Data Structures and Algorithm (DSA)

RJU

Unit-2

Cloud computing
Architecture
Dept. of BCA
MMC, TU
[email protected]
9844071035
cloud computing reference model
Platform as a Service
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) is one of three main service models in cloud computing, along
with Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS).
 PaaS provides a cloud-based platform and environment that allows developers to build,
deploy, and manage applications without having to worry about the underlying infrastructure.
 Here are some key features and components of Platform as a Service in cloud computing:
 Development environment: PaaS provides a development environment including tools, libraries and
frameworks for building and testing applications. This environment is typically hosted in the cloud and
accessible through a web browser.
 Application Hosting: The PaaS platform provides a runtime environment to host and run applications. This
environment abstracts away the underlying infrastructure, making it easier for developers to focus on coding
and application logic.
 Scalability: PaaS platforms typically provide auto-scaling capabilities, allowing applications to expand or
contract resources based on demand.This ensures that applications can efficiently handle different
workloads.
 Database Services : PaaS typically includes database services and management tools, allowing developers
to store and manage data more easily. This can include relational databases, NoSQL databases, and other
data storage solutions.
Platform as a Service cont..
 Middleware: The PaaS platform can provide middleware components, such as message queues, caching
systems, and integration services, to facilitate application development.
 Deployment and management: PaaS simplifies the deployment process, often supporting different
deployment methods such as continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD). It also provides
management tools for monitoring, logging, and troubleshooting applications.
 Security and compliance: PaaS providers offer security features, such as identity and access management,
encryption, and compliance certification. It is important to ensure that the PaaS provider complies with your
organization's security and regulatory requirements.
 Multi-tenant: PaaS is typically designed to support multiple users or tenants on the same platform, allowing
organizations to build and manage their applications while sharing the underlying resources.
 Cost Model: PaaS typically follows a pay-as-you-go or subscription pricing model, where you are charged
based on the resources you consume. This can help control costs and align them with actual usage.
 Popular PaaS providers include platforms such as Microsoft Azure App Service, Google App
Engine, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Heroku, and Red Hat OpenShift.
 These platforms support a variety of programming languages, frameworks, and services to
meet different application development needs.
Software as a Service
 Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud computing service model that delivers software
applications over the Internet.
 In the SaaS model, users access software applications and services hosted by third parties,
rather than installing and maintaining software on local devices or servers.
 SaaS is one of the three main categories of cloud services, along with Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS).
 The main features and characteristics of SaaS in cloud computing are:
 Accessibility: SaaS applications can be accessed over the Internet from any device with an Internet
connection and a web browser. This accessibility is often facilitated by web-based interfaces.
 Subscription-based model: SaaS providers typically offer a subscription-based pricing model in which users
pay a recurring fee to access the software. This allows for a more predictable and scalable cost structure.
 Managed Infrastructure: SaaS eliminates the need for users to install, manage, and maintain software on
local devices or servers. Infrastructure such as servers, storage, and networking are managed by the SaaS
provider.
Software as a Service cont..
 Automatic updates: SaaS providers handle software update and maintenance tasks, ensuring users always
have access to the latest features, security patches, and improvements without having to perform manual
updates.
 Multitenancy: SaaS applications are designed to serve multiple customers (tenants) on a shared
infrastructure. Provider guarantees the security and isolation of each customer's data and configuration.
 Scalability: SaaS products are designed to easily scale as your user base and data load increases. Users can
often scale their usage up or down depending on their needs.
 Customization: Although SaaS applications are generally standardized, they often provide some degree of
customization to meet users' specific needs. This customization is typically done through configuration
options rather than by directly changing the code.
 Security and Compliance: SaaS providers invest in security measures to protect user data. Encryption,
authentication, and other security features are often implemented. Additionally, many SaaS providers
adhere to industry-specific compliance standards.
Software as a Service cont..
 Examples of SaaS applications: Many SaaS applications, such as customer relationship management (CRM)
tools (e.g. Salesforce), Office productivity suites (e.g. Microsoft 365, Google Workspace), collaboration tools
(e.g. Slack), Enterprise, etc. are available in various domains. A resource planning (ERP) system (such as SAP
Business One).
 Pay-as-you-go model: Many SaaS providers offer a "pay-as-you-go" pricing model that allows users to pay
for the services they use without any up-front investment in hardware or software.

 SaaS is widely used due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide quick
access to powerful software without the need for extensive infrastructure management.
 This is especially popular in scenarios where companies want to focus on using software
applications rather than managing the underlying IT infrastructure.
Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
 IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the Internet, allowing users to rent and
manage virtual machines, storage, and networking components rather than investing in and
maintaining physical hardware.
 The main features and components of infrastructure as a service in cloud computing are:
 Virtualization: IaaS is based on virtualization technology that abstracts and pools physical resources such as
computing power, storage, and networking. This enables the creation of virtual machines and other
virtualized infrastructure components.
 On-Demand Resources: Users can provision and de-provision resources on demand and scale up or down
their infrastructure based on the needs of their workloads. This flexibility enables efficient use of resources
and cost control. Self-service and automation: IaaS platforms often provide self-service interfaces and APIs
that allow users to autonomously manage and configure resources.
 Computing Resources: IaaS provides virtualized computing resources, including virtual machines (VMs) in
various configurations (CPU, memory, storage). Users can control the operating system, applications, and
configuration within these VMs.
Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS) cont…
 Storage: The IaaS platform provides a scalable and flexible storage solution. Users can provision and manage
storage resources such as block storage, object storage, and file storage. Storage can be easily expanded as
needed.
 Networking: IaaS includes networking services that allow users to configure and manage virtual networks, IP
addresses, firewalls, and load balancers. This allows for the creation of complex network architectures.
 Pay-as-you-go model: IaaS typically follows a pay-as-you-go or consumption-based pricing model. Users pay
for the resources they consume, avoiding upfront investments in hardware and infrastructure.
 Security: IaaS providers have implemented security measures to protect their infrastructure and data. This
includes encryption, identity and access management, network security features, and compliance with
industry standards.
 Examples of IaaS providers: Major cloud providers offering IaaS services include Amazon Web Services
(AWS) with Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure with Azure Virtual Machines, and Compute
Engine. Includes Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and more.
 Scalability: IaaS provides easy scalability to accommodate changing workloads. Users can dynamically add or
remove resources as demand fluctuates.
 Geographic distribution: IaaS providers often have data centers in multiple geographic regions. This allows
users to deploy resources closer to their end users to improve performance and comply with data residency
Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS) cont…
 IaaS is suitable for businesses that require a high degree of control over their IT infrastructure,
need to run custom applications, and need the flexibility to scale resources as needed.
 This is especially useful in development and test environments, when running applications
with a variety of workloads, and when hosting websites and web applications.
Cloud deployment model
 Cloud deployment models identify specific types of cloud environments based on ownership,
scope, access, and the nature and purpose of the cloud.
 There are different deployment models depending on location and infrastructure
administrator.
 To get the most out of a particular cloud deployment type, you need to understand what each
deployment model can do, its features, benefits, and drawbacks.
 Types of cloud deployment model:
 Below are some important types of cloud deployment models.
 Private Cloud: Resources managed and consumed by an organization.
 Public Cloud: resources available to the public on a pay-as-you-go model.
 Community Cloud: Resources are shared by multiple organizations, typically within the same industry.
 Hybrid Cloud: This cloud delivery model is partially managed by the service provided and partially managed
by the organization.
Cloud deployment model cont…
 Adoption issues while deploying the cloud computing:
 Common issues you may encounter during deployment include:
 Without a high availability architecture, it is impossible to provide 100% availability.
 Provider lock-in is also a constant problem for users, but they actually live with it.
 It is nearly impossible to ensure 100% security and privacy.
 Corporate users need to manage business legal documents.
Cloud adoption model: Public cloud model
 As the name suggests, public clouds are available to the general public and resources are
shared by all users. It can be used by anyone from anywhere via the Internet. The public cloud
deployment model is one of the most popular cloud types.
 This computer model is hosted in a provider's data center.
 The public cloud model makes resources such as storage and applications publicly available via
the WWW. It caters to every desire. Therefore, resources are almost unlimited.
 Characteristics of public cloud:
 Key features of public clouds include:
 Uniformly designed infrastructure
 Operates on a pay-as-you-go basis
 Economies of scale
 SLAs ensure every user gets a fair share without prioritization
 Multi-tenant architecture allows data to Very likely to be lost.
Cloud adoption model: Public cloud model cont..
 Advantages of public cloud deployments
 Robust permissions and authentication mechanisms provide high availability anytime, anywhere.
 No cloud maintenance required.
 There is no limit to the number of users.
 The cloud service provider fully subsidizes the entire infrastructure.
 Therefore, there is no need to set up any hardware.
 There are no maintenance fees as the service provider takes care of it.
 Operates on a pay-as-you-go model, so you don't have to pay for items you don't use.
 No large upfront fees, making it ideal for businesses that need immediate access to resources.
 Disadvantages of public cloud deployments
 The advantages and disadvantages of public cloud deployment models are:
 There are many security issues.
 Data protection and organizational autonomy are not possible.
 Unable to control the system hosting the business application.
Cloud adoption model: Private cloud model cont..
 A private cloud deployment model is an environment dedicated to you or your customer.
 All your hardware is yours, so you won't share it with anyone else.
 This is a one-to-one, disposable environment, so you don't have to share your hardware with
anyone else.
 The main difference between private and public cloud deployment models is how the
hardware is handled.
 This is also known as the "internal cloud" and refers to the ability to access systems and
services within the boundaries of an organization or enterprise.
Cloud adoption model: Private cloud model cont..
 Characteristics of private cloud
 We have inconsistent infrastructure.
 Risk of data leakage is very low.
 Provides end-to-end control.
 SLA is weak, but custom policies can be applied.
 Internal infrastructure to easily manage resources.

 Advantages of private cloud deployment model

 Gain complete control over service integration, IT operations, policies, and user behavior.
 companies can adapt their solutions to market requirements.
 provides superior reliability in performance.
 Private clouds allow businesses to adapt their solutions to their specific needs.
 Gain better control over system configuration according to your business needs.
 Private clouds work with legacy systems that do not have access to public clouds.
 This cloud computing model is small and therefore easy to manage.
 Suitable for storing corporate information that can only be accessed by authorized employees.
 Integrate as many security services as possible to protect your cloud.
Cloud adoption model: Private cloud model cont..
 Disadvantages of private cloud deployment
 It is a completely on-premises cloud and requires significant capital to purchase and maintain the necessary
hardware.
 Companies that need additional computing power must invest more time and money in expanding their
infrastructure.
 Scalability is determined by hardware selection.
Cloud adoption model: hybrid cloud model cont..
 A hybrid cloud deployment model is a combination of public and private clouds.
 Creating a hybrid cloud computing model means that a company uses a public cloud while
also having on-premises systems and creating a connection between the two.
 Because they function as a system, they are a favorable model for a smooth transition to the
public cloud over time.
 Security concerns and data protection requirements prevent some companies from operating
exclusively in the public cloud.
 Therefore, you can choose a hybrid cloud to combine your requirements with the benefits of a
public cloud.
 This allows local applications containing sensitive data to run alongside public cloud
applications.
Cloud adoption model: hybrid cloud model cont..
Cloud adoption model: hybrid cloud model cont..
 Characteristics of Hybrid Cloud
 Provides better security and privacy.
 Improves scalability.
 A cost-effective cloud deployment model.
 Simplifies data and application portability

 Advantages of Hybrid cloud

 Offers both public and private cloud capabilities.
 Provides better security than public cloud.
 Public cloud provides scalability.
 Therefore, you can only pay for additional capacity when you need it.
 This gives businesses more flexibility and allows them to develop personalized solutions that meet their
specific needs.
 Data is properly segregated, greatly reducing the chance of data theft by an attacker.
Cloud adoption model: hybrid cloud model cont..
 Disadvantages of hybrid cloud
 This only applies if your organization has different usage or needs for managing workloads.
 Hybrid cloud management is complex.
 Therefore, using a hybrid cloud can lead to overspending.
 Security features are not as good as a private cloud.
Cloud adoption model: community cloud model cont..
 A community cloud is a cloud-based infrastructure model that allows multiple organizations to
share resources and services based on standard regulatory requirements.
 It provides a common platform and resources for companies to address their business needs.
 This cloud computing model is operated and managed by community members, third parties,
or both.
 Organizations that share standard business requirements form members of a community
cloud.
Cloud adoption model: community cloud model cont..
 Advantages of community cloud deployment
 Set up a cost-effective private cloud.
 Helps you collaborate in the cloud.
 It is cost effective because multiple organizations or communities share the cloud.
 You can share resources, infrastructure, etc.
 with multiple organizations.
 A model suitable for both collaboration and data sharing.
 Provides better security than public cloud.
 Provide collaboration spaces that improve customer efficiency.

 Disadvantages of community cloud deployment

 Because of its restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community resources often pose challenges.
 It is not a very popular and widely adopted cloud computing model.
 Security and segmentation are challenging to maintain.
Service oriented architecture SOA
 SOA provides a translation and management layer within the cloud architecture that removes
the barrier for cloud clients obtaining desired services. Multiple networking and messaging
protocols can be written using SOA's client and components and can be used to communicate
with each other.
 There are two major roles within Service-oriented Architecture:
 Service provider: The service provider is the maintainer of the service and the organization that makes
available one or more services for others to use.
 Service consumer: The service consumer can locate the service metadata in the registry and develop the
required client components to bind and use the service.
Service oriented architecture SOA contd…
 Guiding Principles of SOA:
 Standardized service contract: Specified through one or more service description documents.
 Loose coupling: Services are designed as self-contained components, maintain relationships that minimize
dependencies on other services.
 Abstraction: A service is completely defined by service contracts and description documents. They hide their
logic, which is encapsulated within their implementation.
 Reusability: Designed as components, services can be reused more effectively, thus reducing development
time and the associated costs.
 Autonomy: Services have control over the logic they encapsulate and, from a service consumer point of
view, there is no need to know about their implementation.
 Discoverability: Services are defined by description documents that constitute supplemental metadata
through which they can be effectively discovered. Service discovery provides an effective means for utilizing
third-party resources.
 Composability: Using services as building blocks, sophisticated and complex operations can be
implemented. Service orchestration and choreography provide a solid support for composing services and
achieving business goals.
Service oriented architecture SOA contd…
 Advantages of SOA:
 Service reusability: In SOA, applications are made from existing services. Thus, services can be reused to
make many applications.
 Easy maintenance: As services are independent of each other they can be updated and modified easily
without affecting other services.
 Platform independent: SOA allows making a complex application by combining services picked from
different sources, independent of the platform.
 Availability: SOA facilities are easily available to anyone on request.
 Reliability: SOA applications are more reliable because it is easy to debug small services rather than huge
codes
 Scalability: Services can run on different servers within an environment, this increases scalability

 Disadvantages of SOA:
 High overhead: A validation of input parameters of services is done whenever services interact this
decreases performance as it increases load and response time.
 High investment: A huge initial investment is required for SOA.
 Complex service management: When services interact they exchange messages to tasks. the number of
messages may go in millions. It becomes a cumbersome task to handle a large number of messages.
Security, trust and privacy in cloud computing
 Security
 Cloud computing security is an important aspect of protecting data, applications, and
infrastructure hosted in cloud environments.
 As enterprises increasingly adopt cloud services, ensuring data confidentiality, integrity, and
availability becomes increasingly important.
 Important security considerations and best practices for cloud computing include:
 Data encryption
 Identity and access management
 Network security
 Updated system
 Logging and monitoring
 Backup and recovery
Security, trust and privacy in cloud computing cont…
 Trust
 Trust in cloud computing is a multifaceted concept that involves relying on cloud service
providers (CSPs) to provide secure, reliable, and compliant services.
 Building trust in cloud computing is important for businesses considering or already using
cloud services.
 Key factors that contribute to trust in cloud computing include:
 Security measures
 Compliance and certification
 SLA
 Data governance and ownership
 Transparency and communication
 Reliability and redundance
 Risk managemen t
Security, trust and privacy in cloud computing cont…
 Privacy
 Data protection in cloud computing is of great importance, as it concerns the protection of
individuals' personal and sensitive data that is stored, processed, and transmitted via cloud
services.
 Cloud computing presents unique data protection challenges and considerations, and both
cloud service providers (CSPs) and customers share responsibility for ensuring data protection
compliance.
 The most important aspects of data protection in cloud computing are:
 Data ownership and control
 Data encryption
 Access control
 Data minimization
 User consent