Data Communication and

CYSE | IT | IS Lecture 4 Course code :

Networking

OSI Models
(1-2)

Dr. Ali Haider Shamsan

Assistant Professor,
Faculty of Engineering and Computing,
University of Science and Technology, Yemen
[email protected]
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Lecture Outlines
• LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer

Review

• Layered Tasks
• Hierarchy
• THE OSI MODEL
• Layered Architecture
• Peer-to-Peer Processes
• Encapsulation

Keywords

Data communication, Network, OSI, Physical layer

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2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

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Physical Layer
• The physical layer is responsible for carrying
individual bits in a frame across the link and medium.
• It deals with the mechanical and electrical
specifications of the interface and transmission
medium.
• It also defines the procedures and functions that
physical devices and interfaces have to perform for
transmission to occur.
• Figure 2.5 shows the position of the physical layer with
respect to the transmission medium and the data link
layer.

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Figure 2.5 Physical layer

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Physical Layer

The physical layer is also concerned with the following:

1. Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium.
• The physical layer defines the characteristics of the
interface between the devices and the transmission
medium.
• It also defines the type of transmission medium.
2. Representation of bits.
• The physical layer data consists of a stream of bits
with no interpretation.
• To be transmitted, bits must be encoded into
signals—electrical, magnetical or optical.
• The physical layer defines the type of encoding .
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Physical Layer

3. Data rate.
• The transmission rate is the number of bits sent each
second
• is also defined by the physical layer.
• In other words, the physical layer defines the
duration of a bit, which is how long it lasts.
•

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Physical Layer

4. Synchronization of bits.
• The sender and receiver not only must use the same
bit rate.
• but also must be synchronized at the bit level.
• In other words, the sender and the receiver clocks
must be synchronized.

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Physical Layer

5. Line configuration.
• The physical layer is concerned with the connection of
devices to the media.
• In a point-to-point configuration,
• two devices are connected through a dedicated link.
• In a multipoint configuration,
• a link is shared among several devices.

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Physical Layer
6. Physical topology.
• It defines how devices are connected to make a
network.
• Devices can be connected by using a mesh topology ,
a star topology , etc.
7. Transmission mode.
• The physical layer also defines the direction of
transmission between two devices:
• simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
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Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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Data Link Layer

• The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw

transmission facility, to a reliable link.
• It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the
upper layer (network layer).
• Figure 2.6 shows the relationship of the data link layer
to the network and physical layers.

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Figure 2.6 Data link layer

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Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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Data Link Layer
1. Framing.
• The data link layer divides the stream of bits received
from the network layer into manageable data units
called frames.
2. Physical addressing.
• If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the
network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame
to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame.
• If the frame is intended for a system outside the sender’s
network, the receiver address is the address of the device
that connects the network to the next one.
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Data Link Layer

3. Flow control.
• If the rate at which the receiver absorbs the data is
less than the rate at which data are produced in the
sender,
• the data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.

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Data Link Layer

4. Error control.
• The data link layer adds reliability to the physical
layer by adding mechanisms to detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frames.
• It also uses a mechanism to recognize duplicate
frames.
• Error control is normally achieved through a
trailer added to the end of the frame.

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Data Link Layer

5. Access control.
• When two or more devices are connected to the same
link, data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link at
any given time.

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Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

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Data Link Layer
• As the figure shows,
• communication at the data link layer occurs between two
adjacent nodes.
• To send data from A to F, three partial deliveries are made.
• First, the data link layer at A sends a frame to the data link
layer at B (a router).
• Second, the data link layer at B sends a new frame to the
data link layer at E.
• Finally, the data link layer at E sends a new frame to the
data link layer at F.
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Data Link Layer
• Note that the frames that are exchanged between the three nodes
have different values in the headers.
• The frame from A to B has B as the destination address and A
as the source address.
• The frame from B to E has E as the destination address and B
as the source address.
• The frame from E to F has F as the destination address and E
as the source address.
• The values of the trailers can also be different if error
checking includes the header of the frame.
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Network Layer

• The network layer is responsible for the source-to-

destination delivery of a packet, possibly across
multiple networks (links).
• Whereas the data link layer oversees the delivery of
the packet between two systems on the same
network (links),
• The network layer ensures that each packet gets
from its point of origin to its final destination.

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Network Layer

• If two systems are connected to the same link, there is

usually no need for a network layer.
• However, if the two systems are attached to different
networks (links) with connecting devices between the
networks (links),
• there is often a need for the network layer to
accomplish source-to-destination delivery.
• Figure 2.8 shows the relationship of the network layer

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to the data link and transport layers.
Figure 2.8 Network layer

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Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

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Network Layer
1. Logical addressing.
• The physical addressing implemented by the data link
layer handles the addressing problem locally.
• If a packet passes the network boundary, we need
another addressing system to help distinguish the
source and destination systems.
• The network layer adds a header to the packet coming
from the upper layer that, among other things, includes
the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.

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Network Layer

2. Routing.
• When independent networks or links are connected
to create internetworks (network of networks) or a
large network, the connecting devices (called
routers or switches) route or switch the packets to
their final destination.
• One of the functions of the network layer is to
provide this mechanism.

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Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

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Network Layer
As the figure shows,
• now we need a source-to-destination delivery.
• The network layer at A sends the packet to the network layer at B.
• When the packet arrives at router B, the router makes a decision
based on the final destination (F) of the packet.
• Router B uses its routing table to find that the next hop is
router E.
• The network layer at B, therefore, sends the packet to the network
layer at E.
• The network layer at E, in turn, sends the packet to the network
layer at F.
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Assignment 3

Survey the three layers in the aspect of

1. What protocols are associated with each layer?
2. What are the potential challenges and solutions at these
layers?
3. Can you think of any emerging technologies or trends that
are impacting these layers?

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