IOSH: International occupational safety and health.

( level 2 certificate )

OSHA: Occupational safety and health administration ( level 2 certificate )

NEBOSH: Nebosh is a name of a board in UK. So it stands for national examination board in occupational
safety and health.

NEBOSH IGC(level 3 certificate): It is international general certificate in occupational safety and health.
Nebosh IGC has two units. Unit IG1 and Unit IG2. In unit IG1 we will study about health and safety
management system. Unit IG1 consists on four elements. In unit IG2 we will study about risk assessment
report and unit IG2 consist on seven elements.

Safety: The freedom from hazards is called safety OR the hard barrier between Safeway and hazard is
called safety. OR the absence of risk of serious personal injury, damage property and loss of environment is
called safety.

Health: The absence of disease or illness is called health.

Disease: long term more than 3 months.

ill: short term less than three months.

Welfare: Provide basic facilities, needs for the workers are called welfare. For example toilets, shelter,
foods, drinking water eye and wash station first aid etc.

Risk: The chance of harm from hazard is called risk. Risk = likelihood x severity.

Likelihood: The chance of accident occurrence is called likelihood.

Severity: The result of an accident is called severity.

Hazard: Something that has potential to cause harm is called hazard. For example electricity, work at
height, knife, chemical etc.

Hazard at work site

There are some common hazards at the construction site such as:

 Moving objects
 Slip, trip, falls
 Noise
 Work at height
 Manual handling
 Collapse of soil
 Electricity
 Poor housekeeping etc.

Methods of Hazard identification

(1) JSA (job safety analysis)

Definition: The effective method hazard identification related to specific job and precautionary measure to
be taken is called JSA. OR The process in which we select a specific job breaking down the job into its steps
identifying hazards in each step and creating control to keep worker safe while performing that job.
Steps of JSA (SREDIM)

 Select the job

 Record the steps of the job
 Evaluate the risk associated with each step
 Develop safe work system
 Implement safe work system
 Monitoring

Benefits of JSA

 It identifying the hazards of the concern job

 It increase productive ratio of an organization
 It reduce accident ratio of an organization

(2) Legislation

(3) Manufacture data: Manufacture data provides the following information.

(a) Instruction book (b) operating book

(4) Previous accident

(5) Direct observation

(6) Asking from worker representative

Types of Hazards

(1) Physical Hazard: Those hazards which cause physical injury due to their physical Characteristics is called
physical hazard. For example fire, noise, deep water, electricity, sharp objects

(2) Chemical hazard: Those hazards which cause harm due to their chemical characteristics is called
chemical hazard. For example HCl, silica ( cement dust), mercury, petrol, Hazardous gasses.

(3) Biological Hazard: All micro living organisms which cause disease or illness is called biological hazard.
For example bacteria, virus, fungi, germs

(4) Ergonomic Hazards: The stress and strain put on the body due to bad posture (position) improper
sitting, standing movement is called ergonomic hazard. For example improper operate computer,
repetitive movement, poor posture

(5) Ergonomic condition: The condition which is not suitable for doing work for long term is called
ergonomic condition.

(6) Physiological hazard: Those hazards which cause harm to mind rather than the other body parts is
called physiological condition. For example more thinking, depression, tension, work load.

Hierarchy of hazard controls

It is step wise method for controlling hazard. It starts from most effective to less effective.

(a) Elimination (b) substitution (c) Engineering control (d) Administrative control (e) PPE

(1) Elimination: Physically remove a hazard from work place is called elimination.

(2) Substitution: Replace high hazard by low hazard is called substitution.

(3) Engineering Controls: Barrication, Guards, Isolation ( to cover by something), Separation

(4) Administration Controls: (a) Provide proper training (b) Supervision, information, instruction (c) Sign
board (d) Job rotation (e) Break

(5) PPE (personal protective equipment): The cloths or equipment which is wear or held by worker to
protect them from hazard is called PPE.

Types of PPE

(1) Common or general PPE: The PPE which is used commonly is called common or general PPE. For
example safety helmet, safety shoes, safety gloves, safety jacket, safety goggles etc.

(2) Specific or Special PPE: The PPE which is used by worker for specific job is called specific PPE. For
example full body harness, face shield, welding Apron, SCBA (self-contain breathing apparatus)

Why we should manage healthy and safety at work place?

(a) Morally (b) Legal reason (c) financial reason

(1) Morally Reason: (a) worker suffer (b) worker family suffer (c) co-worker suffer (d) society demand

(e) Employ responsibility, to provide safe system of work

(2) Legally reason: ILO( international labour organization), enforcement action, fine cancellation of licenses

Improvement notice, persecution, imprisonments

(3) Financially Reason: If health and safety is not properly managed than accident rate will be high. Each
and every accident cost money. This cost divide into two types.

(1) Direct cost (measurable): Medical cost, repairing cost, worker compensation/ worker sick pay, fine,
insurance premium

(2) In-direct cost( Non-measurable): loss of time, loss of raw material due to accident, loss of experienced
worker, loss of reputation, loss of good well of people, loss of industrial relation, loss of contract.

Incident: It is un-planned, un-wanted, un-expected event that may or may not result into personal injury,
damage property and loss of environment is called incident. For example hearing falling objects, hearing
about car crush

Accident: It is un-planned, un-wanted, un-expected event that result personal injury, damage property,
loss of environment is called accident.

Near-miss: It is un-planned, un-wanted, un-expected event that has potential to cause harm but infect did
not so.

Excavation: It is man-made cutting, trenching, and cavity by the removal surface of the earth.

Manually excavation (cold work permit), mechanically excavation (hot work permit)

Trench: A narrow excavation whose depth is greater than their width but not wider than 15 feet.

Cavity: An open excavation whose width is greater than its depth is called cavity.

Hazards of excavation:

 Falling of material equipment even person

 Collapse of edge
 Cave in
 Underground utilities
 Hazardous gasses
 Improper access
 Power head line
 Deficiency of oxygen
 Accumulation of water
 If depth of excavated areas is greater than 1.2 meter than consider as cs.

Controls for excavation hazards

 Do technical inspection by electrical and chemical department to check, identify and locate
underground utilities. (GPR )
 Provide valid excavation work permit
 Barrication at least 1m from edge
 PPE
 If depth is greater than 1.2m then consider confine space.
 Confined space and excavation permit
 Proper gas testing
 Stand by man/ attended( log sheet)
 Emergency equipment
 If excavation depth is 2.4m then provide excavation plan. Excavation plan provide by civil engineer.
In excavation plan there are descriptions, soil type, near structure, sloping underground utilities.
 If depth is 6m than special work permit required. Special work permit issued by CSD (conducting
service department).
 The distance between excess and aggress should be 7.5m or 25 feet.
 Crane and others heavy vehicles should be at a distance of 2m from edges.
 Excavator at 2 feet from edges.
 Scaffolding should be erected at a distance 1.5x depth of excavated area.
 Do manually excavation with in 3m of underground utilities.
 Crane distance from power lines: 50kv 3m or 10 feet, 250kv 6.1m or 20 feet, more than 250kv 7.1m
or 25 feet.

Colors of underground utilities

 Red color for electricity cables

 Orange color for communication cables
 Blue color for water pipes
 Yellow for gas pipe line, oil stream
 Green color for sewerage water

Protective system of excavation

There are four types of protective system of excavation

(1) Shoring: it is a type of protective system which is used to support and protect excavation edges from
collapse and cave in.

(2) Benching: In this type of protective system we make steps like stairs.

(3) Sloping: In this type of protective system we dig the soil at a safe angle to provide slope.

(4) Shielding: It is also the type of protective system which consist on trench box, or steel plates or
combination of both. Which protect worker from soil collapse and cave in.
Soil types and slopping angles

Soil type 1: Stable rock 90°

Soil type A: Clay+ Rock 53°

Soil type B: Sand+ Clay+ Rock 45°

Soil type c: Mud+ Gravel+ Sand 34°

Scaffolding: A temporary structure which is used to support worker, materials and equipment’s to work at
height.

Types of scaffolding

 Independent scaffolding
 Birdcage scaffolding
 Cantilever scaffolding
 Suspended scaffolding
 Mobile scaffolding
 Patented scaffolding
 Ladder jack scaffolding

Components of scaffolding

 Soil board
 Base plate
 Post standard
 Kicker left
 Runner leger
 Barer transom
 Bracing( zigzag, cross, diagonal)
 Working plate form
 Toe board
 Mid rail
 Top rail ( 42 inch)
 Self-closing drop bar
 False upright
 Couplers

Hazards of scaffolding

 Falling of materials equipment’s even person

 Electrocution
 Collapse of scaffold
 Erections of scaffold near excavation
 Erection of scaffolding by un-competent carpenter
 Overload
 Working in bad weather condition
 Bad planking
 Using of damage tools, couplers, post standard
 Using of mobile phone
 Using of no tag system
 Blocking of emergency path
 Do not use PPE
Controlling scaffolding hazards

 Providing scaffolding work permit

 Guard rails system ( top rail, mid rail, toe board)
 Fall arrest system ( full body harness, safety built, life line)
 Bay length ( normal weight 2m, heavy weight 1.5m)
 The soil should be leveled
 Erect scaffold at safe distance
 No overloading
 Barrication
 PPE
 Provide tag-system
 The width of working pathway should be 18 inches
 Use unpainted ladder at safe angle( 4:1 or 75°)


Fall prevention

Fall prevention system save person from falling by providing a barrier between fall hazard and a person.
Example: guardrails, fall restraint system, hard barricading around the excavated area, hard barricading
around floor hole, railing on stair, railing on edge of roof floor

Fall protection

 An equipment, a device or a system that mitigates the effect of a fall. Example using safety nets
which arrest falling of person
 Arrest falling of materials absorb the impact of the fall and reduce the likelihood of a person being
injured

Tag system

It is a piece of wooden board, metal board or plastic board on which safety instructions are written in
English or local language for awareness of the worker

Types of tag system

Yellow tag: it means that this scaffolding is not completed yet. Some parts are missing (top rail, mid rail,
opening)

Green tag: it means that this scaffolding is inspected by authorized person and ready for use.

Red tag: This scaffolding is dangerous, unsafe and not for use

Work at height: Any work above 1.8 m or 6 feet from ground level is called work at height.

Hazards of work at height

 Using of mobile phone

 Careless
 Violation of safety rules
 Electricity
 Erection of scaffolding by un-competent person
 Work in ill condition
 Collapse of scaffolding
Safety rules while using ladder

 Use three point contact

 Carry light equipment’s in shoulder bag
 Using of ladder with 4:1 or 75°
 Un-painted ladder
 Heel and top will be tie
 While climbing or down below face should be to ladder and head between two hands

Hazard related to night shift

 Poor visibility
 Slip and trip
 Snack bite
 Sharp edges are not clear
 Sleep

Confine space: Any closed area having limited access and aggress and not design for normal living is called
confine space OR

Any space which is not design for human occupancy where entry and exit and movement is difficult is
called a confine space.

Examples of confine space

 Tank
 Deep excavation more than 1.2 m
 Boilers
 Reactors
 Manholes
 Pipe lines
 Vessels

Hazards of confine space

 Deficiency of oxygen
 Hazardous gasses
 Flammable gasses
 Poor visibility/ illumination
 Poor ventilation
 Improper access and aggress
 Restricted movement
 Snack and scorpion bite
 Electricity
 Pressurized fluid
 High temperature and humidity
 Hazard due to Nature of the job doing inside confine space

Controls for confine space

 C.s entry permit and relevant work permit

 Proper gas testing
 If area is contaminated or oxygen deficiency then provide breathing apparatus or air line
 Provide proper PPE
 Stand by man with log sheet
 Proper berrication
 Emergency team
 Fire equipment should be ready
 Proper illumination
 Proper communication
 Proper ventilation
 Don’t allow cylinder inside confine space
 Electrical light 24 volt, Ac light 50 volt, Dc light 110 volt

Hole watcher: Hole watcher is a person who must be know

 The hazards symptoms and consequences of the confine space.

 He should be awareness of potential hazards
 He monitor entrains and note
 He monitor activities of confined space inside and outside
 He stand at outside of confine space entry point
 He maintain proper communication with entrants
 He control the entry point
 Call the rescuers in case of emergency

Responsibility of safety officer

 Visit the job site check condition of work and practices of people
 Inspection of PPE
 Check safety work plane and work permit and implement
 Check that any qualified employees assign for the task
 Arrange tool box meeting for worker
 Inspection of color cod system
 Inspection of poor tools, hand tools and fire extinguisher
 Gas testing in confined space
 Report any accident/incident immediately to the safety manager
 Provide awareness about safety among employees
 Prepare daily safety report
 Daily safety inspection of site to identify the hazards unsafe conditions and un safe acts report to
supervisor
 Checking of all equipment’s with check list
 Attend management meeting
 Control the identify hazards at work place
 Control the unsafe condition and unsafe act
 Take disciplinary action against those employees who break safety rules and law in organization at
work place
 Do daily basis checking the restricted item at site such as knife, mobile, cigarette, smoking without
desecrated area.

Communication: The exchange of knowledge, information and ideas is called communication.

Types of communication: There are three types of communication

Verbal communication: Use of spoken words. For example face to face meeting, interview, call

Written communication: The exchange of information, ideas or massages through written words in the
form of letters, emails, and notes is called written communication.

Graphical communication: Graphic communication use of pictures, symbols, pictograms, monograms.

Example: cross bone and scull on hazardous substance
LOTO: Logout tag out is a safety procedure which is used to ensure that dangerous equipment’s
completely short off and not able to start up again before the completion of maintenance work.

Purposes of LOTO: To avoid the accident due to un-expected startup of machinery /equipment

Emergency response plane ( ERP)

 Stop the work

 Switch of machinery
 Ensure that there is nobody in confine space
 See wind direction and move in cross direction at 90° to wind to the nearest assembly point
 Lineup and head quantity
 Clearness alarm

Line of fire

Someone is directly exposed to hazard and may result in accident. Example: standing under suspended
load, in the way of moving machinery.

Fire: Fire is the chemical reaction between fuel, oxygen and heat OR Fire is the chemical reaction of fuel
with required amount of oxygen and heat. During this process light and heat is produced.
Elements of fire ( triangle of fire )

 Fuel
 Heat
 Oxygen

Tetra Haden of fire

 Fuel
 Heat
 Oxygen
 Chemical reaction among them

Types of fire: There are 6 types of fire.

Class A Fire: (Combustible materials) paper, wood, plastic, rubber

Class B Fire: (Flammable liquids) petrol, diesel, thinners, oil, and wax

Class C Fire: (Flammable gasses) Natural gas, methane, propane

Class D Fire: (Burning metals) Aluminum, Magnesium, and Potassium

Class E Fire: (Electrical equipment’s) Mobile, AC, and TV

Class F Fire: Cooking oil, Fats

Fire Extinguisher: The device which is used to extinguish the fire is called fire extinguisher.

Types of fire extinguisher

 Water extinguisher
 Foam extinguisher
 Dry chemical powder extinguisher
 Carbon dioxide Co2 extinguisher
 Wet chemical extinguisher
Fire Classes Water Foam Dry Powder Carbon Dioxide Wet Chemical
Extinguisher Extinguisher Extinguisher Extinguisher Extinguisher
Class A Fire √ √ √ × √
Class B Fire × √ √ √ ×
Class C Fire × × √ × ×
Class D Fire √ √ √ √ √
Class E Fire × × × √ ×
Class K Fire × × × × √
How to use fire extinguisher

 We will be stand in the direction of wind

 PASS
 Pull the pin
 Act/ aim base of the fire
 Squeeze the handle
 Sweep side by side

Causes of fire

 Short circuit
 Source of ignition
 Poor storage of flammable
 Hot work activity
 Smoking without designated
 Bad house keeping
 Power storage
 Kitchen equipment’s

How to extinguish fire

Cooling: The removal of heat from fire is called cooling.

Smothering: The removal of oxygen from fire is called smothering.

Starvation: The removal of fuel from fire is called starvation.

Fire prevention: It is pre-active steps taken to reduce the chances of fire ignition.

Ways of fire prevention

 Good housekeeping
 Designated areas for flammable
 Deep tray for chemical spillage
 Sign age ( no smoking, no match)
 Fire safety training
 Supervision and information
 Use of good standard electric equipment’s
 Do not overload
 Barrication
 Ventilation
 Risk assessment
 Security

Fire protection: It is Re-active steps taken to reduce potential of fire.

Ways of fire protection

 Fire detector, smoke detector, flame detector, heat detector

 Fire alarm ( Automatic, MCP manually call point)
 Fire evacuation
 Firefighting

Fire Fighting Equipment

Fire beater, fire blanket, fire ball, fire hydrant, fire bucket, fire extinguisher, fire hose reel, fire sprinkler

Fork lift: It is an industrial vehicle which has power operated plate form at the front which can be raised,
lowered and inserted underneath a cargo/ load for moving purpose.

Types of forklift

 Hand trolley forklift

 Rider down forklift
 Side ladder forklift
 Electrical forklift

Hazard of forklift

 Improper use
 Pedestrians/ walkway
 Unsecured/ unbalanced loads
 Lack of maintenance
 Floor condition/ house keeping
 Untrained operator
 Ramps / slop turn
 Over capacity loads or cross load capacity
 Overhead obstruction e.g live wire
 Seat belt not use
 Unit refueling

Precautions of forklift

 Forklift must be operated only by trained and authorized person

 Perform a check before and after operating the forklift
 Use proper PPE
 Analyze the safety of the work environment
 Operated at safe distance speed
 Ensure that the load is safe and secure
 Make sure that you have clear visibility of path ahead
 Ensure that the forklift is not overloaded
 Avoid abrupt stops
 Pedestrians always have the right of way
 Do not pick up other riders
 Keep alert to floor conditions
 Slow down and sound horn at corners
 Keep the load level stationary when in motion
 Be aware of fork position
 Watch for overhead obstruction
 Avoid turning on ramps or inclines
 Maintain a safe distance from the edges of ramps, docks and platforms
 Use seat belt
 Forklift should be thoroughly inspected

Crane: It is a heavy machine which is used to move heavy objects from one place to another place by
suspended to his boom. OR A crane is a machine that is used to lift and move heavy loads, machines,
materials and goods for a verity of purposes.

Types of crane: There are two types of crane. (1) Mobile crane (2) Stationary crane

Types of mobile crane

 Truck mounted crane

 Crawler crane
 Hydra crane
 All terrain crane

Types of stationary crane

 Tower crane
 EOT crane
 Railroad crane
 Floating crane
 Gantry crane

Hazard of crane

 Suspended load
 Crane turn over ( collapse)
 Damage tools and tackles
 Improper singling to operator
 High wind speed
 Poor visibility
 Soil or ground condition ( uneven/ unstable)
 Uncontrolled movement of load
 Mechanical failure
 Near structure
 Overhead power lines
 Improper load rating
 Excessive speed
 Inadequate inspection and maintenance
 Unguarded parts
 Unguarded/ not barricaded proper swing radius
 No boom angle indicator
 No using outriggers
 Overload

Precaution for crane

 Before starting conduct inspection and fill up the check list

 Crane lifting permit
 Do not overload always left up to its capacity
 Do not operate in high wind ( 32 km/hr or above)
 Soil position should be suitable
 Do not operate in raining condition
 Barricade the swinging load radius of crane and do not allow un-authorized person except trained
and certified rigger
 Rigger should to wear jacket ( visibility jacket)
 The only authorized/ qualified rigger can give signal to crane operator
 Minimum two tag lines should be used to control the swinging of load
 Out rigger fully extended and must be on pad
 After out rigger the distance between tire and ground should be six inches
 Check the ground level and stability
 Check the safe work load
 Check slings wire, shackles and belts
 Not allowed to inter the suspended load
 Never place ( crane ) under the overhead lines
 Valid government license
 Ensure that crane window are clear check all round visibility for possible hazards
 Crane must be setup on stable ground and at a safe distance 2m from excavation and adjacent
structures
 Load must be correctly slung and straight lifted.
 Load is tasted for two level of slings
 Load must not snatch lifted or dropped freely
 Horns must be sounded before lifting
 Area of swing must be checked before swinging
 Do not allow any body to ride on the load
 Load must not be left suspended to the hook
 Do not stand or stay under the suspended load

Types of slings: There are three types of slings. (1) Rope (2) wire (3) chain

Hazards of slings

 Overloading
 Poor condition
 Corrosion / rust
 Excessive wear
 Cracks and bird caging
 Reduce diameter

Safe work load: The maximum load that can be apply to lifting equipment safely is called safe work load

Lifting: The action of moving something from a lower to a higher position is called lifting.

Types of lifting

 Simple lifting ( up to 20 ton )

 Heavy lifting ( 20 ton to 40 ton )
 Critical lifting ( above 40 ton )

Critical lifting: The lifting near population, structure, power head line, high wind speed, above 40 ton, night
shift lifting, required full boom extension, blind lifting or transom lifting is called critical lifting OR

The lifting that accede 85% of the rated crane capacity is called critical lifting.

Crane capacity: crane capacity = hook block weight+ load weight ÷ safe work load x 100

Crane capacity = 4+8÷15.5 x 100

Crane capacity= 77.42

Inspection of crane

 Crane documents ( crane registration , third party investigation certificate, insurance)

 Operator documents ( operating license, TPI competency card, medical fitness test, eye test)
 Crane condition ( hook, slings, rigger,, tires)

Permit to work: it is formal documents authorized by a person / group of people to perform a high risky
specific job in safe manner.

Types of permit to work

 Equipment / line break permit to work ( 9873.1, yellow )

 Hot work permit ( 9873.2, red )
 Cold work permit ( 9873.3, blue )
 Confine space work permit ( 9873.4, green )

Hazardous gasses

 H2s
 Co
 Nh3
 Cl2
 So2

TLV ( thereshould limited value) TWA( time weighted average): The maximum concentration of a gas in
air to which a healthy person can work for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week without any adverse health
effect is called TLV.

STEL( short term exposure limit): A maximum concentration of a gas in air to which a worker expose for
short term of 15 minutes without any adverse health effect is called STEL.

IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health): The maximum concentration of a gas in air which
immediately dangerous to life and health is called IDLH.

LEL/LFL (lower explosive limit/lower flammable limit): The minimum concentration of a gas in air which
can be burn when source of ignition is introduced.

UEL/UFL (upper explosive limit/ upper flammable limit):

The maximum concentration of a gas in air which will be burn when a source of ignition is introduced.

OR The maximum concentration of a gas in air above which flame propagation will not occur.

Flash point (FP): Minimum temperature at which a flammable mixture of gas in air will flash when a source
of ignition (spark) is introduced.
Auto ignition temperature (AIT): Maximum temperature required to initiate self-sustained combustion
(burn) of a solid, liquid and gas in the absence of source of ignition is called Auto ignition temperature.
OR Auto ignition temperature is the temperature at which a substance catches fire without any external
spark or flame.
Gas TWA PPM STEL PPM IDLH
Hydrogen sulfide (H2s) 10 15 100
Sulfur Dioxide ( SO2) 2 5 100
Ammonia (NH3) 25 35 300
Chlorine ( Cl2) 0.5 1 10
Carbon monoxide (CO) 25 50 1200
Flammable gasses LEL/LFL(by volume in air) UEL/UFL AIT
Hydrogen sulfide (H2s) 4.3% 45.5% 260c°/500F
Ammonia(NH3) 15% 28% 651.57c°/1204F
Chlorine ( Cl2) 149c°
Carbon monoxide(CO) 12.5% 74% 609c°
Hazardous Gases

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

 Hydrogen sulfide is produced or generated by decomposition of organic materials

 It is highly toxic gas
 It smell like rotten egg at low concentration ( 0.13ppm)
 It is highly flammable (flammable at 4.3% to 45.5% by volume in air)
 It is colorless
 It is heavier than air (1.8 time)
 It is highly solvable in all

H2S Hazards

 Eye irritation
 Throat irritation
 Lose of smell sense ( when inhale for long time)
 Lunge irritation
 Dizziness, headache, nausea, abdominal pain
 Unconscious (may be comma)
 Brain damage possible
 Death or fetal

Carbon monoxide (CO)

 It is adversely and high toxic

 No smell
 Colorless heavier than air
 When inhale this gas so it displace oxygen in our body and create other poisons in our body
 Explosive limit of carbon monoxide is 25 ppm so we can smell it
 If 400 ppm so it is killed the sense of our smell in five minutes
 Burning eyes and throat
 1200 ppm first we unconscious and if not reduce so we can die.

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

 It is toxic gas and it released naturally by volcanic activity

 It is colorless
 Smell like a struch match
 It effect the respiratory system particularly lungs causing eye irritation and causing too

Chlorine (Cl2)

 It is toxic gas
 At normal pressure it is gas but if we increase the pressure it will be convert to liquid
 Its color is orange in liquid form
 Its color is yellow in gas form
 Heavy than air (2.5 times)
 It is using 85% in medicine and in drinking water to keep safe
 If we expose it result coughing, irritates to throat, nose , eyes and cause unconscious.
NH3 (Ammonia)

 It is toxic gas
 It has no color
 It have smell very pungent odor
 Its odor is familiar to many people because it is used commonly in cleaning product
 If we expose to NH3 with high concentration in air so it cause immediate burning of eyes, throat
and respiratory trace and can result in blinding, lungs damage or death.
 STEL= 35ppm and LEL= 25ppm in this situation we can work
 At 300 ppm can cause death.

Risk Assessment: The process of identifying hazards, evaluating the risk, eliminates or control the risk to
acceptable level is called risk assessment.

Steps of risk assessment

 Identifying hazards
 Who might be harm and how
 Evaluating the risk and decide on precaution
 Record the significant finding and implement
 Review and update if necessary

Risk= likelihood x severity

Likelihood severity
(1) Extremely unlikely No injury/ very minor injury
(2) unlikely Minor injury/ first aid injury
(3) possible Lose time injury/ injury for 24 hour
(4) likely Hospital treatment/ major injury
(5) certainly/ very probably Fetal/ death
Health and Safety policy: Any organization has legally and socially obligation to provide safe working
environment for his worker is called Health and safety policy.

Parts of HSE policy

 Statement of intention ( what they will do )

 Organization ( who will be done )
 Arrangement ( how will be done )

Circumstance to review the policy

 Change in the process

 Change in work location/ work site
 Change in technology
 Change in management structure
 Change in key personal e.g CEO and MD
 Change in ownership
 After accident
 After enforcement action
 After an audit
 Passage of time (annually)
 Type of work
 Legal chance
 After work consultation
Communicating policy

 Induction training
 Posters / displays
 TBT ( tool box talk )
 HSE meeting
 HSE training
 ID cards
 SOPS
 Pay slip
 Canteen TV
 Notice board
 HSE circular
 Email

Safety behavior: A single person value, attitude, beliefs towards Health and Safety is called safety
behavior.

Safety culture: The group of people values, beliefs, attitude towards Health and Safety is called safety
culture

Positive Culture Negative Culture

Good house keeping bad house keeping
Adequate safety measure inadequate safety measure
Less accident more accident
Less absenteeism more absenteeism
Less staff turnover more staff turnover
Effective leadership poor leadership
Adequate risk assessment inadequate risk assessment
Effective H&S policy ineffective H&S policy
Less enforcement action more enforcement action
Decreased insurance premium increase insurance premium
Effective supervision poor supervision
Adequate resource inadequate resource
Selection of contractor: For the selection of contractor you should check

 Previous experience
 Previous audit report
 Accident records
 Risk assessment
 Contractor reputation
 Enforcement action record
 Competency of workers
 Maintenance record
 Membership of any professional organization
 HSE policy
 Adequate resources
 Worker training record
 Medical records
 Worker complaints
 License
 Previous or current client
 Qualification and training record

Safety inspection: The examination of work place, people, equipment, materials and environment is called
safety inspection.(PEME)

Safety tour: It is highly profile inspection of work place including senior manager is called safety tour.

Safety Audit: Independent systematic, objective, critical, documented evaluation of an organization Health
and safety management system.

Internal Audit: The audit done by a company’s own safety professional team is called internal audit.

Advantages

 Familiar with the work place and workers

 Less time
 Less expansive
 Increase internal competency
 Take ownership on the issues identified
 They can see the improvement since last audit

Disadvantages

 Influenced internally
 Not possess the auditing skill
 Not up to date with the legal and international standard
 Audition may not notice certain issues
 Auditor may not have good knowledge of industrial or legal standards
 Auditor may not possess auditing skills so may need training
 Auditors are not fully independent so may be subject to international influence

External Audit: The audit done by third party agency external audit team related with safety professional

Advantages

 Independent of any internal influence

 Expert in legal and international standard
 Up to date
 Experienced in different industries / work place
 Recommendation often carry more weight
 Fresh pair of eyes

Disadvantages

 Expansive
 Not familiar with the work place
 More time
 May not understand the business so make impractical suggestions.
 May intimidate workers so get incomplete evidence
Safety inspection Safety audit
Over view ( work place ) in depth evaluation
Individual Dedicated team
Check records Check documents
Required basic competence Expert ( legal international standard )
Part of an audit Check for legal compliances
Less time More time
Only the site performance Management system
No expanses Expansive
Internally Internal and external examine procedure
Look at the physical reality of the work place Look at the management system that lies behind this
Reason for investigation

 To avoid reoccurrence
 To identify the causes ( root system immediate cause )
 To identify the remedial action to improve the health and safety management system
 It is legal requirement
 For insurance claims/ purposes
 To identify the person behind the accident
 To take disciplinary action
 To identify the training needs
 To make trend analysis
 To collect and record evidence
 Data gathering
 Staff moral

Safety standards

HELMET: -------------------- Z- 89.1 1981 (ANSI) *5240 (BS)

SAFETY GLASS: ------------ Z-87.1 1968 (ANSI) *2092 (BS)

SAFETY HARNESS --------- Z- 359.1 & Z-10.14 (ANSI) *1397 (BS)

SAFETY SHOES ------------ Z-41.1 1967 (ANSI)

RESPIRATOR --------------- Z-88.2 1992 (ANSI)

SAFETY ON SCAFFOLDING ------ A-10.4 1988 (ANSI)

Difference between toxic and corrosive

Toxic: Any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled,
ingested or absorbed through the skin.

Chemical Routes Of Entry

Inhalation (breathing)

Absorption (skin contact)

Ingestion (eating)

Injection
Corrosive: Corrosives are materials that can attack and chemically destroy exposed body tissues.

Corrosives can also damage or even destroy metal. They begin to cause damage as soon as they touch the
skin, eyes respiratory tract, digestive tract or the metal. They might be hazardous in other ways too,
depending on the particular corrosive material.

Flash Back Arrester

It is a valve, which is protecting cylinders from backfire. It calls NRV (non-return valve).

HAZAN, QRA AND HAZOP

HAZAN: Hazardous Analysis

QRA: Quantified Risk Analysis

HAZOP: Hazardous Operation

HAZCH: Hazardous Chemical

HAZAMAT: Hazardous Material

Pyrophoric Materials are substances that ignite instantly upon exposure to oxygen. They can also be
water-reactive, where heat and hydrogen (a flammable gas) are produced.

First Aid: First aid is the immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It is
the initial assistance provide to:

Preserve life

Prevent further harm

Promote recovery

Medical Treatment Case: A work related injury requiring medical care beyond First Aid is called Medical
Treatment.