšÍf©~³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ ïay G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡e Zv bq Zv wb¤œiƒc:
c~Z© Ges ˆe`¨ywZK KvR:
K) wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z Qv` cwi¯‹vi Kiv(hLb †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb)
L) `iRvi Avbylw½K AsMmg~n †givgZ (`iRvi nvZj, †jvnvi Hinge, Hinge cleat, evdvi,
UvIqvi †evë BZ¨vw`|)
M) Rvbvjvi Avbylw½K AsMmg~n †givgZ (Møvm, nvZj, †KP ûK, Stopper cÖf…wZ|)
N) ‡d¬v‡ii UvBj Ges mvRNi/ cvqLvbvi †`qv‡ji AvjMv n‡q hvIqv ev †f‡½ hvIqv UvBj
cybt¯’vcb|
O) †Wªb Ges Apron cwi¯‹vi|
P) `iRvi Zvjv †givgZ ev cÖwZ¯’vcb|
Q) jvBU, d¨vb, d¨vb †i¸‡jUi I cÖavb myBP †ev‡W©i ˆe`y¨wZK myBP †givgZ|
R) AKvh©Ki ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦ I wUDe jvBU cÖwZ¯’vcb|
S) e„wói cvwb Acmvib cvBc †givgZ|
T) feb †_‡K AvMvQv AcmviY|
U) Qv‡`i Dci †_‡K cvk^©eËx Mv‡Qi kvLv AcmviY|
V) we`¨vj‡qi †Ljvi miÄvg †givgZ|
W) Kjvcwmej †MBU mPj I myiwÿZ ivLv|
m¨vwbUvix KvRt
1) wee KK, wcjvi KK, ÷c KK Ges cym mvIqvi (Push Shower) †givgZ ev cÖwZ¯’vcb|
2) †jv WvDb I wmU Kfvi †givgZ|
3) m‡qj cvBc, ‡eÛ, R‡q›U I gv÷vi wcU cwi®‹vi|
4) Leach Pit & Soak Pit cwi®‹vi|
5) Møvm †mjd& I gyL †`Lvi Avqbv cwi®‹vi|
6) cvBc, R‡q›U I Ifvi‡nW U¨vs‡Ki Af¨šÍ‡i wQ`ª _vK‡j †givgZ|
7) cvBc, R‡q›U I cvBc jvB‡bi fvj¦ †givgZ|
8) nviwcK, Iqvwks cvDWvi ev wWUvi‡R›U mieivn|
9) UvIqvj †iBj Ges mvevb †Uª †givgZ|
10) cvwb †Zvjvi cv¤ú Ges †gvUi †givgZ|

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cvwb mieivn KvRt

1) Iqvkvi/ Bucket/ †d¬Ä (Flange) †givgZ/ cÖwZ¯’vcb|
2) wUDe I‡qj Gi ‡nW (Head) Ges Avbylw½K AsMmg~n †givgZ/ cÖwZ¯’vcb|
3) wUDe I‡qj cø¨vUdig wbqwgZfv‡e cwi®‹viKiY|
4) wUDe I‡qj cø¨vUdig †givgZ

14.4 wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿY Kv‡Ri †PK wj÷

e¨enviKvix MÖæc KZ©„K wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi †PKwj÷|
wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi mgqKvj
bs Kv‡Ri AvB‡Ug
Awej‡¤^ ‰`wbK mvßvwnK gvwmK ‰ÎgvwmK evrmwiK gšÍe¨
1 eªvkØviv †d¬vi Ges †`qvj
cwi¯‹viKiY 
2 Qv` cwi¯‹viKiY 
3 m‡qjcvBc, †Wª‡bRcvBc I wcU

(Pit) cwi¯‹viKiY
4 cvwb mieivn jvBb cwi¯‹viKiY 
5 Water Closet cwi¯‹viKiY x
6 cvwbi U¨vsK cwi¯‹viKiY 
7 Wash room cwi¯‹viKiY 
8 fe‡bi MvQMvQvjx g~‡jvrcvUb 
9 m¨vwbUvix Bb÷v‡jkb
cwi¯‹viKiY 
10 Qv‡`i Dci S&z&u‡K cov Mv‡Qi
Wvjcvjv AcmviY 
11 `iRv, Rvbvjv ‡Lvjv /eÜ Kiv
mnRxKiY 
12 Ventilation c_ cwi¯‹viKiY 
13 Møv‡mi cvjøv cwi¯‹viKiY 
14 †Wªb Ges G‡cÖvb cwi¯‹viKiY 
15 cÖv½b (Premises) cwi¯‹viKiY 
16 fe‡bi †mŠ›`h©¨ ea©bKvix
AsMmg~n cwi®‹vi Kiv Ges †QvU 
LvU †givgZ Kiv
17 wcøb_ myiÿv (†QvU †QvU †givgZ)
Kiv 
18 e„wói cvwb †b‡g hvIqvi cvBc
†givgZ 
19 bó n‡q hvIqv evj¦ cÖwZ¯’vcY 
20 ‰e`y¨wZK wec‡`i welq †Lqvj
Kiv 

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wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi mgqKvj

bs Kv‡Ri AvB‡Ug
Awej‡¤^ ‰`wbK mvßvwnK gvwmK ‰ÎgvwmK evrmwiK gšÍe¨
21 Av¸bRwbZ wec‡`i welq †Lqvj
Kiv 
22 `iRvi wdwUsm †givgZ Kiv
†hgb : `iRvi jK, `iRvi
nvZj, iron hinge, hinge 
cleat evdvi, UvIqvi †fvë
cÖf…wZ
23 Rvbvjvi wdwUsm †givgZ ‡hgb
(Møvm, nvZj, Catch Hook, 
StoppercÖf…wZ)
24 ‡d¬vi A_ev †`qv‡ji boe‡o ev
fv½v UvBjm cybivq ¯’vcb 
25 jvBU Ges d¨vb Gi ˆe`ywZK
myBP, ˆe`y¨wZK d¨vb, d¨vb
†i¸‡jUi, †gBbmyBP †evW© 
†givgZ
26 bó n‡q hvIqv ‰e`ywZ¨K evj¦,
wUDejvBU cybt¯’vcb 
27 ¯‹z‡ji †Ljvayjvi mvgMÖx †givgZ 
28 Kjvcwmej †MBU mPj Ges
myiwÿZ ivLv 
29 wee KK, Pillar Cock, ÷c
KK, †jvWvDb, wmU Kfvi Ges 
cym mvIqvi †givgZ
30 cvBc, R‡q›U I Qv‡`i Dci
¯’vwcZ cvwbi U¨vs‡K wQ`ª _vK‡j 
†givgZ
31 cv¤c I †gvUi †givgZ 
32 wUDeI‡qj Head Fittings

‡givgZ/ cybt¯’vcb
33 wUDeI‡qj cø¨vUdig cwi¯‹vi
Ges †QvULvU †givgZ 

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cvV-15t
(National Integrity Strategy)

 ও আ গ ;
 এ ও ;

 এ ,গ ও ;
 -২০২১’ , , , ও ;

 গ আ , এ , ও
ও ;

 ও ও আ ও
গ;

 জনপ্রশাসনন গ ও , এ এ
এ ;

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mvwe©K wePv‡i wb¤œewY©Z cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ï×vPvi cÖwZôvi †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi

Rb¨ wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q:

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আই ও

 The Penal Code 1860;

 The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947;
 আ -২০০৯;
 আ -২০০৯
 আ -২০০৯;
 ও আ -২০০৯
 ‘ আ আ -২০০৯;
 আ -২০১০;
 গ ‘ ’-২০১০;
 -২০১০;
 - ( )আ -২০১১;
 ( )আ -২০১১;
 ও আ -২০১২;
 আ -২০১২;

 গ, ২০১২;
 গ, ২০১৩;
 এ , ২০১৩;
 , ২০১৭-১৮;
 - ২০১৭ ( গ এ ২০১৭)

ই ’ ( )

-46.02.0000.878.99.130.17-14548 : 26-07-2018

১।
২। ( ) -আ
৩। ( ) -
৪। ( ) -
৫। ( ) - -

Kvh©cwiwat
K) GjwRBwWÕ‡Z ï×vPvi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î AwR©Z mvdj¨ Ges AšÍivq wPwýZKiY;
L) cwijwÿZ AšÍivq `~ixKi‡Y mgqve× Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb, ev¯Íevqb I cwiexÿY;
M) Kg©cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ Kv‡`i Dci b¨¯Í _vK‡e, Zv wba©viY; Ges
N) DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi wbKU ï×vPvi ev¯Íevq‡bi AMÖMwZ msµvšÍ cÖwZ‡e`b †cÖiY|

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ই ’ ( )

এ / -৩/ -৫৩( -১)/২০১৬/৩৭৬১ ১৪/০৫/২০১৭

১। , গ -আ
২। -২, , গ–

৩। -১, , গ- -

ই ’ ( )

এ / -৩/ -৫৩( -১)/২০১৬/৩৭৬২ ১৪/০৫/২০১৭

১। , -আ
২। -২, , -

৩। -১, , - -

ই ’ ( )
এ / -৩/ -৫৩( -১)/২০১৬/৩৭৬৩ ১৪/০৫/২০১৭
১। , -আ
২। , , -
৩। , , - -

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ই ’ ( )

এ / -৩/ -৫৩( -১)/২০১৬/৩৭৬৪ ১৪/০৫/২০১৭

১। , -আ
২। - , , -

৩। , , - -

১। ;
২। ;
৩। আ / / ও ;
৪।
৫। -গ ও ;
৬। গও ;
৭। ;
৮। ;
৯। / / ;
১০। ;
১১। ;

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

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feb wbg©vY I Z`viwK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj

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 ‘ - ’গ ;
 ও ;
 ;

(Indicators)

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 ১ – ৩০’ ;
 – ;
 – ;
 – ;
 – ৮০;
 – ২০;

২০১৬-১৭ ওএ ’

 ৫,৩০০.০০ ;
 ১০,৪০০.০০ ;

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 ৩,৫০০.০০ / /
 ৮২
 ৫৫ ;
 ১৮০ - / ;
 ১০০ আ / ;

 APP ;
 ও ;
 আ ;
 ও ;
 ও ;

উদ্ভাবন (Innovation)

এ ও আ , (Time),
(Cost) (Visit) ।এ আ গ ও ও ।

Difference between Invention & Innovation

Invention:
 A new manmade device or process
Innovation:
 A better way of doing things
 An improvement

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(SPS)

• A Tool for Reducing Citizens’ Hassle, An Opportunity for

Service Delivery Reform
• From perspective of government service, Innovation & SPS
are complementary, and to some extent same. Innovation
entails service process simplification.

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২০১৬ -২০১৭
ও

 Road Map of Planned e-Service of LGED

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গ গ:
:
Web: www.cabinet.gov.bd
E-mail: [email protected]
:
Web: www.lged.gov.bd/InnovationIdeaView.aspx
E-mail: [email protected]

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Z_¨ m~Ît
1| Construction Supervision & Quality Control Course (For WA) August-2019 (wbg©vb KvR
Z`viwK I gvb-wbqš¿Y I cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj)
2| Construction Supervision, Quality Control & Site Management Training Manual (For
SAEs), August-2019 (wbg©vb KvR Z`viwK I gvb-wbqš¿Y I mvBU e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj)

3| Supervision & Infrastructure Construction (SIC) Course for SAE, March 2020
4| wmwfj Kb÷ªvKkb-1 †gvt gviædzj nK, mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx, MYc~Z© Awa`ßi|
5| my›`i evoxi mnR cÖ‡KŠkj, cÖ‡KŠkjx †j: K‡Y©j †gvt Ave`yj Kvw`i MES wgwjUvix BwÄwbqvwis
mvwf©‡mm|

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