CN ____ Name_________________________________________

G12 – _____________________________ Date: __________________ TOPIC 3

SUBJECT: Practical Research 2 (STEM) – Grade 12

TYPE OF ACTIVITY: Supplemental Reading Activity
ACTIVITY TITLE: Chapter 1: Problem and its Background
LEARNING I can understand the process of writing the initial chapter of the research
TARGET/S: paper comprehensively.
REFERENCE/S: SJASQ Research Manual; Teacher’s Research

The introduction should give the reader a clear idea of the central issues about the topic
and a brief foreword why the topic of interest or the research problem is worth studying or
publishing. In other words, the introduction begins with the overview of the study. In the first few
paragraphs or pages (2 to 3), ensure that you capture your readers’ attention.
In writing the introduction, one may want to cite two or more similar studies that had
been conducted in order to justify one’s arguments. Opinions from experts can also be cited
in supporting the discussion. A structure of how to write introduction is illustrated below for
guidance as reflected on the research proposed by Natanawan (2024) titled “In Sync:
Effectiveness of Science Investigatory Project in 5E Model Among Grade 12 Senior High
School Students”:

Introduction

Start with general ideas The government, together with other stakeholders involve, are working
hard to raise the level of science education in the country. As cited by Serafica
(2018), establishing science schools is one tactic to foster students' gifted
potential in science and technology and to encourage them to seek careers in
(Present the state of affairs in such fields. However, looking on the other side of the lens will reveal that the
the area you are studying in a Philippines ranks second from the bottom list of the recent PISA result, as
wider perspective) mentioned in the article written by Malipot (2023), where Filipino students'
performance in science, math, and reading did not significantly improve,
according to the results of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
(You may also quote Development's 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).
authorities if you can to The PISA 2022 results, which were made available online, stated that the
strengthen your introduction) average outcomes in science, reading, and math were roughly the same as in
2018. With that, it is alarming that Filipinos, as seen by the other
countries based on the result of standardized assessment, are less
competent with respect to other countries’ product of educational
system.

Basically, the education reform should start within the classroom to target
(Explain the importance of the root of the problem. By that means, it is possible to gradually develop a
doing the research on the higher understanding in science and technology of the students. In connection,
field on your 2nd paragraph) Yager (2015) claims that science should concentrate on answering students'
queries and providing hints about how to use knowledge in novel contexts.
Oddly enough, though, most scientists are happy to characterize science in
terms devoid of these kinds of "disciplines." Students should undoubtedly be
the ones using their own minds to think, act, and argue. This broad concept of
science is now widely accepted. The NSTA's official position statement on
science definitions should be used once more to capture the essence of the
important implications of STEM reforms.

(on the 3rd paragraph, Science and technology are both human endeavors that involve similar
introduce the study and basic procedures; science entails exploring the natural world in search of
explain how the present study evidence-based explanations for objects and events encountered, while
attempts to address specific technology focuses on the world that has been created by humans. The
problems) mentioned dilemma, as alarming as stated, should be addressed immediately
in order to eradicate the possibility of rippling the effect on the students as they
are geared towards tertiary education.
(Lastly, focus on the As a response, the researcher will probe on using an assessment
importance of your own study intervention in a form of science investigatory project anchored in 5E model.
or research.) With the integration of the science concepts into its practical application, the
students will be able to harness the potential in science and technology as a
reflection of lifelong learning.
Statement of the Problem
(Present a general paragraph
to introduce the main The researcher aims to unfold the effectiveness of using science
problem) investigatory project in 5E model as an assessment intervention.

Distinctively, the researcher seeks to answer the following questions:

(Use a bridge paragraph to
link the specific problems) 1. What are the assessment practices of science teachers in K-12 Senior
High School?
(Include the criteria – stated 2. Is there a significant difference on the use of science investigatory project
in 1,2,3; as well as the in 5E model and the students’ academic achievement in terms of pre-test
parameters – stated in 1.1, and posttest result?
1.2, 1.3) 3. What output can be derived based on the result of the study?

Hypothesis
(You may directly use this
introductory statement in your The researcher will test the following hypothesis with at least 0.05 margin
hypotheses section) of error.

(Ho: Null hypothesis states no Ho: There is no significant difference on the use of science investigatory
significant difference in between project in 5E model and the students’ academic achievement in terms of
treated and controlled variables) the pre-test and posttest result.

(Ha: Alternative hypothesis states Ha: There is significant difference on the use of science investigatory project in
significant difference in between 5E model and the students’ academic achievement in terms of the pre-
treated and controlled variables) test and posttest result.
Conceptual Framework (You are establishing your research from a construct
of ideas and perspectives from known authors)

(Start with the general Learners participate in inquiry-based learning by conducting

research into concepts, issues, or problems. Investigations can take the
concept of the study)
shape of laboratory exercises or other information-gathering activities. The
procedure involves learning more about the subject under investigation and
(If there is a legal basis, then developing a deep understanding of it. The focus of inquiry-based learning
you may cite it as well) is on the student's participation in the learning process. Students are
urged to study the subject, ask questions, and exchange ideas rather than
having the teacher dictate what they should know.
A range of educational methodologies, including philosophical, curricular,
(After that, discuss the and pedagogical ones, are referred to as inquiry-based learning or inquiry-
variables in your research) based science. The instruction must be based on queries pertaining to the
previously covered material. Instead of receiving clear instructions from the
teacher on how to handle problems, pedagogy and curriculum require students
to work independently to find solutions. Teachers and lecturers are viewed as
facilitating learning rather than as repositories of information. As a result, in an
inquiry-based learning environment, the lecturer's or teacher's responsibility is
to guide students through the process of discovering their own knowledge
(Aceska, 2016).
In line with the goal of the 21st century for educational institutions to
guide students to think and learn through inquiry, Madden (2011) mentions
that the guided inquiry learning model is a learning model that fulfills many
curriculum requirements through engagement, motivation, and learning
challenge.
Grant (2011) emphasizes that guided inquiry is defined by educators
identifying issues and certain questions as a research technique, and the
students are given precise and measurable performance goals for
investigation activities. As a result, using guided inquiry learning improves
students' comprehension of the subject matter as well as their capacity to
perform scientific research and processes.
Walker (2015) also claimed that inquiry-based learning reflects
contemporary pedagogical science practice. Inquiry-based learning is based
on constructivist learning theory. These hypotheses are constructivist theories
that scientists themselves have developed based on their own research and
investigations. In a teaching strategy that integrates the best aspects of each
field, this idea strategically links science, science education, and
constructivism's findings.
In connection, Llewellyn (2013) suggests that there are four types of inquiry:
open, directed, demonstrated, and structured. The degree of instructor
participation in students' learning distinguishes the four stages of inquiry. As
the level of inquiry rises, so does teachers' involvement. Teachers participate
most in the shown inquiry, and then less and less in the planned, guided, and
open discussions inquiry. Activities are carried out with a focus on hands-on
learning that attempts to build competence via the process of learning and
(Then, connect the variables acting. Since inquiry learning is created to allow students to engage directly in
with one another to establish the scientific method, it is learning that matches this activity. From the
the importance of conducting aforementioned, it is clear that implementing a science investigatory
your study) project as a tool leading to inquiry of the students in science would be
beneficial for them to fully achieve the competencies needed to be
achieved, especially in the senior high school level.
Theoretical Framework (You are establishing your research based on the
existing theories to be proven by your study)

(Start with the general theory In constructivism, the core principle is that an individual learner must
actively construct knowledge and abilities (Bruner, 1990). Therefore, by their
related to the study)
experiences and interactions with their surroundings, each individual creates
their own reality, regardless of whether there is an objective reality or not.
When someone encounters something novel, they interpret it by filtering it
through mental models, or schemas, that integrate past experiences,
convictions, and assumptions (Prince & Felder, 2006).
(If the theory is obsolete, you Although this theory of learning dates back many centuries, the
may cite other authors who constructivist method was developed more recently as a result of the studies
established recent studies conducted by John Dewey (1933), Jerome Bruner (1990), and Lev Vygotsky
using the same theory.) (1978), as well as Jean Piaget's (1972) work on developmental psychology.
Constructivism comes in two primary flavors: cognitive and social. Piaget's
(1972) theory of cognitive development serves as the foundation for most of
cognitive constructivism. According to Piaget, people must create their own
knowledge, and they do this by gaining experiences. Learning results from
these encounters because they enable the development of schemas or mental
models. Social constructivists emphasize the social environment of learning
more than cognitive constructivists do. The primary proponent of social
constructivism, Vygotsky proposed that language, social context, and cultural
history all have a significant impact on how quickly and how patterns of child
development occur. With the assistance of a more knowledgeable peer,
people can learn concepts and ideas that they are unable to understand on
their own, according to Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development
(Vygotsky, 1978).
(Then, connect the theories
From these, the researcher believes that the same principle, when
with one another to establish applied into an assessment intervention following the inquiry-based
the importance of conducting approach through 5E model would gain an increase in the understanding
your study) of the students and raise their ability to apply concepts and put it into
practice through project-based activity.

Research Paradigm
The research paradigm
serves as a model that forms
the basis of something,
especially one that forms the
basis for methodology,
theory, or concept.

(Title of the figure is placed

below it in boldface text.)
(Describe the input of the The figure above sheds light on the conceptual framework involve in the
paradigm) development and conduct of the science investigatory project as an
assessment intervention. Figure 1 gives the glimpse of the details, the input
shows the prior preparations needed. The researcher will select competencies
which are aligned to the daily activities where the application of the concepts
(Describe the process) can be made. To strengthen that, extensive review of the previous studies and
literatures founded before should be materialized in order to come up with a
strong rationale for every selected competency.
Moreover, organizing of concepts to be included will follow. Then, the
(Conclude it based on the structure of the science investigatory project will be patterned coherent to the
output of the study) 5E model which is relevant to the goal of the project which is to provide an
inquiry-based assessment intervention for the students.

Scope and Limitation

(Include herein are the main This study will focus on the use of inquiry-based assessment tool in a
variables of the study) form of science investigatory project which is entailed on the framework of 5E
model which is mainly focused on the academic achievement of the senior
high school students in science course. The result of the study will be based
(The researcher may state on the pretest and posttest of the students before and after the introduction
the kind of questionnaire or and implementation of the assessment tool. Further, the result of the study will
its basis/ framework) be used as the basis in evaluating and modifying the school’s science
curriculum, specifically of St. Joseph Academy in Sariaya, Quezon, in senior
(As well as the research high level in order to elevate and deepen the understanding of the students in
locale) science courses, with high relevance in General Physics, for the school year
2024-2025.
(Describe the research The study is limited to using a quasi-experimental research design as it
design – for PR2, you will be is aligned to the goal of the research which is to determine the significant effect
of the use of inquiry-based approach, in a form of science investigatory project,
using quantitative method)
in assessing the understanding of the students in science and in applying the
concepts into actual practice. Teacher-made test will be used focusing on the
unpacked competencies from the curriculum guide under senior high science
course. From the instrument stated, t-test will be used in order to statistically
(Describe the respondents of validate the signifance between the results.
the study) Meanwhile, there will be three sections of STEM strands who will be
participating in the study as the study will focus on St. Joseph Academy of
(As well as the sampling Sariaya Quezon. The locale is chosen as it is known to foster academic
procedure and statistical excellence and life-promoting endeavors. Thus, the goal to enhance the
treatment to be used) science curriculum in the school community will be suitable. The time frame of
the study is from August 2024 to June 2025.

Significance of the Study

In this portion, you will state
the benefits of the study. The As the study will probe on the use of inquiry-based approach in
introductory paragraph talks assessing the academic achievement of the students in science in senior high
school level, the study would be beneficial to the following:
about the general importance
Teachers. This study could be helpful for teachers in assessing the
of the study. understanding of the students in science as well as how the students are able
to completely put into practice the theories that they will learn throughout the
(Remember, modal is used academic school year. Moreover, it is a good avenue for teachers to expose
to denote the possible the students in an actual research-based and inquiry-based activity which is a
benefits of the research) vital component of their cognitive development in senior high school level.
Administrators. As the study will probe on the improvement of scientific
literacy of the students, the school administrators may use the result of the
study in order to strengthen the school’s implementation of curriculum and
All else are the researchers’ annual evaluation. Even the output of the study may be used as evidence of
the school’s passion to continuously develop a way of improving the students’
assumptions of the
learning.
importance of the study Students. To be exposed in an actual learning environment where
students will be able to inquire necessary information from the different
resources available at the community is one of the primary foundations of the
study. With that in mind, this study could help the students in realizing the
(The importance of the output importance of inquiry as it is essential in understanding the nature of the
is emphasized) external world. Thus, the study may be beneficial for students in helping them
become expose to the actual problems that may be encountered in everyday
life.
Future researchers. This study could help future researches in deep
understanding of the way how inquiry-based approach is being used in an
actual science classroom. Moreover, this study could be a reference to other
researchers in dealing with the other gaps that the study will encounter.
Definition of Terms
In defining the key terms of
the study, the researchers To fully immersed in the context of the study, the following terms are
should combine the defined conceptually and operationally:
conceptual and operational
5E model is a framework which gives students an avenue for relating scientific
definition. concepts to real-world experiences and adapting what they've learned to
different settings as mentioned by Gerges (2022). In the study, it is the
Conceptual – commonly pattern used by the researcher in crafting the scenarios included in
known as dictionary meaning the science investigatory project.
or cited definition form an
authority. Inquiry, as cited by Hiang’s (2005) elaboration of inquiry includes investigation
of a problem; finding truth or knowledge that requires thinking critically,
Operational – definition making observations, asking questions, doing experiments and stating
based on how the researcher conclusions; and thinking creatively and using intuition. In the study, it
pertains to way of analyzing natural phenomena being used as a strategy
will use the terms in the study
in teaching science.
Example given: Inquiry-based assessments, theoretically, is characterized by more on hands
Conceptual on activities (Poon, Tan & Tan, 2009). In the study, it is described as the
Operational way the teacher implements the intervention used as compared to the
traditional mode of implementation.

After drafting the content, you should also consider the technicalities involved in writing a
research paper as it follows a congruent format to the American Psychological Association (APA).

General Margin General Alignment

Left margin: 1.5 inches Chapters: Center
Right margin: 1 inch Tables and figure title: Left
Top margin: 1 inch Pagination: Right
Bottom margin: 1 inch Chapter heading/sub: Left

Typeface, Spacing, and Font size (all Times New Roman, 12)
Title in cover page: All capitalize, single spaced (1.0)
Title in title page: Bold, sentence case, single spaced (1.0)
Body: Normal, double spaced (2.0)
Chapters, chapter headings, and titles Bold, single spaced (1.0)
References Normal, hanging indent, single spaced (1.0)

Congratulations for reaching this far. You may now proceed in drafting your own
Chapter I titled “The Problem and Its Background”
Just a reminder, in order to present cohesive thoughts and ideas, you may use
transitional devices.