HSE Notes
HSE Notes
( level 2 certificate )
NEBOSH: Nebosh is a name of a board in UK. So it stands for national examination board in occupational
safety and health.
NEBOSH IGC(level 3 certificate): It is international general certificate in occupational safety and health.
Nebosh IGC has two units. Unit IG1 and Unit IG2. In unit IG1 we will study about health and safety
management system. Unit IG1 consists on four elements. In unit IG2 we will study about risk assessment
report and unit IG2 consist on seven elements.
Safety: The freedom from hazards is called safety OR the hard barrier between Safeway and hazard is
called safety. OR the absence of risk of serious personal injury, damage property and loss of environment is
called safety.
Welfare: Provide basic facilities, needs for the workers are called welfare. For example toilets, shelter,
foods, drinking water eye and wash station first aid etc.
Risk: The chance of harm from hazard is called risk. Risk = likelihood x severity.
Hazard: Something that has potential to cause harm is called hazard. For example electricity, work at
height, knife, chemical etc.
There are some common hazards at the construction site such as:
Moving objects
Slip, trip, falls
Noise
Work at height
Manual handling
Collapse of soil
Electricity
Poor housekeeping etc.
Definition: The effective method hazard identification related to specific job and precautionary measure to
be taken is called JSA. OR The process in which we select a specific job breaking down the job into its steps
identifying hazards in each step and creating control to keep worker safe while performing that job.
Steps of JSA (SREDIM)
Benefits of JSA
(2) Legislation
Types of Hazards
(1) Physical Hazard: Those hazards which cause physical injury due to their physical Characteristics is called
physical hazard. For example fire, noise, deep water, electricity, sharp objects
(2) Chemical hazard: Those hazards which cause harm due to their chemical characteristics is called
chemical hazard. For example HCl, silica ( cement dust), mercury, petrol, Hazardous gasses.
(3) Biological Hazard: All micro living organisms which cause disease or illness is called biological hazard.
For example bacteria, virus, fungi, germs
(4) Ergonomic Hazards: The stress and strain put on the body due to bad posture (position) improper
sitting, standing movement is called ergonomic hazard. For example improper operate computer,
repetitive movement, poor posture
(5) Ergonomic condition: The condition which is not suitable for doing work for long term is called
ergonomic condition.
(6) Physiological hazard: Those hazards which cause harm to mind rather than the other body parts is
called physiological condition. For example more thinking, depression, tension, work load.
It is step wise method for controlling hazard. It starts from most effective to less effective.
(a) Elimination (b) substitution (c) Engineering control (d) Administrative control (e) PPE
(1) Elimination: Physically remove a hazard from work place is called elimination.
(4) Administration Controls: (a) Provide proper training (b) Supervision, information, instruction (c) Sign
board (d) Job rotation (e) Break
(5) PPE (personal protective equipment): The cloths or equipment which is wear or held by worker to
protect them from hazard is called PPE.
Types of PPE
(1) Common or general PPE: The PPE which is used commonly is called common or general PPE. For
example safety helmet, safety shoes, safety gloves, safety jacket, safety goggles etc.
(2) Specific or Special PPE: The PPE which is used by worker for specific job is called specific PPE. For
example full body harness, face shield, welding Apron, SCBA (self-contain breathing apparatus)
(1) Morally Reason: (a) worker suffer (b) worker family suffer (c) co-worker suffer (d) society demand
(2) Legally reason: ILO( international labour organization), enforcement action, fine cancellation of licenses
(3) Financially Reason: If health and safety is not properly managed than accident rate will be high. Each
and every accident cost money. This cost divide into two types.
(1) Direct cost (measurable): Medical cost, repairing cost, worker compensation/ worker sick pay, fine,
insurance premium
(2) In-direct cost( Non-measurable): loss of time, loss of raw material due to accident, loss of experienced
worker, loss of reputation, loss of good well of people, loss of industrial relation, loss of contract.
Incident: It is un-planned, un-wanted, un-expected event that may or may not result into personal injury,
damage property and loss of environment is called incident. For example hearing falling objects, hearing
about car crush
Accident: It is un-planned, un-wanted, un-expected event that result personal injury, damage property,
loss of environment is called accident.
Near-miss: It is un-planned, un-wanted, un-expected event that has potential to cause harm but infect did
not so.
Excavation: It is man-made cutting, trenching, and cavity by the removal surface of the earth.
Manually excavation (cold work permit), mechanically excavation (hot work permit)
Trench: A narrow excavation whose depth is greater than their width but not wider than 15 feet.
Cavity: An open excavation whose width is greater than its depth is called cavity.
Hazards of excavation:
Do technical inspection by electrical and chemical department to check, identify and locate
underground utilities. (GPR )
Provide valid excavation work permit
Barrication at least 1m from edge
PPE
If depth is greater than 1.2m then consider confine space.
Confined space and excavation permit
Proper gas testing
Stand by man/ attended( log sheet)
Emergency equipment
If excavation depth is 2.4m then provide excavation plan. Excavation plan provide by civil engineer.
In excavation plan there are descriptions, soil type, near structure, sloping underground utilities.
If depth is 6m than special work permit required. Special work permit issued by CSD (conducting
service department).
The distance between excess and aggress should be 7.5m or 25 feet.
Crane and others heavy vehicles should be at a distance of 2m from edges.
Excavator at 2 feet from edges.
Scaffolding should be erected at a distance 1.5x depth of excavated area.
Do manually excavation with in 3m of underground utilities.
Crane distance from power lines: 50kv 3m or 10 feet, 250kv 6.1m or 20 feet, more than 250kv 7.1m
or 25 feet.
(1) Shoring: it is a type of protective system which is used to support and protect excavation edges from
collapse and cave in.
(2) Benching: In this type of protective system we make steps like stairs.
(3) Sloping: In this type of protective system we dig the soil at a safe angle to provide slope.
(4) Shielding: It is also the type of protective system which consist on trench box, or steel plates or
combination of both. Which protect worker from soil collapse and cave in.
Soil types and slopping angles
Scaffolding: A temporary structure which is used to support worker, materials and equipment’s to work at
height.
Types of scaffolding
Independent scaffolding
Birdcage scaffolding
Cantilever scaffolding
Suspended scaffolding
Mobile scaffolding
Patented scaffolding
Ladder jack scaffolding
Components of scaffolding
Soil board
Base plate
Post standard
Kicker left
Runner leger
Barer transom
Bracing( zigzag, cross, diagonal)
Working plate form
Toe board
Mid rail
Top rail ( 42 inch)
Self-closing drop bar
False upright
Couplers
Hazards of scaffolding
Fall prevention
Fall prevention system save person from falling by providing a barrier between fall hazard and a person.
Example: guardrails, fall restraint system, hard barricading around the excavated area, hard barricading
around floor hole, railing on stair, railing on edge of roof floor
Fall protection
An equipment, a device or a system that mitigates the effect of a fall. Example using safety nets
which arrest falling of person
Arrest falling of materials absorb the impact of the fall and reduce the likelihood of a person being
injured
Tag system
It is a piece of wooden board, metal board or plastic board on which safety instructions are written in
English or local language for awareness of the worker
Yellow tag: it means that this scaffolding is not completed yet. Some parts are missing (top rail, mid rail,
opening)
Green tag: it means that this scaffolding is inspected by authorized person and ready for use.
Red tag: This scaffolding is dangerous, unsafe and not for use
Work at height: Any work above 1.8 m or 6 feet from ground level is called work at height.
Poor visibility
Slip and trip
Snack bite
Sharp edges are not clear
Sleep
Confine space: Any closed area having limited access and aggress and not design for normal living is called
confine space OR
Any space which is not design for human occupancy where entry and exit and movement is difficult is
called a confine space.
Tank
Deep excavation more than 1.2 m
Boilers
Reactors
Manholes
Pipe lines
Vessels
Deficiency of oxygen
Hazardous gasses
Flammable gasses
Poor visibility/ illumination
Poor ventilation
Improper access and aggress
Restricted movement
Snack and scorpion bite
Electricity
Pressurized fluid
High temperature and humidity
Hazard due to Nature of the job doing inside confine space
Visit the job site check condition of work and practices of people
Inspection of PPE
Check safety work plane and work permit and implement
Check that any qualified employees assign for the task
Arrange tool box meeting for worker
Inspection of color cod system
Inspection of poor tools, hand tools and fire extinguisher
Gas testing in confined space
Report any accident/incident immediately to the safety manager
Provide awareness about safety among employees
Prepare daily safety report
Daily safety inspection of site to identify the hazards unsafe conditions and un safe acts report to
supervisor
Checking of all equipment’s with check list
Attend management meeting
Control the identify hazards at work place
Control the unsafe condition and unsafe act
Take disciplinary action against those employees who break safety rules and law in organization at
work place
Do daily basis checking the restricted item at site such as knife, mobile, cigarette, smoking without
desecrated area.
Verbal communication: Use of spoken words. For example face to face meeting, interview, call
Written communication: The exchange of information, ideas or massages through written words in the
form of letters, emails, and notes is called written communication.
Purposes of LOTO: To avoid the accident due to un-expected startup of machinery /equipment
Line of fire
Someone is directly exposed to hazard and may result in accident. Example: standing under suspended
load, in the way of moving machinery.
Fire: Fire is the chemical reaction between fuel, oxygen and heat OR Fire is the chemical reaction of fuel
with required amount of oxygen and heat. During this process light and heat is produced.
Elements of fire ( triangle of fire )
Fuel
Heat
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat
Oxygen
Chemical reaction among them
Class B Fire: (Flammable liquids) petrol, diesel, thinners, oil, and wax
Fire Extinguisher: The device which is used to extinguish the fire is called fire extinguisher.
Water extinguisher
Foam extinguisher
Dry chemical powder extinguisher
Carbon dioxide Co2 extinguisher
Wet chemical extinguisher
Fire Classes Water Foam Dry Powder Carbon Dioxide Wet Chemical
Extinguisher Extinguisher Extinguisher Extinguisher Extinguisher
Class A Fire √ √ √ × √
Class B Fire × √ √ √ ×
Class C Fire × × √ × ×
Class D Fire √ √ √ √ √
Class E Fire × × × √ ×
Class K Fire × × × × √
How to use fire extinguisher
Causes of fire
Short circuit
Source of ignition
Poor storage of flammable
Hot work activity
Smoking without designated
Bad house keeping
Power storage
Kitchen equipment’s
Fire prevention: It is pre-active steps taken to reduce the chances of fire ignition.
Good housekeeping
Designated areas for flammable
Deep tray for chemical spillage
Sign age ( no smoking, no match)
Fire safety training
Supervision and information
Use of good standard electric equipment’s
Do not overload
Barrication
Ventilation
Risk assessment
Security
Fire beater, fire blanket, fire ball, fire hydrant, fire bucket, fire extinguisher, fire hose reel, fire sprinkler
Fork lift: It is an industrial vehicle which has power operated plate form at the front which can be raised,
lowered and inserted underneath a cargo/ load for moving purpose.
Types of forklift
Hazard of forklift
Improper use
Pedestrians/ walkway
Unsecured/ unbalanced loads
Lack of maintenance
Floor condition/ house keeping
Untrained operator
Ramps / slop turn
Over capacity loads or cross load capacity
Overhead obstruction e.g live wire
Seat belt not use
Unit refueling
Precautions of forklift
Crane: It is a heavy machine which is used to move heavy objects from one place to another place by
suspended to his boom. OR A crane is a machine that is used to lift and move heavy loads, machines,
materials and goods for a verity of purposes.
Types of crane: There are two types of crane. (1) Mobile crane (2) Stationary crane
Tower crane
EOT crane
Railroad crane
Floating crane
Gantry crane
Hazard of crane
Suspended load
Crane turn over ( collapse)
Damage tools and tackles
Improper singling to operator
High wind speed
Poor visibility
Soil or ground condition ( uneven/ unstable)
Uncontrolled movement of load
Mechanical failure
Near structure
Overhead power lines
Improper load rating
Excessive speed
Inadequate inspection and maintenance
Unguarded parts
Unguarded/ not barricaded proper swing radius
No boom angle indicator
No using outriggers
Overload
Types of slings: There are three types of slings. (1) Rope (2) wire (3) chain
Hazards of slings
Overloading
Poor condition
Corrosion / rust
Excessive wear
Cracks and bird caging
Reduce diameter
Safe work load: The maximum load that can be apply to lifting equipment safely is called safe work load
Lifting: The action of moving something from a lower to a higher position is called lifting.
Types of lifting
Critical lifting: The lifting near population, structure, power head line, high wind speed, above 40 ton, night
shift lifting, required full boom extension, blind lifting or transom lifting is called critical lifting OR
The lifting that accede 85% of the rated crane capacity is called critical lifting.
Crane capacity: crane capacity = hook block weight+ load weight ÷ safe work load x 100
Permit to work: it is formal documents authorized by a person / group of people to perform a high risky
specific job in safe manner.
Hazardous gasses
H2s
Co
Nh3
Cl2
So2
TLV ( thereshould limited value) TWA( time weighted average): The maximum concentration of a gas in
air to which a healthy person can work for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week without any adverse health
effect is called TLV.
STEL( short term exposure limit): A maximum concentration of a gas in air to which a worker expose for
short term of 15 minutes without any adverse health effect is called STEL.
IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health): The maximum concentration of a gas in air which
immediately dangerous to life and health is called IDLH.
LEL/LFL (lower explosive limit/lower flammable limit): The minimum concentration of a gas in air which
can be burn when source of ignition is introduced.
The maximum concentration of a gas in air which will be burn when a source of ignition is introduced.
OR The maximum concentration of a gas in air above which flame propagation will not occur.
Flash point (FP): Minimum temperature at which a flammable mixture of gas in air will flash when a source
of ignition (spark) is introduced.
Auto ignition temperature (AIT): Maximum temperature required to initiate self-sustained combustion
(burn) of a solid, liquid and gas in the absence of source of ignition is called Auto ignition temperature.
OR Auto ignition temperature is the temperature at which a substance catches fire without any external
spark or flame.
Gas TWA PPM STEL PPM IDLH
Hydrogen sulfide (H2s) 10 15 100
Sulfur Dioxide ( SO2) 2 5 100
Ammonia (NH3) 25 35 300
Chlorine ( Cl2) 0.5 1 10
Carbon monoxide (CO) 25 50 1200
Flammable gasses LEL/LFL(by volume in air) UEL/UFL AIT
Hydrogen sulfide (H2s) 4.3% 45.5% 260c°/500F
Ammonia(NH3) 15% 28% 651.57c°/1204F
Chlorine ( Cl2) 149c°
Carbon monoxide(CO) 12.5% 74% 609c°
Hazardous Gases
H2S Hazards
Eye irritation
Throat irritation
Lose of smell sense ( when inhale for long time)
Lunge irritation
Dizziness, headache, nausea, abdominal pain
Unconscious (may be comma)
Brain damage possible
Death or fetal
Chlorine (Cl2)
It is toxic gas
At normal pressure it is gas but if we increase the pressure it will be convert to liquid
Its color is orange in liquid form
Its color is yellow in gas form
Heavy than air (2.5 times)
It is using 85% in medicine and in drinking water to keep safe
If we expose it result coughing, irritates to throat, nose , eyes and cause unconscious.
NH3 (Ammonia)
It is toxic gas
It has no color
It have smell very pungent odor
Its odor is familiar to many people because it is used commonly in cleaning product
If we expose to NH3 with high concentration in air so it cause immediate burning of eyes, throat
and respiratory trace and can result in blinding, lungs damage or death.
STEL= 35ppm and LEL= 25ppm in this situation we can work
At 300 ppm can cause death.
Risk Assessment: The process of identifying hazards, evaluating the risk, eliminates or control the risk to
acceptable level is called risk assessment.
Identifying hazards
Who might be harm and how
Evaluating the risk and decide on precaution
Record the significant finding and implement
Review and update if necessary
Likelihood severity
(1) Extremely unlikely No injury/ very minor injury
(2) unlikely Minor injury/ first aid injury
(3) possible Lose time injury/ injury for 24 hour
(4) likely Hospital treatment/ major injury
(5) certainly/ very probably Fetal/ death
Health and Safety policy: Any organization has legally and socially obligation to provide safe working
environment for his worker is called Health and safety policy.
Induction training
Posters / displays
TBT ( tool box talk )
HSE meeting
HSE training
ID cards
SOPS
Pay slip
Canteen TV
Notice board
HSE circular
Email
Safety behavior: A single person value, attitude, beliefs towards Health and Safety is called safety
behavior.
Safety culture: The group of people values, beliefs, attitude towards Health and Safety is called safety
culture
Previous experience
Previous audit report
Accident records
Risk assessment
Contractor reputation
Enforcement action record
Competency of workers
Maintenance record
Membership of any professional organization
HSE policy
Adequate resources
Worker training record
Medical records
Worker complaints
License
Previous or current client
Qualification and training record
Safety inspection: The examination of work place, people, equipment, materials and environment is called
safety inspection.(PEME)
Safety tour: It is highly profile inspection of work place including senior manager is called safety tour.
Safety Audit: Independent systematic, objective, critical, documented evaluation of an organization Health
and safety management system.
Internal Audit: The audit done by a company’s own safety professional team is called internal audit.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Influenced internally
Not possess the auditing skill
Not up to date with the legal and international standard
Audition may not notice certain issues
Auditor may not have good knowledge of industrial or legal standards
Auditor may not possess auditing skills so may need training
Auditors are not fully independent so may be subject to international influence
External Audit: The audit done by third party agency external audit team related with safety professional
Advantages
Disadvantages
Expansive
Not familiar with the work place
More time
May not understand the business so make impractical suggestions.
May intimidate workers so get incomplete evidence
Safety inspection Safety audit
Over view ( work place ) in depth evaluation
Individual Dedicated team
Check records Check documents
Required basic competence Expert ( legal international standard )
Part of an audit Check for legal compliances
Less time More time
Only the site performance Management system
No expanses Expansive
Internally Internal and external examine procedure
Look at the physical reality of the work place Look at the management system that lies behind this
Reason for investigation
To avoid reoccurrence
To identify the causes ( root system immediate cause )
To identify the remedial action to improve the health and safety management system
It is legal requirement
For insurance claims/ purposes
To identify the person behind the accident
To take disciplinary action
To identify the training needs
To make trend analysis
To collect and record evidence
Data gathering
Staff moral
Safety standards
Toxic: Any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled,
ingested or absorbed through the skin.
Inhalation (breathing)
Ingestion (eating)
Injection
Corrosive: Corrosives are materials that can attack and chemically destroy exposed body tissues.
Corrosives can also damage or even destroy metal. They begin to cause damage as soon as they touch the
skin, eyes respiratory tract, digestive tract or the metal. They might be hazardous in other ways too,
depending on the particular corrosive material.
It is a valve, which is protecting cylinders from backfire. It calls NRV (non-return valve).
Pyrophoric Materials are substances that ignite instantly upon exposure to oxygen. They can also be
water-reactive, where heat and hydrogen (a flammable gas) are produced.
First Aid: First aid is the immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It is
the initial assistance provide to:
Preserve life
Promote recovery
Medical Treatment Case: A work related injury requiring medical care beyond First Aid is called Medical
Treatment.