... .. . .. -. .

! I

.. ,. ,

• II •,

•
.
•' ~ I
. ,
•· • J I
,• f jt • I ;

.
.,
~~-=--~.~
' I

., Strillg· •• • •tya ... ,..

•l .. •. In eaI"IiCI'. Ch!lPteis, we. J)ave ex()Iainc:id t!te 'ccirCt?~t._of ~rs. In this cha~ter, We Wj
strings. Let ·us discuss first what a chara~ter 1S whose combmation forms a String. 11 f~
.,
'

I
1·
@ !)~fig10N . , , .. -. '
_ . In._$.lll.lPie, tem1s,[_ch~~ter i~ ~e ~m~l~st .unit of a string or te,i/ !ust like, an in~ - •
fl~~g-~~t:yal~ue, -~ _indi.Yt~~8' ch~c!~~ ~,.e. ~ ~J?h~~et, a p~nctuat1on mark etc.) cgcr-.1
sto~ i,n ~ Y,~~l~: Siirritar~y,we c~ ~o ~!~~ c?m~1?~!1ons ,~f charact~rs (call~ string) in:~\
~Jndi~du al ~h~~ter (f~r ex~I?l~ _.,.~ , .. 7 ~-- ~:/>. :-·. ~~~. 1s ~tor~ •n _a v~able of ch~~ ~
r, '. tbe initialization is ·ven by••, ·:· ,. : ), . , , .•,
c~:fh+:s~}~h~re c~:is _c~iiradter ~ Varj~b•~ _w,~~~~ ~ith- ·s· *i .
r • ' • '. A • '. ••

C ' ~.:. \: ~:·. ~. • •'

t US discuss a ~1,eie ~~~~I~ !O}~l~stt;~J~}l~f- to,. d~_al ~1~ ·-~- l~~v1dual character.
8.1. To read a~~ ~p~y 1~ _ch~~c~r._ .. . .. = .. _, . •. • • •

• . , ~~~natlo ~ The above nm • • • •• •- ·, , · J

~s~~ys.the,m ~ ttie scietin. •-~--~:~~s .~~I l(! B and reads a ~haracter from ke~boafd~
•~ . Next, we 'shall diSCuss how tb' ., . -. - .: • . • ..'.. ~ •~ . .,-••. • .. • .. . •, .
~~ou~ ope~°':18.~.!C ~~=~ tiple characters 1n acharacter variable and whatalC
In C, every c~ter is stored ii • . . . . .•
Code for Infonnation lntercb ) v ~ ~licttly according to its ASCII (American S
is 65, ASCII ~aloe of 'a' is ::i:;
'r.-bich_ 18 an integer value. For example, ASCll valUC~
48• ··To understand it. let us discuss followiD&
:t • ~=~"•-N -· ..
-
._ .: ili ,& lJ ill la ,,.
~l ia -- -- -- -~ -- -- -.

~ s.z. To display ASCD value of any character.

~( ~

~f l()
..

~~ ·~: • .•••. ·~ _ .. ..
. . ; char str [50];.. /r • "' -

e so· ~:~:Jt'Can ~fore t#.xlI!l

111
' , • " ·"
, ' ..
' • •
1r
•
I •
, .~

lcter·array wi th siz I

•~ ;arlabIC str is~ chan

and ~~st l~atio~ ~hould be leftblaqk j
f~
we should store.49 c~ t~ rs •.~ • .
' • .. . •. • ~ ' .. •
' • •
t . . . ~ ' .'\
• ' : •
,. • I· •• , , .. •
, • , • t
•' (I •
• ;_" ' • t •! j ., ~'

·in_iti_a)j~n 8n.4 using

•

8
store .string ~-a c ~ r•~¢able: u~ •
• ; I~ ~.,' ~ ... : , .,
I

I
I .'11~ ~ 2 1 ~ -~ -s ~...... J: •• .
: .. .\A lar str[10 ="HARSHIT' ; .
, ' · •
I r.icters and HARSHIT is assig
N In above statement, str is rui arriiy of 10 cha
t no NU LL charac ter has bee n assigne d in. above initialization. Let Us s°ed to villi
al ote tba puter. The rne : how ill) ilb~l
. Phabets and NUUs occupy the contiguous memory locations in com • or y, d~
. . _: . , . .
;18 as follows ~
str[7J str(SJ Slr[BJ
,. . • : . ~ str(0J
s~1J str(~J str(3J str[4J str[5J str(6J_

. . . . . str / H / A / R /
• H /. I • T / 10 / 10 /. ~ ~ j j•
5005 .5006 5007 5008 : 009 .
Mem?ry• 5000 5001 5002 5003 5004
Location
Fig. 8.1. Shows string stored in mem~ry
... , .
R•m is-.
•• .-~~-~of:irmitt'"character (\0)
,:
f
~ ~Jtstant. It is II combination of ab kw -~triiJ~
•. ••• IAffi.!LL ch ar ac te r~ = ialize a string then compiler ac atda~
\0. The key poi nt is tha t whe n we init
and 'r-zero le. string (if any). ~ut when Wea~~~
~~ r (\0) at the rest of the loca tion s of
appends a n~ ch lby cod a~
from k~~boaid usmg ~efs() d scanf( ) functions only one NULL value ts inserted , ~,
• · ·, , •. · · ·
'f,,the poSJtion where s~ g ends; ? . character variable 8~
. - f : ••• According to above
exam e, String "HARSHIT' is assigned to
mo ry loc atio n (ad dre ss) and at ind ex O of str i.e. ·stt[OJ. Since a character an~~•
stored in 5000 me x: ~
is stored at 5001 memory location and at inde 1
.one byte ofcomputer memory, therefore A .6 of str (i.e. str[61) and stored in memory~ ill'.~
th rac ter of HA RS HIT is at ind ex
strf1J and 7 cha
LL character (\0) automatically by c cooc~~
ing loc atio n i.e. 500 7 is fille d wit h NU
5006. Remain have to be appended explicitly by us~
ula te a stri ng then NU LL cha rac ter ma y
_But. if we manip garbllge value in it and string may no t~
rac ter the n Jast loc atio n ma y hav e
miss NULL cha •
accurately. . ., 1

ple showsffr'
C string con stan ts mu st be en~ los ~ within double quotes (" "). Following exam
• ence charaC!cJ
we· 'can sto re alp hab ets, dig its, bla nk spa ces, punctuation characters and escape sequ
• ..
in a stri ng sur rou nde d by dou ble quo tes. Examples are as follows:·
ptc
\0", - "so ods andeep123@gma il.com", "1+5'*'6", " __'\ "S".
,. ~ •p~'N . .. .
iYA TI AN Al' fD" , :"SU MI5 .

i~li r.ation. •
; .. Program 8.3. To demonstrate the valid init # • I •

~ ..
JD8lD
f () ., •, I
' .., •· .
( '•• • I

, , ,, ' ., .
,,,:,~
,
$
, .. ·f
';
.
' : •~1•'
1 , . : • , ·;.,_
•' •, / I '•

•
• , :.,

•~• .:. ~-~..•~••,.~•. ••, ;::,,. • )' ,1,••; ': tiL ._•
' ' . '
•• \ ,. ,'41''' 'l' . ·,J
• , • ' • f
'-. • -~-
, ' • , ,•I
i • .,., • '
{
1 /*nlill ~haracter ls'must ~h~n- no'·size. is ~yen*/
•. • ✓ ciw•~rr~ C J~''N IYA TN> ";' •. t\ • :_- :;; :
the string*/ · •:, ~ - 2< .·
\/char str2[ J="NIY\OATI\O"; _" · . t• stor es • NIY as first \0 terminates !•

_numbers aJso· allowed~/~ '_,, , \ ·_ · -'·' -

-" .• -••.. • . : •!
•.✓,' char str3 [7J= t1 ','2' /s\'p ','S ':,'0 ','\0 'J; l*,
all~wed m this way_
ar str4[ J=( f' .. 'J, {'@ '},{ '$~} ,{' 'J,(' %'J,{'~'J,{'\O'JJ;I* special characters also
./ch
.i,'printf("String 1: ~s\n",strl); . . .
• ..·. : •. ... 1
• ~- ..

'. • • • .- ·.·, /
~printt("Stiing 2: iis\n",str2);. : • ·
1 ~tput: .
printf(''String 3; "s\n",s~J); :·: . • , .
• .. • .

.. String 1: NIYATI. ·
printf("String 4: ~s\n",str4);_ . ..
· String 2: NIY
etch()· . - slrfug 3: faspSO
1 •· ' ••• · • •• • • · • • • • ·• · ' ·• .
. ' . " ' • •
•. ' ,,
String 4: ·-@$ %<
• • • :r ... •••.

JBD '
e invalid initializations of a string..
~~111
don Reason .. ,
,.1~ ·' • ' , • Correct example
••""''
IP" ,NJ)'~J., ' Enclosed within stn • •
• g1e quotes
1 • •• ~
. • char str[7]="NIYATI"
.~~
r; ~uj\'.a.a ... , • No double quotes used• • h [] ·"SUMIT'·, •
c ar str =
,~ {{''Jl''},(I},(~\~'}}; Onl~ s~~l~ q_uot~s are allowed. • charstr[]=( ('H'},('1'},('\0')}~
,~ ~,~", s2[ ]=sl, Strtng 1Dltialization s2□ = sl is not correct. char sl□="ss"; char s20="ss";
i,1stl ~ (' , 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'} Too many initializers • '. har tr[4]={ 'a' 'b'; 'c', 'd')
, _,{4]::: 8 , ·~~ • • C S • ,

X~ffi~@\((N~r_A.SritiNq USING BUILT-IN

...,,,.'ILTsi· ....,..~~,, .J .,.~,. -~-~\-t·~
ki.♦ ·~.,..~;:-\•~---~*·:'¥.~u:
·t ... , ~
.. -.. ..-::~
,.
~·-1.1..._., :::.> ". .- , ·.., ,
'.," -~, • •• •• , ...... " • •❖·; ';,-.;_; .,) · \ l :.,. I)(. -~- \, "'~ l'. .··--s .It, / /
r,;m,.;;_ _....,.r.llill~:..W..t<•~··;•J~~~~~t;.~~/4~;,~_i-Ji_.;~~-..:~~ilf;•.:~~)'t ! ~.,. .. ,

string can be r~ad from ~eyboard using two built-in functions: scanf( Land gets( ) where
. aformatted mput function and gets( ) is an unformatted input functionjWe already know
)
)~on€anf can rt:ad ev~ry type of input related to integers, reals, characters or strings whereas
~fuOCfunction d~als with strings only. On the other hand, printf() ~nction is a fom1:3tted output
f _} used to display output on the screen and can be used to display data of any data type, and
j,.il~on is an unformatted output function; to display only string on the scree!!) Let us di~ss
~~owiJlg example to d~monstrate_ the ho~ a string is read and displayed ~n the screen us~g
~ jpput output functions. We will also discuss what is the drawback of usmg scanf( ) function
alternate for reading string in the explanation. • •· ·. ,·
- ~ s.4. To read a string given by user from keyword and ~lay it on the scrfflL .••
-
{ .
'()·
i.

• .. char str[IO];. ,
., ,
' ;

' ' '

••
..
' II I \ •

•.. ••.... ,.
. •
,-
••
..
.~ ..
•

•••·
..
<\

1
1

"'

• •.
~ ,

~
\

.. ..
\

• • ,··
.
•
:' r

,.
'

• ,.

• '\r
.,•·-,

-~ ~ '·,

ctrscr( );
_, printf("\nEnter a string: ");
. scanf("%s", str); Output: •• - •
printf("String i_s: %s", str);_·
• I
Enter a ·string : HARSH
getch( ); string is: ~sH . • ..•
t I • •

)
Explanation. The scanf("%s", str); reads a string· and printf() function displays the same~
~ screen. Note that scanf tenninate~ the cw:rent input if space is f~und. Therefore, only characters
diat are entered before the first blank space are stored in variable. .• . .. • ·:
However,~ string with blank spaces can be read using unformatted input function gets( }JLet
~ the following example who gets( ) function works. I •

. str[O] str[1] str[2] str[3] str[4] str[5] str[6] str[7] str[8] str[9]

_ str H A R 5 HI
l I I I I I I • I • I I scant 10 3 $
.t ' '

Fig. 8.2. Shows how string Is stored In memory when it is read using
Above figure shows that ·when we read ·a string using scanf( ) function then only ~ne NULL
~ is inserted by compiler at the position where string ends and operating remaining posilioos
e_&llbage values. . .

~ '.".::::-;:◄.:.
~ :::
- - ------ l
•• =' - - - - ~ ~ - - - - ..
+ , . , . - . , ..........•••••·•••..........,__"' '< ..,.....,..._ ___ ,
<>•=-~----- -~ ... Hll'<ft .. >ht
"'•-·-- :~ t ....
>ltttl t F I ft
··-1 :1199 t-~:
-'-'~J",y' ,·..;-t: 11
• _ _,.,, 1 ')•'
"'-<:' ' ~.
~k,
......
✓Program S.S. To read string entered by user from keyword_ and_ display
00
I I•• , •••
•
l ,.,, , "< • •
, 11 ,, "•, I f •• '
Dl.31.D • ) 1~,.,.,r
,. \ , \
• •I • \ , • •• '-"· t•,
.. , •" k t. I ' • ••
•• I 1 ( t •••
•. • •'
• _.
•-•
, • •
1
• l"' 1 ,-
., • • • •• • l'
L
' the~
•
.. ... .... • • • • • • - .. •

.
' "- ,_ '
' ._ • • 4 I • I • f t < I
.
{ .. . . .• I
..
char str[20]; .' \

clrscr( ); •
• p~tsf~nt~ r text: "); ..
•• gets(s~);· /* unformatte~ input fun~tion */ • Outpllt:
' . ; •' • puts(''\nText is:"); /* unformatted output function */ ~ •; E_nter te
. · I• • •

S.an.~~ps·
Xt·
'"' Puts(str) • ,. :.i • - • ••• - ·."' . .•ll -•·
- . •
' ••• ,. •' • •
. .
I • t ,•, C.J ., '1 •• ~ • .~

. getch( ); • . • •. • • : . • • .... •. . Text is· u~

. . r , . . . , . , ,.. :~ -~·l' . ~ < .. ..
• f ' • I. .,,
4 ,
; :-;.
•
I: '. ~. rl ; .. • • • .••. ' sancteep
.• Su .
· . Explanatio~; Unlike scanf function, gets fun~tion can read a string including sp _liiit
. example a striiig is read using gets() and displa}'ed usin'g puts(.). .• .Js· !n¾
•
\ •) • t ,. ( ... \' ,, l I .' , ; "' ~· ! .., l .-\ ., : : - t
• p • • • .. j ' : ... ' . . ., .. ,. fl .
• ~ t • ,, • , ,

• puts( )function .automatically inserts a new line ·character at the end of the string. ~;. •
' .
• ~ previous examp~es, ~e p~y~ ~,~cqss~ ~~~ t~ ~~~ formatted and u~onnatted f u ~
. i ~owmg how. ~ di.splays .the text stored In a· string. As we know, every string is ternµnatect\½~
; ~~ character failing which ma~ stores spme garbage values at u~used locationi. C ~,
: ~ows• us to traverse a string by. accessing each char~cter one by one until a NULL character1.an~
: and this;can be performed Without using any built-in function. This can be done using a
: understand·ir,-1et·us clemoilstrate the following example. . _ .. .. OOp.\
r~
;_ .,,.Progra m s:c;. To ~la stiiiig ~re~ bY il5er;:1'1~ ~!ay it using for loop.• ; . ~ •. ;

Explanation. user to Program asks

·a string which dtsplayeclby ~cces'sing each ch- e~ter is
one by on using for loop, that runs from i=O until NULL is found. : ••. 1
.. -'. • •••
t "I £ I \,'•
41
f • I 1 I ~• •, t, 1 •, •' ; ' . • ' •
l ;r'J • • '', •. • • .\ • :; • ! ••
f Try Yourself f ' • ..J
,, ,' ,. , • • • t •
I • • •
I \

◄, '
,, •
\,}
•
' ... ,
•I

;:/ ,.:,, ,~~~ ~,;;~ :;~~~-~~ ~~~~r :Dbil.: grarnu ns~

(
'': f~ ~ -
g p~~
J!
ndlin .
djscUSS a few character ha
1

lowing program : •
~.'

k w ~ ~ :: on s in fol
; JI' !JS S.S. Program to chec r Is achal'lder, digit, punctuation ma
rk
or tab stop etc), ll'acte
• ~ en te r key
~ -- ~ ;; -- -- :- -: -- -. :- -= = = ·= ,· ~ ~
/~ II J( lc < C ~ ~ .
~ () • ' •

l cbst.cb; . I •
t , r I

fi-scr( ); ...
c . tf(''\nEnter an input: ");
~getche();
.
if(isaJpha(ch))
. prin~("~%c is an alphabet", ch
); Output!:
Jse if(isdigtt(ch)) Enter an input: a
e ,printf(''°%c is a digit",ch); I
'
1 ;
.
• • a is an alp~a~t ..
•
; eJse if(ispunct(ch)) Output2: ~ .,
rk etc" ch)·
printf("\n%c is a punctuation ma '· . ' .. Enter an input:' 1
1'"11 if (isspace(ch
)) • • .
e..,., .,printf(''\nfJ,oc 1s a space",ch);
I.. • I is a digit
' .
. eJse . . . ' • ·, Output3: •
cter"); · Enter an input: $ .••.
.·. printf("\nAny special chara
• flCb( ); . • Any special character
. .
•'G:·FUNcrioNs.
J ..,.
f

i
cJer file string.h must be
..........(, •
'1,~-~~
~~.
• .~ - - ~

hea
I string {unctions ar~ used to han<!1e o~rations related to strings. A str .. _- , . ..: .:•: :
various functions to h30dle ings
.I

~pded for the::Jun~on:i} Let us

discuss I •
• • ' ; , \,t ' •

•
' f t I f ~ JJ,
• o

• • ( )

::tt~... fN

the length of string pa s~ to it as argumen~.: ~n~ o~ ~trjng ~s

lfbe strlen( ) function returns r (\O l]n ie sy nta us : . . ••'. ; . : · ,
e null c~ te .. · •· · • • ·
,unJ,cr of characters befor s1z e_t strlen ( ch ar *str ); : '
. •· • •
er to char an d fun cti on return s size_t i.e. integer value
where str is po int • •

stnng
•

m 8.9b. To ftnd lengt~_. ~~_a. ... ) .. :-

•
' •
I

~ of a ~ .- ,. . ~r og ra
,.. ,.I ll ~ To find le • • • • without using in-built functi
on.
»l,dt fun cdo n strlen ( ). ·, •
main()
~.h> { " ,: I'••
. • t
:
j
•
•

I
• ,
t,
f
•
•
•
•

Iii() char str[20J;

. int i,count=O;
f • •' '' ' , ,, ' ' • ' •
• , ' clncr( ); •
I

- ,(20); • :'); : • . . · · .:
• •. •pri~tf("\nEnter any string:
cm( ~ • ••· • . . .. ,' . .;· . , ,~ ..
pimt"'1f.nter any string: "); , gets(str); . • . : ·. •
for(is(); str{i]!='\O': i++) • . , . ••.
,
11111(1): • •
racters of string•/ . count++;. _: . , . ,.
/t lien() n,tums' number of cha printf(''Length of string is %d",
count);
string is 'id", strJen(s));
~ of , ,; ., · : . . ,. · .- ·
1etch( ); -- -- .
lld( k .- J • --1 Contd.
1 _ _____
. . ; . _ ,_ _ _ Il l t-r
.:... .--~-i-..;..
~----~--.. ~f ._ __ _~
. , ..... ,
.,.._,, ..,..,.. .._ _ _ ,......... ....... _
_._,_, ~_..., .....,..
...... ..,_,,. ..,._
. . .... · - "' ... "'" ., . . . . Y\UO
.,~.... ....,.......,., • ....t..
...~.. ...-... - ......._ ...
.. ..,.jo,b ,....--.,:.a
J-e•e :.a.,.,w ,........_

..
% ttttt) _,t,#$ 1 C
·- #
*..,,
_.-.e ullu
~-- ,_
---
... -
,_ _ -_ _ ...._......,____.<a dtstt ••-T
........ ....~ -
,,
~

I
i
I

Output. • r,,
••-' •7., :: :• '
:1. ~ " ; "•~ : ,,1,. ~ l ~" '; I • •
I
0 4

Enter any string: Sumit Kumar· · . ;· ;•··, j- . ~ i' : •·~ : ~ ; , , : •. .

Original string is Sumit Kwnar: ·:::r• .:-:·r« .. -' :,-., . ~- ...... )

Copied string is Sumit Kumar O --::.· • '• • • •. '

1
,w :-~,'.· • •• • ~ . :·· :- ~ • . •,. < • ' , ''· > •. )I

· ~.~~ .8~)~. ·.~iCs -~ ~~ng: i~~ ·~~ ~~g us~~·in-btillt funCO~-'

8.1 Ob. does the same without using .~-built function.
·:·w• • t(.) . • .. . •. ·,' .. :... •
:: j
1

'; • 4

.•
. .
1

• •
s ~ us~g
To compare t w o
.
'. ,: ..
'
•• .
f .. - ·•,.
• I
• ". - .
•
,.

main()
-
..._ I
- ... -- .. '

{ •• • .~ ' • t
., t char strl [20], str2[20];
char strf[20],str2[20]; • •• • • • I
inti, j,flag=O,L l, ~2; •
1
'

printf("\nEnte r s~g• l : "); f

clrscr( ); .• t • • • : ••

. printf('4\oEota: Siring!:':);. . ! • •. \ gets(strl)

• • ' ~:
printf(''Enter string2: ");
gets(str I);
gets(str2)
' printfr\nF.nter string2: j; .: .
.. rtind length of strl, str2 & store in LI,l
gets(str2);. . 2 8
if(strcmp(strl,str2)==()) ,. compare 2 strin~•/ for(L 1=O;str1[L1] !='\O';L1++); ~ Pectivc~
printf(~trings \~%s\" &\"%s\" are eq~"~ I, . ); str st2 for(L2::0;str2 [L2]!='\0';L2+ +); 'I
else if(Ll=L2) /* compare length of strings*/
{ •
• printf('astrings \"%s\" &\"%s\" are N~ equal", str~, ~~).;
getch( );.. • ' •• -. • • - flag= 1; /*initialized to 1*/ • .
). for(i=O;str1[i] !='\O';i++)
/* c~mpare str1, str2 character by h . •

...
,'. . '· . ....
if(strl(i]!=str2[i])
.
. • ' . ·. •• • .flg=O a_ ;_ .
· · C ~ ' / ..

.. , .
,
' '.. \ • :, I break; ,~ quits from for loo~~/ •
} . • . . .. '
.• ' } • <

if(flag) ' .
....
printf('~Strings \;'%sY' &\"%-s\" 'are ~ual" •
•
else':.: · . . t
• . . . .. • . . ,Strl, nil),
. . ·. , .; . ~.". ,
• .. . . . . ,,
,: -~ ' • . t.,_· \"' ..... ,
•: printf("Strings \"%s\" &\"%s\" are NOT "·
getch( ); .• equal '~1•~
• . ,. ·: ~. '. ,·, ·.} <· ... . .....
,,. \:' (.. t'" . • '

•Ou~tl:'. '•;: :: . . .r ~ .•: ~- •• ·:-· • .... ·-~ • t .: '. ·:·.~ _' ·.': •utp~t2: ·. •. -'
I

.. .. .. ... '"' . . . .. .
Enter stringl: rose -,·: • . : · _. < ,. • Enter ~~gl: Sumit r • • •
• I
Enter string2: rose , ••• · Enter string2: Sumeet
Strings "rose" & "rose" are equal Strings "Sumit" & "Sumeet" are not equal
•
I

, Explanation: Program 8.12a: compar~ two string using in-built function where as program
8.12b. com!:.::e,,,~~o strings without using in-built functi[n . ._I
ij ·k
. I ~v( )·• ,
•·r~:1~~-,.. , . . . ,
• · ·· · · • l ., I •
. ' • ,. J • • • ........._

·' The strrev() fun~tion reverse a, sl!'ini}~e s)'lltax: • • • •

• ····' • .••. :· . ' •char *strrev(char *s);
where s is poin~. . character
.. . .. . ··~~
,
~o
function returns a pointer to char.
' , ...

Program. 8.13a. to r,ev~fle: a string using in-. ~ . 8.13b. To reverse a string withld
built function stmt'( ). . . _: • . •. . using in-built function strrev( ),
#incl~t ring.~ main( ) r •

m~<> ....
e

. "
t
J . char str[20];
char s[20]; • - inti; :
... . ... . ,
. ,!r5c_r( ); ,·• -~. ·;. ! • ·.·•' . • • ,.
I •""'' • "4 ,. ~.
clrscr(); I

,-intf(''\nEnter JlDY string:~~'): •• '1 \ ;

J

• J ·' : . •.'
~tf("\nEn
. .
ter string: ");
gets(str);
• for(i=O•str[')I
1 ·='\O';i++)· 1•-,,,.,.batendofstring "/ •
• '
1--· .,. decre ' ·-
Pl'in~(;l\_h me?15 i by 1, ~ skip NULL ~/ •· •
\IIACVCJ'Se IS '')• ,
While(i>::() • ' • •• , t

{ ) / loop continues upto_O*/ • ,,

~ ~- .. •"

"' .
. ... . . ~rintf("%c",str[i]); •• ••• •1 •• • ••~ •
1-- -·
' .. ,
•
( . . .
• > I
}. I I • •,~ I
< " I" ti • • - ", J .. • f •. ,,

I • ' I.• ' .' .. r ..

getch( ); •
} ..
• • # •
•• 4 ••

'
,•.
' •.
·,,

. .
. .

: sumit kumar [email protected] •. -

: SUMITKUMAR77@G~.COM
: Program 8.14a. converts· a String into upper case using strupr() While program
l'Clta each character into upper c~ one by one without using built-in function and displays
.......a:.n. • . . , . ,..
I - - ....
~is. ,-str lwt( l · ' ,. · ' ·· •• ••• ' ·
• i

~
{, • .~ff";;-;;"v-;· s~g·in ;o fu~e ~ :.:
v : . - , : , .... t ',", .char·*stt , h * )·
upr(c ar s '
.. , . . . .' '
.· .... . . .
.. . ••• ~ • •• •• :, ••• . ~ · ' turns inter to char.· . 1
- where s 1s pointer to character; and function re po
••

.
· · .· . · · .• ;;-: to·l~wer Program 8.1Sb. To convert a Sh-:- ••
8.1Sa. To convert a string ID , . • •• .,} case without using in-built r,.,._·• 111g ill
case using in-built function. UflCtion. to lo'.)
1
..

#include<string.h>~ #include<string.h> . . . . . ~
main() main()
{ {

Output:· . ··-·"'- .... · ,t·, •··! , ,: ;! , '·_.1 •-. 1, _••• ,,,, • • ,l ~ ,, •· ; t .•

Enter string: sanDEEP , ,'.

_ . . ,. . .
String-inloweFcase. ;sandeep.. -:-, -~ . ' \, l . -• • • • - -. -
'•
, - ... • ,, J..., • •.• '" .. 4, ,. , 'f,1,"',~··--..~-..... -·. •
, • • ',
~,-....,,.1i ·;-.
I . • .- ,:- , • ., .. ., ,. • . , ~ .. .. •·~•••_, "
0
·~
. • ,_
J ... ..... • .
,. ~- 11. ?Exph\Dation:. Program 8.15a. _c;qnveJ
!s ~ ~tring-into lp~erc"8e _using st;rupr( .) whut~~'l
~th·~~---~othnverts eac~ cJiai:acter into ~o\V~ ~ P! one without ~sing built-in funCtiolland~;
. em on e screen. - , . •
;~!~~cpr
t
~ t •, . ' ;. • ,,, ... " ...; ..: ,.. ~""; - .

.
. .

t , , ~ - - ; t .•.J?..
,h
.. ' • .t • •

• ..... ~ -~-
'

i Like strcpy( ), this function alsocdpies:one string into another string except it copies maximum
~n characters of string org_str to cop_sti Tlie·syn~ is. ... .~ •.. •;- , .
; char *strncpy(chat *cop__2str, const char *org_str, size_t n) .
} . where org_str i's' l)Ointer to const;. cop;..Str ·ls pointer to char and n is maximum· number d
:characters. This function returns pointer to :char of cop_str. • ·, . •
.,. • • - .J ' .. I • ~

Program ~.16a. To copy n ·chara~r ~~~o ne Program 8.16b. To copy n char,cterfrom.~

-~. o.q- ano~ e.-,~ l,~~~UJ .~~tion. . string on to another without using built•m
,~- ••':,:•-:1• • J ':.''~·. . fun~on. ,,f·, : _ I-'•, • ';:. C 1
, ' •
1
' •

main()
- { ' •,, ...

c~ar strl[20], str2[20];

str(20], cop_str(20];
int i,n; . J I t, J I
.. '
'

clrscr( );
printf(''\nEnter any strin~: ");
r any string: '');
. gets(strl); •ed7'' •
'; • printf("Total charaCters to be cop•
... . . .. . _ scanf("%d",&n); • ••
l

I I

' -'
~ string: In dependence
l "' I 1

'" ' ·:
f.lliet an~ters to be copied? 6 ., . ·,, , ,
~ c! string is In dependence . . . •_._., ·:· ' __': •.
()l'lgi!l ....ng is In dep ' '
.ed S1.1J..1,• -. .' • •.• • •• .
• ) ' •
I • •.

' •
• •

-
.. •

.
/ , ' r .,. I . .-· • I

~i~
I •

~
Col'1 The =~-8.1~ ·re&k;•strir{g and s~y() fu.nctio~ at m,os~ ~-c~
org..str JJ1tO cop_ll g . ~e _Program 8,16b. does the same process without stmcpy() funct!,~n.
t..11111 ,>~t(' ) •• • ' :: ' •
,'•#{~)•~ • ' l

. .
I • • • • •
P".... i,: • • i• •

~ :.·'·•~~,..:'~';..~ -'1' \ ,.) •; .-.) .~t t • :- It

fl Like strcirt( ), this· func~on also combines One string into another string except it combines
. uJl1 n cbafaCters of strin; s1 to s2. :T!:ie. s~tax is. _ .
~ . char s~cat(char *s2; const char *sl, size_t n) '
-. IVbefe sl is po~ter to const, s2is pointer to char and ti iS maximum. Ji.umber of-charac~.i~S
t....rtlOD• re•nffl~ pointer to char of s2.
1,UAUU
., ;,· · ~-.· . . . 'l' . . . . , • . I •
r 1
•
.
•
• .... •
~ • ..t.

i++;
}
T
(
strl[i]='\O'; ·/~\Oto terminate th
printf("Stringl is %s", strl); e 8tring,
1
printf(''\nString2 is %s", Str2);
getch( );
}

Output:
Enter string I : no
Enter string2: where
Total characters to be combined are? 4
Stringl is nowhere • •
-string2 is where
. Explanation. 'fhe program 8.17a._ reads two strings and sm:icat( ) function comb.
characters of str1 with str2 while program 8.17b. combines. the two string upto n charmes at lll0st
. · ,: acter uh 11~
.using strncat( )funcaon. . . _.i- "dh~
c >q ~
'

~f sl t r~ch I....m:t,~
-._,
1 _. _ . . .• "IP- ,' ',
This function
displays all the remaining characters when it finds specific charact .
. . er tn a .
stnng. Its syntax 1s .. : . _. . :· . -~ . • . ~ven
·... ,·
•• ' •• -~ - . . . . . • char *strchr(const char *str~ int_ c);
' ·.:wheres is i,ointer' to char, C is an integer. This function returns a pointer to s.when first oc
of th~ character c, is found in str. But if character c. d9t1s. not occur in string str then this::;:
returns NULL.:: ·- . _. .- • •..- :.. _ · :. _ ·. - , ... , , . , .
\ • . . . ..,. ;, • ' / :.:; '° • -or t 'J ••.i • , .., : ..., : " "' • j. J • J ~ • 'I' .i, ,, .,. , • •
'
<\• t • •, , ( ,i
.
,

Piogr'ani 8.188: To display .r~nia~nlng Progr a~ . 8.18bo' To display •remainiq I

.chara~te~, ~e~ a_~c ter is_matches ~ ' ~ r wh~na ~~rismatcheswi11M,j

built-in function • • , ·using built-in function. . . . .• . • •
#include<string.h> ,,.header file for sl!chr( )*/ ' main( ) • . .
Dl8ID() . , >
i
'

' i: • '
•
• •
• ':
. ~ ' ''
.•
.,,. l
{ _· •
, '

• ' , '. ' • I '

{ . _ :. ' • . ..:, _;,'. · •,'; • • char str1[20], str2[20],ch;

-_ char sir[~],· ch; • . _,.; . _ .. int. i, j=O, flag=O~ count=1;
clrscr(-); ·• •. 1 • • • • • • . clrscr( ); -. ,-..
. printf('t\nEoter ariy string:· ");. • ., . • ·: .•. •
. • printf(''\nEnter s~gl: ");
. ·. gets(str);. • -_, .. _, , . : ::.·:: •• •,· .- ~, , . ·-. •,: ' ... ·:
gets(strl);
.• J'D'tf("Eottz any character: "); ·i :~: • •• printf(''Enter any character ");
'.''. • ff~" &ch\• ' . ·.: - . -~- •• '. scanfi("%c'',&ch); •' ~< .. ,, ...
sc;ap '-. ' • Ill.•' l -·'1 •. • •
'. -~

/t if1m ct... mnaioing ~ - mm ch•: ~ for(i=O;strl [i] !='\O';i++)

<•· ch) )
I • •

~ •. if( • • •' ~ '. • :' ( •• , I

tant string is ·%s~', strchr(stt, ch)); 1 • • if(strl[i]!=ch &&-flag=O)
.
. ' ' '.

continue;
is not ii llrin8 ~s", ch, Sb'); : ·flag=l;
. str2U++]=strl[i];
}•
if(flag)
{ .• . • ' .
.. • r • ,. I
str2U]='\Q'; . . . ,, s\" ''.su2): ~
printf("Resultanl string IS \ 'l, :::;a}
)
I • • else
'. printf(" '%c' •
_getch( ); IS _not in the string \"%s\" ",ch,sttl):
)

. .
~ t: stn·ng: Su.mit Kumar .
(!)~_ stJY I

~ ~~~m •· • • .
,er:{ string is mit Kumar
8.1 8a . reads a stri n
·
with
~e5ul ,nadon. Pro gra m character. Then replaces that cha racter
pro g and a
~ using stmcat ( ) fun ctio n wh ile
nt in ~ S.lSb. ~eads a string and a character.
Then if
then co
sttiDI. ide for
~ t ~to oelse flag assign
loo p, if it is true
ed 1 and str
rac t
1(
. ·.
statement 1s executed till strl Dnot equal to ch and
cop y ~har~cter by charcter intQ str20.0uts yed
ide for t
8'8 iS equ • equal to 1 the n NU LL cha al string is displa
s tha t cha rac ter is no t in th ~r ~s. Inse!fed at Jth location and fin. . . .
1..nn, if t1agdi1s lay e sbing.
,,.,i •se sp
t, -· . '~ , • • t I

• \~'<.";,{''~'' ., ( )
-i,u :v- . .
• • t
h a specifii charac.ter: It's
·~~~ ... ~

s. all. the ch ~~ ter s (inclu din g blank spaces) wit

.
1biS (unction repla~ .
. • ...•

~- is . . . . ._
cha r *strset(char *s, int c); . t if 'user
1r

nte~ to cha r, c is an inte ger . Th is function returns a pointer to s. Note tha g is

• here s is poi then first NULL .character is found . ,
and nothin
er any stn ng and pre ss ent er key
wot ent . . . . . ..
(kdD . , ..
,iprayed on the screen.
ce all _ a s~ wi ~ ~ Pro gra m 8.19b. To ~place·a11 ~ string with a
,. .. - 8. 1~ To re p~
eru sin g. ~o ilM ~ ~~ r~ te r, ed _b y~ ~w i~ ~~ ~~ 7
_,. cte r e~tered. by us ;- .,_ .- ,~ .: ...,- ~ :.-. . m function. · . . . , . .. . . , _ . .
tr•=·:·· • -• . • · • ..ti. •·;"'. ·~ •►
, • • : • .- . .. , .,
~,;.,. '.

et( _)*./ ~ .. •>::;: ·i - main( ) _.

~ . b > _ /* h~ r f~e for strs • : • I . ' ' • { • .
_,.
• .
;,,.., •····
• .
!\' ,, .. ,..
•. ,: •

.
char str[20],ch;· • •
. • •. • • •! .. , .
• .·', •
.
-)
• • • • •• ,
f .• . ·. • .• , ..·
inti·'
tk str(20], ch; .. ' . ,.
,

.• clrscr( ); ,-. •. .. •• . : .• ~
>;<_;I:·
; •printf("Enter string: "); .
·J
,•.
dncr(); , r. ._~. ' '
"

JIDfimF.nt« string: j; . ' . . . ·~ ...

\
. '

. . _ . •: •
gets(str);
.' ; , . ,, ~.-·.' '~ .·~ •' ..._,~ ' .
gdl(str); . : printf("Enter any character: '?; ;_ .' ';
···. ; ~ - ·.• }, · ,, ·•. . • .
~ -I D Y character: t')~ . . . ch=getche( ); ... . . . .
.' :, • •:· .. •-.·: . • ·:'. ~
cJr,ddle( ); ; : _. . . • , for(i=O;str[i]!='\O'~++) .' .._•.
str
t( , .ch)); str[i]=ch: /$overwrite ch onto str[ J*/. ' •-·. -
pidC'Resultant string is \"~s\'~ ."• ,s~ •
. '
?>: • • ''.
. '·
; .• ·~ tf (~ ia nt ml g -~ ''.'%s\" ":&!
. t • (' ~ • • • ~ ... '

~ , .,,
... ' . . . •
•
"' • . .,.. . .. . . •.·
, '
•
. . ,. • , ,
(
~ ,
41, • • ... ..
.
' "
..•. . ...
... ""
.
... • ')
~
(

' .
.'. . getcb( ); ,_ . • •• • .. •
,,, ( '.

.. . ' .... ' \...

'-r llring: Sumit n Sa n~ p

•y character : $ ·• •
haracter ch using string function while
in
"$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ $'' •·· •'th
llring is ~
Program 8.198. replaces a s~ g WI functi9n.- . . . , . , ' '{ I ...,.
th
• t usi ng in-bu ilt ;::':::::::t :::: ::: :: :::: : : II J-
• ,..:. ¥¢ »4 ':;A U'= :==== :::::
~ does the same W1 OU,..,.,,. ... t
~ ~ p ( >= •• • • • . .. .
, It compares two string and ignore case i.e. cha
racter wntten m upperc~ clrld . .
equivalent The syntax is:
• int stricmp(con~t char *s1, const char *,s2) Ill lo~
This function accepts two arguments: s1 and s2 1 er,
both pointer ·to const and • • \
value. H sl < s2 then it returns negative i.e: < 0,
if sleq
returns positive value. Let us discuss followmg prog ual to s2 then it returns ~eturns ~,
ram , cllld sl ~ 1~
. ~ ~~- :i:'~ compare tw o~ ~4 ign~re ~~
1
#include<string.h> .
,
'1\
., • f • ) -
Outputt:
...ID81D(- •• • • ... ••. •• ~
' • • • "

4
•!: ~. Enterstringl: JAi --•·i ~- •• .·.~, •

• { • •
~ •• '~

Enterstring2:jal
,·-_,'.~ \·. ·,
•

• • ; :·char str1[20],str2[20]; ··, . • • • • • Strings "JAr' & ".al''

. , • • • - 1ft'i -.l )· • • . ··-
, ,... , .. r;~ :::: ;:~
. , Cu"' -'&\ ,. • -· •• - • ,...
. . ~J~ are ~~ U. a}
- .. , . .
.
'.·• . '··• ·pnn··tf(''\nEn•·er stnn ·gt·" )·· .••.• t. • ••• ... I••' .•,.- 1. ~tp u~
"
:. ·• . ••) .
► l :··-, gets(strl); ;.. ~- ·-•~: . : _, : .•.·.: -~ ..- . , i'-·;~ ..
•· ,
•

-~i:it~rL-s~~g(:.S~~t : . l !

printf("\nEnter string2: "); ·Enter string2: Sunieet

. . gets(str2); , __ . .· . Strings "Sumit" & "Sumeet"a[t'niit, .
•. ~-i":i ...,}f (s~ ~s ~t, ~~
)~ ) ;~_tt~~~:~~~~~~~;i~~~cue*/
gS are ~ . ... , ··- ~
• 0

~ ~
tf("Both strin 1 1

\., 1~ • ~,
ual")·
1 1
•1se . ~
, " • •
\. _,;..:·~- .,-., !~~ \:• · - .• - • ,.. v • • ! •.:
~ :,_!. t • ..! ;- ' . ,
• •

e
~ ~
. "'"':
,.,.:,t,..
1•
._ Y,1..i
l,\_.,.,·1' ·

., •
• ,,
'- ♦ t
.•, •.
•
l
tr
t :t.
'I ""·•

l
~ 0 .,, • !": ' , , .. ,'-~,•~
""'4;.1 ;,.,..'•
'f" ti~;~·~
,.,.~ ~~:
J'
- ~
,•
1 '\· " ' , .,.,
~ I (
,
"'
1/,
'
t,,4'

,
._
w 1~:
,t,,4
,, , '
-·,

tJ
).
•
I,,:.
\,
,- .(,,,ii;
:-.:, • •
~
•••
•
"i
1 'j
• , r
..
, . .• . _.'. . . ptjntfC~B~~. s~gs'. ~ ~o~· _eq~")_; .. . . ·,,,,, :'. •'
~:· ,,

. getch( ); . • ,,·-· .. ••
. ,. . •.. . ! • .--: • : ... 'l •• ,

t :N
. OTT ;
.: o • ,. .._. • ~• • ',I

• .,... ,,~ ......... ,,,.........;'""I .. ..,..,_

-t I
If I

.. .
,...,

...
•

,..
• J The strcmpi( ) function ~ ~ macro which . ,J ~ f ..
is equivalent to stricmp. It's prototype in string.I
:.,,_.., .., •t .....,. • •~#• ••-•: -~I

! Try Yourself
• '
_, • I~ I~•• I •

::. • • ! , • :• 1, I

lI ··1 oc om pa re ·~ o~ ~~ 1~ ~~ th
~-) .. 'j,l ~' •
.

ou ~u sin g~ p( -~ _·_· : •. ,:,

- .. '·

, ' >. ; ,1 • ! I • i. ; .' : 7 .. ~ _. • /_ •. - 1' I ,•• ', ; • • I .. ' . ~- . ' • ' I 1

.- This function finds the first occurrence of substrin
displays rest string. g
s2 in string s1·and if it in the string sl Ila
•· 1!:: , . . • .. ,
1
" •. :_. ; ;.'" 1
.:

*
,, • .- ._ . .,
; char *strstr(const char *sl, const char *s2); ;
• • • . cl, +. • • : • •

'. • Returns a P991~.l0. ~* ~~ nt ins~ ~.con~~

.-

both~~~ const.~retumS ~ ~
•• •
:. , -.: 'Y ~ ~<>_n ~ .~ o ~ : : s , 10

urm• s1 . . (· , . ' . ,. ' t l ' • . ' ,-, tam.5 ~~ (points to s2 in sl), or ~ if_s2&ies
• • • • '• . •• • • , • -• •
# •

8.21. To find the-first occlimnce of String ·and dmp . i

lay rest string iuiD& blll
• l I
-1 ••

,.-
' ; il 1 ~, , t
- ..
t i'"1,\•
;, • ~ \I • •• ,. •

strI [20}, str2[20]; •· ! • ' :.

I -, •••
Program ~1. T~ imert a character In a string at any location given by
···maiJic'> - ,. . ' '
J•,.. ...\ • - ' ' ' '
•
._. _ .....
• I ••
t."•_;.• .J- •
• •••• I'
•,
' •
, ....
f ••
·.:...,
', t·
-j·• ;·,., -·.
.._t,, . ·
•~ ..., • • • t •
I .. .. '.' • . •
J ,_ t I
"'
.. 9
- , ""' •
-,
~ •

{ '
• • " • .. •t ,, \ . p ) t • .,. l.,: ii~ ,• .t" •
• ••
I ••
• t
•

char st([50], ch;

inti, loc; ..
1, " '" I

. '• "

t Try Yourself t· . •
I

•
• I

• ~
• • ••

► • ~- t
• • • t ♦ .,. "'" • . , ,- • I •• a

WAP To delete ~ ~ r from a ~ from ll particular toc'at1on given by user.

- • • ': "' _, • • • • ·• -

•
• ..... ~f ~-, • ~- ••~ .... ~ - . - .... , ~
~ilM""'-"'l".'1t: <Jl1'":'V'g"'':.,IU'"•--, ..,,, •• .. •••• ' •• ·- • • • • .,..

, ·':()l:STRINGS': , .,
• • • .
• •

:· .
I
• ; •

1
• 7 •. i ,:._ • •. !~
L.'r'Mlii.el,i
,_ •
-• f\:-.,... ,..'..,. .' '
- - ~ -._...--~.-~ . . . 'f'-'.,.,,.,,__.',(w.\" -\••
. .
• - .,....,,., {
.... • ••
j
-• • ,,..
'
..,.,.._r•
'
...
' • I , . •• 11it ,

~ string is an ~Y_Of.~us ~ like,; ~e Sto~. ~ ~!Cger in·an indeiof 1-d array; astringail
1
l

sto,es ·a clw:acter in a,n index of 1-.d array. On the other handE' ~y of strings can be declalulai
~tores a string it) !l 2d arra~ Lep~s discuss the dec~tion of array; ofstring. • • .. ,. • •
-~o r:a ira • of . . . . .• ·
-1
j 5 ~ - " ' " ~ , . , ' y strings . ,, ' •slrill
• • Array of string declaration is similar to array of char declaration except 10 array~ •
1> ; . •, .,• ·, '

~Jaration another pair of.square bracket& is· used. Let us discuss the following_ syntaX. •
l 'yib eS) 'Jl~ r~.~..1.•(~ is;,,; -· · ·' swi; ;•,: ·.
storage_clas~ d.lta_ ~ arrayJll~ [l~ I ii• I •
~~ ~,. r,-, •.
f;.~_?'~"'
.,~ --~
.,
.....
•1 ~
_./I
__...;

,·,·
~
,..,r
( tern, '"'tat
~ cJass ex
i·
..

:
\
: .... f'\

,. •• ,_,~ i r.: .,.. ~ 1

1
, . c, auto) lie&iers to the•• • · .:. •, •.
, , , l ,
-.1:r, 1...
••

~• •
l~t,
,.

• · ..
i .... ,, ,
JJ.;,
J .. .
i.
"t
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t •
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.•
•
. .... ., !
~.
1
ora&"'- is opti<?.~al,
, . char CSCope. of array variable which . ·r.
st hJ11e refers to the kind of values i.e
1 ts. ,,,,- m this case), , ••~
- naJJle is the name of the array • •
1 dB ,
,rraY- . • ... -: ·; ,.-.. (,
n
I JiinensioD SJZe refers to the tota} Stri ••• •• • ' ~, .,. ••
h gs per row and
, 1~ ..i~111ension size refers to the total· C aracters r · . ·· , , ,' ·
• pe String m a column .. , -, .
~
• .
,
Zlf'> u.µ -
cfin1ens10n size can be a•sv mboli tan , ..
d fi d b . . -·t c con stant or c ~i 1t1v e
·-IP: t1tat :·aJ~~~~~s_ul~_ng i~ pos A

c8!1 ~~~ ~ -~. m~ .· ~-u ~io i'~e fln e preprocessoornds.trectttve .

..-~':cb • • •. •
f!iv •• • •
i! ,str[3][ I Oj; · • .•: •. . •
~ ;. • • : - · • , . •. • . _ , c~l

~~!::~:~~~ y. of ~tring~· whose data ·tyi,e· i Chai-'•. Thehich

Ist
~1 a:- o( , tbe arra
_ 1P ,i,o~e ·:..:i• ·10· rr·
•• .:· • ~- -- • '· • .:-, • ••• • : ngs can be storedand2nd..d·unens1·on SIL.C JS . om w
·oos jZe._ i' .'
~A.aSI ... ' have maximum· 9 chara'c ers. Last character, in every string; is left ·for the null
pr:; pS can .
,et! (\O). .
►" :__ :_~ ...:. :_~
~ _..: ..;_ ~•~ -~
:..•.: "L.:. .•_::••.•~ •a~ ·-:·• ;/•~ '•~- _:_ - :

-:~- ~- --- --- .:• .:. :.. '•.: _·'.

• •
..

e any di . • . • . . •~ . . ?• , •• ,, f

iwa tiJD
6
e of dec lara tion ~ we can not giv
mens1o n stze to O or less than 0.
}.t"'" thods • ~.1D • · -. liz · n
to sto re strings in array of st.: -g Th ~o ~~. ~ ...~ _: ~s1~ 1tia atJo
discu ss bow ~ .• ~~ s:
1
. e3e
\ ,• •.. ~
~ ~
_LetU S . . • • h former
1
tho d . • • •tial · · 1 1 ,.

functio ns. We sha ll first beg m wit

built-ID
-~~. i:¥n%, ')\··~.,.n-i'.?~o"";<.F ·s····TRINmeGI.S
e. usmg 1D1; !~t ion .' :
-- g ' /~r m· J
~ · -~~~-~ , ~... • ...... -<.✓ />.". ,
•
:~,~~~,.~)«~~>.-J>,~..;.l,~~-:,;_.,.~,

of array" ofstiing: :,·.- ··· · r:. :· ·-~.,- ; ·,.J ~; .\ - ~

~~~~\ ·~l',)

'fbe followi ng are the exa mp les of init iaiiia'ti oii

~-fstring*/
chat str[ 3][1 0]= { "Su mit ", "An d", "Sandee~;~_ f; /*3 ~strings·, 9· cliaracte~·
·,.
{"Su mit "}, {"A nd" }, rsa nde ep" } } ; fl' I st dimension size iS dptiddal and
Jfchal' str[ J[ IO]={ */ .
,
string can be e1:1 closed in_ c~r ly bra ces
'f 't'·} · ··{'A ~ ..' '.'d'
.,, . }.
. . , {'S
. : ''..a''
,. ., .n~ ,'d'·
_:, ' e~;. -i .••
' .:;}·_. ·~,
' ' e':~P . -
{~S ' 'u' 'm'·
. . { • •, . , , •,. •
• - SQ'.[][10]= _n
... 3,•• char
• 1 , ••• , -~ . ,.
_r~1:"• ..i.t _i
1:

be wri tt~n sing le quotes*/ '

. . '·· /$.Each cha rac ter of string c·an
,,,,.:r'? , ~...~... ~J
zations is shown below:,..•;:.:;..._,..'· . :-. . ~'!.
Memory representation of above three initiali
_l ••
I-?\..• ii '
.-. l ,\ ............• • ~ • >1
~
f Ill .,. )I.
I
"If ., •
l- t ~l ..

2 3 6 7 8 9•:;..,•· 1
::-1~;.t:.J.~i~:~~~~-..b-,;,>-·•l
0 1 4 5
. J,, .-
'<ft
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,,:
•,
1-•:' .-·,
.~. I •
I
..
,· •
•.4 ♦
Q
,
s~ -: •u:··· '
....... m , t • •
I•
i ::. ·~ ·r ,· '
:"~0 •~0~: ·,o. \0· •J \D"
,; ,.1'.'1i,.~' 1 '"'"" , _.
.,.,·11 _ ....
-11 ~~"' ·~
r.,
- . ' ." J.

·.. •. \0·
VJ
'
n d \0 \0 \0 \0 .,,·' .. ,__,:\O'.
··. :~,\O
~1 A I - •~. ',L

~
-S1, .a .n ~· d.-,. ..•.8,.·,· .e.. . .;... P~-. .\0 ...\0,.~ \0,
~
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•~: -' J •"

•• • ,- ••• , .-, ~ '·• ,

• ,#- ·•";.~· '
: I ,. •• • to, I