MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CLASS X
GEOGRAPHY
SAMPLE ANSWERS
CHAPTER – 6
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIS

1. “Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand”. Justify the statement.

Ans : The given statement is justified because
a. Industrialisation causes growth in the availability of factory jobs. Thus, as employment rate
increases it pulls people from various places and leads urbanisation.
b. People start moving towards the places where the industry has come up, for jobs and these areas
gradually develop into urban centres.
c. With the setting up of industries in a particular place, various services such as banking, insurance,
transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. also gets attracted to the region. This leads to
more and more people migrating to the region and thus, a small industrial region gets transformed into
a densely populated urban area.
d. The transformation of Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, Manesar in Haryana are examples to justify how
industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand.

2. Explain the factors responsible for the concentration of the cotton textile industry in Maharashtra and
Gujarat.
Ans: In the initial days, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the Maharashtra - Gujarat belt.
This region offered the following advantages.
a) Easy availability of raw cotton from these states
b) Easy availability of market – final product could be easily sold in these as well as the surrounding
states
c) Easy availability of transport networks in the form of road and railway transport
d) Port facilities in Mumbai – for importing machineries and good quality raw cotton from Egypt
e) Easy availability of labour – from Gujarat, Maharashtra as well as the surrounding states
f) Availability of moist climate near the coast helps in spinning raw cotton into yarn

3. “Agriculture and industries are complementary to each other”. Justify the statement with three
reasons.
Ans: Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. The
interdependence of agriculture and industry are proved in the following ways.
• Agriculture provides raw materials needed by agro based industries like cotton textile industry,
sugar industry, vegetable oil industry etc.
• Industries, on the other hand, provide various agricultural equipments such as tractors,
sprinklers, harvesters etc.
• Agriculture provides market or creates demand for goods produced by consumer goods industries
like soap, hair oil, television, refrigerator etc.
• Industries absorb excess agricultural labourers. Thus, industries help in solving the problem
of disguised unemployment in agriculture.
• Agriculture provides food for the industrial workers.

4. Explain any three human factors for the location of an industry.

Ans : Various human factors responsible for location of an industry are as follows.
a. Markets - A company that is close to the consumer population reduces costs and ensures rapid
delivery
b. Availability of cheap and uninterrupted power supply / electricity – This helps in carrying on with the
process of production without interruptions.
c. Labour Supply - Highly skilled workers available at cheap cost are important factors.
d. Transportation - An efficient transportation service is vital to get the raw materials to the
manufacturing unit and supply the finished products to the consumer.

5. How do industries pollute the environment?

Ans: Industries pollute the environment in the following ways.
a) Air Pollution – It is caused by sulphur di oxide and carbon monoxide, air borne particulate matter
such as dust, spray mists and smoke. These are emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick
kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that
ignore pollution norms. Air pollution is also caused by leakage of poisonous gases like MIC
(Methyl isocyanate). Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and
the atmosphere as a whole.
b) Water Pollution – It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged
into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum
refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy
metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and
rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major
solid wastes in India. Various diseases caused due to water pollution include cholera, typhoid, and
dysentery.
c) Thermal Pollution – Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is
drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. This has an adverse effect on the aquatic flora and fauna.
Steps to control Thermal pollution – Cooling the water before discharging it into rivers, ponds or lakes.
d) Land Pollution - This type of pollution take place due to the dumping of industrial wastes, nuclear wastes
etc. on the land. Dumping of wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging,
salts and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water percolates through the soil carrying these pollutants
to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers also
leads to land and ground water pollution.
e) Noise Pollution - It is caused by industrial and construction activities, machineries, factory equipments,
generator saws, drill machines etc. Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also
cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.
Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.

6. Discuss the steps to be taken by the industries to minimize environmental degradation.

Ans: Steps to control Air pollution - Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks
to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be
reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories
Steps to control Water pollution - (i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in
two or more successive stages (ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements (iii) treating hot
water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Overdrawing of ground water reserves by
industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means.
This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological
process (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater.
Steps to control Thermal pollution – Cooling the water before discharging it into rivers, ponds or lakes.
Steps to control land pollution – This can be done by segregation of wastes, recycling waste
products, reducing wastage etc.
Steps to control Noise Pollution - Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted
with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
7. How is the IT industry able to generate employment?
Ans: The Information Technology industry is essentially in the service sector. It inducts and deploys a
large manpower base as it caters to two primary requirements of its clients which are broadly
classified as KPO or knowledge process outsourcing and BPO or business process outsourcing. For
the former domain, Engineers and other sectoral experts are required, while the latter draws people
from the general streams. BPO Companies set up call centres, which require a lot of employees to be
recruited.
The I.T. Companies in India mostly work for overseas companies like GE, Bechtel, Ericsson, BP etc.,
who are multinational companies based in Europe, North America and countries like Japan, as the
latter find it cheaper to outsource work to the former rather than getting it done themselves in their
own countries. The nature of work is diverse in character and hence requires a sizeable manpower
base.
More than 30% of the people employed by this industry are women.

8. Examine the impact of liberalization on the automobile industry.

Ans: The industry has experienced a quantum leap since liberalization in 1991.
Liberalization boosted FDI, which brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global
developments. Introduction of new and contemporary models for different types of passenger
vehicles have led to the growth of this industry by leaps and bounds.

9. “NTPC has set an example of a pollution free industry”. Explain how have they been able to achieve
this goal.
Ans: It is challenging to integrate industrial and economic growth and sustainable development.
However, NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) has shown the way that it is indeed possible
to integrate the two.
NTPC has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has
a pro-active approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and
fuels in places where it is setting up power plants. This has been possible through the following steps.
a) Optimum utilisation of equipments, adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special
purpose vehicles for afforestation.
d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and
liquid waste management.
e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

10. Write the contribution and present growth rate of manufacturing sector in national economy. Suggest
measures to increase the industrial growth rate.
Answer: The share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP. The trend of growth rate
over the last decade has been around 7% per annum. Since 2003, it has shown an increased growth
rate of 9-10% per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12%. To attain this target,
following steps can be taken:
a. Appropriate policy interventions by the government.
b. Renewed efforts by the industries to improve productivity.

12. Why is iron and steel industry called the basic or key industry? Explain.
Answer: a. Since all the other industries—heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
b. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.
c. Steel is needed for construction material, defence and medical equipment.
d. Steel is needed for telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
e. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.

13. Write four characteristics and four major uses of aluminium.

Answer: Four characteristics of aluminium are as follows:
a. It is a light metal.
b. It is resistant to corrosion.
c. It is a good conductor of heat.
d. It is malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.

Four uses (importance) of aluminium.

a. It is used for manufacturing aircrafts.
b. It is used for making utensils and packing material.
c. It is used for making wires.
d. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

14. (a) Name the mineral used for obtaining aluminium. Write its one important characteristic by which it
can be identified.
(b) List two prime factors required for the location of an aluminium smelting plant.
Answer: (a) Bauxite is the raw material used in aluminium industry. It can be identified by its dark reddish
colour and bulky nature.
(b) Two prime factors required for the location of aluminium smelting plant are:

• Regular and cheap supply of electricity.

• An assured source of raw material at a minimum cost.

15. State the importance of the chemical industry:

Ans: a. It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.

b. It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies 12th position in the world in terms of its size.
c. It comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing units producing a variety of items, ranging from
plastic, rubber, soaps, chemical fertilizers to pharmaceuticals.
d. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further
produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer
markets.
e. The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying in both organic and inorganic chemicals,
thereby generating lot of employment.

16. Electronic industry has revolutionized the life of the masses and the country’s economy.” Justify the
statement with suitable arguments.
Answer: Electronic industry has revolutionized the life of the people and the country’s economy because:
It produces a wide range of products from transistor sets to televisions and computers for the masses.
It has helped us set up telephone exchanges, telephones, cellular telecom, radios and many other
equipments which have application in space technology, aviation, defence, meteorological departments,
etc.
It has generated employment for a large number of people. It employed over one million people by March
2005, out of these 30% are women employees.
This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner because of its fast growing Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) Sector.
India is one of the leading countries in software development. We have 18 software technology parks
which provide high data communication facility to software experts.