R&S®FSWP

Phase Noise Analyzer

User Manual

(;ÛÆQ2)
1177563302
Version 15
This manual describes the following R&S®FSWP models with firmware version 3.01 or higher:
● R&S®FSWP8 (1322.8003K08)
● R&S®FSWP8 (1322.8003K09)
● R&S®FSWP26 (1322.8003K26)
● R&S®FSWP26 (1322.8003K27)
● R&S®FSWP50 (1322.8003K50)
● R&S®FSWP50 (1322.8003K51)

In addition, the following options are described:

● R&S FSWP-B21 (1325.3848.02)
● R&S FSWP-B24 (1325.3725.08)
● R&S FSWP-B24 (1325.3725.26)
● R&S FSWP-B24 (1325.3725.50)
● R&S FSWP-B60 (1322.9800.08)
● R&S FSWP-B60 (1322.9800.26)
● R&S FSWP-B60 (1322.9800.50)
● R&S FSWP-B64 (1322.9900.26)
● R&S FSWP-B64 (1322.9900.50)
● R&S FSWP-K4 (1325.5034.02)
● R&S FSWP-K33 (1325.5040.02)

© 2023 Rohde & Schwarz

Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Muenchen, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

1177.5633.02 | Version 15 | R&S®FSWP

Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol , e.g. R&S®FSWP is indicated as
R&S FSWP.
R&S®FSWP Contents

Contents
1 Safety and regulatory information......................................................19
1.1 Safety instructions......................................................................................................19
1.2 Warning messages in the documentation................................................................ 22
1.3 Korea certification class A......................................................................................... 22

2 Documentation overview.....................................................................23
2.1 Getting started manual............................................................................................... 23
2.2 User manuals and help...............................................................................................23
2.3 Service manual............................................................................................................23
2.4 Instrument security procedures................................................................................ 24
2.5 Printed safety instructions.........................................................................................24
2.6 Data sheets and brochures........................................................................................ 24
2.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA).......................................24
2.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc......................................... 24

3 Preparing for use................................................................................. 25

3.1 Lifting and carrying.....................................................................................................25
3.2 Unpacking and checking............................................................................................25
3.3 Choosing the operating site.......................................................................................25
3.4 Setting up the R&S FSWP.......................................................................................... 26
3.4.1 Placing the product on a bench top...............................................................................26
3.4.2 Mounting the R&S FSWP in a rack............................................................................... 27
3.5 Connecting the AC power.......................................................................................... 27
3.6 Switching the instrument on and off.........................................................................28
3.7 Connecting to LAN......................................................................................................29
3.8 Connecting a keyboard.............................................................................................. 30
3.9 Connecting an external monitor................................................................................ 31
3.10 Windows operating system........................................................................................32
3.11 Logging on...................................................................................................................34
3.12 Checking the supplied options..................................................................................35
3.13 Performing a self-alignment.......................................................................................36
3.14 Considerations for test setup.................................................................................... 36

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R&S®FSWP Contents

4 Instrument tour.....................................................................................38
4.1 The front panel............................................................................................................ 38
4.1.1 Display (touchscreen)................................................................................................... 39
4.1.2 Power key..................................................................................................................... 40
4.1.3 System control keys...................................................................................................... 40
4.1.4 The function keys.......................................................................................................... 41
4.1.5 The Keypad...................................................................................................................42
4.1.6 Navigation Control.........................................................................................................43
4.1.7 RF Input (50 Ω)............................................................................................................. 44
4.1.8 Signal Source Output.................................................................................................... 45
4.1.9 USB ports......................................................................................................................45
4.1.10 Power sensors.............................................................................................................. 45
4.1.11 Probe Power Connector (3 Pins).................................................................................. 46
4.1.12 Noise source control..................................................................................................... 46
4.1.13 Trigger input and output................................................................................................ 46
4.1.14 Baseband input............................................................................................................. 46
4.1.15 External Mixer (Optional).............................................................................................. 47
4.1.16 DC Power Supply..........................................................................................................47
4.1.17 LO AUX input (optional)................................................................................................ 47
4.2 The rear panel..............................................................................................................48
4.2.1 Removable hard disk.................................................................................................... 49
4.2.2 AC power supply connection and main power switch................................................... 49
4.2.3 Display port and DVI..................................................................................................... 49
4.2.4 LAN............................................................................................................................... 50
4.2.5 USB ports......................................................................................................................50
4.2.6 IF / video / demod output.............................................................................................. 50
4.2.7 IF Wide Out................................................................................................................... 50
4.2.8 Sync trigger input and output........................................................................................ 51
4.2.9 AUX Port....................................................................................................................... 51
4.2.10 GPIB Interface...............................................................................................................51
4.2.11 External Generator Control (Optional).......................................................................... 51
4.2.12 OCXO (optional)............................................................................................................52
4.2.13 REF INPUT / REF OUTPUT......................................................................................... 52

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R&S®FSWP Contents

4.2.14 Labels on R&S FSWP...................................................................................................53

4.2.15 Device ID.......................................................................................................................53

5 Trying out the instrument....................................................................54

5.1 Initial setup.................................................................................................................. 55
5.2 Measurements............................................................................................................. 56
5.2.1 Measurement selection................................................................................................. 57
5.2.2 The phase noise measurement.....................................................................................57
5.2.3 The additive noise measurement.................................................................................. 60
5.2.4 The baseband noise measurement...............................................................................63
5.2.5 The pulsed phase noise measurement......................................................................... 65
5.2.6 The pulsed additive noise measurement...................................................................... 65
5.2.7 Adding another measurement channel......................................................................... 67
5.3 Result evaluation........................................................................................................ 67
5.3.1 Trace smoothing............................................................................................................68
5.3.2 Integration ranges......................................................................................................... 70
5.3.3 The Cross-Correlation gain indicator............................................................................ 72
5.3.4 Miscellaneous evaluation tools..................................................................................... 73
5.4 Measurement configuration....................................................................................... 74
5.4.1 Frequency configuration................................................................................................74
5.4.2 The half decade configuration table.............................................................................. 75
5.4.3 Pulsed measurement configuration...............................................................................76
5.4.4 Signal generation.......................................................................................................... 77
5.4.5 DUT power supply.........................................................................................................79

6 Operating the instrument.................................................................... 81

6.1 Understanding the display information.................................................................... 81
6.1.1 Channel bar...................................................................................................................82
6.1.2 Window title bar.............................................................................................................84
6.1.3 Marker information........................................................................................................ 85
6.1.4 Spot noise information.................................................................................................. 86
6.1.5 Measurement progress information.............................................................................. 86
6.1.6 Frequency information in diagram footer...................................................................... 87
6.1.7 Instrument and status information.................................................................................87
6.1.8 Error information........................................................................................................... 88

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R&S®FSWP Contents

6.2 Accessing functions................................................................................................... 89

6.2.1 Toolbar.......................................................................................................................... 90
6.2.2 Softkeys........................................................................................................................ 91
6.2.3 Context menus.............................................................................................................. 92
6.2.4 On-screen keyboard......................................................................................................92
6.3 Changing the focus.....................................................................................................93
6.4 Entering data............................................................................................................... 93
6.4.1 Entering numeric parameters........................................................................................94
6.4.2 Entering alphanumeric parameters............................................................................... 94
6.5 Touchscreen gestures................................................................................................ 96
6.6 Displaying results....................................................................................................... 99
6.6.1 Activating and deactivating channels............................................................................ 99
6.6.2 Laying out the result display with the smartgrid.......................................................... 100
6.6.2.1 Background information: the smartgrid principle.........................................................101
6.6.2.2 How to activate smartgrid mode..................................................................................102
6.6.2.3 How to add a new result window.................................................................................103
6.6.2.4 How to close a result window......................................................................................103
6.6.2.5 How to arrange the result windows............................................................................. 104
6.6.3 Changing the size of windows.....................................................................................104
6.6.4 Switching between a split and maximized window display......................................... 105
6.6.5 Changing the display...................................................................................................105
6.7 Remote control..........................................................................................................106
6.7.1 Remote desktop connection........................................................................................106
6.7.2 Connecting a PC via the GPIB interface..................................................................... 106

7 Applications........................................................................................107
7.1 R&S multiview........................................................................................................... 107
7.2 Available Applications.............................................................................................. 108
7.3 Starting an application..............................................................................................110
7.4 Running a sequence of measurements.................................................................. 112
7.4.1 The sequencer concept............................................................................................... 112
7.4.2 Sequencer settings......................................................................................................114
7.4.3 How to set up the sequencer.......................................................................................115

8 Measurements and result displays...................................................117

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R&S®FSWP Contents

8.1 Basics on phase noise measurements................................................................... 117

8.1.1 Residual effects........................................................................................................... 117
8.2 Performing measurements.......................................................................................118
8.3 Selecting measurements..........................................................................................120
8.4 Result displays..........................................................................................................122

9 Common measurement settings...................................................... 133

9.1 Configuration overview............................................................................................ 133
9.2 Input source...............................................................................................................135
9.2.1 RF input.......................................................................................................................135
9.2.2 Baseband input........................................................................................................... 137
9.2.3 External mixers........................................................................................................... 138
9.2.3.1 Basics on external mixers........................................................................................... 139
Frequency ranges....................................................................................................... 139
Bias current................................................................................................................. 140
Conversion loss tables................................................................................................ 141
9.2.3.2 Mixer settings.............................................................................................................. 143
9.2.3.3 Basic settings.............................................................................................................. 147
9.2.3.4 Conversion loss table..................................................................................................149
Managing conversion loss tables................................................................................ 149
Editing conversion loss tables.....................................................................................150
9.3 Level characteristics.................................................................................................154
9.3.1 Signal attenuation....................................................................................................... 154
9.3.2 Amplitude characteristics............................................................................................ 155
9.3.3 Diagram scale............................................................................................................. 157
9.4 Frequency.................................................................................................................. 158
9.5 Noise measurement configuration.......................................................................... 163
9.5.1 Triggered measurements (phase noise CW).............................................................. 163
9.5.2 Measurement range.................................................................................................... 163
9.5.3 Noise configuration..................................................................................................... 164
9.5.4 Integrated measurement configuration....................................................................... 170
9.5.5 Spot noise information................................................................................................ 173
9.5.6 Spur display................................................................................................................ 174
9.5.7 Frequency stability configuration.................................................................................177

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R&S®FSWP Contents

9.6 Output........................................................................................................................ 177

9.6.1 DC source configuration..............................................................................................178
9.6.2 Signal source configuration.........................................................................................181
9.6.3 Miscellaneous output.................................................................................................. 185
9.6.3.1 Output for noise sources............................................................................................. 185
9.6.3.2 Output configuration....................................................................................................186
9.7 Pulsed phase noise and pulsed additive noise configuration..............................186
9.8 VCO characterization configuration........................................................................190
9.8.1 Sweep configuration....................................................................................................191
9.8.2 Trace configuration......................................................................................................193
9.9 Spot noise vs tune configuration............................................................................ 194
9.9.1 Trace configuration......................................................................................................194
9.10 PN transient analysis configuration........................................................................195
9.10.1 Frequency configuration..............................................................................................196
9.10.2 Trigger configuration................................................................................................... 198
9.10.3 Data acquisition...........................................................................................................200
9.10.4 Amplitude configuration...............................................................................................201
9.10.5 Diagram scale............................................................................................................. 202
9.10.6 Settling time................................................................................................................ 204
9.10.7 Frequency deviation....................................................................................................205
9.10.8 Trace configuration......................................................................................................205
9.10.9 Marker configuration................................................................................................... 206
9.10.10 Limit lines.................................................................................................................... 207

10 Common analysis and display functions........................................ 208

10.1 Result display configuration....................................................................................208
10.1.1 Basic result displays....................................................................................................208
10.1.2 Laying out the result display with the smartgrid.......................................................... 208
10.1.2.1 Background information: the smartgrid principle.........................................................209
10.1.2.2 How to activate smartgrid mode..................................................................................210
10.1.2.3 How to add a new result window................................................................................. 211
10.1.2.4 How to close a result window...................................................................................... 211
10.1.2.5 How to arrange the result windows............................................................................. 212
10.2 Zoomed displays.......................................................................................................212

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R&S®FSWP Contents

10.2.1 Single zoom versus multiple zoom..............................................................................213

10.2.2 Zoom functions............................................................................................................214
10.2.3 How to zoom into a diagram....................................................................................... 216
10.3 Trace configuration...................................................................................................219
10.3.1 Basics on traces..........................................................................................................219
10.3.1.1 Analyzing several traces - trace mode........................................................................ 219
10.3.1.2 Trace averaging.......................................................................................................... 220
Sweep count............................................................................................................... 220
Trace smoothing..........................................................................................................221
10.3.1.3 Spurs and spur removal.............................................................................................. 221
10.3.2 Trace configuration......................................................................................................222
10.3.3 Trace export and import.............................................................................................. 226
10.3.4 Copying traces............................................................................................................ 231
10.3.5 Trace math.................................................................................................................. 231
10.3.6 Trace labels.................................................................................................................232
10.3.7 How to configure traces.............................................................................................. 233
10.3.7.1 How to export trace data and numerical results..........................................................233
10.3.8 References..................................................................................................................234
10.3.8.1 Reference: ASCII file export format............................................................................ 234
10.4 Markers...................................................................................................................... 241
10.4.1 Basics on markers and marker functions.................................................................... 241
10.4.1.1 Activating markers.......................................................................................................242
10.4.1.2 Marker results............................................................................................................. 243
10.4.2 Marker settings............................................................................................................244
10.4.2.1 Individual marker setup............................................................................................... 244
10.4.2.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................247
10.4.3 Marker search settings and positioning functions....................................................... 248
10.4.3.1 Marker search settings................................................................................................248
10.4.3.2 Positioning functions................................................................................................... 250
10.5 Limit lines.................................................................................................................. 251
10.5.1 Basics on limit lines.....................................................................................................251
10.5.2 Limit line settings and functions.................................................................................. 254
10.5.2.1 Limit line management................................................................................................ 255

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R&S®FSWP Contents

10.5.2.2 Limit line details...........................................................................................................256

10.5.3 How to define limit lines.............................................................................................. 258

11 Data management.............................................................................. 262

11.1 Restoring the default instrument configuration (preset).......................................262
11.2 Protecting data using the secure user mode......................................................... 263
11.3 Storing and recalling instrument settings and measurement data...................... 265
11.3.1 Quick save/quick recall............................................................................................... 267
11.3.1.1 Quick save / quick recall settings................................................................................ 267
11.3.2 Configurable storage and recall.................................................................................. 270
11.3.2.1 Stored data types........................................................................................................ 270
11.3.2.2 Storage location and filename.....................................................................................270
11.3.2.3 Save and recall dialog boxes...................................................................................... 271
11.3.2.4 Startup recall settings..................................................................................................273
11.3.3 How to save and load instrument settings.................................................................. 275
11.4 Import/export functions............................................................................................277
11.5 Creating screenshots of current measurement results and settings.................. 279
11.5.1 Print and screenshot settings......................................................................................279
11.5.1.1 Print content settings...................................................................................................279
11.5.1.2 Print preview functions................................................................................................ 282
11.5.1.3 Printer settings............................................................................................................ 284
11.5.1.4 Page setup.................................................................................................................. 287
11.5.1.5 Print color settings.......................................................................................................289
11.5.2 How to store or print screenshots of the display......................................................... 290
11.5.3 Example for storing multiple measurement results to a PDF file................................ 293

12 General instrument setup..................................................................296

12.1 Alignment...................................................................................................................296
12.1.1 Basics on alignment.................................................................................................... 296
12.1.2 Alignment settings.......................................................................................................298
12.1.3 How to perform a self-test........................................................................................... 302
12.1.4 How to align the instrument.........................................................................................303
12.1.5 How to align the touchscreen......................................................................................303
12.2 Display settings.........................................................................................................303
12.2.1 Display settings........................................................................................................... 303

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12.2.1.1 General display settings..............................................................................................304

12.2.1.2 Displayed items...........................................................................................................305
12.2.1.3 Display theme and colors............................................................................................309
12.2.1.4 External monitor settings.............................................................................................313
12.2.2 How to configure the colors for display and printing................................................... 314
12.2.3 How to work with the soft front panels........................................................................ 315
12.2.4 Reference: Keyboard shortcuts for the mini front panel..............................................315
12.3 Reference frequency settings..................................................................................317
12.4 System configuration settings.................................................................................321
12.4.1 Hardware information..................................................................................................321
12.4.2 Information on versions and options........................................................................... 321
12.4.3 System messages.......................................................................................................323
12.4.4 Firmware updates....................................................................................................... 324
12.4.5 General configuration settings.................................................................................... 325
12.4.6 AC power loss behavior.............................................................................................. 327
12.5 Service functions...................................................................................................... 328
12.5.1 R&S support information............................................................................................. 328
12.5.2 Self-test settings and results....................................................................................... 330
12.5.3 Calibration signal display............................................................................................ 331
12.5.4 Service functions.........................................................................................................332
12.5.5 Hardware diagnostics..................................................................................................334

13 Network operation and remote control............................................ 336

13.1 Remote control interfaces and protocols............................................................... 336
13.1.1 LAN interface.............................................................................................................. 337
13.1.1.1 LAN web browser interface......................................................................................... 339
13.1.2 GPIB interface (IEC 625/IEEE 418 bus interface).......................................................340
13.1.3 USB interface.............................................................................................................. 341
13.2 Status reporting system........................................................................................... 341
13.2.1 Hierarchy of status registers....................................................................................... 342
13.2.2 Contents of the status registers.................................................................................. 342
13.2.2.1 Status byte (STB) and service request enable register (SRE)....................................343
13.2.2.2 IST flag and parallel poll enable register (PPE).......................................................... 344
13.2.2.3 Event status register (ESR) and event status enable register (ESE)..........................344

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13.2.2.4 STATus:OPERation register........................................................................................ 345

13.2.2.5 STATus:QUEStionable register................................................................................... 346
13.2.2.6 STATus:QUEStionable:ACPLimit register................................................................... 347
13.2.2.7 STATus:QUEStionable:EXTended register..................................................................348
13.2.2.8 STATus:QUEStionable:EXTended:INFO register........................................................ 348
13.2.2.9 STATus:QUEStionable:FREQuency register...............................................................349
13.2.2.10 STATus:QUEStionable:LIMit register.......................................................................... 350
13.2.2.11 STATus:QUEStionable:LMARgin register................................................................... 350
13.2.2.12 STATus:QUEStionable:POWer register...................................................................... 351
13.2.2.13 STATus:QUEStionable:POWer:DCPNoise..................................................................352
13.2.2.14 STATus:QUEStionable:PNOise...................................................................................352
13.2.2.15 STATus:QUEStionable:TEMPerature register.............................................................353
13.2.2.16 STATus:QUEStionable:TIMe register.......................................................................... 353
13.2.3 Reset values of the status reporting system............................................................... 354
13.3 GPIB languages.........................................................................................................354
13.4 The IECWIN tool........................................................................................................ 356
13.5 Automating tasks with remote command scripts.................................................. 357
13.5.1 The context-sensitive SCPI command menu.............................................................. 358
13.5.2 The SCPI recorder...................................................................................................... 360
13.5.2.1 Recording....................................................................................................................360
13.5.2.2 Managing recordings...................................................................................................363
13.5.2.3 Recording settings...................................................................................................... 365
13.5.3 How to determine the required SCPI command..........................................................366
13.5.4 How to create and export SCPI scripts....................................................................... 366
13.6 Network and remote control settings......................................................................369
13.6.1 General network settings............................................................................................ 370
13.6.2 GPIB settings.............................................................................................................. 372
13.6.3 Compatibility settings.................................................................................................. 375
13.6.4 LAN settings................................................................................................................376
13.6.5 HUMS settings............................................................................................................ 378
13.6.5.1 Basic settings.............................................................................................................. 379
13.6.5.2 Protocol settings..........................................................................................................380
13.6.5.3 Device tags................................................................................................................. 383

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13.6.6 Remote errors............................................................................................................. 384

13.6.7 Returning to manual mode ("local").............................................................................386
13.7 How to set up a network and remote control......................................................... 387
13.7.1 How to configure a network.........................................................................................387
13.7.1.1 How to connect the instrument to the network............................................................ 387
13.7.1.2 How to assign the IP address..................................................................................... 388
13.7.1.3 How to change the instrument name.......................................................................... 390
13.7.1.4 How to configure the LAN using the web browser interface....................................... 391
LAN configuration........................................................................................................392
13.7.1.5 How to change the GPIB instrument address............................................................. 393
13.7.2 How to operate the instrument without a network....................................................... 393
13.7.3 How to log on to the network.......................................................................................394
13.7.3.1 How to create users.................................................................................................... 394
13.7.3.2 How to change the user password..............................................................................395
13.7.3.3 How to configure the automatic login mechanism.......................................................395
13.7.4 How to share directories (only with Microsoft networks)............................................. 396
13.7.5 How to control the R&S FSWP via the web browser interface....................................397
13.7.6 How to deactivate the web browser interface............................................................. 398
13.7.7 How to set up remote desktop.................................................................................... 399
13.7.7.1 How to configure the R&S FSWP for remote operation via remote desktop...............400
13.7.7.2 How to configure the controller................................................................................... 401
13.7.7.3 How to start and close the remote desktop.................................................................403
13.7.7.4 How to shut down the R&S FSWP via remote operation............................................ 405
13.7.8 How to start a remote control session from a PC........................................................405
13.7.9 How to return to manual operation..............................................................................406

14 Remote control...................................................................................407
14.1 Conventions used in SCPI command descriptions............................................... 407
14.2 Common suffixes...................................................................................................... 408
14.3 Common commands.................................................................................................408
14.4 Selecting the operating mode and application...................................................... 413
14.4.1 Selecting mode and applications................................................................................ 413
14.4.2 Performing a sequence of measurements.................................................................. 417
14.4.3 Programming example: performing a sequence of measurements............................ 419

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14.5 Measurements and result displays......................................................................... 421

14.5.1 Measurement selection............................................................................................... 421
14.5.2 Performing measurements..........................................................................................423
14.5.3 Querying results.......................................................................................................... 426
14.5.4 Programming examples.............................................................................................. 436
14.6 Common measurement settings............................................................................. 437
14.6.1 Remote commands to configure the input source.......................................................437
14.6.1.1 RF input.......................................................................................................................437
14.6.1.2 Baseband input........................................................................................................... 439
14.6.1.3 External mixer............................................................................................................. 440
Mixer settings.............................................................................................................. 440
Basic settings.............................................................................................................. 446
Conversion loss table..................................................................................................447
14.6.2 Output......................................................................................................................... 451
14.6.2.1 DC power.................................................................................................................... 452
14.6.2.2 Signal source.............................................................................................................. 461
14.6.2.3 Miscellaneous output.................................................................................................. 465
14.6.3 Remote commands to configure user ports................................................................ 465
14.6.4 Remote commands to configure level characteristics.................................................467
14.6.5 Remote commands to configure the frequency.......................................................... 473
14.6.6 Phase noise measurement configuration....................................................................478
14.6.6.1 Noise configuration..................................................................................................... 478
14.6.6.2 Residual calculation configuration...............................................................................486
14.6.6.3 Spot noise configuration..............................................................................................489
14.6.6.4 Spur display................................................................................................................ 493
14.6.7 Pulsed Phase Noise Configuration............................................................................. 498
14.6.8 VCO characterization configuration............................................................................ 501
14.6.8.1 Sweep configuration....................................................................................................501
14.6.9 Spot noise vs tune configuration................................................................................. 504
14.6.9.1 Sweep configuration....................................................................................................504
14.6.9.2 Trace configuration......................................................................................................506
14.6.10 Transient analysis....................................................................................................... 508
14.6.10.1 Frequency configuration..............................................................................................508

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14.6.10.2 Amplitude configuration............................................................................................... 511

14.6.10.3 Data acquisition........................................................................................................... 511
14.6.10.4 Trigger configuration................................................................................................... 512
14.6.10.5 Y-Axis scale.................................................................................................................515
14.6.10.6 Settling time................................................................................................................ 519
14.6.10.7 Frequency deviation....................................................................................................522
14.6.10.8 Trace configuration......................................................................................................524
14.6.10.9 Marker configuration................................................................................................... 524
14.6.10.10 Limit lines.................................................................................................................... 524
14.7 Common analysis and display functions............................................................... 524
14.7.1 Display configuration...................................................................................................524
14.7.2 Zoom........................................................................................................................... 533
14.7.3 Trace configuration......................................................................................................537
14.7.3.1 Trace characteristics................................................................................................... 537
14.7.3.2 Trace copy...................................................................................................................543
14.7.3.3 Trace export and import.............................................................................................. 544
14.7.3.4 Trace mathematics......................................................................................................547
14.7.3.5 Formats for returned values: ASCII format and binary format.................................... 549
14.7.4 Marker......................................................................................................................... 549
14.7.4.1 Individual marker setup............................................................................................... 549
14.7.4.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................555
14.7.4.3 Marker search............................................................................................................. 556
14.7.4.4 Positioning markers.....................................................................................................557
14.7.4.5 Retrieving marker positions.........................................................................................561
14.7.5 Limit lines.................................................................................................................... 563
14.7.5.1 Managing limit lines.....................................................................................................563
14.7.5.2 Designing limit lines.................................................................................................... 567
14.7.5.3 Reading out the results of a limit check...................................................................... 573
14.7.5.4 Programming Example: Using Limit Lines.................................................................. 574
14.7.6 Examples: configuring the result display.....................................................................575
14.7.6.1 Example 1: adding and arranging windows................................................................ 575
14.7.6.2 Example 2: replacing and removing windows............................................................. 576
14.8 Managing settings and results................................................................................ 577

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14.8.1 Managing files............................................................................................................. 578

14.8.2 Selecting items to store...............................................................................................583
14.8.3 Saving and loading instrument settings...................................................................... 586
14.8.4 Storing and printing screenshots.................................................................................590
14.8.5 Saving measurement results.......................................................................................601
14.8.6 Examples: managing data...........................................................................................601
14.8.6.1 Storing data.................................................................................................................602
14.8.6.2 Loading data............................................................................................................... 602
14.8.6.3 Storing instrument settings..........................................................................................603
14.8.6.4 Loading instrument settings........................................................................................ 603
14.8.6.5 Printing to a file........................................................................................................... 603
14.8.6.6 Printing on a printer.....................................................................................................604
14.9 Configuring the R&S FSWP......................................................................................604
14.9.1 Basic instrument setup................................................................................................604
14.9.2 Configuring the reference frequency...........................................................................606
14.9.3 Calibrating the R&S FSWP and checking temperature............................................... 611
14.9.4 Customizing the screen layout.................................................................................... 617
14.9.4.1 Configuring screen elements...................................................................................... 617
14.9.4.2 Selecting colors and schemes.................................................................................... 620
14.9.4.3 CMAP suffix assignment............................................................................................. 622
14.9.5 Configuring network and remote control..................................................................... 623
14.9.6 Configuring HUMS...................................................................................................... 629
14.9.7 Checking the system configuration............................................................................. 635
14.9.8 Using service functions............................................................................................... 641
14.9.9 Reference: Command Set of 5052 Emulation.............................................................644
14.9.10 Reference: command set of emulated PSA models................................................... 646
14.10 Recording SCPI Commands Automatically............................................................650
14.11 Using the status register.......................................................................................... 654
14.11.1 General status register commands............................................................................. 655
14.11.2 Reading out the CONDition part................................................................................. 655
14.11.3 Reading out the EVENt part........................................................................................656
14.11.4 Controlling the ENABle part........................................................................................ 657
14.11.5 Controlling the negative transition part........................................................................657

User Manual 1177.5633.02 ─ 15 16

R&S®FSWP Contents

14.11.6 Controlling the positive transition part......................................................................... 658

14.12 Programming examples........................................................................................... 659
14.12.1 Service request........................................................................................................... 659
14.12.1.1 Initiate service request................................................................................................ 659
14.12.1.2 Waiting for the arrival of a service request.................................................................. 661
14.12.1.3 Waiting without blocking the keyboard and mouse..................................................... 662
14.12.1.4 Service request routine............................................................................................... 663
14.12.1.5 Reading out the output buffer......................................................................................664
14.12.1.6 Reading error messages.............................................................................................664
14.12.1.7 Evaluation of SCPI status registers.............................................................................665
14.12.1.8 Evaluation of event status register.............................................................................. 666

15 Troubleshooting................................................................................. 668
15.1 Collecting information for support..........................................................................668
15.2 Contacting customer support..................................................................................670

16 Transporting....................................................................................... 671

17 Maintenance, storage, transport and disposal................................672

17.1 Cleaning..................................................................................................................... 672
17.2 Storage.......................................................................................................................672
17.3 Transporting.............................................................................................................. 672
17.4 Disposal..................................................................................................................... 673

List of commands.............................................................................. 674

Index....................................................................................................687

User Manual 1177.5633.02 ─ 15 17

R&S®FSWP Contents

User Manual 1177.5633.02 ─ 15 18

R&S®FSWP Safety and regulatory information
Safety instructions

1 Safety and regulatory information

The product documentation helps you use the product safely and efficiently. Follow the
instructions provided here and in the following chapters.

Intended use
The product is intended for the development, production and verification of electronic
components and devices in industrial, administrative, and laboratory environments.
Use the product only for its designated purpose. Observe the operating conditions and
performance limits stated in the data sheet.

Target audience

Where do I find safety information?

Safety information is part of the product documentation. It warns you of potential dan-
gers and gives instructions on how to prevent personal injury or damage caused by
dangerous situations. Safety information is provided as follows:
● In Chapter 1.1, "Safety instructions", on page 19. The same information is provi-
ded in many languages as printed "Safety Instructions". The printed "Safety
Instructions" are delivered with the product.
● Throughout the documentation, safety instructions are provided when you need to
take care during setup or operation.

1.1 Safety instructions

Products from the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies are manufactured according
to the highest technical standards. To use the products safely, follow the instructions
provided here and in the product documentation. Keep the product documentation
nearby and offer it to other users.
Use the product only for its intended use and within its performance limits. Intended
use and limits are described in the product documentation such as the data sheet,
manuals and the printed "Safety Instructions". If you are unsure about the appropriate
use, contact Rohde & Schwarz customer service.
Using the product requires specialists or specially trained personnel. These users also
need sound knowledge of at least one of the languages in which the user interfaces
and the product documentation are available.
Reconfigure or adjust the product only as described in the product documentation or
the data sheet. Any other modifications can affect safety and are not permitted.
Never open the casing of the product. Only service personnel authorized by
Rohde & Schwarz are allowed to repair the product. If any part of the product is dam-
aged or broken, stop using the product. Contact Rohde & Schwarz customer service at
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/support.

User Manual 1177.5633.02 ─ 15 19

R&S®FSWP Safety and regulatory information
Safety instructions

Lifting and carrying the product

The product is heavy. Do not move or carry the product by yourself. A single person
can only carry a maximum of 18 kg safely depending on age, gender and physical con-
dition. Look up the maximum weight in the data sheet. Use the product handles to
move or carry the product. Do not lift by the accessories mounted on the product.
Accessories are not designed to carry the weight of the product.
To move the product safely, you can use lifting or transporting equipment such as lift
trucks and forklifts. Follow the instructions provided by the equipment manufacturer.

Choosing the operating site

Only use the product indoors. The product casing is not waterproof. Water that enters
can electrically connect the casing with live parts, which can lead to electric shock,
serious personal injury or death if you touch the casing. If Rohde & Schwarz provides
accessories designed for your product, e.g. a carrying bag, you can use the product
outdoors.
Unless otherwise specified, you can operate the product up to an altitude of 2000 m
above sea level. The product is suitable for pollution degree 2 environments where
nonconductive contamination can occur. For more information on environmental condi-
tions such as ambient temperature and humidity, see the data sheet.

Setting up the product

Always place the product on a stable, flat and level surface with the bottom of the prod-
uct facing down. If the product is designed for different positions, secure the product so
that it cannot fall over.
If the product has foldable feet, always fold the feet completely in or out to ensure sta-
bility. The feet can collapse if they are not folded out completely or if the product is
moved without lifting it. The foldable feet are designed to carry the weight of the prod-
uct, but not an extra load.
If stacking is possible, keep in mind that a stack of products can fall over and cause
injury.
If you mount products in a rack, ensure that the rack has sufficient load capacity and
stability. Observe the specifications of the rack manufacturer. Always install the prod-
ucts from the bottom shelf to the top shelf so that the rack stands securely. Secure the
product so that it cannot fall off the rack.

Connecting to power
The product is an overvoltage category II product. Connect the product to a fixed
installation used to supply energy-consuming equipment such as household applian-
ces and similar loads. Keep in mind that electrically powered products have risks, such
as electric shock, fire, personal injury or even death. Replace parts that are relevant to
safety only by original parts, e.g. power cables or fuses.

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R&S®FSWP Safety and regulatory information
Safety instructions

Take the following measures for your safety:

● Before switching on the product, ensure that the voltage and frequency indicated
on the product match the available power source. If the power adapter does not
adjust automatically, set the correct value and check the rating of the fuse.
● Only use the power cable delivered with the product. It complies with country-spe-
cific safety requirements. Only insert the plug into an outlet with protective conduc-
tor terminal.
● Only use intact cables and route them carefully so that they cannot be damaged.
Check the power cables regularly to ensure that they are undamaged. Also ensure
that nobody can trip over loose cables.
● If you connect the product to an external power supply, use the one delivered with
the product or recommended in the product documentation. The external power
supply must conform to the country-specific regulations.
● Only connect the product to a power source with a fuse protection of maximum
20 A.
● Ensure that you can disconnect the product from the power source at any time.
Pull the power plug to disconnect the product. The power plug must be easily
accessible. If the product is integrated into a system that does not meet these
requirements, provide an easily accessible circuit breaker at the system level.

Cleaning the product

Use a dry, lint-free cloth to clean the product. When cleaning, keep in mind that the
casing is not waterproof. Do not use liquid cleaning agents.

Meaning of safety labels

Safety labels on the product warn against potential hazards.

Potential hazard
Read the product documentation to avoid personal injury or product damage.

Heavy product
Be careful when lifting, moving or carrying the product. Carrying the product requires a suffi-
cient number of persons or transport equipment.

Electrical hazard
Indicates live parts. Risk of electric shock, fire, personal injury or even death.

Hot surface
Do not touch. Risk of skin burns. Risk of fire.

Protective conductor terminal

Connect this terminal to a grounded external conductor or to protective ground. This connec-
tion protects you against electric shock if an electric problem occurs.

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R&S®FSWP Safety and regulatory information
Korea certification class A

1.2 Warning messages in the documentation

A warning message points out a risk or danger that you need to be aware of. The sig-
nal word indicates the severity of the safety hazard and how likely it will occur if you do
not follow the safety precautions.

WARNING
Potentially hazardous situation. Could result in death or serious injury if not avoided.

CAUTION
Potentially hazardous situation. Could result in minor or moderate injury if not avoided.

NOTICE
Potential risks of damage. Could result in damage to the supported product or to other
property.

1.3 Korea certification class A

이 기기는 업무용(A급) 전자파 적합기기로서 판매자 또는 사용자는 이 점을 주의하시기

바라며, 가정외의 지역에서 사용하는 것을 목적으로 합니다.

User Manual 1177.5633.02 ─ 15 22

R&S®FSWP Documentation overview
Service manual

2 Documentation overview
This section provides an overview of the R&S FSWP user documentation. Unless
specified otherwise, you find the documents at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/FSWP

2.1 Getting started manual

Introduces the R&S FSWP and describes how to set up and start working with the
product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general infor-
mation, e.g. safety instructions, etc.
A printed version is delivered with the instrument. A PDF version is available for down-
load on the Internet.

2.2 User manuals and help

The user manual contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also
provides an introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control
commands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument
interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.
The contents of the user manual are available as help in the R&S FSWP. The help
offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the instrument
and its firmware.
The user manual is also available for download or for immediate display on the Inter-
net.

2.3 Service manual

Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replace-
ment and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains
mechanical drawings and spare part lists.
The service manual is available for registered users on the global Rohde & Schwarz
information system (GLORIS):
https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com

User Manual 1177.5633.02 ─ 15 23

R&S®FSWP Documentation overview
Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.

2.4 Instrument security procedures

Deals with security issues when working with the R&S FSWP in secure areas. It is
available for download on the internet.

2.5 Printed safety instructions

Provides safety information in many languages. The printed document is delivered with
the product.

2.6 Data sheets and brochures

The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S FSWP. It also lists the
firmware applications and their order numbers, and optional accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific char-
acteristics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/FSWP

2.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment

(OSA)
The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.
The software makes use of several valuable open source software packages. An open-
source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the used open
source software.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/FSWP

2.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers,

etc.
These documents deal with special applications or background information on particu-
lar topics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/FSWP

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Choosing the operating site

3 Preparing for use

Here, you can find basic information about setting up the product for the first time.

3.1 Lifting and carrying

The carrying handles are designed to lift or carry the instrument. Do not apply exces-
sive external force to the handles.
See "Lifting and carrying the product" on page 20.

3.2 Unpacking and checking

1. Unpack the R&S FSWP carefully.

2. Retain the original packing material. Use it when transporting or shipping the
R&S FSWP later.

3. Using the delivery notes, check the equipment for completeness.

4. Check the equipment for damage.

If the delivery is incomplete or equipment is damaged, contact Rohde & Schwarz.

3.3 Choosing the operating site

Specific operating conditions ensure proper operation and avoid damage to the prod-
uct and connected devices. For information on environmental conditions such as ambi-
ent temperature and humidity, see the data sheet.
For safety information, see "Choosing the operating site" on page 20.

Electromagnetic compatibility classes

The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) class indicates where you can operate the
product. The EMC class of the product is given in the data sheet.
● Class B equipment is suitable for use in:
– Residential environments
– Environments that are directly connected to a low-voltage supply network that
supplies residential buildings
● Class A equipment is intended for use in industrial environments. It can cause
radio disturbances in residential environments due to possible conducted and radi-
ated disturbances. It is therefore not suitable for class B environments.

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Setting up the R&S FSWP

If class A equipment causes radio disturbances, take appropriate measures to

eliminate them.

3.4 Setting up the R&S FSWP

The R&S FSWP is designed for use on a bench top or in a rack.
See also:
● "Setting up the product" on page 20
● "Intended use" on page 19

3.4.1 Placing the product on a bench top

To place the product on a bench top

1. Place the product on a stable, flat and level surface. Ensure that the surface can
support the weight of the product. For information on the weight, see the data
sheet.

2. WARNING! A stack of products can fall over and cause injury. Never stack more
than two products. Otherwise, mount them in a rack.
Stack as follows:
● All products must have the same dimensions (width and length).
● Do not exceed a total load of 50 kg placed on the product at the bottom of the
stack.

Left = Stacked correctly

Right = Stacked incorrectly, too many products

3. NOTICE! Overheating can damage the product.

Prevent overheating as follows:

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Connecting the AC power

● Keep a minimum distance of 10 cm between the fan openings of the product

and any object in the vicinity to provide sufficient airflow and ventilation.
● Do not place the product next to heat-generating equipment such as radiators
or other products.

3.4.2 Mounting the R&S FSWP in a rack

To prepare the rack

1. Observe the requirements and instructions in "Setting up the product" on page 20.

2. NOTICE! Insufficient airflow can cause overheating and damage the product.
Design and implement an efficient ventilation concept for the rack.

To mount the R&S FSWP in a rack

1. Use an adapter kit to prepare the R&S FSWP for rack mounting.
a) Order the rack adapter kit designed for the R&S FSWP. For the order number,
see the data sheet.
b) Mount the adapter kit. Follow the assembly instructions provided with the
adapter kit.

2. Lift the R&S FSWP to shelf height.

3. Grab the handles and push the R&S FSWP onto the shelf until the rack brackets fit
closely to the rack.

4. Tighten all screws in the rack brackets with a tightening torque of 1.2 Nm to secure
the R&S FSWP in the rack.

To unmount the R&S FSWP from a rack

1. Loosen the screws at the rack brackets.

2. Remove the R&S FSWP from the rack.

3. If placing the R&S FSWP on a bench top again, unmount the adapter kit from the
R&S FSWP. Follow the instructions provided with the adapter kit.

3.5 Connecting the AC power

In the standard version, the R&S FSWP is equipped with an AC power supply connec-
tor.
The R&S FSWP can be used with different AC power voltages and adapts itself auto-
matically to it. Refer to the data sheet for the requirements of voltage and frequency.
For safety information, see "Connecting to power" on page 20.

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Switching the instrument on and off

To connect the AC power

1. Plug the AC power cable into the AC power connector on the rear panel of the
instrument. Only use the AC power cable delivered with the R&S FSWP.

2. Plug the AC power cable into a power outlet with ground contact.
The required ratings are listed next to the AC power connector and in the data
sheet.

For details on the connector, refer to Chapter 4.2.2, "AC power supply connection and
main power switch", on page 49.

3.6 Switching the instrument on and off

Table 3-1: Overview of power states

Status LED on Power key Position of main power switch

Off gray [0]

Standby orange [I]

Ready green [I]

To switch on the R&S FSWP

Prerequisites:
The R&S FSWP is off but connected to power.
No RF input is connected to the instrument.
1. Set the switch on the power supply to position [I].
See Chapter 4.2.2, "AC power supply connection and main power switch",
on page 49.
The LED of the Power key is orange.
See Chapter 4.1.2, "Power key", on page 40.
Note: If the R&S FSWP was disconnected from power before it was switched off
regularly, it automatically switches back on when the power is reconnected.
Using a LAN-controlled power switch, you can take advantage of this behavior to
switch the device on and off remotely.
2. Press the Power key.
See Table 3-1.
The LED changes to green.
The R&S FSWP boots.
After booting, the instrument is ready for operation.

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Connecting to LAN

Warm-up time for OCXO

When the instrument is switched on, the OCXO requires an extended warm-up time
(see data sheet).

To shut down the product

Prerequisites:
The product is in the ready state.
Any RF input is disconnected from the instrument.
► Press the [Power] key.
The operating system shuts down. The LED changes to orange.

If the instrument temperature exceeds the limit specified in the data sheet, the
R&S FSWP automatically shuts down to protect the instrument from damage.

To disconnect from power

The R&S FSWP is in the standby state.
1. NOTICE! Risk of data loss. If you disconnect the product from power when it is in
the ready state, you can lose settings and data. Shut it down first.
Set the switch on the power supply to position [0].
See Chapter 4.2.2, "AC power supply connection and main power switch",
on page 49.
The LED of the standby key is switched off.

2. Disconnect the R&S FSWP from the power source.

3.7 Connecting to LAN

You can connect the instrument to a LAN for remote operation via a PC.
Provided the network administrator has assigned you the appropriate rights and adap-
ted the Windows firewall configuration, you can use the interface, for example:
● To transfer data between a controlling device and the test device, e.g. to run a
remote control program
● To access or control the measurement from a remote computer using the "Remote
Desktop" application (or a similar tool)
● To connect external network devices (e.g. printers)
● To transfer data from a remote computer and back, e.g. using network folders

Network environment
Before connecting the product to a local area network (LAN), consider the following:
● Install the latest firmware to reduce security risks.

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Connecting a keyboard

● For internet or remote access, use secured connections, if applicable.

● Ensure that the network settings comply with the security policies of your company.
Contact your local system administrator or IT department before connecting your
product to your company LAN.
● When connected to the LAN, the product may potentially be accessed from the
internet, which may be a security risk. For example, attackers might misuse or
damage the product. For more information about IT security and how to operate
the product in a secure LAN environment, see the Rohde & Schwarz white paper
1EF96: Malware Protection Windows 10.

► NOTICE! Risk of network failure.

Consult your network administrator before performing the following tasks:
● Connecting the instrument to the network
● Configuring the network
● Changing IP addresses
● Exchanging hardware
Errors can affect the entire network.
Connect the R&S FSWP to the LAN via the LAN interface on the rear panel of the
instrument.
Windows automatically detects the network connection and activates the required
drivers.
By default, the R&S FSWP is configured to use DHCP and no static IP address is
configured.

The default instrument name is <Type><variant>-<serial_number>, for example,

FSWP26-123456. For information on determining the serial number, see Chap-
ter 4.2.15, "Device ID", on page 53.

For more information on LAN configuration, see Chapter 13.6.4, "LAN settings",
on page 376.

3.8 Connecting a keyboard

The keyboard is detected automatically when it is connected. The default input lan-
guage is English – US.
However, you can also connect foreign language keyboards; currently the following
languages are supported for the R&S FSWP:
● German
● Swiss
● French
● Russian

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Connecting an external monitor

To configure the keyboard language

1. To access the Windows operating system, press the Windows key on the external
keyboard.

2. Select "Start > Settings > Time & language > Region & language > Add a lan-
guage" .

3.9 Connecting an external monitor

You can connect an external monitor (or projector) to the "DVI" or "Display port" con-
nector on the rear panel of the R&S FSWP (see also Chapter 4.2.3, "Display port and
DVI", on page 49).

Screen resolution and format

The touchscreen of the R&S FSWP is calibrated for a 16:10 format. If you connect a
monitor or projector using a different format (e.g. 4:3), the calibration is not correct and
the screen does not react to your touch actions properly.
The touchscreen has a screen resolution of 1280x800 pixels. Usually, the display of
the external monitor is a duplicate of the instrument's monitor.
If you configure the external monitor to be used as the only display in the Windows
configuration dialog box ("Show only on 2"), the maximum screen resolution of the
monitor is used. In this case, you can maximize the R&S FSWP application window
and see even more details. You cannot change the monitor's screen resolution via the
standard Windows configuration dialog box.
However, you can restore the default instrument resolution (1280x800) on the monitor
using the instrument function "Setup" > "Display" > "Configure Monitor" > "Screen Res-
olution: Restore to default".
The R&S FSWP supports a minimum resolution of 1280x768 pixels.

1. Connect the external monitor to the R&S FSWP.

2. Press [Setup].

3. Press "Display".

4. Select the "Configure Monitor" tab in the "Display" dialog box.

The standard Windows "Screen Resolution" dialog box is displayed.

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Windows operating system

5. Select the instrument for display:

● "Display 1": internal monitor only
● "Display 2": external monitor only
● "Duplicate": both internal and external monitor

6. Tap "Apply" to try out the settings before they are accepted permanently, then you
can easily return to the previous settings, if necessary.

7. Select "OK" if the settings are suitable.

3.10 Windows operating system

The instrument contains the Microsoft Windows operating system which has been con-
figured according to the instrument's features and needs. Changes in the system setup
are only required when peripherals like a keyboard or a printer are installed or if the
network configuration does not comply with the default settings. After the R&S FSWP
is started, the operating system boots and the instrument firmware is started automati-
cally.

Tested software
The drivers and programs used on the instrument under Microsoft Windows are adap-
ted to the instrument. Only install update software released by Rohde & Schwarz to
modify existing instrument software.

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Windows operating system

You can install additional software on the instrument; however, additional software can
impair instrument function. Thus, run only programs that Rohde & Schwarz has tested
for compatibility with the instrument software.
The following program packages have been tested:
● Symantec Endpoint Security – virus-protection software
● FileShredder - for reliable deletion of files on the hard disk

Service packs and updates

Microsoft regularly creates security updates and other patches to protect Windows-
based operating systems. They are released through the Microsoft Update website and
associated update server. Update instruments using Windows regularly, especially
instruments that connect to a network.

Firewall settings
A firewall protects an instrument by preventing unauthorized users from gaining access
to it through a network. Rohde & Schwarz highly recommends using the firewall on
your instrument. Rohde & Schwarz instruments are shipped with the Windows firewall
enabled. All ports and connections for remote control are enabled.
Note that changing firewall settings requires administrator rights.

Virus protection
Take appropriate steps to protect your instruments from infection. Use strong firewall
settings and scan any removable storage device used with a Rohde & Schwarz instru-
ment regularly. It is also recommended that you install anti-virus software on the instru-
ment. Rohde & Schwarz does NOT recommend running anti-virus software in the
background ("on-access" mode) on Windows-based instruments, due to potentially
degrading instrument performance. However, Rohde & Schwarz does recommend run-
ning it during non-critical hours.
For details and recommendations, see the following Rohde & Schwarz white paper:
● 1EF96: Malware Protection Windows 10

To access the "Start" menu

The Windows "Start" menu provides access to the Microsoft Windows functionality and
installed programs.
► Select the "Windows" icon in the toolbar, or press the "Windows" key or the [CTRL
+ ESC] key combination on the (external) keyboard.
The "Start" menu and the Windows taskbar are displayed.

The Windows taskbar also provides quick access to commonly used programs, for
example Paint or WordPad. IECWIN, the auxiliary remote control tool provided free of
charge and installed by Rohde & Schwarz, is also available from the taskbar or "Start"
menu.
For details on the IECWIN tool, see Chapter 13.4, "The IECWIN tool", on page 356.

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R&S®FSWP Preparing for use
Logging on

All necessary system settings can be defined in the "Start > Settings" menu.
For required settings, refer to the Microsoft Windows documentation and to the hard-
ware description.

3.11 Logging on
Microsoft Windows requires that users identify themselves by entering a user name
and password in a login window. By default, the R&S FSWP provides two user
accounts:
● "Instrument": a standard user account with limited access
● "Admin" or "Administrator" (depends on firmware image): an administrator
account with unrestricted access to the computer/domain
Some administrative tasks require administrator rights (e.g. adapting the auto-login
function or configuring a LAN network). Refer to the description of the basic instrument
Setup ([Setup] menu) to find out which functions are affected.

Passwords
For all default user accounts, the initial password is 894129. Note that this password is
very weak, and we strongly recommend that you change the password for both users
after initial login. An administrator can change the password in Microsoft Windows for
any user at any time via "Start > Settings > Account > SignIn Options > Password >
Change".

Auto-login
When shipped, the instrument automatically logs on the default "Instrument" user to
Microsoft Windows using the default password. This function is active until an adminis-
trator explicitly deactivates it or changes the password.

Changing the password and use of auto-login function

Note that when you change the default password, the default auto-login function no
longer works!
In this case, you must enter the new password manually to log on.

Adapting the auto-login function to a new password

If you change the password that is used during auto-login, this function no longer
works. Adapt the settings for the auto-login function first.

Changing the password for auto-login requires administrator rights.

1. Select the "Windows" icon in the toolbar to access the operating system of the
R&S FSWP (see also "To access the "Start" menu" on page 33).

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Checking the supplied options

2. Open the C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\AUTOLOGIN.REG file in any text editor (e.g.

Notepad).

3. In the line "DefaultPassword"="894129", replace the default password

(894129) by the new password for automatic login.

4. Save the changes to the file.

5. In the Windows "Start" menu, select "Run".

The "Run" dialog box is displayed.

6. Enter the command C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\AUTOLOGIN.REG.

7. Press [ENTER] to confirm.

The auto-login function is reactivated with the changed password. It is applied the
next time you switch on the instrument.

Switching users when using the auto-login function

Which user account is used is defined during login. If auto-login is active, the login win-
dow is not displayed. However, you can switch the user account to be used even when
the auto-login function is active.
1. Select the "Windows" icon in the toolbar to access the operating system of the
R&S FSWP (see also "To access the "Start" menu" on page 33).

2. Press [CTRL] + [ALT] + [DEL], then select "Sign out".

The "Login" dialog box is displayed, in which you can enter the different user
account name and password.

For information on deactivating and reactivating the auto-login function, see "Deactivat-
ing the auto-login function" on page 396.

3.12 Checking the supplied options

The instrument can be equipped with both hardware and firmware options. To check
whether the installed options correspond to the options indicated on the delivery note,
proceed as follows.

1. Press [SETUP].

2. Press "System Config".

3. Switch to the "Versions + Options" tab in the "System Configuration" dialog box.
A list with hardware and firmware information is displayed.

4. Check the availability of the hardware options as indicated in the delivery note.

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Considerations for test setup

3.13 Performing a self-alignment

When temperature changes occur in the environment of the R&S FSWP, or after
updating the firmware, you have to perform a self-alignment to align the data to a refer-
ence source.
During self-alignment, do not connect a signal to the RF input connector. Running a
self-alignment with a signal connected to the RF input can lead to false measurement
results.

Performing a self-alignment
Before performing this alignment, make sure that the instrument has reached its oper-
ating temperature (for details, refer to the data sheet).
A message in the status bar ("Instrument warming up...") indicates that the operating
temperature has not yet been reached.
Depending on the installation settings, an automatic self-alignment is performed after
installation. A dialog box is displayed indicating how much warm-up time is still
required before self-alignment can be performed.
1. Press [Setup].

2. Press "Alignment".

3. Select "Start Self Alignment" in the "Alignment" dialog box.

Once the system correction values have been calculated successfully, a message
is displayed.

To display the alignment results again later

● Press [SETUP].
● Press "Alignment".

3.14 Considerations for test setup

Cable selection and electromagnetic interference (EMI)

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can affect the measurement results.
To suppress electromagnetic radiation during operation:
● Use high-quality shielded cables, for example, double-shielded RF and LAN
cables.
● Always terminate open cable ends.
● Ensure that connected external devices comply with EMC regulations.

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Signal input and output levels

Information on signal levels is provided in the data sheet and on the instrument, next to
the connector. Keep the signal levels within the specified ranges to avoid damage to
the R&S FSWP and connected devices.

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4 Instrument tour
On the instrument tour, you can learn about the different control elements and connec-
tors on the front and back panel of the R&S FSWP.
● The front panel........................................................................................................38
● The rear panel.........................................................................................................48

4.1 The front panel

This chapter describes the front panel, including all function keys and connectors.

16 3

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7

Figure 4-1: Front panel of the R&S FSWP

1 = Function keys
2 = Navigation control
3 = Keypad
4 = Noise source control
5 = Trigger in- and output
6 = RF input
7 = External mixer ports (optional)
8 = External LO input (optional)
9 = Signal source output (optional)
10 = Baseband connectors
11 = DC power connectors
12 = Power sensor connector
13 = USB 2.0 interfaces
14 = System control keys
15 = Power key
16 = Display (touchscreen)

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● Display (touchscreen)............................................................................................. 39
● Power key............................................................................................................... 40
● System control keys................................................................................................ 40
● The function keys.................................................................................................... 41
● The Keypad.............................................................................................................42
● Navigation Control...................................................................................................43
● RF Input (50 Ω)....................................................................................................... 44
● Signal Source Output..............................................................................................45
● USB ports................................................................................................................45
● Power sensors........................................................................................................ 45
● Probe Power Connector (3 Pins)............................................................................ 46
● Noise source control............................................................................................... 46
● Trigger input and output.......................................................................................... 46
● Baseband input....................................................................................................... 46
● External Mixer (Optional)........................................................................................ 47
● DC Power Supply....................................................................................................47
● LO AUX input (optional).......................................................................................... 47

4.1.1 Display (touchscreen)

The touchscreen on the front panel of the R&S FSWP displays the measurement
results. Additionally, the screen display provides status and setting information and
allows you to switch between various measurement tasks. The screen is touch-sensi-
tive, offering an alternative means of user interaction for quick and easy handling of the
instrument.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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1 = Toolbar: contains general functionality of the firmware.

2 = Channel tab: contains measurement channel.
3 = Channel bar: shows measurement settings.
4 = Result display: contains measurement results.
5 = Window title bar: contains diagram-specific (trace) information.
6 = Status bar: contains system messages, progress bar and date and time.
7 = Input field.
8 = Diagram footer: contains diagram-specific information.
9 = Softkeys: provide access to measurement functions.

A touchscreen is a screen that is touch-sensitive, i.e. it reacts in a specified way when

a particular element on the screen is tapped by a finger or a pointing device, for exam-
ple. Any user interface elements that can be clicked on by a mouse pointer can also be
tapped on the screen to trigger the same behavior, and vice versa.
Using the touchscreen, the following tasks (among others) can be performed by the tap
of your finger:
● Changing a setting
● Changing the display
● Moving a marker
● Zooming into a diagram
● Selecting a new evaluation method
● Scrolling through a result list
● Saving or printing results and settings
To imitate a right-click by mouse using the touchscreen, for example to open a context-
sensitive menu for a specific item, press the screen for about 1 second.

4.1.2 Power key

The power key is on the lower left corner of the front panel. It starts up and shuts down
the instrument.
See also "Connecting to power" on page 20.

4.1.3 System control keys

System control keys provide access to the basic instrument configuration.

Refer to the User Manual for an extensive description of the system configuration func-
tionality.

Resets the instrument to its default configuration.

Selects a particular measurement application or operating mode.

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Provides functionality to configure basic instrument characteristics, for example:

● the LAN connection
● the date and time
● the display configuration
● the reference frequency
● firmware update and application installation
● service functions
● transducer configuration

Provides access to the on-screen keyboard.

Turns full screen mode on and off.

Selects a window in split screen mode or browses through active windows in full
screen mode.

4.1.4 The function keys

Function keys provide access to the most common measurement settings and func-
tions.
Refer to the user manual for an extensive description of the measurement settings and
functions.

Provides functionality to define frequency parameters, for example:

● the measurement range
● the signal frequency

Provides functionality to configure the measurement range.

Provides functionality to configure amplitude or level characteristics, for example:

● the attenuation
● the input impedance
● the scale of the level axis
● the preamplifier

Provides functionality to automatically define various parameters like the level or fre-
quency.

Provides functionality to define various filter bandwidths.

Provides functionality to configure the measurement, for example:

● the measurement mode (single or continuous measurements)
● the number of measurements

Provides functionality to configure data acquisition and analyze measured data, for
example:
● the trace mode
● the displayed result

n/a

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Provides functionality to activate and position absolute and relative markers (markers
and delta markers).

Performs a peak search for active markers.

If no marker is active, marker 1 is activated and the peak search is performed for it.

n/a

Provides functionality to position and control markers, for example:

● to configure the marker search
● to configure the peak excursion

Provides the measurement functions, for example:

● the phase noise measurement
● the AM noise measurement
● the pulsed noise measurement
● the spot noise vs tune measurement

Provides functionality to configure the measurement.

Provides functionality to control display and limit lines.

Provides functionality to configure inputs and outputs.

Starts a measurement in single measurement mode.

Starts a measurement in continuous measurement mode.

4.1.5 The Keypad

The alphanumeric keys allow you to enter alphanumeric characters where necessary
(for example in dialog boxes or input fields). The keypad containing the alphanumeric
keys also provides keys that select a particular unit.

Provide access to numbers and (special) characters.

...

Inserts a decimal point at the cursor position (".").

Changes the sign of a numeric value or inserts a dash character ("-") in case of
alphanumeric input.

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Select a particular unit for a numeric value. The labels on and next to the key state
the units it selects.
Pressing one of the unit keys also completes the entry of a numeric value. Note that
... in case of level entries (dB, dBm etc.) or dimensionless values, all unit keys have the
value "1" as multiplying factor and thus work like the [ENTER] key..

Provides the following functions:

In dialog boxes:
● Closes all kinds of dialog boxes if edit mode is not active.
● Quits edit mode if it is active.
● Selects the "Cancel" button when available.
In "Edit" dialog boxes:
● If data entry has been started, it retains the original value and closes the dialog
box.
● If data entry has not been started or has been completed, it closes the dialog
box.

Deletes the character to the left of the cursor (if an (alpha)numeric entry has been
started already.

Provides the following functions:

● Completes the entry of input made with the alphanumeric keys (numeric or
alphanumeric) and accepts the input.
If you enter a numeric value that has a unit, the [ENTER] key works like the
[HZ/DB] key.
● Selects the default or focused element in dialog boxes.

4.1.6 Navigation Control

Navigation control consists of a rotary knob and cursor keys. These keys allow you to
navigate within the display or within dialog boxes.
In addition to the rotary knob and the cursor keys, the navigation control also provides
undo / redo functionality.

Rotary knob
The rotary knob allows you to do several things:
● It increases or decreases any kind of numeric value. In most cases, the rotary knob
changes numeric values with a fixed step size.
Turning it to the right corresponds to an increase, turning it to the left to a decrease
of a numeric value.
● It works like a cursor key in dialog boxes or lists (for example dropdown menus). In
that case you can navigate to one of the items with the rotary knob. If the dialog
box covers more than one screen page, it also scrolls through the dialog box.
Turning it to the right corresponds to a downward movement. Moving it to the left to
an upward movement.
● It moves around markers and other graphical elements on the screen. In most
cases, the step size is fix.
● Pressing the rotary knob has the same effect as pressing the [ENTER] key as it
confirms an entry or selection.

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Cursor keys
The cursor keys allow you to do several things:
● The up and down keys increase or decrease any kind of numeric value if an input
field is active.
The cursor keys change numeric values with a fixed step size.
● The cursor keys navigate through dialog boxes or lists (for example dropdown
menus).
● The left and right keys move the cursor in an input field in the corresponding direc-
tion.
● The up and down keys move markers around.
The step size is fix.
● The cursor keys allow you to navigate to a cell in a table.
● The cursor keys move a scroll bar (vertical or horizontal) in dialog boxes that have
one.

Undo and redo functionality

Reverts the software to an older state by erasing the last change you have applied.
The undo function is useful, for example, if you are performing a measurement with
several markers and a limit line and accidentally select a different measurement. In
this case, a lot of settings would be lost. However, if you press [UNDO] immediately
afterwards, the previous status is retrieved.

Reverses an undo action or repeats the most recently performed action.

The [UNDO] function is not available after a [PRESET] or "RECALL" operation. When
these functions are used, the history of previous actions is deleted.

4.1.7 RF Input (50 Ω)

The RF Input allows you to connect a device under test (or DUT) to the R&S FSWP,
usually via cable and an appropriate connector (for example a male N connector).
The supported frequency range depends on the R&S FSWP model you have. Refer to
the datasheet for details.
The RF Input also serves as an attenuator in case you are measuring signal with high
levels. The supported attenuation range depends on the R&S FSWP model you have.
Refer to the datasheet for details..

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Risk of instrument damage

Do not overload the RF input. For maximum allowed values, see the data sheet.
When measuring unknown signals, always apply attenuation to protect the input mixer.
Otherwise, the input mixer may be damaged or destroyed.
For AC coupling, a DC input voltage of 50 V must never be exceeded. For DC cou-
pling, DC voltage must not be applied at the input. In both cases, noncompliance will
destroy the input mixers.

4.1.8 Signal Source Output

The optional "Signal Source" output allows you to generate a signal that can be fed
into the DUT or other external accessories like frequency dividers or amplifiers. You
can connect the DUT or accessories with a cable that has a male N connector.

Risk of damage to the R&S FSWP

The maximum supported reverse power is 30 dBm. Make sure that this value is not
exceeded to avoid damage to the R&S FSWP.

The maximum DC output voltage is 0 V.

For details on configuring the signal source output and generating a signal, see the
User Manual.

4.1.9 USB ports

The three USB ports on the front panel (type A) allow you to connect devices like key-
boards, mouses or memory sticks.

The R&S FSWP provides additional USB ports (including one type B port) on the rear
panel.
All USB ports support standard 2.0.

4.1.10 Power sensors

The LEMOSA female connector is used to connect Rohde & Schwarz power sensors
or smart noise sources to the R&S FSWP. For a detailed list of supported noise sour-
ces and power sensors, see the data sheet.
For details on configuring and using power sensors, see the R&S FSWP-B1 Signal and
Spectrum Analyzer User Manual.

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The identification and setup procedure after connecting a smart noise source may take
up to 10 seconds.

4.1.11 Probe Power Connector (3 Pins)

The Probe Power connector allows you to supply external equipment with power (for
example probes or transducers).
The three-pinned probe power connector supports supply voltages from +15 V to
-12.6 V and ground. The maximum permissible current is 150 mA. This probe power
connector is suitable, for example, for high-impedance probes.

4.1.12 Noise source control

The female BNC connector labeled "Noise Source" allows you to connect and control
an external noise source, and supplies the required supply voltage.
You can use a noise source, for example, to measure the noise figure and gain of
amplifiers and frequency converting devices.
Conventional noise sources require a voltage of +28 V in order to be switched on and
0 V to be switched off. The output supports a maximum load of 100 mA.
If you want to use a smart noise source, connect it to the power sensor connector.

4.1.13 Trigger input and output

The female BNC connector labeled "Trigger Input / Output" allows you to receive an
external trigger signal or send a trigger signal to another device.
When you are using the connector as a trigger input, you can apply voltages in the
range from 0.5 V to 3.5 V (the default value is 1.4 V). The typical input impedance is
10 kΩ.
When you are using the connector as a trigger output, the TTL compatible signal is
transmitted (0 V / 5 V).
Note that you can find another connector for trigger input and output on the rear panel.
For more information about controlling and configuring trigger input and output, refer to
the User Manual.

4.1.14 Baseband input

The two connectors labeled "Baseband Input 50 Ω" are two female BNC connectors
that you can use to connect a DUT for Baseband Noise measurements.
When you perform measurements with two external mixers, the "Ch2" connector is the
IF input for the second mixer. This function is available with the optional external mixer
support.

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Risk of instrument damage

Do not overload the baseband input. An overload condition can damage or destroy the
baseband inputs.
For maximum allowed values, see the data sheet.

4.1.15 External Mixer (Optional)

The two (optional) SMA connectors (LO OUT/IF IN and IF IN) allow you to connect
external mixers.
External mixers increase the available frequency range. The way to connect an exter-
nal mixer depends on the type of mixer and the test setup. For more information about
connecting and controlling external mixers refer to the user manual.
If not in use, it is recommended to cover the SMA connectors with the provided protec-
tive caps.

4.1.16 DC Power Supply

The female BNC connectors labeled "VTune", "VAux" and "VSupply" allow you to supply
external devices, for example a DUT or an external reference oscillator, with the
required voltage.
The VSupply connector provides supply voltage from 0 V to +16 V, for example to pro-
vide voltage for an oscillator. The supported maximum current is 2000 mA.
The VTune connector provides tuning voltage from ‑10 V to +28 V. The supported maxi-
mum current is 20 mA.
The VAux connector provides DC voltage from ‑10 V to +10 V. The supported maximum
current is 100 mA.
For more information about configuring the DC Power supply, refer to the User Manual.

4.1.17 LO AUX input (optional)

The two optional connectors labeled "LO AUX Input - Ch1" and "LO AUX Input - Ch2"
are two female SMA connectors that you can use to connect an external local oscillator
(LO). The external LO requires two connectors ("Ch1" and "Ch2") to work properly.
The "LO AUX Input" connectors are part of the optional Signal Source.

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Risk of instrument damage

Do not overload the LO AUX input. An overload condition can damage or destroy the
inputs.
For maximum allowed values, see the data sheet.

4.2 The rear panel

The rear panel contains various connectors for various purposes.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

11 10 9

Figure 4-2: Rear panel of the R&S FSWP

1 = DisplayPort and DVI

2 = Removable hard disk
3 = LAN interface
4 = USB ports
5 = Sync trigger input and output
6 = AUX port
7 = GPIB interface
8 = AC power connector and power switch
9 = Ref input and output
10 = Trigger in- / output
11 = IF / Video / Demod output

For information about the trigger in- and output available on the rear panel, see Chap-
ter 4.1.13, "Trigger input and output", on page 46.

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The digital baseband in- and outputs shown in the image above are not supported by
the R&S FSWP.
● Removable hard disk.............................................................................................. 49
● AC power supply connection and main power switch............................................. 49
● Display port and DVI............................................................................................... 49
● LAN......................................................................................................................... 50
● USB ports................................................................................................................50
● IF / video / demod output........................................................................................ 50
● IF Wide Out............................................................................................................. 50
● Sync trigger input and output.................................................................................. 51
● AUX Port................................................................................................................. 51
● GPIB Interface.........................................................................................................51
● External Generator Control (Optional).................................................................... 51
● OCXO (optional)......................................................................................................52
● REF INPUT / REF OUTPUT................................................................................... 52
● Labels on R&S FSWP.............................................................................................53
● Device ID.................................................................................................................53

4.2.1 Removable hard disk

The removable hard disk is accessible from the rear of the instrument.
In addition to the operating system and the firmware, the R&S FSWP also stores mea-
surement data on that disk. When you remove the hard disk, you can store it and the
data on it somewhere secure.

4.2.2 AC power supply connection and main power switch

An AC power supply connector and main power switch are located in a unit on the rear
panel of the instrument.
Main power switch function:
Position 1: The instrument can be started via the Power key on the front panel.
The (optional) OCXO reference frequency is warmed up.
Position O: The entire instrument is disconnected from the AC power supply.
For details, refer to "Connecting to power" on page 20 and Chapter 3.5, "Connecting
the AC power", on page 27.

4.2.3 Display port and DVI

You can connect an external monitor or other display device to the R&S FSWP to pro-
vide an enlarged display. Two different types of connectors are provided for this pur-
pose:
● Display Port
● DVI (digital visual interface)

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For details, see Chapter 3.9, "Connecting an external monitor", on page 31.

4.2.4 LAN

The R&S FSWP is equipped with a 1 GBit Ethernet IEEE 802.3u network interface with
Auto-MDI(X) functionality. The assignment of the RJ-45 connector supports twisted-
pair category 5 UTP/STP cables in a star configuration (UTP stands for unshielded
twisted pair, and STP for shielded twisted pair).
For details, see Chapter 13, "Network operation and remote control", on page 336.

4.2.5 USB ports

The four USB ports on the rear panel (type A) allow you to connect devices like key-
boards, mouses or memory sticks.
The male USB connector (type B) allows you to connect the R&S FSWP to a computer
and establish a remote control connection, for example. (Note: the USB type B inter-
face is not available for instruments with CPU board 1206.3874.00 or higher.)
All USB connectors support standard 2.0.

4.2.6 IF / video / demod output

The two female BNC connectors can be used for various outputs:
● Output of the intermediate frequency (IF)
● Output of the video signal
Details about configuring the output type and characteristics are part of the user man-
ual.
Note that you can use this connector for applications available with the optional spec-
trum analyzer hardware and analog modulation analysis application.

4.2.7 IF Wide Out

You can extend the signal analysis bandwidth of the R&S FSWP by installing a hard-
ware option. The bandwidth extension allows for a linear bandwidth up to 320 MHz.
You can activate and deactivate the bandwidth extension manually in the I/Q analyzer
that is integral part of the optional spectrum analyzer (R&S FSWP-B1) or other optional
applications that require the spectrum analyzer hardware.
Together with the bandwidth extension an additional IF output connector is provided (if
wide output). As opposed to the default IF / video / demod output connector, the IF out-
put frequency of the optional connector cannot be defined manually, but is determined
automatically depending on the center frequency. For details on the used frequencies,

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see the data sheet. The IF Wide Output connector is used automatically when the
bandwidth extension is activated (i.e. for bandwidths > 80 MHz).

4.2.8 Sync trigger input and output

The "Sync Trigger Input / Output" connectors allow you to synchronize several devices
(for example two R&S FSWPs) with respect to the trigger signal, but also the reference
frequency. A 100 MHz signal can be output as a trigger or reference signal to another
device, and an external trigger or reference signal can be received at the input connec-
tor by the R&S FSWP.

4.2.9 AUX Port

The 9 pole SUB-D male connector provides control signals for controlling external devi-
ces. The voltage levels are TTL compatible (max. 5 V).

Pin Signal Description

1 +5 V / max. 250 mA Supply voltage for external circuits

2 to 7 I/O Control lines for user ports (see User Manual)

8 GND Ground

9 READY FOR TRIGGER Signal indicating that the instrument is ready to

receive a trigger signal (Low active = 0 V)

Short-circuit hazard
Always observe the designated pin assignment. A short-circuit can damage the port.

4.2.10 GPIB Interface

The GPIB interface is in compliance with IEEE488 and SCPI. A computer for remote
control can be connected via this interface. To set up the connection, a shielded cable
is recommended. For more details refer to "Setting Up Remote Control" in the User
Manual.

4.2.11 External Generator Control (Optional)

The optional "External Generator Control" provides an additional GPIB interface and
AUX port.
The GPIB connector can be used to connect an external generator to the R&S FSWP.
The AUX port is required for TTL synchronization, if supported by the generator (see
Chapter 4.2.9, "AUX Port", on page 51).

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For details on connecting an external generator see the "External Generator Control"
section of the R&S FSWP User Manual.

4.2.12 OCXO (optional)

This optional OCXO generates a 10 MHz reference signal with a very precise fre-
quency. If installed, and if no external signal is used, this signal is used as an internal
reference. It can also be used to synchronize other connected devices via the REF
OUTPUT 10 MHz connector.

Warm-up time for OCXO

When the instrument is switched on, the OCXO requires an extended warm-up time
(see data sheet).

4.2.13 REF INPUT / REF OUTPUT

The REF INPUT connectors are used to provide an external reference signal to the
R&S FSWP.
The REF OUTPUT connectors can be used to provide an external reference signal (or
the optional OCXO reference signal) from the R&S FSWP to other devices that are
connected to this instrument.
The REF OUTPUT connectors can be used to provide an external reference signal or
the OCXO reference signal from the R&S FSWP to other devices that are connected to
this instrument.
Various connectors are provided for different reference signals:

Connector Reference signal Usage

REF INPUT 1...20 MHz To provide an external reference signal on the

R&S FSWP.
0...10 dBm

REF OUTPUT 1...20 MHz To provide the same external reference signal received
by the REF INPUT 1...20 MHz connector to another
0...10 dBm
device, when available.

REF OUTPUT 10 MHz To provide the internal reference signal from the
R&S FSWP to another device continuously.
10 dBm
Also used to provide OCXO reference signal to another
device.

REF INPUT 100 MHz To provide an external reference signal on the

R&S FSWP.
0...10 dBm

REF OUTPUT 100 MHz To provide a 100 MHz reference signal from the
R&S FSWP to another device.
6 dBm

REF OUTPUT 640 MHz To provide a 640 MHz reference signal from the
R&S FSWP to another device.
16 dBm

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SYNC TRIGGER
The SYNC TRIGGER connector can also be used to synchronize the reference fre-
quency on several devices.

4.2.14 Labels on R&S FSWP

Labels on the casing inform about:

● Personal safety, see "Meaning of safety labels" on page 21
● Product and environment safety, see Table 4-1
● Identification of the product, see Chapter 4.2.15, "Device ID", on page 53
Table 4-1: Labels regarding R&S FSWP and environment safety

Labeling in line with EN 50419 for disposal of electrical and electronic equipment after the prod-
uct has come to the end of its service life.
For more information, see "Disposing of electrical and electronic equipment" on page 673.

4.2.15 Device ID

The unique device identifier is provided as a barcode sticker on the rear panel of the
R&S FSWP.
It consists of the device order number and a serial number.

The serial number is used to define the default instrument name, which is:
<Type><variant>-<serial_number>
For example, FSWP26-123456.
The instrument name is required to establish a connection to the instrument in a LAN.

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5 Trying out the instrument

Overview of tutorials
Initial setup:
● "Preparing the R&S FSWP" on page 55
● "Selecting the phase noise application" on page 55
● "Performing a preset" on page 56
Measurement selection
● "Selecting a measurement" on page 57
The phase noise measurement
● "Measuring phase noise" on page 58
● "Measuring amplitude noise" on page 58
● "Measuring spurs" on page 59
● "Measuring spot noise" on page 59
● "Measuring integrated noise" on page 59
● "Test setup for measurements with two external mixers" on page 60
The additive noise measurement
● "How to measure additive noise" on page 61
The baseband noise measurement
● "How to measure baseband noise at the RF input" on page 64
● "How to measure baseband noise at the baseband input" on page 64
The pulsed phase noise measurement
● "How to measure the phase noise of a pulse" on page 65
The pulsed additive noise measurement
● "How to measure pulsed additive noise with an internally modulated pulse"
on page 66
● "How to measure pulsed additive noise with an externally modulated pulse"
on page 66
Trace smoothing
● "How to smooth the trace by averaging the measurement data" on page 68
● "How to smooth the trace by adjusting the number of XCORR operations"
on page 68
● "How to smooth the trace graphically" on page 69
● "How to remove spurs from a trace" on page 69
Integration ranges
● "How to define integration ranges" on page 70
● "How to correct integrated measurements" on page 71

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Initial setup

The cross-correlation gain indicator

● "How to control the cross-correlation gain indicator (gray area)" on page 72
Miscellaneous evaluation tools
● "Zooming into the results" on page 73
● "Labeling traces" on page 73
● "Exporting measurement data" on page 73
Frequency configuration
● "How to define the measurement range" on page 74
● "How to search for signals" on page 74
● "How to define the capture range for the signal search" on page 75
● "How to define a carrier frequency manually" on page 75
The half decade configuration table
● "How to work with the half decade configuration table" on page 75
Pulsed measurement configuration
● "How to configure a gate for measurements on pulses" on page 76
Signal generation
● "How to generate a CW signal" on page 77
● "How to generate a pulse" on page 78
● "How to use an external pulse modulator (configuration)" on page 79
DUT power supply
● "How to supply DUTs with current or voltage" on page 79
● Initial setup..............................................................................................................55
● Measurements........................................................................................................ 56
● Result evaluation.....................................................................................................67
● Measurement configuration.....................................................................................74

5.1 Initial setup

Preparing the R&S FSWP

1. Connect the R&S FSWP to an electrical outlet as described in Chapter 3.5, "Con-
necting the AC power", on page 27.

2. Turn on the R&S FSWP as described in Chapter 3.6, "Switching the instrument on
and off", on page 28.

Selecting the phase noise application

1. Select the [MODE] key.

2. Select the "Phase Noise" item in the "Mode" dialog box.

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There's more than one way to skin a cat

In most cases, the firmware of the R&S FSWP provides several ways to change mea-
surement parameters. For example, the measurement range can be defined via the
[FREQ] key, the "MEAS CONFIG" key or the "Overview" dialog box.
All procedures in this chapter use the "Overview" dialog box as a starting point (when
possible). You can reach this dialog via the "Overview" softkey displayed at the bottom
of the softkey bar on the right side of the diagram area.

Performing a preset
Before configuring and starting a new measurement, it is always recommended to per-
form a preset and restore the default configuration of the instrument or the measure-
ment application.
1. Select the [PRESET] key on the front panel to restore the default state of the
R&S FSWP.

2. Enter the "Overview" dialog box and select the "Preset Channel" item to restore the
default state of the selected measurement channel. All other measurement chan-
nels keep their custom configuration.

5.2 Measurements
Measuring the phase noise characteristics of a DUT requires a simple measurement
setup consisting of the R&S FSWP and a DUT.
Some measurements require additional equipment.
● For additive noise measurements, the R&S FSWP must be equipped with the
optional Signal Source hardware.
● For pulsed noise measurements, the R&S FSWP must be equipped with the
optional Pulsed Phase Noise Measurement application.
● For pulsed additive noise measurements, the R&S FSWP must be equipped with
the optional Pulsed Phase Noise Measurement application and the optional Signal
Source hardware.
● Measurement selection........................................................................................... 57
● The phase noise measurement...............................................................................57
● The additive noise measurement............................................................................ 60
● The baseband noise measurement.........................................................................63

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● The pulsed phase noise measurement................................................................... 65

● The pulsed additive noise measurement................................................................ 65
● Adding another measurement channel................................................................... 67

5.2.1 Measurement selection

Selecting a measurement
► Select the [MEAS] key.
The R&S FSWP opens a dialog box to select the measurement.

5.2.2 The phase noise measurement

Test setup
Connect the DUT via cable to the RF input of the R&S FSWP as shown in the illustra-
tion.

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required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections

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DUT RF

Figure 5-1: Typical test setup for basic noise measurements

Measuring phase noise

1. Perform a [PRESET].
The application automatically starts a continuous measurement.
First, it searches for a carrier signal (see How to search for signals). When one has
been found, it measures the noise characteristics of the DUT in the default mea-
surement (or frequency offset) range.
If no carrier could be found, a corresponding error message is displayed in the sta-
tus bar below the diagram.

2. You can stop the measurement (to analyze the measurement data in detail) with
the [RUN SGL] or [RUN CONT] key; [RUN SGL] performs one more measurement,
then stops, [RUN CONT] stops immediately.
By default, two traces are displayed: the first trace shows the smoothed data with-
out spurs, the second trace the raw data including spurs.

Measuring amplitude noise

The test setup is the same as shown above.
The default phase noise trace shows the phase noise characteristics of the DUT. In
addition, you can also display the amplitude noise characteristics (or both together).
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box and, from there, enter the "Analysis" dialog box.

2. Select the vertical "Trace" tab, and then the horizontal "Traces" tab.

3. For any trace, select "AM Noise" from the "Result" dropdown menu.

4. Start a new measurement to determine the AM noise of the DUT.

(The "Phase + AM Noise" menu item displays the sum of phase and amplitude
noise.)

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Tip: If you'd like to view both results separately at the same time, open two phase
noise diagrams, one that shows the phase noise, the other showing the AM noise
and perform a measurement.

In addition to the graphical representation of the phase noise characteristics, the appli-
cation also provides several tables that show specific phase noise characteristics.

Measuring spurs
In addition to the graphical display of spurs in the diagram (spikes on the trace), the
application also features a result display that contains a list of all detected spurs.
► Open the SmartGrid ( ) and drag the "Spurious List" item from the evaluation bar
into the display.

The spurious list contains all detected spurs (including their characteristics) on all
traces and all windows.
More information:
● Spurious list
● Spur removal

Measuring spot noise

Spot noise is the phase noise or AM noise at a specific offset frequency (for example
the phase noise at 500 kHz).
► Open the SmartGrid ( ) and drag the "Spot Noise" item from the evaluation bar
into the display.

The table contains a list of spot noise values for selected frequency offsets (in the
default state, these are the decade edges) on each active trace.
More information:
● Spot noise table
Tip: You can define custom spot noise frequencies in the "Spot Noise" tab of the
"Noise Config" dialog box.

Measuring integrated noise

Integrated measurements show various noise characteristics, like the residual noise,
integrated over a certain offset frequency range.
► Open the SmartGrid ( ) and drag the "Integrated Measurements" item from the
evaluation bar into the display.

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The table contains a list of integrated measurement results.

More information:
● Integrated measurements
Tip: You can define custom integration ranges in the "Integration Ranges" tab of
the "Noise Config" dialog box.

Test setup for measurements with two external mixers

Connect the DUT to the mixers and the mixers to the R&S FSWP as shown in the illus-
tration.
required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections
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IF
RF Ext Mix IF In
Mixer 1 Ext Mix LO Out
LO
DUT
IF
RF Baseband Ch2
Mixer 2 Signal Source
LO

1. Perform a [PRESET].

2. Select the [MEAS] key and select the "Phase Noise" measurement.

3. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Input" dialog box.

4. Configure both mixers in the "External Mixer" tab of the "Input Source" dialog box.
More information:
● External mixer

5. Start the measurement ([RUN SGL] or [RUN CONT]).

5.2.3 The additive noise measurement

Additive noise measurements require the signal source output that is available as an
optional hardware component.

Test setup
Connect the DUT via cable to the RF input and the signal source output of the
R&S FSWP as shown in the illustration.

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required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections
Signal
Source

Vsupply
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DUT RF

How to measure additive noise

1. Perform a [PRESET].

2. Select the "Additive Noise" measurement via the [MEAS] key.

3. Configure the signal source output as described in "How to generate a CW signal"

on page 77.

4. Start the measurement ([RUN SGL] or [RUN CONT]).

The application measures the additive noise on the output frequency of the signal
source in the default measurement (or frequency offset) range.

5. You can stop the measurement (to analyze the measurement data in detail) with
the [RUN SGL] or [RUN CONT] key; [RUN SGL] performs one more measurement,
then stops, [RUN CONT] stops immediately.
By default, two traces are displayed: the first trace shows the smoothed data with-
out spurs, the second trace the raw data including spurs.

How to measure additive noise characteristics of amplifiers and dividers

Measuring the noise characteristics of amplifiers and dividers require a complex test
setup. The test setup depends on the type of DUT you are testing and is explained
here.
1. Measuring the additive noise of amplifiers with an external signal source
The test setup for this measurement looks like this:
required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections

LO Aux Ch1
Splitter
LO Aux Ch1
Ext.
Splitter
Source
Amplifier RF

a) Configure the external signal source to generate the required fixed frequency.
b) Connect the first power splitter to the amplifier and the second power splitter.
c) Connect the amplifier to the RF input of the R&S FSWP.

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d) Connect the second power splitter to both LO AUX input channels of the
R&S FSWP.
The power at each LO AUX input must have a level between 5 dBm and
10 dBm.
Except for the second power splitter, do not add any additional hardware to this
signal path.
e) If required, you can add an attenuator between the first splitter and the ampli-
fier to reduce the amplifier input level.
f) Select "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "Additive Noise"
g) Select "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency" > "Local
Oscillator" > "External"
h) Start the measurement ([RUN SINGLE] or [RUN CONT].

2. Measuring the additive noise of a divider with an external signal source

(without cross-correlation)
required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections

LO Aux Ch1
Divider Splitter
LO Aux Ch1
Ext.
Splitter
Source
Divider RF

a) Configure the external signal source to generate the required fixed frequency.
b) Connect both frequency dividers to the first power splitter.
c) Connect the first frequency divider to the RF input of the R&S FSWP.
d) Connect the second power splitter to the other frequency divider and connect
the resulting signal streams to both LO AUX input channels of the R&S FSWP.
Regarding the frequency divider, make sure that both dividers are the same
model and have the same dividing factor.
Also make sure that the frequency fed into all inputs of the R&S FSWP is the
same.
e) Select "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "Additive Noise"
f) Select "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency" > "Local
Oscillator" > "External"
g) Start the measurement ([RUN SINGLE] or [RUN CONT].
The results in these measurements are 3 dB higher than they actually are. This
is because the divider at the LO AUX inputs is not canceled out. To get the
actual results, subtract 3 dB from the results, for example by shifting the trace
by this amount ("Overview" > "Analysis" > "Traces" > "Traces" > "Trace Offset:
3 dB").

3. Measuring the additive noise of a divider with an external signal source

(with cross-correlation)

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required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections

Divider LO Aux Ch1

Splitter
Divider LO Aux Ch1
Ext.
Splitter
Source
Divider RF

a) Configure the external signal source to generate the required fixed frequency.
b) Connect the first frequency dividers to the first power splitter.
c) Connect the first frequency divider to the RF input of the R&S FSWP.
d) Connect the second power splitter to the first power splitter.
e) Connect the other two frequency dividers to the second power splitter and con-
nect the resulting signal streams to both LO AUX input channels of the
R&S FSWP.
Regarding the frequency divider, make sure that all three dividers are the same
model and have the same dividing factor.
Also make sure that the frequency fed into all inputs of the R&S FSWP is the
same.
f) Select "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "Additive Noise"
g) Select "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency" > "Local
Oscillator" > "External"
h) Start the measurement ([RUN SINGLE] or [RUN CONT].
Compared to measurements on two dividers, this setup displays the correct
additive noise of the first frequency divider. The results do not have to be cor-
rected. The additive noise of the frequency dividers connected to the LO AUX
inputs is canceled out because of the cross-correlation properties in the two
channels of the LO AUX input.

5.2.4 The baseband noise measurement

Baseband Noise measurements measure the noise characteristics of a DUT over an

absolute frequency span (not relative to carrier).
You can use either the RF input for these measurements, or the baseband inputs. The
baseband inputs are DC coupled and extend the lower frequency range to 1 mHz (the
lowest supported frequency on the RF input is 1 MHz). Using the baseband input, you
can, for example, test the voltage supply of DC sources.

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Test setup
required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections

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DUT RF / BB*

* = See text below for instructions on how to use the baseband input.

How to measure baseband noise at the RF input

For baseband noise measurements on the RF input, proceed as follows.
1. Connect the DUT to the RF input.

2. Perform a [PRESET].
The application automatically starts a continuous measurement and measures the
noise characteristics of the DUT in the default frequency range.

3. Select the "Baseband Noise" measurement via the [MEAS] key.

4. You can stop the measurement (to analyze the measurement data in detail) with
the [RUN SGL] or [RUN CONT] key; [RUN SGL] performs one more measurement,
then stops, [RUN CONT] stops immediately.
By default, two traces are displayed: the first trace shows the smoothed data with-
out spurs, the second trace the raw data including spurs.
Tip: Integrated measurement results. Note that the "PM", "FM" and "Jitter" results
are always "0" for baseband noise measurements.

How to measure baseband noise at the baseband input

For baseband noise measurements on the baseband input, proceed as follows.
1. Connect the DUT to one of the baseband channels.
If you want to cross-correlate the measurement, connect the DUT to both base-
band channels (add a splitter to the test setup, if the DUT has just one output).

2. Perform a [PRESET].

3. Select the "Baseband Noise" measurement via the [MEAS] key.

4. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Input" dialog box.

5. Select the vertical "Baseband" tab.

6. Turn on the baseband input.

7. Select the "Input" channel you are using for the measurement ("CH1", "CH2" or
"CH1xCH2".

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The application automatically starts a continuous measurement and measures the

noise characteristics of the DUT in the default frequency range.

5.2.5 The pulsed phase noise measurement

Noise measurements on pulses are available with the optional pulsed phase noise
measurements firmware application.

Test setup
required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections
Vsupply
Vtune
Vaux

DUT RF

Trigger Input

How to measure the phase noise of a pulse

1. Connect the DUT via cable to the RF input of the R&S FSWP as shown in the illus-
tration.

2. Perform a [PRESET].

3. Select the [MEAS] key and select the "Pulsed Phase Noise" measurement.
The application tries to detect a pulse in the signal you have applied, using two
automatic mechanisms:
• search for the pulse frequency
• detection of the pulse characteristics
If successful, it configures a gate based on the pulse characteristics and starts the
noise measurement of the pulse.
The results are displayed the same way as in the other measurements (two traces
in the diagram and results for the integrated measurements).
If no frequency or pulse could be found, a corresponding error message is dis-
played in the status bar below the diagram.
If required, you can also define the frequency and the pulse characteristics man-
ually.

5.2.6 The pulsed additive noise measurement

Additive noise measurements on pulses require the optional pulsed phase noise mea-
surements firmware application and the optional signal source output.
The test setup depends on whether you use internal or external modulation with a
pulse modulator.

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Test setup (internal pulse modulation)

required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections
Signal
Source
Vsupply
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DUT RF

Trigger Input

How to measure pulsed additive noise with an internally modulated pulse

1. Connect the signal source (supplies the pulse) to the DUT.
The pulse is modulated internally and output on the signal source.

2. Connect the DUT to the RF input.

3. Perform a [PRESET].

4. Select the [MEAS] key and select the "Pulsed Additive Noise" measurement.

5. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Output" dialog box.

6. Select the "Signal Source" tab and turn on the "Pulse Modulator".

7. Configure the pulse characteristics.

8. Start the measurement with [RUN SGL] or [RUN CONT].

Test setup (external pulse modulation)

For pulsed measurements using the LO AUX input, do not apply pulses with a fre-
quency below 1024 MHz. Pulses below that frequency will abort the measurement.

required connections
R&S FSWP
optional connections
Signal
Source
Vsupply
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Pulse
DUT RF
Modulator
Trigger Out

How to measure pulsed additive noise with an externally modulated pulse

1. Connect the signal source to the pulse modulator.
The signal source in that case provides a continuous wave signal which is modula-
ted into a pulse by the pulse modulator.

2. Connect the trigger 1 output to the pulse modulator.

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The signal provided on this output is a pulse and is required as a trigger signal for
the external pulse modulator.

3. Connect the pulse modulator to the DUT.

4. Connect the DUT to the RF input.

5. Perform a [PRESET].

6. Select the [MEAS] key and select the "Pulsed Phase Noise" measurement.

7. Select the "Signal Source" tab and turn off the "Pulse Modulator".

8. Select the output at the Trigger 1 Output

9. Configure the pulse characteristics.

10. Start the measurement with [RUN SGL] or [RUN CONT].

5.2.7 Adding another measurement channel

Measuring the noise characteristics in two different measurement channels allows you,
for example, to capture and analyze two different data streams with different measure-
ment configurations.

Adding another measurement channel

1. Select the [MODE] key.

2. Select the "Phase Noise" item in the "Mode" dialog box.

The firmware adds a second instance of the phase noise application which is inde-
pendent of the first one.

5.3 Result evaluation

The phase noise application provides several tools to control the data displayed in the
various result displays. Some tools have an effect on the graphical result displays,
other on the numerical results and still others on both graphical and numerical (for
example in case the numerical results are based on the graphical results).
● Trace smoothing..................................................................................................... 68
● Integration ranges................................................................................................... 70
● The Cross-Correlation gain indicator...................................................................... 72
● Miscellaneous evaluation tools............................................................................... 73

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5.3.1 Trace smoothing

How to smooth the trace by averaging the measurement data

When you average the trace, the application measures the data several times and
builds an average over all measurements when it is done. Averaging measurement
data yields a smoother trace.
Trace averaging is applied to all traces.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Noise Config" dialog
box.

2. Define the number of measurements to be performed in the "Sweep / Average

Count" input field, for example "10".

3. Start the measurement.

● In case of a single measurement, the application performs x measurements
over the frequency range you have defined. An average count of "10", for
example, would result in 10 measurements.
● In case of continuous measurements, the application performs a moving aver-
age over the average count.

How to smooth the trace by adjusting the number of XCORR operations

When you apply cross-correlation operations, the application is able to determine the
phase noise characteristics at a certain frequency offset more precisely.
You can improve cross-correlation performance with the corresponding hardware
option.
The number of cross-correlation operations applied in each half decade depends on a
cross-correlation factor that you can define arbitrarily.
Cross-correlation operations are applied to all traces.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Noise Config" dialog
box.

2. Define the cross-correlation factor as required in the "XCORR Factor" input field.

The application calculates the number of cross-correlations for each half decade
based on this factor. You can see the resulting operations in the table of the "Noise
Config" dialog box.

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The number of operations calculated for each half decade targets a similar mea-
surement time for all half decades, so that the measurement is done at roughly the
same time in each half decade.
You can also see the resulting number of operations in the green bar at the bottom
of the diagram area.
More information:
● Cross-correlation

How to smooth the trace graphically

When you apply trace smoothing, the existing data remains the same. The trace is
smoothed by applying mathematical operations
Trace smoothing is applied to each trace individually.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Analysis" dialog box.

2. Select the vertical "Trace" tab, and then the horizontal "Traces" tab.

3. For any trace, turn on "Smoothing" and define the amount by which the trace
should be smoothed (in %) in the corresponding input field.

Trace smoothing is applied immediately after you have applied it to a trace.

More information:
● Trace smoothing

How to remove spurs from a trace

By default, the application already shows a trace without spurs (the yellow one). How-
ever, you can decide for each trace individually whether it shows spurs or not.
Spur removal is done after traces have been smoothed in any way.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Analysis" dialog box.

2. Select the vertical "Trace" tab, and then the horizontal "Traces" tab.

3. For any trace, remove or display spurs individually. You can also enter a threshold
that defines a level from which a spur is recognized as a spur.

The application removes all signals that are above the threshold from the trace
spur removal is applied to. Signals with levels below the threshold are not regarded
as spurs and are still displayed.
More information:
● Spur removal

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Note: Note that the threshold is always taken into account in the spur table,
regardless of whether spur removal is on or off.

5.3.2 Integration ranges

How to define integration ranges

For the integrated measurements (residual AM, FM and PM and jitter), you can define
custom integration ranges.
By default, the integration range corresponds to the measurement range defined by the
frequency offsets. Custom integration ranges can have any range you desire.
Integration is done after traces have been smoothed in any way.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box and, from there, enter the "Noise Config" dialog
box.

2. Select the "Integrated Measurements" tab.

3. Select the "Trace" whose data you would like to integrate from the "Show "drop-
down menu.
Tip: If you select a trace that is currently not displayed in the diagram, no integra-
ted measurement results will be displayed for the corresponding range.
4. Select "Manual" integration ranges.

5. Define the frequency ranges ("Range Start" and "Range Stop") over which you
would like to integrate.
The application calculates the measurement results as defined. Results in the inte-
grated measurements result table are adjusted accordingly (see "Measuring inte-
grated noise" on page 59 for a description on how to view that table).

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Figure 5-2: Custom integration range results (frequency range from 3 kHz to 500 kHz, applied to
trace 2)

Note that the integration ranges are displayed graphically in the noise diagram.

Figure 5-3: Custom integration ranges are represented in the diagram as colored lines

More information: Residual effects

How to correct integrated measurements

You can use so called weighting filters to compensate external effects that affect the
phase noise in certain frequency ranges.
Weighting filters are applied before trace are smoothed and before integration is
applied.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Noise Config" dialog
box.

2. Select the "Integrated Measurements" tab.

3. Select a weighting filter from the corresponding dropdown menu.

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The dropdown menu contains all filters currently available on the hard disk of the
R&S FSWP.
When you apply the weighting filter, the results are automatically corrected by the
filter characteristics.
If you do not have a filter yet, or want to change filter characteristics for an existing
filter, design one or change one.
More information:
● Weighting filter design
● Weighting filter management

5.3.3 The Cross-Correlation gain indicator

How to control the cross-correlation gain indicator (gray area)

The gray trace, or cross-correlation gain indicator, indicates the ideal position of the
measurement trace for the current number of cross-correlation operations. Thus, the
position of this area depends on the number of cross-correlations that are currently
applied in each half decade.
This in turn indicates that measurement traces that are close to the gray area (even if
only in places) can be improved by increasing the cross-correlation operations. On the
other hand, when the measurement trace lies above the gray area throughout (about
10 dB), it is not possible to improve the results anymore.
More information: XCORR gain indicator
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Noise Config" dialog
box.

2. Select the "Noise Config" tab.

3. Change the "XCORR Factor", run a single measurement, and see how the position
of the gray area changes.

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Result evaluation

Figure 5-4: Increasing XCORR operations changes shape of gray area

4. If required, you can turn this area on and off as required with the "XCORR Gain
Indicator" feature.

5.3.4 Miscellaneous evaluation tools

Zooming into the results

The zoom tool is useful if you want to see parts of the results in more detail.
1. Select the "Zoom" icon in the toolbar ( ).

2. In the diagram, select the area you want to zoom in to (while doing this, the area is
marked by a dotted line).

3. You can return to the full display anytime with the "Unzoom" icon in the toolbar ( ).

Labeling traces
Labeling traces with a short keyword is a good way to distinguish traces and see
immediately what the trace actually represents.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box and, from there, enter the "Analysis" dialog box.

2. Select the vertical "Traces" tab and the horizontal "Trace Label" tab.

3. Turn on the trace label for a certain trace and define a string of text as a label.
The application adds a label to the trace. The color of the label is the same as the
trace color.
Tip: You can move trace labels around via drag and drop.

Exporting measurement data

Exporting measurement data to a .dat file allows you to archive that data in external
programs like a spreadsheet.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box and, from there, enter the "Analysis" dialog box.

2. Select the vertical "Traces" tab and the horizontal "Trace / Data Export" tab.

3. Select the data types as required (trace data only or together with numerical results
and / or measurement settings).

4. Select the "Export to ASCII File" button and select the destination where you want
to save that data.

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5. View the .dat file that has been created with your preferred program.

5.4 Measurement configuration

The Phase Noise application provides several tools that make the measurement proc-
ess easier to handle or allow you to customize the measurement configuration accord-
ing to your needs.
● Frequency configuration..........................................................................................74
● The half decade configuration table........................................................................75
● Pulsed measurement configuration.........................................................................76
● Signal generation.................................................................................................... 77
● DUT power supply...................................................................................................79

5.4.1 Frequency configuration

How to define the measurement range

The measurement range defines the carrier frequency offset over which the phase
noise measurement takes place.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Noise Config" dialog
box.

2. Select the "Noise Config" tab.

3. Define the measurement range with the "Start Offset" and "Stop Offset" properties.

The application adjusts the measurement range. You can see this change, for
example, in the noise diagram result display.
Note: In case of baseband measurements, the measurement range is defined by
an absolute start and stop frequency instead of offsets.
More information:
● Measurement range

How to search for signals

The application allows you to search for a carrier signal, instead of defining the carrier
frequency manually.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Frequency" dialog box.

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2. Turn on the "Auto Search" feature (it is on by default).

3. Define the frequency range in which the search should take place ("Start" and
"Stop"). By default the search is done in the maximum frequency range supported
by the hardware.

4. Define a "Threshold" for the search. Signals below the threshold are ignored during
the search.
When the application finds a signal with appropriate characteristics, it starts a
phase noise measurement in the measurement range you have defined.
Note: Automatic signal search is only available in phase noise and pulsed phase
noise measurements.

How to define the capture range for the signal search

The capture range represents the frequency bandwidth with which a signal is
searched, and, if found, tracked.
A normal capture range is recommended for measurements on stable (or slowly drift-
ing) DUTs. A wide capture range is recommended for DUTs whose frequency drifts
over greater distances. In the latter case, a normal capture range would probably result
in a scenario, where the signal drifts out of the capture range, and has to be searched
again (which would slow down the measurement considerably).
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Frequency" dialog box.

2. Select an appropriate "Capture Range" for your DUT.

Note: This feature is only available in phase noise and pulsed phase noise mea-
surements.

How to define a carrier frequency manually

When you already know the frequency of the carrier signal, you can define it manually
and reduce the measurement time.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Frequency" dialog box.

2. Turn off the "Auto Search" feature.

3. Define the "Signal Frequency".

The application performs the measurement on the defined frequency.

5.4.2 The half decade configuration table

How to work with the half decade configuration table

The half decade configuration table contains the measurement configuration for each
half decade that is analyzed during a measurement.

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Measurement configuration

You can either enter the values for the measurement bandwidth and number of cross-
correlation operations directly. Or you can let the application calculate ideal values for
each half decade.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Noise Config" dialog
box.

2. Select automatic or manual configuration mode with the "Half Decade Config" fea-
ture.

3. In case of an automatic configuration, define an "RBW" factor and an "XCORR

Factor".
From these values, the application calculates the best and least time-consuming
absolute resolution bandwidth and cross-correlation operations for each half dec-
ade.

4. In case of a manual configuration, define the resolution bandwidth and number of

cross-correlations for each half decade directly in the half decade configuration
table as absolute values.
The relative "RBW" factor and "XCORR Factor" are ignored.

5.4.3 Pulsed measurement configuration

How to configure a gate for measurements on pulses

Noise measurements on pulses are available with the optional pulsed phase noise
measurements firmware application.
By default, the application automatically detects the pulse characteristics and defines
the gate characteristics based on the pulse. If required, you can also define these
parameters manually.
1. Enter the pulsed phase noise measurement.

2. Select the [MEAS CONFIG] key and enter the "Pulse" dialog box with the "Pulse
Config" softkey.

3. In the "Pulse" dialog box, select "Manual" pulse detection.

The input fields for the "Pulse Repetition Interval" and those for the "Gate Charac-
teristics" become available. You can change them if required.

4. Configure the "Pulse Rep Interval" as required.

5. Configure the gate as required ("Gate Type", "Gate Level", "Gate Delay" and "Gate
Length").
The shape of the gate is represented by various lines and bars in the "Preview"
diagram that is part of the dialog box.

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More information:
● Pulsed phase noise
Tip: You can turn off the gate, if one is not required for the measurement.
To do so, select "Gate Type: Off".

5.4.4 Signal generation

How to generate a CW signal

Some measurement setups require you to feed a signal into the DUT. You can equip
the R&S FSWP with an optional Signal Source that is able to generate such a signal.
Available only for additive noise measurements and with the optional signal source
hardware component.
1. Enter the Additive Noise measurement.

2. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Output" dialog box.

3. Select the "Signal Source" tab.

4. Define the frequency and level of the CW signal in the corresponding input fields.

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5. Turn on the signal source with the "Source Power" feature.

Tip: You can turn the signal source on and off effectively with the "RF On/Off" but-
ton in the toolbar. The "RF Config" button provides access to a softkey menu that
lets you change the signal source characteristics without entering a dialog box.

How to generate a pulse

Instead of a continuous wave signal, you can generate a pulse at the signal source
output.
Available only for additive pulsed phase noise measurements and with the optional sig-
nal source hardware component.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Output" dialog box.

2. Select the "Signal Source" tab.

3. Turn on the (internal) "Pulse Modulator".

When the "Pulse Modulator" is off, a CW signal is generated.
However, you can still generate a pulse with an external pulse modulator (a trigger
signal is required for that, see "How to use an external pulse modulator (configura-
tion)" on page 79).

4. Define the required pulse "Width" and "Period".

5. Turn on the signal source with the "Source Power" feature.

Tip: You can turn the signal source on and off easily with the "RF On/Off" button in
the toolbar. The "RF Config" button provides access to a softkey menu that lets you
change the signal source characteristics without entering a dialog box.

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How to use an external pulse modulator (configuration)

Instead of generating a pulse internally, you can also use an external pulse modulator
to generate a pulse required for testing of a DUT.
In this scenario, you can use a trigger signal (available at the trigger output) to control
an external pulse modulator.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box, and from there, enter the "Output" dialog box.

2. Select the "Signal Source" tab.

3. Turn off the (internal) "Pulse Modulator".

When the (internal) "Pulse Modulator" is off, a CW signal is generated at the signal
source.

4. Select the output type at the "Trigger 1 Output" (on the front panel) to generate a
pulse at the trigger output.
● "High" generates a high active pulse at the trigger 1 output.
1
V trigger
1

0
t

● "Low" generates a low active pulse at the trigger 1 output.

2
V trigger
1

0
t

Note: In the phase noise application, the trigger connector on the front panel
always serves as an output.
5. Define the required pulse "Width" and "Period".

6. Turn on the signal source with the "Source Power" feature.

Tip: You can turn the signal source on and off easily with the "RF On/Off" button in
the toolbar. The "RF Config" button provides access to a softkey menu that lets you
change the signal source characteristics without entering a dialog box.

5.4.5 DUT power supply

How to supply DUTs with current or voltage

Some measurement setups or DUTs require you to supply them with either voltage or
current.

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The R&S FSWP can provide both, when you set it up that way.
1. Enter the "Overview" dialog box and, from there, enter the "Output" dialog box.

2. Select the "DC Config" tab.

There you have the following options:
● Turn each of the three DC outputs on or off.
● Define the supplied voltage (or current in case of the Vsupply output).
● Define limits for the outputs. When you define limits, the supplied voltage will
not go below or above these.
● DC power output

3. Turn on the output of voltage or current with the "DC Power" feature.
Tip: You can turn the output on and off easily with the "DC On / Off" button in the
toolbar. The "DC Config" button provides access to a softkey menu that lets you
define the signal characteristics without entering a dialog box.

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Understanding the display information

6 Operating the instrument

The following topics provide an overview on how to work with the R&S FSWP. They
describe what kind of information is displayed in the diagram area, how to operate the
R&S FSWP via the front panel keys and other interaction methods, and how to use the
Online Help.
● Understanding the display information....................................................................81
● Accessing functions................................................................................................ 89
● Changing the focus................................................................................................. 93
● Entering data...........................................................................................................93
● Touchscreen gestures............................................................................................. 96
● Displaying results.................................................................................................... 99
● Remote control......................................................................................................106

6.1 Understanding the display information

The following figure shows a measurement diagram in the Phase Noise application. All
different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the follow-
ing sections.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 = Toolbar: contains general functionality of the firmware.

2 = Channel tab: contains measurement channel.
3 = Channel bar: shows measurement settings.
4 = Result display: contains measurement results.
5 = Window title bar: contains diagram-specific (trace) information.
6 = Status bar: contains system messages, progress bar and date and time.

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7 = Input field.
8 = Diagram footer: contains diagram-specific information.
9 = Softkeys: provide access to measurement functions.

Hiding elements in the display

You can hide some of the elements in the display, for example the status bar or chan-
nel bar, in order to enlarge the display area for the measurement results ("Setup > Dis-
play > Displayed Items").
For details see the R&S FSWP User Manual.

● Channel bar.............................................................................................................82
● Window title bar.......................................................................................................84
● Marker information.................................................................................................. 85
● Spot noise information............................................................................................ 86
● Measurement progress information........................................................................ 86
● Frequency information in diagram footer................................................................ 87
● Instrument and status information...........................................................................87
● Error information..................................................................................................... 88

6.1.1 Channel bar

Using the R&S FSWP you can handle several different measurement tasks (channels)
at the same time (although they can only be performed asynchronously). For each
channel, a separate tab is displayed on the screen. In order to switch from one channel
display to another, simply select the corresponding tab.

Alternatively, if many tabs are displayed, select the tab selection list icon at the right
end of the channel bar and select the channel you want to switch to from the list.

MultiView tab
An additional tab labelled "MultiView" provides an overview of all active channels at a
glance. In the "MultiView" tab, each individual window contains its own channel bar
with an additional button. Tap this button to switch to the corresponding channel dis-
play quickly.

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Icons in the channel bar

The star icon ( ) on the tab label indicates that the displayed trace no longer matches
the current instrument settings. This may be the case, for example, if a trace is frozen
and the instrument settings are changed. As soon as a new measurement is per-
formed, the icon disappears.
The exclamation mark ("!" or ) icon indicates that an error or warning is available for
that measurement channel. This is particularly useful if the MultiView tab is displayed.
The icon indicates the currently active channel during an automatic measurement
sequence (Sequencer functionality).
Beneath the channel name, information on channel-specific settings for the measure-
ment are displayed in the channel bar. Channel information varies depending on the
active application.
In addition to the channel-specific settings, the channel bar above the diagram also
displays information on instrument settings that affect the measurement results even
though this is not immediately apparent from the display of the measured values. This
information is displayed only when applicable for the current measurement.
The following table contains all labels that might be displayed in the Spectrum and
Receiver applications.
Table 6-1: Channel settings displayed in the channel bar

Label Information

Signal Frequency Current carrier frequency of the applied signal.

Signal Level Currently level measured on the carrier frequency.

Att Current RF attenuation.

RBW Current Resolution bandwidth (RBW). The RBW is a function of the start offset
frequency of each half decade included in the measurement.

XCORR Factor Current cross-correlation factor. The cross-correlation factor defines the number
of cross-correlations are done in each half decade included in the measure-
ment.

Meas Time (estimated) Current estimated measurement time.

The measurement time depends, among other things, on the offset frequency,
the resolution bandwidth or the number of averages / cross-correlations that
you have defined.

Source Frequency Current frequency of the signal source output.

Displayed if the optional signal source is installed.

Source Level Current level of the signal source output.

Displayed if the optional signal source is installed.

SGL Current number of measurements performed in a single sweep. Only displayed

if you are in single sweep measurement mode.

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Label Information

Count The current signal count for measurement tasks that involve a specific number
of subsequent sweeps.

Meas Currently selected measurement (Phase Noise, Additive Phase Noise etc.).

Input ExtMix Currently selected waveguide band of an external mixer. Only displayed if an
external mixer is selected as an input source.

Gain Difference between DUT signal level and signal source level.
Displayed in Additive Noise measurements.

Icons for individual settings

A bullet next to the setting indicates that user-defined settings are used, not automatic
settings. A green bullet indicates this setting is valid and the measurement is correct. A
red bullet indicates an invalid setting that does not provide useful results.

6.1.2 Window title bar

Each channel in the R&S FSWP display may contain several windows. Each window
can display either a graph or a table as a result of the channel measurement. Which
type of result evaluation is displayed in which window is defined in the display configu-
ration (see Chapter 6.6, "Displaying results", on page 99). The window's title bar indi-
cates which type of evaluation is displayed.

Trace Information in Window Title Bar

Information on the displayed traces is indicated in the window title bar.

Result type
Trace number Spur removal

Trace color Trace smoothing Trace offset

Trace mode

Trace color Color of trace display in diagram

Trace number Number of the trace (1 to 6)

Trace Mode Abbreviation of the trace mode:

● Clrw
Clear Write trace
● Max
Max Hold trace
● Min
Min Hold trace
● Avg
Average trace
● View
Frozen trace
● WrH
Write Hold trace

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Result type Type of result the trace represents.

● PN
● AM
● PN + AM

Trace smoothing Trace smoothing characteristics. Only displayed if trace smoothing has been
turned on for a trace.

Spur removal Spur removal characteristics. Only displayed if spur removal has been turned
on for a trace.

Trace offset Trace offset characteristics. Only displayed if an offset has been defined for a
trace.

6.1.3 Marker information

Marker information is provided either in the diagram grid or in separate marker tables,
depending on the configuration.

Marker information in diagram grid

Within the diagram, the x-axis and y-axis positions of the last 2 markers or delta mark-
ers that were set are displayed, if available, as well as their index. The value in the
square brackets after the index indicates the trace to which the marker is assigned.
(Example: M2[1] defines marker 2 on trace 1.) For more than 2 markers, a separate
marker table is displayed beneath the diagram by default.

Marker information in marker table

In addition to the marker information displayed within the diagram grid, separate
marker tables may be added to the display. These tables provide the following informa-
tion for all active markers:
Table 6-2: Regular marker table

Label Information

Wnd Window type the marker is positioned in.

(Only if there is more than one window containing a phase noise diagram.)

Type Marker type: N (normal), D (delta), T (temporary, internal)

Ref Reference (for delta markers)

Trc Trace to which the marker is assigned

X-value x-value of the marker

Y-value y-value of the marker

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6.1.4 Spot noise information

Spot noise information in diagram grid

The diagram contains information about all spot noise positions [T<x>]. Spot noise
information is made up out of the position of the spot noise measurement on the x-axis
and the y-axis. The value in the square brackets after the index indicates the trace to
which the spot noise calculation is assigned (Example: [T1] indicates trace 1). Note
that you can also display spot noise information in a separate table.

Spot noise information in spot noise table

The R&S FSWP also provides a numerical result table for the spot noise measure-
ment. The spot noise table has to be added deliberately. Note that the spot noise table
only contains information when the calculation of spot noise has been turned on.
Table 6-3: Spot noise information result table

Label Information

Wnd Measurement window that the spot noise has been calculated for.
(Only if there is more than one window containing a phase noise diagram.)

Offset Offset frequency or spot noise position on the x-axis of the Phase Noise dia-
gram.

Noise [T<x>] Measured noise on the spot noise position for each active trace.

6.1.5 Measurement progress information

The Phase Noise result display shows the progress of the measurement in a series of
green bars at the bottom of the diagram area. For each half decade in the measure-
ment, the R&S FSWP adds a bar that spans the frequency range of the corresponding
half decade.
The bar has several features.
● Measurement times less than 1 s
The numbers within the green bar indicate the number of cross-correlation opera-
tions applied to the corresponding half decade.
● Measurement times greater than 1 s
The numbers within the green bar show the progress of the cross-correlation oper-
ations in the half decade the application currently works on.
The first number is the current, the second number the total count of cross-correla-
tions for that half decade. The bars of half decades in which a measurement is still
running has a lighter tone of green than bars of half decades in which the measure-
ment has already finished (see image below).
● A double-click on the bar opens the "Noise Config" dialog box to define the cross-
correlation factor for that half decade.
● A right-click on the bar opens a context menu.

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The context menu provides easy access to various parameters to set up the mea-
surement.

6.1.6 Frequency information in diagram footer

Graphical result displays contain information in the diagram footer. The information
(beneath the diagram) depends on the result display.
The contents depend on the application and the result display.

Label Information

Start offset Start offset frequency

Stop offset Stop offset frequency

6.1.7 Instrument and status information

Global instrument settings and functions, the instrument status and any irregularities
are indicated in the status bar beneath the diagram.

In the MultiView tab the status bar always displays the information for the currently
selected measurement.
The following information is displayed:

Instrument status

The state of the DC Power features.

● white label = DC Power has been turned off
● green label = DC Power has been turned on and is within the defined limits
● red label = DC Power has been turned on and violates the defined limits

The R&S FSWP is configured for operation with an external reference.

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Progress
The status of the current operation is displayed in the status bar. This includes the
remaining measurement time for measurements that last longer than 1 second.
Display of the remaining measurement time is supported by the following measure-
ments:
● (Additive) phase noise
● Pulsed (additive) phase noise
● Baseband noise

In the MultiView tab, the progress bar indicates the status of the currently selected
measurement, not the measurement currently being performed by a Sequencer, for
example.

Date and time

The date and time settings of the instrument are displayed in the status bar.

Error messages and warnings

If errors or irregularities are detected, a keyword and an error message, if available,
are displayed in the status bar.

6.1.8 Error information

If errors or irregularities are detected, a keyword and an error message, if available,

are displayed in the status bar.

Depending on the type of message, the status message is indicated in varying colors.
Table 6-4: Status bar information - color coding

Color Type Description

red Error An error occurred at the start or during a measurement, e.g. due to missing
data or wrong settings, so that the measurement cannot be started or com-
pleted correctly.

orange Warning An irregular situation occurred during measurement, e.g. the settings no lon-
ger match the displayed results, or the connection to an external device was
interrupted temporarily.

gray Information Information on the status of individual processing steps.

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Color Type Description

no color No errors No message displayed - normal operation.

green Measurement Some applications visualize that the measurement was successfull by show-
successful ing a messsage.

If any error information is available for a measurement channel, an exclamation mark is

displayed next to the channel name ( ). This is particularly useful when the MultiView
tab is displayed, as the status bar in the MultiView tab always displays the information
for the currently selected measurement only.
Furthermore, a status bit is set in the STATus:QUEStionable:EXTended:INFO reg-
ister for the application concerned (see Chapter 13.2.2.8, "STATus:QUEStiona-
ble:EXTended:INFO register", on page 348). Messages of a specific type can be quer-
ied using the SYST:ERR:EXT? command, see SYSTem:ERRor:EXTended?
on page 637.

Table 6-5: Keywords in the status bar

Message Meaning

IF OVLD Overload of the IF signal path in the A/D converter or in the digital IF.
Increase attenuation or remove the signal from the RF input.

LOUNL Error in the instrument's frequency processing hardware was detected.

NO REF Instrument was set to an external reference but no signal was detected on the refer-
ence input.

OVEN The optional OCXO reference frequency has not yet reached its operating tempera-
ture. The message usually disappears a few minutes after power has been switched
on.

RF OVLD Overload of the input mixer or of the analog IF path.

Reduce the input level.

UNCAL One of the following conditions applies:

● Correction data has been switched off.
● No correction values are available, for example after a firmware update.
● Record the correction data by performing a self alignment

WRONG_FW The firmware version is out-of-date and does not support the currently installed hard-
ware. Until the firmware version is updated, this error message is displayed and self-
alignment fails.
(For details refer to the R&S FSWP User Manual).

6.2 Accessing functions

All tasks necessary to operate the instrument can be performed using the user inter-
face. Apart from instrument specific keys, all other keys that correspond to an external
keyboard (for example arrow keys, [Enter] key) operate conform to Microsoft.
For most tasks, there are at least 2 alternative methods to perform them:
● Using the touchscreen

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● Using other elements provided by the front panel, for example the keypad, rotary
knob, or arrow and position keys.
The measurement and instrument functions and settings can be accessed by selecting
one of the following elements:
● System and function keys on the front panel of the instrument
● Softkeys on the touchscreen
● Context menus for specific elements on the touchscreen
● Icons on the tool bar in the touchscreen
● Displayed setting on the touchscreen
● Toolbar.................................................................................................................... 90
● Softkeys.................................................................................................................. 91
● Context menus........................................................................................................ 92
● On-screen keyboard................................................................................................92

6.2.1 Toolbar

The icons in the toolbar provide access to general functions.

You can hide the toolbar display, for example when using remote control, in order to
enlarge the display area for the measurement results ("Setup > Display > Displayed
Items"). See the R&S FSWP User Manual for details.

Windows: opens the Windows "Start" menu and task bar.

Open: opens a file from the instrument or an external device ("Save/Recall" menu).

Store: stores data on the instrument or an external device ("Save/Recall" menu).

Print: defines print settings ("Print" menu).

Undo: reverts last operation

Redo: repeats previously reverted operation

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Select: the cursor can be used to select (and move) elements in the display (mark-
ers, lines etc.).

Zoom mode: displays a dotted rectangle in the diagram that can be expanded to
define the zoom area.

Multiple zoom mode: multiple zoom areas can be defined for the same diagram.

Zoom off: displays the diagram in its original size.

SmartGrid: activates "SmartGrid" mode to configure the screen layout.

Sequencer: opens the "Sequencer" menu to perform consecutive measurements.

DC Power: turns the DC power output on and off.

DC Configuration: provides quick access to configure the main parameters for DC

power supply.

Signal Source: turns the optional signal source output on and off.
(Available when the optional signal source output is installed.)

RF Config: provides quick access to configure the main parameters of the signal
source.
(Available when the optional signal source output is installed.)

Help (+ Select): allows you to select an element for which context-specific help is dis-
played.

Help: displays context-sensitive help topic for currently selected element.

Print immediately: prints the current display (screenshot) as configured.

In "SmartGrid" mode only:

Close: Exit "SmartGrid" mode.

6.2.2 Softkeys

Softkeys are virtual keys provided by the software. Thus, more functions can be provi-
ded than those that can be accessed directly via the function keys on the instrument.

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Softkeys are dynamic: depending on the selected function key, a different list of soft-
keys is displayed on the right side of the screen.
A list of softkeys for a certain function key is also called a menu. Softkeys can either
perform a specific function or open a dialog box.

Recognizing the softkey status by color

Color Meaning

orange associated dialog box is open

blue associated function is active; for toggle keys: currently active state

gray instrument function is temporarily not available due to a specific setting or missing option

You can hide the softkey display, e.g. when using remote control, in order to enlarge
the display area for the measurement results ("Setup > Display > Displayed Items").
See the User Manual for details.

6.2.3 Context menus

Several items in the diagram area have context menus (for example markers, traces or
the channel bar). If you right-click on one of these items (or tap it for about 1 second), a
menu is displayed which contains the same functions as the corresponding softkey.
This is useful, for example, when the softkey display is hidden.

6.2.4 On-screen keyboard

The on-screen keyboard is an additional means of interacting with the instrument with-
out having to connect an external keyboard.

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R&S®FSWP Operating the instrument
Entering data

The on-screen keyboard display can be switched on and off as desired using the "On-
Screen Keyboard" function key beneath the screen.

When you press this key, the display switches between the following options:
● Keyboard displayed at the top of the screen
● Keyboard displayed at the bottom of the screen
● No keyboard displayed

You can use the TAB key on the on-screen keyboard to move the focus from one field
to another in dialog boxes.

6.3 Changing the focus

Any selected function is always performed on the currently focused element in the dis-
play, e.g. a dialog field, diagram, or table row. Which element is focused is indicated by
a blue frame (diagram, window, table) or is otherwise highlighted (softkey, marker etc.).
Moving the focus is most easily done by tapping on the element on the touchscreen.
Alternatively, use the "Tab" key on the on-screen keyboard or the rotary knob to move
the focus from one element to the next on the display.

6.4 Entering data

You can enter data in dialog boxes using any of the following methods:
● Using the touchscreen, via the on-screen keyboard
● Using other elements provided by the front panel, e.g. the keypad, rotary knob, or
navigation keys
The rotary knob acts like the [ENTER] key when it is pressed.
● Using a connected external keyboard

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Transparent dialog boxes

You can change the transparency of the dialog boxes to see the results in the windows
behind the dialog box. Thus, you can see the effects that the changes you make to the
settings have on the results immediately.
To change the transparency, select the transparency icon at the top of the dialog box.
A slider is displayed. To hide the slider, select the transparency icon again.

(The title bar of the dialog box is always slightly transparent and is not affected by the
slider.)

Particularities in Windows dialog boxes

In some cases, e.g. if you want to install a printer, original Windows dialog boxes are
used. In these dialog boxes, the rotary knob and function keys do not work. Use the
touchscreen instead.

6.4.1 Entering numeric parameters

If a field requires numeric input, the keypad provides only numbers.

1. Enter the parameter value using the keypad, or change the currently used parame-
ter value by using the rotary knob (small steps) or the [UP] or [DOWN] keys (large
steps).

2. After entering the numeric value via keypad, press the corresponding unit key.
The unit is added to the entry.

3. If the parameter does not require a unit, confirm the entered value by pressing
[ENTER] or any of the unit keys.
The editing line is highlighted to confirm the entry.

6.4.2 Entering alphanumeric parameters

If a field requires alphanumeric input, you can use the on-screen keyboard to enter
numbers and (special) characters (see Chapter 6.2.4, "On-screen keyboard",
on page 92).
Alternatively, you can use the keypad. Every alphanumeric key represents several
characters and one number. The decimal point key (.) represents special characters,
and the sign key (-) toggles between capital and small letters. For the assignment,
refer to Table 6-6.

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You can change the default behavior of the keypad for text input. This is useful if you
frequently enter numeric values in text fields, for example to define file names consist-
ing of numbers.
For details, see "Number block behavior" on page 327.

To enter numbers and (special) characters via the keypad

1. Press the key once to enter the first possible value.

2. All characters available via this key are displayed.

3. To choose another value provided by this key, press the key again, until your
desired value is displayed.

4. With every key stroke, the next possible value of this key is displayed. If all possi-
ble values have been displayed, the series starts with the first value again. For
information on the series, refer to Table 6-6.

5. To change from capital to small letters and vice versa, press the sign key (-).

6. When you have chosen the desired value, wait for 2 seconds (to use the same key
again), or start the next entry by pressing another key.

To enter a blank
► Press the "Space" bar, or press "0" and wait 2 seconds.

To correct an entry
1. Using the arrow keys, move the cursor to the right of the entry you want to delete.

2. Press [BACKSPACE].
The entry to the left of the cursor is deleted.

3. Enter your correction.

To complete the entry

► Press [ENTER] or the rotary knob.

To abort the entry

► Press [ESC].
The dialog box is closed without changing the settings.

Table 6-6: Keys for alphanumeric parameters

Key name Series of (special) characters and number provided

(upper inscription)

7 7µΩ°€¥$¢

8 A B C 8 Ä ÆÅ Ç

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Touchscreen gestures

Key name Series of (special) characters and number provided

(upper inscription)

9 DEF9É

4 GHI4

5 JKL5

6 MNO6ŇÖ

1 PQRS1

2 TUV2Ü

3 WXYZ3

0 <blank> 0 – @ + / \ < > = % &

. .*:_,;"'?()#

– <toggles between capital and small letters>

6.5 Touchscreen gestures

A touchscreen allows you to interact with the software using various finger gestures on
the screen. The basic gestures supported by the software and most applications are
described here. Further actions using the same gestures may be possible.
Tapping
Touch the screen quickly, usually on a specific element.
You can tap most elements on the screen; in particular, any elements you can also
click on with a mouse pointer.

Figure 6-1: Tapping

Double-tapping
Tap the screen twice, in quick succession.
Double-tap a diagram or the window title bar to maximize a window in the display, or to
restore the original size.

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Touchscreen gestures

Dragging
Move your finger from one position to another on the display, keeping your finger on
the display the whole time.
By dragging your finger over a table or diagram you can pan the displayed area of the
table or diagram to show results that were previously out of view.

Figure 6-2: Dragging

Pinching and spreading two fingers

Move two fingers together on the display (pinch) or move two fingers apart on the dis-
play (spread).
When you pinch two fingers in the display, you decrease the size of the currently dis-
played area, showing the surrounding areas previously out of view.
When you spread two fingers in the display, you increase the size of the currently dis-
played area, showing more details.
You can pinch or spread your fingers vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. The direction
in which you move your fingers determines which dimension of the display is changed.

Figure 6-3: Pinching

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Touchscreen gestures

Figure 6-4: Spreading

Touch gestures in diagrams change measurement settings

When you change the display using touch gestures, the corresponding measurement
settings are adapted. This is different to selecting an area on the screen in zoom
mode, where merely the resolution of the displayed trace points is changed temporarily
(graphical zoom).

Mouse vs. touch actions

Any user interface elements that react to actions by a mouse pointer also react to fin-
ger gestures on the screen, and vice versa. The following touch actions correspond to
mouse actions:
Table 6-7: Correlation of mouse and touch actions

Mouse operation Touch operation

Click Tap

Double-click Double-tap

Click and hold Touch and hold

Right-click Touch, hold for 1 second and release

Drag-&-drop (= click and hold, then drag and Touch, then drag and release
release)

Mouse wheel to scroll up or down Swipe

Dragging scrollbars to scroll up or down, left or right Swipe

In (graphical) Zoom mode only: dragging the bor- Touch, then drag and release
ders of the displayed rectangle to change its size

Example:
You can scroll through a long table in conventional mouse operation by clicking in the
table's scrollbar repeatedly. In touch operation, you would scroll through the table by
dragging the table up and down with your finger.

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Displaying results

6.6 Displaying results

The R&S FSWP provides several instrument applications for different analysis tasks
and different types of signals, for example the Phase Noise application, the optional
Spectrum application or the optional I/Q Analyzer. For each application, a new mea-
surement channel is created and displayed in a separate tab on the screen.
The results of a measurement channel can be evaluated in many different ways, both
graphically and numerically. For each evaluation method the results are displayed in a
separate window in the tab.
The R&S FSWP allows you to configure the display to suit your specific requirements
and optimize analysis.

6.6.1 Activating and deactivating channels

When you activate an application, a new measurement channel is created which deter-
mines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be acti-
vated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same
application. Whenever you switch channels, the corresponding measurement settings
are restored. Each channel is displayed in a separate tab on the screen.
An additional tab ("MultiView") provides an overview of all currently active channels at
once.
Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecu-
tively, a Sequencer function is provided.

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To start a new channel

1. Select [Mode].

2. In the "Mode" dialog box, select the required application on the "New Channel" tab.
A new tab is displayed for the new channel.

Remote command:
INSTrument:CREate[:NEW] on page 414/ INSTrument:CREate:DUPLicate
on page 413

To change the application in an active channel

1. Select the tab of the channel you want to change.

2. Select [Mode].

3. In the "Mode" dialog box, select the new application to be displayed on the
"Replace Current Channel" tab.
The selected application is displayed in the current channel.

Remote command:
INSTrument:CREate:REPLace on page 414

To close a measurement channel

►

Select the "Close" icon on the tab of the measurement channel.

The tab is closed, any running measurements are aborted, and all results for that
channel are deleted.

Remote command:
INSTrument:DELete on page 415

6.6.2 Laying out the result display with the smartgrid

Measurement results can be evaluated in many different ways, for example graphically,
as summary tables, statistical evaluations etc. Each type of evaluation is displayed in a
separate window in the channel tab. Up to 16 individual windows can be displayed per
channel (i.e. per tab). To arrange the diagrams and tables on the screen, the Rohde &
Schwarz SmartGrid function helps you find the target position simply and quickly.
Principally, the layout of the windows on the screen is based on an underlying grid, the
SmartGrid. However, the SmartGrid is dynamic and flexible, allowing for many different
layout possibilities. The SmartGrid functionality provides the following basic features:
● Windows can be arranged in columns or in rows, or in a combination of both.

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● Windows can be arranged in up to four rows and four columns.

● Windows are moved simply by dragging them to a new position on the screen, pos-
sibly changing the layout of the other windows, as well.
● All evaluation methods available for the currently selected measurement are dis-
played as icons in the evaluation bar. If the evaluation bar contains more icons
than can be displayed at once on the screen, it can be scrolled vertically. The same
evaluation method can be displayed in multiple windows simultaneously.
● New windows are added by dragging an evaluation icon from the evaluation bar to
the screen. The position of each new window depends on where you drop the eval-
uation icon in relation to the existing windows.
● All display configuration actions are only possible in SmartGrid mode. When Smart-
Grid mode is activated, the evaluation bar replaces the current softkey menu dis-
play. When the SmartGrid mode is deactivated again, the previous softkey menu
display is restored.
● Background information: the smartgrid principle...................................................101
● How to activate smartgrid mode............................................................................102
● How to add a new result window...........................................................................103
● How to close a result window................................................................................103
● How to arrange the result windows....................................................................... 104

6.6.2.1 Background information: the smartgrid principle

SmartGrid display
During any positioning action, the underlying SmartGrid is displayed. Different colors
and frames indicate the possible new positions. The position in the SmartGrid where
you drop the window determines its position on the screen.

Figure 6-5: Moving a window in SmartGrid mode

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Displaying results

The brown area indicates the possible "drop area" for the window, i.e. the area in which
the window can be placed. A blue area indicates the (approximate) layout of the win-
dow as it would be if the icon were dropped at the current position. The frames indicate
the possible destinations of the new window with respect to the existing windows:
above/below, right/left or replacement (as illustrated in Figure 6-6). If an existing win-
dow would be replaced, the drop area is highlighted in a darker color shade.

Positioning the window

The screen can be divided into up to four rows. Each row can be split into up to four
columns, where each row can have a different number of columns. However, rows
always span the entire width of the screen and may not be interrupted by a column. A
single row is available as the drop area for the window in the SmartGrid. The row can
be split into columns, or a new row can be inserted above or below the existing row (if
the maximum of 4 has not yet been reached).

1
A

B 2 3 2 3 2

C
1

Figure 6-6: SmartGrid window positions

1 = Insert row above or below the existing row

2 = Create a new column in the existing row
3 = Replace a window in the existing row

SmartGrid functions
Once the evaluation icon has been dropped, icons in each window provide delete and
move functions.
The "Move" icon allows you to move the position of the window, possibly changing the
size and position of the other displayed windows.

The "Delete" icon allows you to close the window, enlarging the display of the remain-
ing windows.

6.6.2.2 How to activate smartgrid mode

All display configuration actions are only possible in SmartGrid mode. In SmartGrid
mode the evaluation bar replaces the current softkey menu display. When the Smart-
Grid mode is deactivated again, the previous softkey menu display is restored.

► To activate SmartGrid mode, do one of the following:

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Displaying results

Select the "SmartGrid" icon from the toolbar.

● Select "Display Config" in the configuration "Overview".
● Select "Display Config" from the [Meas Config] menu.
The SmartGrid functions and the evaluation bar are displayed.

To close the SmartGrid mode and restore the previous softkey menu, select the
"Close" icon, or press any key.

6.6.2.3 How to add a new result window

Each type of evaluation is displayed in a separate window. Up to 16 individual windows

can be displayed per channel (i.e. per tab).

1. Activate SmartGrid mode.

All evaluation methods available for the currently selected measurement are dis-
played as icons in the evaluation bar.

2. Select the icon for the required evaluation method from the evaluation bar.
If the evaluation bar contains more icons than can be displayed at once on the
screen, it can be scrolled vertically. Touch the evaluation bar between the icons
and move it up or down until the required icon appears.

3. Drag the required icon from the evaluation bar to the SmartGrid, which is displayed
in the diagram area, and drop it at the required position. (See Chapter 6.6.2.5,
"How to arrange the result windows", on page 104 for more information on position-
ing the window).

Remote command:
LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 526 / LAYout:WINDow<n>:ADD? on page 531

6.6.2.4 How to close a result window

► To close a window, activate SmartGrid mode and select the "Delete" icon for the
window.

Remote command:
LAYout:REMove[:WINDow] on page 529 / LAYout:WINDow<n>:REMove
on page 532

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6.6.2.5 How to arrange the result windows

1. Select an icon from the evaluation bar or the "Move" icon for an existing evaluation
window.

2. Drag the evaluation over the SmartGrid.

A blue area shows where the window will be placed.

3. Move the window until a suitable area is indicated in blue.

4. Drop the window in the target area.

The windows are rearranged to the selected layout, and "Delete" and "Move" icons
are displayed in each window.

5. To close a window, select the corresponding "Delete" icon.

Remote command:
LAYout:REPLace[:WINDow] on page 529 / LAYout:WINDow<n>:REPLace
on page 532
LAYout:MOVE[:WINDow] on page 529

6.6.3 Changing the size of windows

Each channel tab may contain several windows to evaluate the measurement results
using different methods. A "splitter" allows you to change the size of neighboring win-
dows.

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The splitters are not available in SmartGrid mode.

► To change the size of two neighboring windows, drag the splitter between the win-
dows in either direction.

6.6.4 Switching between a split and maximized window display

To get an overview of the results, displaying several windows at the same time may be
helpful. However, the individual windows may become rather small. In this case it is
useful to maximize an individual window to the entire screen temporarily in order to
analyze the results in more detail.

To switch between a split and a maximized display without having to close and re-open
windows, press [SPLIT/MAXIMIZE] on the front panel. In maximized display, the cur-
rently focused window is maximized. In split display, all active windows are displayed.
Alternatively, double-tap the title bar of a window to maximize it.

6.6.5 Changing the display

The display can be optimized for your individual needs. The following display functions
are available and are described in detail in Chapter 12.2, "Display settings",
on page 303 and Chapter 10.1, "Result display configuration", on page 208.
● Displaying a simulation of the entire front panel of the instrument on the screen
("Front Panel")

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Remote control

● Displaying the main function hardkeys in a separate window on the screen ("Mini
Front Panel")
● Hiding or showing various screen elements
● Selecting a display theme and colors
● Changing the display update rate
● Activating or deactivating the touch-sensitivity of the screen
● Zooming into the diagram

6.7 Remote control

In addition to working with the R&S FSWP interactively, located directly at the instru-
ment, it is also possible to operate and control it from a remote PC. Various methods
for remote control are supported:
● Connecting the instrument to a (LAN) network
(See the R&S FSWP user manual.)
● Using the Windows Remote Desktop application in a LAN network
● Connecting a PC via the GPIB interface
How to configure the remote control interfaces is described in the User Manual.

The R&S FSWP is delivered with IECWIN installed, the auxiliary remote control tool
provided free of charge by Rohde & Schwarz.
For details on the IECWIN tool, see the "Network and Remote Control" chapter of the
R&S FSWP User Manual.

6.7.1 Remote desktop connection

Remote Desktop is a Windows application which can be used to access and control
the instrument from a remote computer through a LAN connection. While the instru-
ment is in operation, the instrument screen contents are displayed on the remote com-
puter. Remote Desktop provides access to all of the applications, files, and network
resources of the instrument. Thus, remote operation of the instrument is possible.
The Remote Desktop Client is part of the installed Windows operating system. For
other versions of Windows, Microsoft offers the Remote Desktop Client as an add-on.

6.7.2 Connecting a PC via the GPIB interface

You can connect a PC to the R&S FSWP via the GPIB interface to send remote com-
mands to control and operate the instrument. You can configure the GPIB address and
the ID response string. The GPIB language is set as SCPI by default but can be
changed to emulate other instruments.
A GPIB interface is integrated on the rear panel of the instrument.

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R&S®FSWP Applications
R&S multiview

7 Applications
The R&S FSWP is a dedicated Phase Noise Analyzer whose main feature is the phase
noise measurement application.
When equipped accordingly (with optional hardware or software), it is able to provide
several additional applications for different analysis tasks (for example the spectrum
application).
When you activate an application, the R&S FSWP creates a new measurement chan-
nel which in turn determines the measurement settings for that application. You can
use the same application with different measurement settings by creating several
channels for the same application. Each channel is represented by a separate tab on
the screen.
Note that the number of channels can be limited by the available memory of the
R&S FSWP.
● R&S multiview....................................................................................................... 107
● Available Applications........................................................................................... 108
● Starting an application...........................................................................................110
● Running a sequence of measurements.................................................................112

7.1 R&S multiview

Each application is displayed in a separate tab. An additional tab ("MultiView") provides
an overview of all currently active channels at a glance. In the "MultiView" tab, each
individual window contains its own channel bar with an additional button. Select this
button to switch to the corresponding channel display quickly.

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R&S®FSWP Applications
Available Applications

Remote command:
DISPlay:FORMat on page 525

7.2 Available Applications

Depending on its outfit, the R&S FSWP provides one or more applications for specific
measurement tasks.
Phase Noise................................................................................................................108
Spectrum Monitor........................................................................................................108
Spectrum.....................................................................................................................109
Analog Modulation Analysis........................................................................................ 109
I/Q Analyzer................................................................................................................ 109
Noise Figure................................................................................................................109
Pulse Measurements...................................................................................................110
Spurious Measurements..............................................................................................110
Transient Analysis....................................................................................................... 110
Vector Signal Analysis (VSA)...................................................................................... 110

Phase Noise
The phase noise application provides measurement functions to measure the phase
noise characteristics of a DUT.
This application is used in the initial configuration.
For details, refer to Chapter 8, "Measurements and result displays", on page 117.
Remote command:
INST:SEL PNO, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

Spectrum Monitor
The spectrum monitor application provides measurement functions for basic I/Q data
analysis.
It runs on the phase noise analyzer hardware and is available for free with firmware
version 1.60.
Compared to the full I/Q analyzer, which runs on the optional spectrum analyzer hard-
ware, it has the following characteristics and limitations.
● When you open a spectrum monitor, the frequency, level and input parameters are
initially adopted from the phase noise application (you can change them in the
spectrum monitor, of course).
Those settings are the same as in the full I/Q analyzer.
● Maximum analysis bandwidth of 20 MHz and sample rate of 25 MHz (and no sup-
port of bandwidth extensions).
● Advanced data acquisition settings are unavailable.
● I/Q data import and export are the same as in the full I/Q analyzer.
● Spectrograms, general marker functionality, marker functions and limit lines are the
same as in the full I/Q analyzer.
● Only external triggers are supported.
● Only evaluation of the frequency spectrum is supported.

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R&S®FSWP Applications
Available Applications

● Trace mathematics are not available.

All other functionality is the same as that of the I/Q analyzer.
For details, refer to the user manual of the I/Q analyzer.
Remote command:
INST:SEL SMONitor, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

Spectrum
The spectrum application is an optional application that is available with R&S FSWP-
B1.
In the spectrum application, the provided functions correspond to those of a conven-
tional spectrum analyzer. The analyzer measures the frequency spectrum of the RF
input signal over the selected frequency range with the selected resolution and sweep
time, or, for a fixed frequency, displays the waveform of the video signal.
For details, refer to the user manual of the spectrum analyzer measurement applica-
tion.
Remote command:
INST:SEL SAN, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

Analog Modulation Analysis

The analog modulation analysis application requires an instrument equipped with the
spectrum analyzer hardware (R&S FSWP-B1) and the analog modulation analysis
option (R&S FSWP-K7).
The analog modulation analysis application provides measurement functions for
demodulating AM, FM, or PM signals.
For details, refer to the user manual of the analog modulation analysis application.
Remote command:
INST:SEL ADEM, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

I/Q Analyzer
The I/Q analyzer application requires an instrument equipped with the spectrum ana-
lyzer hardware component (R&S FSWP-B1).
The I/Q analyzer application provides measurement and display functions for I/Q data.
For details, refer to the user manual of the I/Q analyzer.
Remote command:
INST:SEL IQ, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

Noise Figure
The noise figure application requires an instrument equipped with the spectrum ana-
lyzer hardware (R&S FSWP-B1) and the noise figure Measurements option
(R&S FSWP-K30).
For details, refer to the user manual of the noise figure measurement application.
Remote command:
INST:SEL NOISE, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

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R&S®FSWP Applications
Starting an application

Pulse Measurements
The pulse application requires an instrument equipped with the spectrum analyzer
hardware (R&S FSWP-B1) and the pulse measurements option (R&S FSWP-K6(S)).
This application provides measurement functions for pulsed signals.
For details, refer to the user manual of the pulse measurement application.
Remote command:
INST:SEL PULSE, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

Spurious Measurements
The Spurious Measurements application requires an instrument equipped with the
Spurious Measurements option, R&S FSWP-K50. This application provides measure-
ments and evaluations for spurious signal effects.
For details, refer to the user manual of the spurious measurements application.
Remote command:
INST:SEL SPUR, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

Transient Analysis
The Transient Analysis application requires an instrument equipped with the Transient
Analysis option, R&S FSWP-K60. This application provides measurements and evalu-
ations for Transient Analysis.
For details, refer to the user manual of the transient analysis measurement application.
Remote command:
INST:SEL TA, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

Vector Signal Analysis (VSA)

The VSA application requires an instrument equipped with the spectrum analyzer hard-
ware (R&S FSWP-B1) and the vector signal analysis option (R&S FSWP-K70). This
application provides measurement and evaluations for vector signal analysis.
For details, refer to the VSA user manual.
Remote command:
INST:SEL DDEM, see INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

7.3 Starting an application

The default application that is running when you start the R&S FSWP is the phase
noise application.

Access to application selection

► [MODE]

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R&S®FSWP Applications
Starting an application

To select an application, select the corresponding button.

To deactivate a channel, simply close the corresponding tab.

The remote commands required to perform these tasks are described in Chapter 14.4,
"Selecting the operating mode and application", on page 413.

The measurement channels are labeled with their default name. If that name already
exists, a sequential number is added.

In remote control, the name of the measurement channel can be changed. For details
and an overview of default names, see INSTrument:LIST?.

New Channel............................................................................................................... 111

Replace Current Channel............................................................................................112
Duplicate Current Channel.......................................................................................... 112

New Channel
The applications selected on this tab are started in a new measurement channel, i.e. a
new tab in the display.
Remote command:
INSTrument:CREate[:NEW] on page 414
INSTrument[:SELect] on page 416

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R&S®FSWP Applications
Running a sequence of measurements

Replace Current Channel

The applications selected on this tab are started in the currently displayed measure-
ment channel, replacing the current application.
Remote command:
INSTrument:CREate:REPLace on page 414

Duplicate Current Channel

The currently active channel can be duplicated, i.e. a new channel of the same type
and with the identical measurement settings is started. The name of the new channel is
the same as the copied channel, extended by a consecutive number (e.g. "Spectrum" -
> "Spectrum 2").
Remote command:
INSTrument:CREate:DUPLicate on page 413

7.4 Running a sequence of measurements

Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecu-
tively, a Sequencer function is provided.
● The sequencer concept.........................................................................................112
● Sequencer settings................................................................................................114
● How to set up the sequencer.................................................................................115

7.4.1 The sequencer concept

The instrument can only activate one specific channel at any time. Thus, only one
measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently active
channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a
Sequencer function is provided, which changes the channel of the instrument as
required. If activated, the measurements configured in the currently defined "Channel"s
are performed one after the other in the order of the tabs.
For each individual measurement, the sweep count is considered. Thus, each mea-
surement may consist of several sweeps. The currently active measurement is indica-
ted by a symbol in the tab label.
The result displays of the individual channels are updated in the tabs as the measure-
ments are performed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently dis-
played tab.

Sequencer modes
Three different Sequencer modes are available:
● Single Sequence
Similar to single sweep mode; each measurement is performed once, until all mea-
surements in all defined "Channel"s have been performed.

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Running a sequence of measurements

● Continuous Sequence
Similar to continuous sweep mode; the measurements in each defined "Channel"
are performed one after the other, repeatedly, in the same order, until sequential
operation is stopped. This is the default Sequencer mode.
● Channel-defined Sequence
First, a single sequence is performed. Then, only "Channel"s in continuous sweep
mode are repeated continuously.

Example: Sequencer procedure

Assume the following active channel definition:

Tab name Application Sweep mode Sweep count

Spectrum Spectrum Cont. Sweep 5

Spectrum 2 Spectrum Single Sweep 6

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Running a sequence of measurements

Tab name Application Sweep mode Sweep count

Spectrum 3 Spectrum Cont. Sweep 2

IQ Analyzer IQ Analyzer Single Sweep 7

For Single Sequence, the following sweeps will be performed:

5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer
For Continuous Sequence, the following sweeps will be performed:
5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer,
5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer,
...
For Channel-defined Sequence, the following sweeps will be performed:
5x Spectrum, 6x Spectrum 2, 2 x Spectrum 3, 7x IQ Analyzer,
5x Spectrum, 2 x Spectrum 3,
5x Spectrum, 2 x Spectrum 3,
...

Run Single/Run Cont and Single Sweep/Sweep Continuous keys

While the Sequencer is active, the [Run Single] and [Run Cont] keys control the
Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [Run Single] starts the Sequencer in single mode,
while [Run Cont] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.
The "Single Sweep" and "Continuous Sweep"softkeys control the sweep mode for the
currently selected channel only; the sweep mode only has an effect the next time the
Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a channel-defined sequence. In this
case, a channel in single sweep mode is swept only once by the Sequencer. A channel
in continuous sweep mode is swept repeatedly.

7.4.2 Sequencer settings

The "Sequencer" menu is available from the toolbar.

Sequencer State..........................................................................................................114
Sequencer Mode......................................................................................................... 115

Sequencer State
Activates or deactivates the Sequencer. If activated, sequential operation according to
the selected Sequencer mode is started immediately.
Remote command:
SYSTem:SEQuencer on page 418
INITiate:SEQuencer:IMMediate on page 417
INITiate:SEQuencer:ABORt on page 417

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Running a sequence of measurements

Sequencer Mode
Defines how often which measurements are performed. The currently selected mode
softkey is highlighted blue. During an active Sequencer process, the selected mode
softkey is highlighted orange.
"Single Sequence"
Each measurement is performed once, until all measurements in all
active channels have been performed.
"Continuous Sequence"
The measurements in each active channel are performed one after
the other, repeatedly, in the same order, until sequential operation is
stopped.
This is the default Sequencer mode.
"Channel Defined Sequence"
First, a single sequence is performed. Then, only channels in continu-
ous sweep mode are repeated.
Remote command:
INITiate:SEQuencer:MODE on page 418

7.4.3 How to set up the sequencer

In order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a Sequencer function

is provided.

1. Configure a channel for each measurement configuration as required, including the

sweep mode.

2. In the toolbar, select the "Sequencer" icon.

The "Sequencer" menu is displayed.

3. Toggle the "Sequencer" softkey to "On".

A continuous sequence is started immediately.

4. To change the Sequencer mode and start a new sequence immediately, select the
corresponding mode softkey, or press the [Run Single] or [Run Cont] key.
The measurements configured in the currently active channels are performed one
after the other in the order of the tabs until the Sequencer is stopped.
The result displays in the individual channels are updated as the measurements
are performed.

To stop the sequencer

► To stop the Sequencer temporarily, press the highlighted [Run Single] or [Run
Cont] key (not for a channel-defined sequence). To continue the Sequencer, press
the key again.

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Running a sequence of measurements

To stop the Sequencer permanently, select the "Sequencer" icon in the toolbar and
toggle the "Sequencer" softkey to "Off".

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R&S®FSWP Measurements and result displays
Basics on phase noise measurements

8 Measurements and result displays

The noise performance of a DUT is usually described by various effects and signal
characteristics that can be measured by the R&S FSWP.
The R&S FSWP provides several measurements, each of which analyzes different
noise characteristics for different types of signal.
All measurements support several result displays, each of which shows different
aspects of the noise characteristics of the measured signal.
● Basics on phase noise measurements..................................................................117
● Performing measurements.................................................................................... 118
● Selecting measurements.......................................................................................120
● Result displays...................................................................................................... 122

8.1 Basics on phase noise measurements

● Residual effects.....................................................................................................117

8.1.1 Residual effects

Residual noise effects are modulation products that originate directly from the phase
noise. It is possible to deduct them mathematically from the phase noise of a DUT.
The application calculates three residual noise effects. All calculations are based on an
integration of the phase noise over a particular offset frequency range.

Residual PM
The residual phase modulation is the contribution of the phase noise to the output of a
PM demodulator. It is evaluated over the frequency range you have defined.

f stop

Residual PM  2   L( f m ) df m rad 
f start

with L( f )  single sideband phase noise [dBc/Hz]

Residual FM
The residual frequency modulation is the contribution of the phase noise to the output
of an FM demodulator. It is evaluated over the frequency range you have defined.

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Performing measurements

f stop

Residual FM  2  f
2
m L ( f m ) df m Hz 
f start

with L( f m )  single sideband phase noise [dBc/Hz]

f m  frequency [Hz]

Jitter
The jitter is the RMS temporal fluctuation of a carrier with the given phase noise evalu-
ated over a given frequency range of interest.

ResidualPM [rad]
Jitter[s] 
2  f 0
with f 0  Carrier frequency

Figure 8-1: Residual noise based on an integration between 10 kHz and 100 kHz offset

8.2 Performing measurements

To start single measurements

1. Configure the measurement range you would like to measure ("Frequency" dialog
box, see Chapter 9.4, "Frequency", on page 158).

2. Configure the number of measurements you would like to perform in a single mea-
surement ("Sweep Config" dialog box, see "Sweep/Average Count" on page 169).

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Performing measurements

3. Define how the results are evaluated for display ("Trace" dialog box, see Chap-
ter 10.3, "Trace configuration", on page 219).

4. To start the measurement, select one of the following:

● [RUN SINGLE] key
● "Single Sweep" softkey in the "Sweep" menu
The defined number of sweeps are performed, then the measurement is stopped.
While the measurement is running, the [RUN SINGLE] key is highlighted. To abort
the measurement, press the [RUN SINGLE] key again. The key is no longer high-
lighted. The results are not deleted until a new measurement is started.

5. To repeat the same number of measurements without deleting the last trace, select
the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey in the "Sweep" menu.

To start continuous measurements

1. If you want to average the trace or search for a maximum over more (or less) than
10 measurements, configure the "Average/Sweep Count" ("Sweep Config" dialog
box, see "Sweep/Average Count" on page 169).

2. To start the measurement, select one of the following:

● [RUN CONT] key
● "Continuous Sweep" softkey in the "Sweep" menu
After each sweep is completed, a new one is started automatically. While the mea-
surement is running, the [RUN CONT] key is highlighted. To stop the measure-
ment, press the [RUN CONT] key again. The key is no longer highlighted. The
results are not deleted until a new measurement is started.

Single Sweep / Run Single..........................................................................................119

Continuous Sweep / Run Cont....................................................................................120
Continue Single Sweep...............................................................................................120

Single Sweep / Run Single

Initiates a single measurement. The measurement is finished after all frequencies in
the frequency list have been measured. If necessary, the application automatically
determines the reference level before starting the actual measurement.
While the measurement is running, the "Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE]
key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the high-
lighted softkey or key again.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, "Single Sweep" only controls the sweep
mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode only takes effect
the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a channel-defined
sequence. In this case, the Sequencer sweeps a channel in single sweep mode only
once.
Furthermore, [RUN SINGLE] controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [RUN
SINGLE] starts the Sequencer in single mode.
If the Sequencer is off, only the evaluation for the currently displayed channel is upda-
ted.

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Selecting measurements

For details on the Sequencer, see Chapter 7.4.1, "The sequencer concept",
on page 112.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 426

Continuous Sweep / Run Cont

Initiates a measurement and repeats it continuously until stopped. If necessary, the
application automatically determines the reference level before starting the actual mea-
surement.
While the measurement is running, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
CONT] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the
highlighted softkey or key again. The results are not deleted until a new measurement
is started.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, "Continuous Sweep" only controls the
sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode only takes
effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a channel-
defined sequence. In this case, a channel in continuous sweep mode is swept repeat-
edly.
Furthermore, [RUN CONT] controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [RUN
CONT] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.
For details on the Sequencer, see Chapter 7.4.1, "The sequencer concept",
on page 112.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 425

Continue Single Sweep

Repeats the number of measurements defined by the "Sweep Count", without deleting
the trace of the last measurement.
While the measurement is running, the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting
the highlighted softkey or key again.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONMeas on page 424

8.3 Selecting measurements

Access: [MEAS]
The R&S FSWP provides several noise measurements, each determining different
noise aspects of different types of signal.
Phase noise Measurement......................................................................................... 121
Additive noise measurements (optional)..................................................................... 121
Baseband noise measurement................................................................................... 121
VCO characterization.................................................................................................. 121
Spot noise vs tune.......................................................................................................121

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Selecting measurements

PN Transient analysis................................................................................................. 122

Pulsed phase noise measurements (optional)............................................................ 122
Pulsed additive noise measurements (optional)......................................................... 122

Phase noise Measurement

Provides tools to measure the noise characteristics of a continuous wave signal.
This measurement measures the combined noise characteristics of the components in
the test setup.
Remote command:
CONFigure:PNOise:MEASurement on page 421

Additive noise measurements (optional)

Provides tools to measure the additive noise characteristics of a continuous wave sig-
nal.
The optional signal source that is necessary for this measurement allows you to mea-
sure the noise characteristics of individual components in the test setup.
Remote command:
CONFigure:PNOise:MEASurement on page 421

Baseband noise measurement

Provides tools to measure the noise characteristics of a DUT in absolute terms (not rel-
ative to a carrier).
The measurement is designed to check the voltage supply of DC sources or to deter-
mine the noise characteristics of amplifiers. Baseband measurements are possible
between 0 Hz and 30 MHz (absolute).
Remote command:
CONFigure:PNOise:MEASurement on page 421

VCO characterization
Provides tools to measure various characteristics of DUTs whose characteristics
change depending on the applied voltage or current. Examples would be voltage con-
trolled oscillators (VCOs) or YIG oscillators.
The measurement is designed to evaluate DUT characteristics as a function of the tun-
ing voltage (also known as sweep voltage).
Remote command:
CONFigure:VCO:MEASurement[:STATe] on page 423

Spot noise vs tune

Provides tools to measure the spot noise characteristic of DUTs whose spot noise
characteristic changes depending on the applied voltage or current. Examples would
be voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) or YIG oscillators.
The measurement is designed to evaluate DUT spot noise characteristic as a function
of the tuning voltage (also known as sweep voltage).
Remote command:
CONFigure:SNTune:MEASurement[:STATe] on page 422

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Result displays

PN Transient analysis
Provides tools to analyze the transient response of a DUT.
The measurement is designed to monitor the frequency and phase variations of a sig-
nal over time and to find out how long it takes until the signal is in a stable state.
Remote command:
CONFigure:TRANsient:MEASurement[:STATe] on page 422

Pulsed phase noise measurements (optional)

Provides tools to measure the noise characteristics of pulses.
The optional pulsed phase noise measurement application measures the combined
noise characteristics of the components in the test setup.
Remote command:
CONFigure:PNOise:MEASurement on page 421

Pulsed additive noise measurements (optional)

Provides tools to measure the additive noise characteristics of pulses.
The optional pulsed phase noise measurement application in combination with the
optional signal source allows you to measure the noise characteristics of individual
components in the test setup.
Remote command:
CONFigure:PNOise:MEASurement on page 421

8.4 Result displays

Result displays show different aspects of the measurement results in numerical or
graphical form.
Depending on the measurement, one or more result displays are supported.
Phase noise, additive noise, baseband noise, pulsed phase noise and pulsed additive
noise measurements:
● "Noise Diagram" on page 123
● "Integrated Measurements" on page 124
● "Spurious List" on page 125
● "Spot Noise" on page 126
● "Marker Table" on page 131
● "Allan Variance / Allan Deviation" on page 127
(Phase noise measurement only.)
VCO characterization measurements:
● "Frequency (VCO Characterization)" on page 128
● "Sensitivity" on page 128
● "Power" on page 128
● "Current / Voltage" on page 129
● "Power vs. Frequency" on page 129

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Result displays

● "Harmonic Power" on page 129

● "Marker Table" on page 131
Spot noise vs tune measurements:
● "Spot Noise vs Tune PN" on page 130
● "Spot Noise vs Tune AM" on page 130
● "Marker Table" on page 131
Transient analysis
● "Frequency (Transient Analysis)" on page 130
● "Frequency Deviation" on page 131
● "Phase" on page 131
● "Marker Table" on page 131
Noise Diagram............................................................................................................ 123
Integrated Measurements........................................................................................... 124
Spurious List............................................................................................................... 125
Spot Noise...................................................................................................................126
Allan Variance / Allan Deviation.................................................................................. 127
Frequency (VCO Characterization).............................................................................128
Sensitivity.................................................................................................................... 128
Power.......................................................................................................................... 128
Current / Voltage......................................................................................................... 129
Power vs. Frequency.................................................................................................. 129
Harmonic Power..........................................................................................................129
Spot Noise vs Tune PN............................................................................................... 130
Spot Noise vs Tune AM...............................................................................................130
Frequency (Transient Analysis)...................................................................................130
Frequency Deviation................................................................................................... 131
Phase.......................................................................................................................... 131
Marker Table............................................................................................................... 131

Noise Diagram
The "Noise Diagram" result display shows the power level of the noise over a variable
frequency offset from the carrier frequency.
The unit of both axes in the diagram is fix. The x-axis always shows the offset frequen-
cies in relation to the carrier frequency on a logarithmic scale in Hz. It always has a
logarithmic scale to make sure of an equal representation of offsets near and far away
from the carrier. The range of offsets that the x-axis shows is variable and depends on
the measurement range you have defined and the scope of the x-axis that you have
set.
The y-axis always shows the noise power level contained in a 1 Hz bandwidth in rela-
tion to the level of the carrier.
The unit of the y-axis depends on which version of the "Noise Spectrum" diagram you
have selected.
● "Noise Spectrum": Default display showing the single sideband phase noise with
linear y-axis in dBc/Hz.

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Result displays

● "Noise Spectrum L(f)": Same as the "Noise Spectrum" without AM noise calcula-
tion.
● "Noise Spectrum SΦ(f)": Display showing the spectral density of phase fluctuations
with linear y-axis in dB/Hz.
● "Noise Spectrum Sv(f)": Display showing the spectral density of frequency fluctua-
tions with logarithmic y-axis in Hz/sqrt(Hz).
● "Noise Spectrum Sy(f)": Display showing the spectral density of fractional fre-
quency fluctuations with logarithmic y-axis in 1/sqrt(Hz).
The R&S FSWP adjusts numerical results like integrated measurements and spot
noise accordingly. AM noise calculation is only supported by the "Noise Spectrum"
result display.
Additionally, there are two more "Noise Spectrum" result displays with preconfigured
traces for specific measurements available.
● "PN Noise Spectrum": Preconfigured for PN Noise measurements.
● "AM Noise Spectrum": Preconfigured for AM Noise measurements.
The scale of the y-axis is variable. Usually it is best to use the automatic scaling that
the application provides, because it makes sure that the whole trace is always visible.
You can, however, also customize the range, the minimum and the maximum values
on the y-axis by changing the y-axis scale.
The measurement results are displayed as traces in the diagram area. Up to six active
traces at any time are possible. Each of those can have a different setup and thus
show different aspects of the measurement results.
In the default state, the application shows two traces. A yellow one and a blue one.
Both result from the same measurement data, but have been evaluated differently. On
the first trace, smoothing has been applied, the second one shows the raw data.
The diagram also contains a gray area in its default state. This trace represents the
cross-correlation gain indicator.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432
TRACe<n>[:DATA]:X? on page 435
TRACe<n>[:DATA]:X:POINts? on page 435
TRACe<n>[:DATA]:Y? on page 435
TRACe<n>[:DATA]:Y:POINts? on page 436

Integrated Measurements
The "Integrated Measurements" result display summarizes the residual effects results
in a table.
The table consists of up to four rows with each row representing a different integration
interval. Each row basically contains the same information, which depends on the
residual effects configuration.

Result Description

Wnd Shows the number of the measurement window the

integration is done in (usually "1", unless you have
several noise diagrams open at the same time).

Range Shows the index of the integration range (1 to 4).

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Result displays

Result Description

Trace Shows the number of the trace the integration is

applied to.

Start / Stop Offset Shows the start and stop offset of the integration
interval.

Weighting Shows the name of the weighting filter, if you have

applied one.

Int Noise Shows the integrated noise.

The integral is calculated over the frequency range
defined by the "Start" and "Stop" values.

PM* Shows the residual PM result in degrees and rad.

(Only available for Phase Noise traces.)

FM / AM* Shows the residual FM results in Hz or the residual

AM results in %, depending on the trace configura-
tion.
(Only available for Phase Noise traces.)

Jitter* Shows the jitter in seconds.

(Only available for Phase Noise traces.)

* For baseband noise measurements, these values are always 0.

Remote command:
Int. PHN: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:PNOise<t>:IPN? on page 429
FM: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:PNOise<t>:RFM? on page 430
AM: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:PNOise<t>:RAM? on page 429
PM: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:PNOise<t>:RPM? on page 431
Jitter: FETCh<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:PNOise<t>:RMS? on page 430

Spurious List
Spurs are peak levels at one or more offset frequencies and are caused mostly by
interfering signals. The "Spurious List" result display shows the location of all detected
spurs in a table.
Note that only signals above a certain threshold are regarded as spurs. This threshold
is also considered in the spurious list if spur removal has been turned off for a trace.
The order of the spurs in the table depends on the sort order.
The table consists of a variable number of rows. For each detected spur, the table
shows several results.

Wnd Shows the number of the measurement window the

spur is in (usually "1", unless you have several noise
diagrams open at the same time).

Trace Shows the trace that the spur is on.

Spur Shows the spur number. Spurs are sorted by their

frequency, beginning with the spur with the lowest
frequency.

Offset* Shows the position (offset frequency) of the spur.

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Power** Shows the power level of the spur in dBc.

Jitter** Shows the jitter value of the spur in s.

In addition to the jitter for each spur, the result dis-
play also shows the discrete jitter and the random jit-
ter at the end of the table.
● The discrete jitter is the RMS average of all
individual spur jitter values.
● The random jitter is the jitter contribution of the
phase noise without spurs.

* For baseband noise measurements, the result is the absolute frequency that the spur is located at.
** For baseband noise measurements, the unit is variable.
*** For baseband noise measurements, the jitter is always 0.

Remote command:
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs? on page 427
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs:COUNt? on page 427
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs:JITTer? on page 428
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs:DISCrete? on page 428
FETCh<n>:PNOise<t>:SPURs:RANDom? on page 429

Spot Noise
The "Spot Noise" result display shows the noise at a certain frequency offset (or spot)
that is part of the measurement range. It is thus like a fixed marker.
The unit of spot noise results is dBc/Hz (variable unit for baseband noise measure-
ments). The application shows the results in a table.
The table consists of a variable number of 10x frequencies (depending on the mea-
surement range), and a maximum of six user frequencies, with each row containing the
spot noise information for a particular frequency offset.
The spot noise information is made up out of several values.

Offset Frequency* Shows the offset frequency the spot noise is evalu-
ated for. You can add any offset that is part of the
measurement range.
The number in brackets (T<x>) indicates the trace
the result refers to.

Noise[T<x>] Shows the noise for the corresponding offset fre-

quency.
The number in brackets (T<x>) indicates the trace
the result refers to.

* For baseband noise measurements, the result is the absolute frequency of the spot.

Remote command:
Querying spot noise results on 10x offset frequencies:
CALCulate<n>:SNOise<ri>[:TRACe<t>]:DECades:X? on page 491
CALCulate<n>:SNOise<ri>[:TRACe<t>]:DECades:Y? on page 491
Querying custom spot noise results:
CALCulate<n>:SNOise<ri>[:TRACe<t>]:Y? on page 492

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Result displays

Allan Variance / Allan Deviation

The "Allan Variance" and "Allan Deviation" result displays are tools to determine the
frequency stability of a DUT over a long period of time (days or even months).
Frequency stability is a measure of how well a DUT is able to produce its specified fre-
quency over time without deviating from that frequency. Because of the noise charac-
teristics of oscillators, standard variance or deviation are not really applicable. Instead
the Allan variance and deviation are the tools of choice for these statistical evaluations.
Like the standard deviation, the Allan variance and deviation show how much the fre-
quency of the DUT deviates from its specified (= average) value. Also like the standard
variance and deviation, the deviation is the square root of the variance.
The R&S FSWP calculates the Allan variance from the phase noise spectrum using the
following relationship:

fh = integration bandwidth
Sy = spectral density of fractional frequency fluctuations
τ = observation time
f = offset frequency

Overall, low values, both variance and deviation, correspond to a stable DUT, high val-
ues to an unstable DUT.
When you measure the stability of an oscillator, the resulting curve has a characteristic
shape. The shape is the same for variance and deviation.

The point of interest in the diagram is the minimum of the curve. First, the deviation is
high, because of noise. During the progression of the observation, the noise averages
out until the minimum is reached. The minimum thus corresponds to the point in time
when the deviation from the specified frequency is at its lowest. After that, the stability
deteriorates due to temperature effects and aging.
From the slope of the curve, you can also identify the type of noise that is in effect
(white noise, flicker phase, white frequency, flicker frequency, random walk).
For a comprehensive discussion of the Allan variance, refer to application note 1EF69:
Time Domain Oscillator Stability Measurement - Allan Variance.
The logarithmic x-axis corresponds to the observation time ("Tau"). Note that Tau is not
the measurement time, but the evaluated time - the measurement lasts longer than
Tau. Because the R&S FSWP calculates the Allan variance based on the measure-
ment range of the phase noise measurement (offset frequency), the observation time
corresponds to the measurement range and vice versa.
The start time also defines the measurement bandwidth or integration bandwidth (fh in
the equation above):

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Result displays

The measurement bandwidth is displayed in the diagram area.

The y-axis shows the variance or deviation. It also has a logarithmic scale.
Remote command:
Trace data: TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432
Measurement bandwidth: [SENSe:]BWIDth:MEASurement? on page 432

Frequency (VCO Characterization)

The "Frequency" result display shows the frequency characteristics of the DUT as a
function of the tuning voltage or current.
The x-axis shows the tuning characteristics of the DC source.
● For Vsupply the tuning voltage in Volt or current in Ampere, depending on the output
type.
● For Vtune and Vaux the tuning voltage in Volt.
The tuning voltages (alternatively: current) applied during the measurement depends
on the tuning range you have defined.
The y-axis shows the frequency on which the VCO operates at a given tuning voltage
or current in Hz.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Sensitivity
The "Sensitivity" result display shows the slope of the DUT characteristics, expressed
as the frequency change between measurement points.
The x-axis shows the tuning characteristics of the DC source.
● For Vsupply the tuning voltage in Volt or current in Ampere, depending on the output
type.
● For Vtune and Vaux the tuning voltage in Volt.
The tuning voltages (alternatively: current) applied during the measurement depends
on the tuning range you have defined.
The y-axis shows the sensitivity of the VCO at a given tuning voltage or current in
Hz/V.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Power
The "Power" result display shows the output power characteristics of the DUT as a
function of the tuning voltage or current.
The x-axis shows the tuning characteristics of the DC source.
● For Vsupply the tuning voltage in Volt or current in Ampere, depending on the output
type.
● For Vtune and Vaux the tuning voltage in Volt.

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Result displays

The tuning voltages (alternatively: current) applied during the measurement depends
on the tuning range you have defined.
The y-axis shows the output power of the VCO at a given tuning voltage or current in
Hz.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Current / Voltage
The "Current / Voltage" result display shows the voltage or current that the DUT is sup-
plied with by the selected fix source and displays the result for each measurement
point. Each measurement point corresponds to a specific tuning voltage (or current)
that was applied to the DUT.
The x-axis shows the tuning characteristics of the DC source.
● For Vsupply the tuning voltage in Volt or current in Ampere, depending on the output
type.
● For Vtune and Vaux the tuning voltage in Volt.
The tuning voltages (alternatively: current) applied during the measurement depends
on the tuning range you have defined.
The y-axis shows the current or voltage of the selected fix DC source. When VSupply is
configured to supply current and selected as the "Fix Source", the diagram shows the
voltage in Volt. In all other cases, it shows the current in mA.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Power vs. Frequency

The "Power vs. Frequency" result display shows the frequency characteristics of the
DUT as a function of the tuning voltage or current.
The x-axis shows the frequency on which the VCO operates at a given tuning voltage
or current in Hz.
The y-axis shows the output power of the VCO at a given tuning voltage or current in
Hz.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Harmonic Power
The "Harmonic Power" result display explicitly shows the power of the fundamental
wave and the power of the harmonics of a DUT measured for each measurement
point.
The x-axis shows the tuning characteristics of the DC source.
● For Vsupply the tuning voltage in Volt or current in Ampere, depending on the output
type.
● For Vtune and Vaux the tuning voltage in Volt.
The tuning voltages (alternatively: current) applied during the measurement depends
on the tuning range you have defined.
The y-axis shows the output power of the DUT at a given tuning voltage or current in
dBm.

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Result displays

Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Spot Noise vs Tune PN

The "Spot Noise vs Tune PN" result display shows the phase noise at specific fre-
quency offsets measured on each measurement point. Each measurement point corre-
sponds to a specific tuning voltage (or current) that was applied to the DUT.
The x-axis shows the tuning characteristics of the DC source.
● For Vsupply the tuning voltage in Volt or current in Ampere, depending on the output
type.
● For Vtune and Vaux the tuning voltage in Volt.
The tuning voltages (alternatively: current) applied during the measurement depends
on the tuning range you have defined.
The y-axis shows the phase noise measured at a given tuning voltage or current in
dBc/Hz.
You can configure the traces to show the phase noise for specific frequency offsets rel-
ative to the carrier.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Spot Noise vs Tune AM

The "Spot Noise vs Tune AM" result display shows the AM noise at specific frequency
offsets measured on each measurement point. Each measurement point corresponds
to a specific tuning voltage (or current) that was applied to the DUT.
The x-axis shows the tuning characteristics of the DC source.
● For Vsupply the tuning voltage in Volt or current in Ampere, depending on the output
type.
● For Vtune and Vaux the tuning voltage in Volt.
The tuning voltages (alternatively: current) applied during the measurement depends
on the tuning range you have defined.
The y-axis shows the AM noise measured at a given tuning voltage or current in
dBc/Hz.
You can configure the traces to show the AM noise for specific frequency offsets rela-
tive to the carrier.
Remote command:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Frequency (Transient Analysis)

The "Frequency" result display shows the frequency characteristics of the transient
response of the DUT over time.
The x-axis shows the time period over which the signal has been measured. The scale
depends on the measurement time.
The y-axis shows the frequency, either in absolute or relative terms. For a relative
scale, the offset frequencies displayed on the y-axis refer to the center frequency. In
both cases, the grid line in the middle of the diagram represents the center frequency.

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Result displays

Remote command:
Trace data: TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432
Y-axis scale: Chapter 14.6.10.1, "Frequency configuration", on page 508

Frequency Deviation
The "Frequency Deviation" result display shows the frequency deviation of the transi-
ent response of the DUT from an ideal linear behavior over time.
The x-axis shows the time period over which the signal has been measured. The scale
depends on the defined start and stop time.
The y-axis shows the deviation of the signal from the reference line within the time-
frame between start and stop time. The scale of the y-axis depends on your configura-
tion.
The frequency deviation calculation settings are described in Chapter 9.10.7, "Fre-
quency deviation", on page 205.
Remote command:
Trace data: TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432

Phase
The "Phase" result display shows the phase characteristics of the transient response of
the DUT over time.
The x-axis shows the time period over which the signal has been measured. The scale
depends on the measurement time.
The y-axis shows the phase. The scale of the y-axis depends on your configuration.
Remote command:
Trace data: TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 432
Y-axis scale: Chapter 14.6.10.5, "Y-Axis scale", on page 515

Marker Table
Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers.
This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly.

Type Shows the marker type and number ("M" for a nor-
mal marker, "D" for a delta marker).

Ref Shows the reference marker that a delta marker

refers to.

Trace Shows the trace that the marker is positioned on.

X- / Y-Value Shows the marker coordinates (usually frequency

and level).

Tip: To navigate within long marker tables, simply scroll through the entries with your
finger on the touchscreen.

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Result displays

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 526
Results:
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 554

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Configuration overview

9 Common measurement settings

Basic measurement settings that are common to many measurement tasks, regardless
of the application or operating mode, are described here. If you are using an applica-
tion other than the Phase Noise application, be sure to check the documentation for
that application. The settings can deviate from the common settings described here.
● Configuration overview..........................................................................................133
● Input source.......................................................................................................... 135
● Level characteristics..............................................................................................154
● Frequency............................................................................................................. 158
● Noise measurement configuration........................................................................ 163
● Output................................................................................................................... 177
● Pulsed phase noise and pulsed additive noise configuration............................... 186
● VCO characterization configuration...................................................................... 190
● Spot noise vs tune configuration...........................................................................194
● PN transient analysis configuration.......................................................................195

9.1 Configuration overview

Access: "Overview"
Throughout the measurement channel configuration, an overview of the most important
currently defined settings is provided in the "Overview". The "Overview" is displayed
when you select the "Overview" icon, which is available at the bottom of all softkey
menus.

In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to
the main settings dialog boxes. The individual configuration steps are displayed in the
order of the data flow. Thus, you can easily configure an entire measurement channel
from input over processing to output and analysis by stepping through the dialog boxes
as indicated in the "Overview".

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Configuration overview

In particular, the "Overview" provides quick access to the following configuration dialog
boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):

1. Input
See Chapter 9.2, "Input source", on page 135.

2. Amplitude / Scaling
See Chapter 9.3, "Level characteristics", on page 154.

3. Frequency
See Chapter 9.4, "Frequency", on page 158.

4. Noise
See Chapter 9.5, "Noise measurement configuration", on page 163.

5. Output
See Chapter 9.6, "Output", on page 177.

6. Analysis
See Chapter 10, "Common analysis and display functions", on page 208.

7. Display Configuration
See Chapter 8, "Measurements and result displays", on page 117.

In addition, the dialog box provides the "Select Measurement" button that serves as a
shortcut to select the measurement type.
Selecting the noise measurement type....................................................................... 134
Preset Channel........................................................................................................... 135
Specific Settings for.................................................................................................... 135

Selecting the noise measurement type

The R&S FSWP provides different types of measurements to measure the noise char-
acteristics of a DUT.
● Phase Noise
Phase noise and AM noise measurements for continuous wave signals.
● Additive Noise
Phase noise and AM noise measurements for continuous wave signals including a
signal source.
Available with the optional Signal Source hardware.
● Baseband Noise
Noise measurement in absolute terms over a selected frequency range.
● VCO Characterization
Measurements to determine the characteristics of a voltage controlled oscillator
(VCO).
● Spot Noise vs Tune
Phase noise and AM noise measurements for a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).
● Pulsed Phase Noise
Phase noise and AM noise measurements for pulse signals.
Available with the optional Pulsed Phase Noise measurement application.
● Pulsed Additive Noise

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Input source

Phase noise and AM noise measurements for pulse signals including a signal
source.
Available with the optional Pulsed Phase Noise measurement application.
Remote command:
CONFigure:PNOise:MEASurement on page 421

Preset Channel
Select "Preset Channel" in the lower left-hand corner of the "Overview" to restore all
measurement settings in the current channel to their default values.
Note: Do not confuse the "Preset Channel" button with the [Preset] key, which restores
the entire instrument to its default values and thus closes all channels on the
R&S FSWP (except for the default channel)!
See "Preset Mode" on page 326
Remote command:
SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 590

Specific Settings for

The channel can contain several windows for different results. Thus, the settings indi-
cated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending on the
selected window.
Select an active window from the "Specific Settings for" selection list that is displayed
in the "Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.
The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected
window.

9.2 Input source

The phase noise application supports input from several signal sources.
For more information about the available connectors, refer to the getting started man-
ual.
● RF input.................................................................................................................135
● Baseband input..................................................................................................... 137
● External mixers..................................................................................................... 138

9.2.1 RF input

Access (RF input settings): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"
> "Config"
Access (schematic test setups): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Radio Fre-
quency" > "Test Setup"
The RF Input is the default input source.

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Input source

A typical test setup for measurements over the RF input depends on the selected mea-
surement and the equipment used in the test setup. A schematic representation of
such a setup is provided in the dialog box.
● The DUT directly sends a signal to the RF input of the R&S FSWP.
● If necessary, the R&S FSWP can supply the DUT with power over the DC ports.

For more information about configuring the DC ports used in the setup, see Chap-
ter 9.6.1, "DC source configuration", on page 178.
The remote commands required to configure the frequency are described in Chap-
ter 14.6.1.1, "RF input", on page 437.
Radio Frequency State............................................................................................... 136
Input Coupling............................................................................................................. 136
Local Oscillator............................................................................................................136

Radio Frequency State

Activates input from the "RF Input" connector.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:SELect on page 438

Input Coupling
The RF input of the R&S FSWP can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct
current (DC).
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. AC coupling is activated by
default to prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal
can be distorted.
However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 437

Local Oscillator
Selects the type of the local oscillator you are using for the measurement.
● Internal
Uses the local oscillator of the R&S FSWP.
● External

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Input source

Uses an external local oscillator, connected to the "LO AUX Input" (Ch1 and Ch2)
of the R&S FSWP.
R&S FSWP

Splitter LO AUX Ch1

External LO
LO AUX Ch1

For an external LO, specify whether the signal at the input has a low or high
"Level". A low level corresponds to signals with a level of approximately 0 dBm. A
high level corresponds to signals with a level between about +5 dBm and
+10 dBm.
The exact definitions of low and high depend on the signal frequency and are
specified in the data sheet.
Note that for low phase noise boards with material number 1331.6439.xx, the low /
high setting is not available.
You can check the material number of the low phase noise board in the hardware
information dialog box (column "order #, see Chapter 12.4.1, "Hardware informa-
tion", on page 321).
Available for additive noise measurements.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:LOSCillator:SOURce on page 438
INPut<ip>:LOSCillator:SOURce:EXTernal:LEVel on page 438

9.2.2 Baseband input

Access (baseband input settings): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Baseband"
> "Config"
Access (schematic test setups): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Baseband" >
"Test Setup"

Baseband measurements
In addition to the RF input, baseband noise measurements also support measure-
ments on the two channels of the baseband input.
You can either perform measurements on a single channel (select either "CH1" or
"CH1" for that) or perform measurements on both channels simultaneously ("CH1 x
CH2"). In the latter case, the I/Q data is cross-correlated before the results are dis-
played, which allows you to determine the noise characteristics of your DUT very accu-
rately.
Remote command:
Input selection: INPut<ip>:SELect on page 438
Channel selection: INPut<ip>:CONNector on page 439

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Input source

The baseband input is always DC coupled, which allows you to measure the noise
characteristics of a DUT near 0 Hz (DC) in the context of baseband noise measure-
ments.
Note that you have to turn on the baseband input deliberately before you can use it.
When the baseband input is active, the RF input is automatically turned off.
A typical test setup for measurements over the RF input depends on the selected mea-
surement and the equipment used in the test setup. A schematic representation of
such a setup is provided in the dialog box.

See Chapter 5.2.4, "The baseband noise measurement", on page 63 for more informa-
tion on how to set up and perform baseband noise measurements.

Additive noise measurements (CW and pulsed)

If you are using an I/Q mixer in the test setup of an additive noise measurement, you
can use the baseband inputs to analyze I and Q data streams.
Note that you have to turn on the baseband input deliberately before you can use it.
When the baseband input is active, the RF input is automatically turned off.
Remote command:
Input selection: INPut<ip>:SELect on page 438
See Chapter 5.2.3, "The additive noise measurement", on page 60 for more informa-
tion on how to set up and perform additive noise measurements using the baseband
input.

9.2.3 External mixers

Access (mixer settings): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External Mixer" >
"Mixer Settings"
Access (basic settings): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External Mixer" >
"Basic Settings"

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Input source

Access (conversion loss table): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External
Mixer" > "Conversion Loss Table"
Access (schematic test setups): "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External
Mixer" > "Test Setup"
The optional support for external mixers allows you to connect up to two external three-
port mixers to the R&S FSWP. An external mixer allows you to perform measurements
on frequencies that are out of the frequency range supported by the R&S FSWP.

Note on using three-port mixers

When using three-port mixers, the LO signal output from the R&S FSWP and the IF
input from the mixer are transmitted on separate connectors.
The nominal LO level is 15.5 dBm.

External mixers are supported by several measurements in the phase noise applica-
tion.
● Phase noise measurement
● Pulsed phase noise measurement
You can connect up to two external mixers and configure them individually (where nec-
essary).
A typical test setup for measurements over the RF input depends on the selected mea-
surement and the equipment used in the test setup. A schematic representation of
such a setup is provided in the dialog box.
● Basics on external mixers..................................................................................... 139
● Mixer settings........................................................................................................ 143
● Basic settings........................................................................................................ 147
● Conversion loss table............................................................................................149

9.2.3.1 Basics on external mixers

Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used with external mixers
is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration settings.
● Frequency ranges................................................................................................. 139
● Bias current........................................................................................................... 140
● Conversion loss tables.......................................................................................... 141

Frequency ranges
In a common spectrum analyzer, rather than providing one large (and thus inaccurate)
filter, or providing several filters to cover the required frequency range of the input sig-
nal (at a high cost), a single, very accurate filter is used. Therefore, the input signal
must be converted to the frequencies covered by the single accurate filter. This is done
by a mixer, which converts and multiplies the frequency of the input signal with the help
of the local oscillator (LO). The result is a higher and lower intermediate frequency (IF).
The local oscillator can be tuned within the supported frequency range of the input sig-
nal.

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Input source

In order to extend the supported frequency range of the input signal, an external mixer
can be used. In this case, the LO frequency is output to the external mixer, where it is
mixed with the RF input from the original input signal. In addition, the harmonics of the
LO are mixed with the input signal, and converted to new intermediate frequencies.
Thus, a wider range of frequencies can be obtained. The IF from the external mixer is
then returned to the spectrum analyzer.
The frequency of the input signal can be expressed as a function of the LO frequency
and the selected harmonic of the first LO as follows:
fin = n * fLO + fIF

Where:
fin: Frequency of input signal

n: Order of harmonic used for conversion

fLO: Frequency of first LO: 7.65 GHz to 16.00 GHz

fIF: Intermediate frequency (variable; defined internally depending on RBW and span)

Thus, depending on the required frequency band, the appropriate order of harmonic
must be selected. For commonly required frequency ranges, predefined bands with the
appropriate harmonic order setting are provided. By default, the lowest harmonic order
is selected that allows conversion of input signals in the whole band.
For the "USER" band, the order of harmonic is defined by the user. The order of har-
monic can be between 2 and 61, the lowest usable frequency being 16.88 GHz.
The frequency ranges for pre-defined bands are described in Table 14-3.

Changes to the band and mixer settings are maintained even after using the [PRESET]
function. A "Preset band" function allows you to restore the original band settings.

Extending predefined ranges

In some cases, the harmonics defined for a specific band allow for an even larger fre-
quency range than the band requires. By default, the pre-defined range is used. How-
ever, you can take advantage of the extended frequency range by overriding the
defined start and stop frequencies by the maximum possible values ("RF Overrange"
option).

Additional ranges
If due to the LO frequency the conversion of the input signal is not possible using one
harmonic, the band must be split. An adjacent, partially overlapping frequency range
can be defined using different harmonics. In this case, the sweep begins using the har-
monic defined for the first range, and at a specified frequency in the overlapping range
("handover frequency"), switches to the harmonic for the second range.

Bias current
Single-diode mixers generally require a DC voltage which is applied via the LO line.
This DC voltage is to be tuned to the minimum conversion loss versus frequency. Such

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R&S®FSWP Common measurement settings
Input source

a DC voltage can be set via the "BIAS" function using the D/A converter of the
R&S FSWP. The value to be entered is not the voltage but the short-circuit current. The
current is defined in the "Bias Settings" or set to the value of the conversion loss table.
See "Bias Value" on page 148 and "Bias" on page 152.

Figure 9-1: Bias circuit of the R&S FSWP

The voltage U0 at the output of the operational amplifier can be set in the range –2.0 V
to +2.0 V. An open-circuit voltage Ubias of –0.5 V to +0.5 V is obtained accordingly at
the output of the voltage divider. A short-circuit current of Ishort = U0 / 200 Ω = 10 mA to
+10 mA is obtained for a short circuit at the output of the voltage divider. In order to use
biasing it is not important to know the exact current flowing through the diode since the
conversion loss must be set to a minimum with the frequency. Therefore, it makes no
difference whether the setting is performed by an open-circuit voltage or by a short-cir-
cuit current. A DC return path is ensured via the 66 Ω resistor, which is an advantage
in some mixers.

Conversion loss tables

Conversion loss tables consist of value pairs that describe the correction values for
conversion loss at certain frequencies. Correction values for frequencies between the
reference values are obtained by interpolation. Linear interpolation is performed if the
table contains only two values. If it contains more than two reference values, spline
interpolation is carried out. Outside the frequency range covered by the table the con-
version loss is assumed to be the same as that for the first and last reference value
(see Figure 9-2).

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R&S®FSWP Common measurement settings
Input source

Figure 9-2: Conversion loss outside the band's frequency range

Predefined conversion loss tables are often provided with the external mixer and can
be imported to the R&S FSWP.
Alternatively, you can define your own conversion loss tables. Conversion loss tables
are configured and managed in the "Conversion loss Table Settings" tab of the "Exter-
nal Mixer Configuration" dialog box.
See "Managing conversion loss tables" on page 149 for more information about con-
version loss tables.

Importing CVL tables

The conversion loss table to be used for a particular measurement range is also
defined in the "External Mixer Configuration" dialog box.
The frequency range that the cvl table must cover depends on the used IF, which var-
ies depending on the instrument and installed bandwidth extension options. Thus,
external mixers from Rohde & Schwarz provide multiple conversion loss table files.
When you select a storage path containing cvl files, or a particular cvl file from a
Rohde & Schwarz mixer for import, all available files are copied to the
C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ directory on the R&S FSWP. Provided .acl files are
renamed according to the following syntax:
<serial_number>_<harmonic_order>_<IF>.acl,
e.g. 12345_2_1330M.acl
To select a conversion loss table for use in a measurement, you merely have to select
the serial number for the external mixer in use. The R&S FSWP automatically selects
the correct cvl file for the current IF. As an alternative, you can also select a user-
defined conversion loss table (.acl file).

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Input source

Before copying any files to the C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ directory, the R&S FSWP
firmware moves any existing user-defined cvl tables to a backup subdirectory. To use
a user-defined cvl table later, select the file in the
C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\backup directory.

A validation check is then performed on the selected table to ensure that it complies
with the settings. In particular, the following is checked:
● The assigned band name
● The harmonic order
● The mixer type
● The table must contain at least one frequency that lies within the frequency range
for the band

Reference level
The maximum possible reference level depends on the maximum used conversion loss
value. Thus, the reference level can be adjusted for each range according to the used
conversion loss table or average conversion loss value. If a conversion loss value is
used which exceeds the maximum reference level, the reference level is adjusted to
the maximum value permitted by the firmware.

9.2.3.2 Mixer settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External Mixer" > "Mixer Settings"
With the R&S FSWP, you can control either one or two three-port mixers.
Most settings are applied globally for both mixers (like the frequency band settings).
Settings that you can configure for each mixer separately are labeled accordingly in the
description below.

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Input source

External Mixer (State)................................................................................................. 144

RF Start / RF Stop.......................................................................................................144
Handover Freq............................................................................................................ 145
Band............................................................................................................................145
RF Overrange............................................................................................................. 145
Preset Band................................................................................................................ 145
Mixer XCORR............................................................................................................. 146
Range 1/Range 2........................................................................................................ 146
Harmonic Type............................................................................................................ 146
Harmonic Order...........................................................................................................146
Conversion Loss......................................................................................................... 146

External Mixer (State)

Activates or deactivates the external mixer for input. If activated, "ExtMix" is indicated
in the channel bar of the application, together with the used band (see "Band"
on page 145).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>[:STATe] on page 447

RF Start / RF Stop
Displays the start and stop frequency of the selected band (read-only).
The frequency range for the user-defined band is defined via the harmonics configura-
tion (see "Range 1/Range 2" on page 146).
For details on available frequency ranges, see table 14-3 on page 441.

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Input source

Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:FREQuency:STARt on page 440
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:FREQuency:STOP on page 441

Handover Freq
If due to the LO frequency the conversion of the input signal is not possible using one
harmonic, the band must be split. An adjacent, partially overlapping frequency range
can be defined using different harmonics. In this case, the sweep begins using the har-
monic defined for the first range. At the specified "handover frequency" in the overlap-
ping range, it switches to the harmonic for the second range.
The handover frequency can be selected freely within the overlapping frequency
range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:FREQuency:HANDover on page 440

Band
Defines the waveguide frequency band or user-defined frequency band to be used by
the mixer.
The start and stop frequencies of the selected band are displayed in the "RF Start" and
"RF Stop" fields.
For a definition of the frequency range for the pre-defined bands, see table 14-3 on
page 441.
The mixer settings for the user-defined band can be selected freely. The frequency
range for the user-defined band is defined via the harmonics configuration (see "Range
1/Range 2" on page 146).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:HARMonic:BAND on page 441

RF Overrange
Sometimes, the harmonics defined for a specific band allow for an even larger fre-
quency range than the band requires. By default, the pre-defined range is used. How-
ever, you can take advantage of the extended frequency range by overriding the
defined "RF Start" and "RF Stop" frequencies by the maximum values.
If "RF Overrange" is enabled, the frequency range is not restricted by the band limits
("RF Start" and "RF Stop"). In this case, the full frequency range that can be reached
using the selected harmonics is used.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:RFOVerrange[:STATe] on page 445

Preset Band
Restores the presettings for the selected band.
Note: changes to the band and mixer settings are maintained even after using the
[PRESET] function. This function allows you to restore the original band settings.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:HARMonic:BAND:PRESet on page 442

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Input source

Mixer XCORR
Turns the simultaneous use of two external mixers on and off.
Using two external mixers allows you to perform measurements with external cross-
correlation. Through cross-correlation operations, the noise of the DUT is kept constant
while the noise of the signal path (including the external mixers) is reduced.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:XCORr on page 445

Range 1/Range 2
Enables the use of one or two frequency ranges, where the second range is based on
another harmonic frequency of the mixer to cover the band's frequency range.
For each range, you can define which harmonic to use and how the conversion loss is
handled.
If you are using two mixers, this property is always the same for both mixers.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:HARMonic:HIGH:STATe on page 442

Harmonic Type
Defines if only even, only odd, or even and odd harmonics can be used for conversion.
Depending on this selection, the order of harmonic to be used for conversion changes
(see "Harmonic Order" on page 146). Which harmonics are supported depends on the
mixer type.
If you are using two mixers, the harmonic type is always the same for both mixers.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:HARMonic:TYPE on page 443

Harmonic Order
Defines which order of the harmonic of the LO frequencies is used to cover the fre-
quency range.
By default, the lowest order of the specified harmonic type is selected that allows con-
version of input signals in the whole band. If due to the LO frequency the conversion is
not possible using one harmonic, the band is split.
For the "USER" band, the order of harmonic is defined by the user. The order of har-
monic can be between 2 and 61, the lowest usable frequency being 16.88 GHz.
If you are using two mixers, the harmonic type is always the same for both mixers.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:HARMonic[:LOW] on page 443
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:HARMonic:HIGH[:VALue] on page 442

Conversion Loss
Defines how the conversion loss is handled. The following methods are available:
If you are using two mixers, you can define the source of the conversion loss data for
each mixer separately.
"Average" Defines the average conversion loss for the entire frequency range in
dB.

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Input source

"Table" Defines the conversion loss via the table selected from the list. Pre-
defined conversion loss tables are often provided with the external
mixer and can be imported to the R&S FSWP. Alternatively, you can
define your own conversion loss tables. Imported tables are checked
for compatibility with the current settings before being assigned.
Conversion loss tables are configured and managed in the Conver-
sion Loss Table tab.
For details on importing tables, see "Import Table" on page 150.
Remote command:
Average for range 1:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:LOSS[:LOW] on page 444
Table for range 1:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:LOSS:TABLe[:LOW] on page 444
Average for range 2:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:LOSS:HIGH on page 443
Table for range 2:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:LOSS:TABLe:HIGH on page 444

9.2.3.3 Basic settings

Access: "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External Mixer" > "Basic Settings"
With the R&S FSWP, you can control either one or two three-port mixers.
Most settings are applied globally for both mixers (like the frequency band settings).
Settings that you can configure for each mixer separately are labeled accordingly in the
description below.

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Input source

LO Level......................................................................................................................148
Bias Value................................................................................................................... 148
└ Write to CVL table.........................................................................................149

LO Level
Defines the LO level of the external mixer's LO port. Possible values are from
13.0 dBm to 17.0 dBm in 0.1 dB steps. Default value is 15.5 dB.
If you are using two mixers, you can define the LO level for each mixer separately.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:LOPower on page 447

Bias Value
Define the bias current for each range, which is required to set the mixer to its optimum
operating point. It corresponds to the short-circuit current. The bias current can range
from -10 mA to 10 mA. The actual bias current is lower because of the forward voltage
of the mixer diode(s).
Tip: The trace in the currently active result display (if applicable) is adapted to the set-
tings immediately so you can check the results.
To store the bias setting in the currently selected conversion loss table, select Write to
CVL table.
The "Bias Value" is available for mixer 1 only.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:BIAS[:LOW] on page 446
[SENSe:]MIXer<x>:BIAS:HIGH on page 446

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Input source

Write to CVL table ← Bias Value

Stores the bias setting in the currently selected "Conversion Loss Table" for the range
(see "Managing conversion loss tables" on page 149). If no conversion loss table is
selected yet, this function is not available ("CVL Table not selected").
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:BIAS on page 448

9.2.3.4 Conversion loss table

Managing conversion loss tables

Access: "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External Mixer" > "Conversion Loss
Table"
Conversion loss tables consist of value pairs that describe the correction values for
conversion loss at certain frequencies. The correction values for frequencies between
the reference points are obtained via interpolation.
The currently selected table for each range is displayed at the top of the dialog box. All
conversion loss tables found in the instrument's C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ direc-
tory are listed in the "Modify Tables" list.

New Table................................................................................................................... 150

Edit Table.................................................................................................................... 150
Delete Table................................................................................................................ 150
Import Table................................................................................................................ 150

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Input source

New Table
Opens the "Edit conversion loss table" dialog box to configure a new conversion loss
table.
For details on table configuration, see "Editing conversion loss tables" on page 150.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SELect on page 451

Edit Table
Opens the "Edit conversion loss table" dialog box to edit the selected conversion loss
table.
For details on table configuration, see "Editing conversion loss tables" on page 150.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SELect on page 451

Delete Table
Deletes the currently selected conversion loss table after you confirm the action.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:CLEar on page 449

Import Table
Imports one or more stored conversion loss tables from any directory and copies them
to the instrument's C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ directory. They can then be assigned
for use for a specific frequency range (see "Conversion Loss" on page 146).
Note:
Before copying any files to the C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ directory, the R&S FSWP
firmware moves any existing user-defined cvl tables to a backup subdirectory. To use
a user-defined cvl table later, select the file in the
C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\backup directory.
Remote command:
MMEM:COPY '<conversionlosstable>',C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\

Editing conversion loss tables

Access: "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "External Mixer" > "Conversion Loss
Table" > "New Table" / "Edit Table"
Conversion loss tables can be newly defined and edited.
A preview pane displays the current configuration of the conversion loss function as
described by the position/value entries.

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Input source

File Name....................................................................................................................151
Comment.....................................................................................................................152
Band............................................................................................................................152
Harmonic Order...........................................................................................................152
Bias............................................................................................................................. 152
Mixer Name.................................................................................................................152
Mixer S/N.................................................................................................................... 152
Mixer Type...................................................................................................................153
Position/Value..............................................................................................................153
Insert Value................................................................................................................. 153
Delete Value................................................................................................................153
Shift x.......................................................................................................................... 153
Shift y.......................................................................................................................... 153
Save............................................................................................................................ 153

File Name
Defines the name under which the table is stored in the C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\
directory on the instrument. The name of the table is identical to the name of the file
(without extension) in which the table is stored. This setting is mandatory. The .ACL
extension is automatically appended during storage.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SELect on page 451

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Input source

Comment
An optional comment that describes the conversion loss table. The comment is user-
definable.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:COMMent on page 449

Band
The waveguide or user-defined band to which the table applies. This setting is checked
against the current mixer setting before the table can be assigned to the range.
For a definition of the frequency range for the pre-defined bands, see table 14-3 on
page 441.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:BAND on page 448

Harmonic Order
The harmonic order of the range to which the table applies. This setting is checked
against the current mixer setting before the table can be assigned to the range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:HARMonic on page 450

Bias
The bias current which is required to set the mixer to its optimum operating point. It
corresponds to the short-circuit current. The bias current can range from -10 mA to
10 mA. The actual bias current is lower because of the forward voltage of the mixer
diode(s).
Tip: You can also define the bias interactively while a preview of the trace with the
changed setting is displayed, see "Bias Value" on page 148.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:BIAS on page 448

Mixer Name
Specifies the name of the external mixer to which the table applies. This setting is
checked against the current mixer setting before the table can be assigned to the
range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:MIXer on page 450

Mixer S/N
Specifies the serial number of the external mixer to which the table applies.
The specified number is checked against the currently connected mixer number before
the table can be assigned to the range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:SNUMber on page 451

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Input source

Mixer Type
Specifies whether the external mixer to which the table applies is a two-port or three-
port type. This setting is checked against the current mixer setting before the table can
be assigned to the range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:PORTs on page 450

Position/Value
Each position/value pair defines the conversion loss value in dB for a specific fre-
quency. Enter the reference values in order of increasing frequencies. You can define a
maximum of 500 reference values. To enter a new value pair, select an empty space in
the "Position"/"Value" table, or select Insert Value.
Correction values for frequencies between the reference values are interpolated. Lin-
ear interpolation is performed if the table contains only two values. If it contains more
than two reference values, spline interpolation is carried out. Outside the frequency
range covered by the table, the conversion loss is assumed to be the same as for the
first and last reference value.
The current configuration of the conversion loss function as described by the position/
value entries is displayed in the preview pane to the right of the table.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CORRection:CVL:DATA on page 449

Insert Value
Inserts a new position/value entry in the table.
If the table is empty, a new entry at 0 Hz is inserted.
If entries already exist, a new entry is inserted above the selected entry. The position of
the new entry is selected such that it divides the span to the previous entry in half.

Delete Value
Deletes the currently selected position/value entry.

Shift x
Shifts all positions in the table by a specific value. The value can be entered in the edit
dialog box. The conversion loss function in the preview pane is shifted along the x-axis.

Shift y
Shifts all conversion loss values by a specific value. The value can be entered in the
edit dialog box. The conversion loss function in the preview pane is shifted along the y-
axis.

Save
The conversion loss table is stored under the specified file name in the
C:\R_S\INSTR\USER\cvl\ directory of the instrument.

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Level characteristics

9.3 Level characteristics

Measurement results usually consist of the measured signal levels (amplitudes) dis-
played on the vertical y-axis for the determined frequency spectrum (horizontal, x-axis).
The settings for the vertical axis, regarding amplitude and scaling, are described here.
● Signal attenuation................................................................................................. 154
● Amplitude characteristics...................................................................................... 155
● Diagram scale....................................................................................................... 157

9.3.1 Signal attenuation

Signal attenuation reduces the level of the signal that you feed into the R&S FSWP.
Reducing the level is necessary to protect the input mixer from signals with high levels,
because high levels can cause an overload of the input mixer. An input mixer overload
in turn can lead to incorrect measurement results or even damage or destroy the input
mixer.
The level at the input mixer is determined by the set RF attenuation according to the
formula:
levelmixer = levelinput - RF attenuation

The maximum level that the input mixer can handle is 0 dBm. Levels above this value
cause an overload. The R&S FSWP indicates an overload situation by the "RF OVLD"
label in the status bar.
The R&S FSWP features a mechanical attenuator. The mechanical attenuator is loca-
ted directly after the RF input of the R&S FSWP. Its step size is 5 dB.

Effects of the attenuator

Attenuation has a direct effect on the sensitivity of the analyzer - attenuation must be
compensated for by reamplifying the signal levels after the mixer. Thus, high attenua-
tion values cause the inherent noise (or noise floor) to rise, which in turn decreases the
sensitivity of the analyzer. The highest sensitivity is obtained at an RF attenuation of
0 dB. Each additional 10 dB of attenuation reduces the sensitivity by 10 dB, i.e. the dis-
played noise is increased by 10 dB. To measure a signal with an improved signal-to-
noise ratio, decrease the RF attenuation.
Another (positive) effect is that high attenuation also helps to avoid intermodulation.

For ideal sinusoidal signals, the displayed signal level is independent of the RF attenu-
ation.

In the default state, the R&S FSWP automatically determines the attenuation according
to the signal level that is currently applied. Automatic determination of the attenuation
is a good way to find a compromise between a low noise floor, high intermodulation
levels, and protecting the instrument from high input levels.
However, you can also define the attenuation manually, if necessary.

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Level characteristics

9.3.2 Amplitude characteristics

Access: "Overview" > "Amplitude / Scaling" > "Amplitude"

Amplitude settings allow you to adapt the R&S FSWP for the signal that is fed into its
input (for example the RF input).

Functionality to configure amplitude characteristics described elsewhere:

● "Input Coupling" on page 136
● Level Setting
The remote commands required to configure the amplitude are described in Chap-
ter 14.6.4, "Remote commands to configure level characteristics", on page 467.
Attenuating the signal..................................................................................................155
Shifting the level..........................................................................................................156
Searching for the signal level...................................................................................... 156

Attenuating the signal

You can either determine the attenuation automatically or manually. Signal attenuation
is possible in 5 dB steps. The range is specified in the data sheet.
When you select "Auto" mode, the R&S FSWP determines the attenuation based on
the level of the signal that is applied. Automatic determination of the attenuation makes
sure that the ideal attenuation is always selected.
In "Manual" mode, the "Value" field becomes available and you can define an attenua-
tion as required.
Not available for baseband noise measurements.
NOTICE! Risk of hardware damage due to high power levels.
When you decrease the attenuation manually, make sure that the signal level does not
exceed the maximum level allowed at the RF input. Otherwise, an overload of the input
mixer can cause hardware damage.

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Level characteristics

Remote command:
Mode: INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:AUTO on page 471
Attenuation: INPut<ip>:ATTenuation on page 471

Shifting the level

You can define an arithmetic level offset that is added to the measured level.
Defining a level offset is useful, for example, if you attenuate or amplify the signal
before it is fed into the R&S FSWP. The R&S FSWP is then able to display the correct
power results.
To determine the required offset, consider the external attenuation or gain applied to
the input signal. For attenuation, define a positive offset so the R&S FSWP increases
the displayed power values. If an external gain is applied, define a negative offset so
the R&S FSWP decreases the displayed power values.
Not available for baseband noise measurements and VCO measurements.
Not available for baseband noise measurements.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]POWer:RLEVel:OFFSet on page 472

Searching for the signal level

The R&S FSWP automatically measures the level of the signal you have applied and
keeps track of the measured signal levels.
The currently measured signal level is displayed in the channel bar.

Note that you should attenuate the signal if its level is too high, especially if you have
no idea about the signal strength you are measuring. For more information, see
"Attenuating the signal" on page 155.
The measurement starts only if the signal level is within the level threshold that you
have defined via the "Auto Search" feature.
If the signal level is outside the threshold that you have defined, it is ignored.

Level
search
area
pthr

fstart fstop Frequency

Figure 9-3: Basic principle of the signal search feature

Signal search is not available for baseband noise measurements.

Remote command:
Signal level: [SENSe:]POWer:RLEVel? on page 472
Threshold: [SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:LEVel:THReshold on page 472

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Level characteristics

9.3.3 Diagram scale

Access: "Overview" > "Amplitude / Scaling" > "Scale"

The scale settings define the scale of the y-axis in graphical result displays.

The remote commands required to configure the amplitude are described in Chap-
ter 14.6.4, "Remote commands to configure level characteristics", on page 467.
Scaling the x-axis........................................................................................................ 157
Scaling the y-axis........................................................................................................ 157
Selecting the unit of the y-axis.................................................................................... 158

Scaling the x-axis

You can scale the x-axis of the "Power vs Frequency" result display in a VCO charac-
terization measurement.
Scaling the axis automatically has the advantage that the application automatically
selects the ideal scale for the current measurement results. When you select the
"Auto" scale mode, the R&S FSWP adjusts the scale of the axis during the measure-
ment.
When you select the "Manual" scale mode, you can select any scale that suits your
needs by entering specific "Start", "Stop" and "Span" values.
In addition, you can perform a single automatic scale adjustment with the "Auto Scale
Once" feature. When you do so, the R&S FSWP selects the ideal scale for the current
measurement results, but will not update the scale for the next measurement.

Scaling the y-axis

You can scale the y-axis of graphical result displays automatically or manually.
Scaling the axis automatically has the advantage that the application automatically
selects the ideal scale for the current measurement results. When you select the
"Auto" scale mode, the R&S FSWP adjusts the scale of the axis during the measure-
ment.
When you select the "Manual" scale mode, you can select any scale that suits your
needs. You can scale the axis by the following logic:

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Frequency

● Define a "Top" and "Bottom" value. The "Range" is adjusted accordingly.

● Define a "Top" value and a "Range". The "Bottom" value is adjusted accordingly.
● Define a "Range" and a "Bottom" value. The "Top" value is adjusted accordingly.
● When you change the "Top" or "Bottom" values only, the "Range" is adjusted.
● When you change the "Range" only, the "Bottom" value is adjusted.
In addition, you can perform a single automatic scale adjustment with the "Auto Scale
Once" feature. When you do so, the R&S FSWP selects the ideal scale for the current
measurement results, but will not update the scale for the next measurement.
Remote command:
Mode: DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:AUTO on page 469
Top: DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel on page 469
Bottom: DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel:LOWer
on page 470
Range: DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe] on page 468

Selecting the unit of the y-axis

Baseband noise measurements allow you to select one of several units in which the
results are displayed.
You can select the desired unit from the "Y Axis Unit" dropdown menu.
Not available for all other measurements in the phase noise measurement application.
The units used by other measurements depend on the selected diagram and cannot be
changed manually.
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y:UNIT on page 470

9.4 Frequency
Access (carrier frequency): "Overview" > "Frequency"
Access (measurement range): "Overview" > "Noise Config" > "Noise Config"
Frequency settings allow you to control the characteristics of the measurement fre-
quency.

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Frequency

The auto search features are available for phase noise and pulsed phase noise mea-
surements.
The remote commands required to configure the frequency are described in Chap-
ter 14.6.5, "Remote commands to configure the frequency", on page 473.
Defining the signal frequency......................................................................................159
Searching for a signal................................................................................................. 160
Capture Range............................................................................................................161
Defining the measurement range................................................................................161
Measuring low frequency and low level signals.......................................................... 162
└ Low signal frequencies................................................................................. 162
└ Low signal levels...........................................................................................162
└ Multicarrier signals........................................................................................ 163

Defining the signal frequency

The "Signal Frequency" is the frequency the signal is transmitted with.
You can define it manually in the corresponding input field or let the R&S FSWP search
for the signal frequency in an automatic frequency search (turn on the "Auto Search" in
that case).
For pulsed measurements (phase noise and additive noise), the minimum supported
carrier frequency is 30 MHz.

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Frequency

Not available for baseband noise measurements.

Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 475

Searching for a signal

The R&S FSWP automatically scans the frequency spectrum for any signals before a
phase noise measurement begins. If it can find a signal on any frequency, it starts a
measurement on that frequency.
The current signal frequency is displayed in the channel bar.

In case you already know the signal frequency, you can also turn off the "Auto Search"
and define it manually. When you turn off automatic search, the R&S FSWP still veri-
fies if a signal is present at the frequency you have defined and, if necessary, adjusts
the frequency if the signal is a few Hz off. If you want to skip the signal verification and
measure exactly the frequency you have entered manually, turn off the "Signal Count"
feature. In that case, the R&S FSWP tunes to the frequency you have entered and
measures its phase noise characteristics, even if no signal is present. Turning off the
frequency counter can improve measurement speed, however.
The measurement starts only if a signal is present within the frequency search limits
that you have defined via the "Auto Search" feature. The search range is defined by a
minimum and maximum value. The maximum frequency range that you can scan
depends on the hardware you are using. Note that a signal must also be within a cer-
tain level range for it to be detected.
No measurement will be initiated if no signal can be found in the frequency search
range you have defined.

Level
search
area
pthr

fstart fstop Frequency

Figure 9-4: Basic principle of the signal search feature

During a frequency scan, the R&S FSWP steps through the frequency search range
you have defined in a predefined step size (one step usually covers the full I/Q band-
width).
Signal search is only available for phase noise and pulsed phase noise measurements.
Remote command:
Signal frequency: [SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 475
Mode: [SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:FREQuency:AUTosearch[:STATe]
on page 473
Signal count: [SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:FREQuency:COUNt on page 473

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Frequency

Lower search limit: [SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:FREQuency:LIMit:LOW

on page 474
Upper search limit: [SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:FREQuency:LIMit:HIGH
on page 474

Capture Range
The "Capture Range" defines the bandwidth with which the R&S FSWP searches for a
signal or tracks drifting signals.
Use a "Normal" capture range for stable or slowly drifting DUTs. For fast drifting DUTs,
use a "Wide" capture range.
Use a "40 MHz" capture range to measure carriers swept from -40 MHz to +40 MHz
relative to the center frequency. Additional spurs and restrictions of the measurement
accuracy are possible for CW signals, or carriers swept in other frequency ranges. For
specifics of the measurement accuracy, refer to the data sheet.
The capture range is available for the phase noise measurement.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:CAPTure:RANGe on page 478

Defining the measurement range

Noise measurements determine the noise of a DUT over a certain measurement
range. The measurement range is defined by the two offset frequencies that you define
("Start Offset" and "Stop Offset").
The frequency offsets themselves are relative to the carrier frequency of the DUT: a
frequency offset of 1 MHz, for example, measures the noise characteristics up to a dis-
tance of 1 MHz from the carrier. The maximum offset that you can define depends on
the hardware you are using.
Note: For pulsed phase noise measurements (phase noise and additive), the maxi-
mum offset is limited to 30 MHz.
For baseband noise measurements, the frequency range is defined by absolute start
and stop frequencies instead of relative offset frequencies. The center frequency repre-
sents the carrier frequency. The measurement range or span depends on the input you
are using: For the RF input, it depends on the hardware you are using. For the base-
band input, measurements up to 40 MHz are supported.
The measurement range thus defines the scale of the x-axis in the "Phase Noise" dia-
gram.
The measurement range again is divided into several (logarithmic) decades, or, for
configuration purposes, into half decades.
Note: For frequency stability measurements, the start and stop frequency offsets of the
phase noise measurement are the reciprocal values of the start and stop values of the
observation time ("Tau Start" and "Tau Stop").
Tau Start and Tau Stop thus define the scale of the x-axis in the "Allan Variance" and
"Allan Deviation" diagrams.
Remote command:
Start offset: [SENSe:]FREQuency:STARt on page 476
Stop offset: [SENSe:]FREQuency:STOP on page 476

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Frequency

Start Tau: [SENSe:]TIME:STARt on page 485

Stop Tau: [SENSe:]TIME:STOP on page 485

Measuring low frequency and low level signals

The R&S FSWP provides functionality to measure the phase noise of signals with a
low frequency and / or a low signal level.
● Low frequencies can be measured by applying the low pass filter.
● Low signal levels can be measured by selecting the appropriate level setting.
● Very low signal levels can be measured by selecting the appropriate level setting
and applying the low pass filter.

Low signal frequencies ← Measuring low frequency and low level signals
The R&S FSWP provides a low pass filter that suppresses the DC offset of the I/Q
mixer to measure signal frequencies below 1 MHz. Applying the filter results in a better
sensitivity.
When you are measuring such signals, turn on the filter ("State"), and define its "Cutoff
Frequency". The cutoff frequency should be the same as the signal frequency. For
example, the cutoff frequency to measure a signal frequency of 100 Hz should also be
100 Hz.
Measuring low frequencies and levels is available for phase noise measurements on
continuous wave signals.
Note that using the filter has several effects.
● The automatic search for a signal is not supported. Define the signal frequency
manually instead.
● A signal count is not possible.
● The stop offset is limited to 20 % of the carrier signal frequency.
For measurements on frequencies below 10 MHz, you must use DC coupling (inde-
pendent of the low pass filter).
Remote command:
Filter state: [SENSe:]FILTer:LPASs[:STATe] on page 475
Cutoff frequency: [SENSe:]FILTer:LPASs:FREQuency:MANual on page 474

Low signal levels ← Measuring low frequency and low level signals
The R&S FSWP supports different modes to measure signals with different levels.
● "Auto"; The R&S FSWP automatically selects the level setting that is best suited for
the current measurement.
● "High": The R&S FSWP works like a traditional phase noise tester with zero IF.
● "Low": The R&S FSWP uses an IF of 15 MHz. Therefore, the DC offset of the I/Q
mixers does not limit the sensitivity. It is recommended to use this level setting for
signal levels below -10 dBm.
For very low signal levels (below approximately -40 dBm), the broadband noise in
the demodulator becomes an issue and disables the measurement. To measure
such signals, apply the low pass filter, because it reduces the noise bandwidth.
The nominal improvement of the sensitivity is 10 dB for 10 MHz, 20 dB for 1 MHz
cutoff frequency.

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Noise measurement configuration

Note that using the filter has several effects.

● The automatic search for a signal is not supported. Define the signal frequency
manually instead.
● A signal count is not possible.
● The stop offset is limited to 20 % of the carrier signal frequency.
Remote command:
Filter state: [SENSe:]FILTer:LPASs[:STATe] on page 475
Cutoff frequency: [SENSe:]FILTer:LPASs:FREQuency:MANual on page 474
Level setting: [SENSe:]POWer:RLEVel:MODE on page 477
Query current setting: [SENSe:]POWer:RLEVel:MODE:USED? on page 477

Multicarrier signals ← Measuring low frequency and low level signals

You can also use the low pass filter when you want to measure the phase noise of a
single carrier in a multicarrier signal. In that case, the cutoff frequency of the filter
should be the same as the carrier spacing.

9.5 Noise measurement configuration

Noise measurements are performed based on several specific measurement parame-
ters.
● Triggered measurements (phase noise CW)........................................................ 163
● Measurement range.............................................................................................. 163
● Noise configuration............................................................................................... 164
● Integrated measurement configuration................................................................. 170
● Spot noise information.......................................................................................... 173
● Spur display.......................................................................................................... 174
● Frequency stability configuration...........................................................................177

9.5.1 Triggered measurements (phase noise CW)

The start of the noise measurements can be defined via the "Trigger" hardkey. If "Free
Run" is selected, no trigger source is considered. You can start the measurement man-
ually any time and stop it as required. If "External Trigger 1" is selected, a measure-
ment starts when a TTL signal is fed into the specified input connector.

9.5.2 Measurement range

Noise measurements determine the noise characteristics of a DUT over a particular

measurement range. This measurement range is defined by two offset frequencies.
The frequency offsets themselves are relative to the nominal frequency of the DUT.
The measurement range again is divided into several (logarithmic) decades, or, for
configuration purposes, into half decades.

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Figure 9-5: Measurement range and half decades

This breakdown into several half decades is made to speed up measurements. See
"Working with the half decade configuration table" on page 169 for more information
about the measurement configuration in each half decade.
The main issue in this context is the resolution bandwidth (RBW) and its effect on the
measurement time. In general, it is best to use a resolution bandwidth as small as pos-
sible for the most accurate measurement results. However, accuracy comes at the
price of measurement speed.
To avoid long measurement times, the application provides only a certain range of
RBWs that are available for each half decade.

9.5.3 Noise configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Noise Config" > "Noise Config"

The measurement range parameters define the way the phase noise of a DUT is mea-
sured.

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The remote commands required to configure the measurement range are described in
Chapter 14.6.6.1, "Noise configuration", on page 478.
Functions to configure the measurement range described elsewhere:
● Start Offset
● Stop Offset
● Capture Range
Estimating the measurement time...............................................................................165
Defining the resolution bandwidth............................................................................... 166
Ultra-Small RBWs....................................................................................................... 166
Defining cross-correlation parameters........................................................................ 167
Cross-correlation gain indicator.................................................................................. 168
Capture Range............................................................................................................168
Sweep/Average Count................................................................................................ 169
Selecting the sweep direction..................................................................................... 169
Working with the half decade configuration table........................................................169

Estimating the measurement time

Based on the parameters you have defined for the noise measurement, the application
estimates the total measurement time required to measure the noise characteristics
over all half decades. It is displayed in the channel bar ("Meas Time" label).
The remaining measurement time of the current measurement is indicated in the pro-
gress bar in the status bar (for measurements that last longer than 1 second).

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Display of the remaining measurement time is supported by the following measure-

ments:
● Phase noise
● Pulsed (additive) phase noise
● Baseband noise
The measurement time is function of the resolution bandwidth, cross-correlation factor
and the number of averages defined for the measurement.
For resolution bandwidths below 0.1%, the estimated measurement time is not availa-
ble.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 483

Defining the resolution bandwidth

The resolution bandwidth (RBW) is the filter bandwidth applied during the noise mea-
surement. Noise measurements apply a different resolution bandwidth to each half
decade that is measured: small bandwidths for small frequency offsets and higher
bandwidths for larger frequency offsets (to speed up the measurement on larger fre-
quency offsets).
You can define a custom resolution bandwidth for each half decade, or let the applica-
tion selects an appropriate resolution bandwidth, depending on the "Half Decade Con-
fig" mode.
For an automatic selection, the resolution bandwidth that is applied to each half dec-
ade is a function of the frequency offset. By default, the resolution bandwidth is 10 % of
the start offset of the half decade. If the start offset is, for example 10 kHz, the resulting
resolution bandwidth is 1 kHz.
If necessary, you can change the resolution bandwidth factor. A selected set of percen-
tages in the range from 0.1 % to 30 % is supported.
A resolution bandwidth factor below 0.1% is available with the Ultra-Small RBWs.
For a manual selection, you can enter the required resolution bandwidth as an abso-
lute value in the corresponding cells of the half decade table.
Remote command:
Configuration mode: [SENSe:]SWEep:MODE on page 483
RBW factor: [SENSe:]LIST:BWIDth[:RESolution]:RATio on page 479
RBW: [SENSe:]LIST:RANGe<ri>:BWIDth[:RESolution] on page 479

Ultra-Small RBWs
Provides functionality to enable ultra-small resolution bandwidths (RBW) for the current
measurement.
It can only be used in phase noise and additive noise measurements.
The minimum RBW can be set to 0.0003% (instead of 0.1%) if this function is enabled.
Also, only one measurement channel can be used due to memory limitation.
Be aware that if the function is enabled, and the function is enabled in an instrument
saveset, recall of the saveset fails. If the function is enabled in a saveset used for
startup recall, every second preset acts as if startup recall had been disabled.
If this function is enabled and RBWs below 0.1% are used, the estimated measure-
ment time is not available.

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Remote command:
[SENSe:]LIST:BWIDth[:RESolution]:USMall on page 481

Defining cross-correlation parameters

Cross-correlation is a method to calculate the noise characteristics by routing it through
two different signal paths. The signal has correlated noise characteristics in both chan-
nels while the oscillators have uncorrelated noise characteristics. Through cross-corre-
lation operations, the noise of the DUT is kept constant while the noise of the signal
path is reduced.
You can define a custom number of cross-correlation operations for each half decade,
or let the application select an appropriate number, depending on the "Half Decade
Config" mode.
For an automatic selection, the number of cross-correlation operations that are per-
formed depends on the half decade that is measured. Small offsets (which usually
have a higher noise level) require fewer operations to get accurate results, while large
offsets (whose noise levels can be very low) require more operations for accurate
results.
The base number of the first decade is a fixed value. The number of operations for the
other half decades is determined in such a way, that all operations are finished at
roughly the same time.
For a manual selection, you can enter the required number of cross-correlation oper-
ations as an absolute value in the corresponding cells of the half decade table.

Example:
The operations in the first half decade need 1 s to finish. The number of operations
done in the other half decades is calculated with respect to this 1 s timeframe. For
example, if the application can perform 10 cross-correlation operations in 1 s in
another half decade, it will do so, but no more than that number.

You can control the number of cross-correlations for the first half decade with the
cross-correlation factor ("XCORR Factor"). By multiplying this value with the base num-
ber of operations for the first half decade, the application calculates the time it takes to
perform these operations in the first half decade and then adjusts the number of opera-
tions for all other half decades.
When you turn on the "XCORR Optimization" feature, cross-correlation operations are
only performed as long as the measurement results still improve. When this is not the
case, the R&S FSWP stops calculating results, even when the selected number of
operations has not yet been reached. This is thus a good tool to speed up the mea-
surement.
The point at which measurement results cannot be improved anymore is defined by the
"XCORR Optimization Threshold". The threshold is the distance between the gain indi-
cator and the actual trace. When the distance between those two traces exceeds the
threshold in any given half decade, the R&S FSWP stops measuring in this half dec-
ade and resumes with the next one.

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Example:
The number of operations in a half decade is 30. When optimization is on, and the
results do not improve any more after 20 operations, the application stops measure-
ments in that half decade.

You can also finish the measurement of a specific half decade manually with the "Fin-
ish Segment" softkey available in the "Sweep" menu. The R&S FSWP resumes the
measurement of the next half decade in that case.
For offsets greater than 30 MHz, each half decade is divided into smaller segments.
For these offsets, the "Finish Segment" feature does not resume with the next half dec-
ade, but with the next offset segment.
Remote command:
Configuration mode: [SENSe:]SWEep:MODE on page 483
XCORR factor: [SENSe:]SWEep:XFACtor on page 484
XCORR number: [SENSe:]LIST:RANGe<ri>:XCOunt on page 481
Optimization: [SENSe:]SWEep:XOPTimize[:STATe] on page 484
Optimization threshold: [SENSe:]SWEep:XOPTimize:THReshold on page 484
Finish segment: [SENSe:]SWEep:FSEGment on page 482

Cross-correlation gain indicator

The phase noise diagram contains a gray area in its default state. This area represents
the cross-correlation gain indicator.
It shows the rejection of uncorrelated noise dependent on the number of correlation
averages. If the measurement trace itself lies on the cross-correlation gain indicator,
further correlation will reduce the phase noise value. If some distance between the
cross-correlation gain indicator and the measurement result is obtained, further corre-
lation will not reduce the phase noise value any more, but only smooth the trace. When
you turn on the"Optimize XCORR" feature, the measurement stops automatically when
the gap between the cross-correlation gain indicator and the measurement trace
exceeds 10 dB.
You can turn the display of the gray area on and off as required.
You can also query the data of the cross-correlation gain indicator.
Remote command:
Turn indicator on or off: DISPlay:XGINdicator[:STATe] on page 479
Query indicator: TRACe<n>[:DATA]? XGINdicator

Capture Range
The "Capture Range" defines the bandwidth with which the R&S FSWP searches for a
signal or tracks drifting signals.
Use a "Normal" capture range for stable or slowly drifting DUTs. For fast drifting DUTs,
use a "Wide" capture range.
Use a "40 MHz" capture range to measure carriers swept from -40 MHz to +40 MHz
relative to the center frequency. Additional spurs and restrictions of the measurement
accuracy are possible for CW signals, or carriers swept in other frequency ranges. For
specifics of the measurement accuracy, refer to the data sheet.
The capture range is available for the phase noise measurement.

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Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:CAPTure:RANGe on page 478

Sweep/Average Count
Defines the number of measurements to be performed in the single sweep mode. Val-
ues from 0 to 200000 are allowed. If the values 0 or 1 are set, one measurement is
performed.
The sweep count is applied to all the traces in all diagrams.
For "Average" trace mode, the "Sweep Count" also determines the number of individ-
ual measurements used to average the trace.
In continuous sweep mode, a "Sweep Count" = 0 (default) calculates a moving aver-
age over 10 measurements. A "Sweep Count" = 1 calculates no averages.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:COUNt on page 482

Selecting the sweep direction

The sweep direction selects the order in which the R&S FSWP measures the half dec-
ades.
For the reverse sweep ("Sweep Forward" = "Off"), the measurement sequence is:
● Analysis of half decades > 30 MHz
● Analysis of half decades between 30 MHz and 1 MHz
● Analysis of half decades < 1 MHz
For the forward sweep ("Sweep Forward" = "On"), the measurement sequence is:
● Analysis of half decades < 1 MHz
● Analysis of half decades between 30 MHz and 1 MHz
● Analysis of half decades > 30 MHz
Otherwise, the measurements are the are the same and yield the same results, regard-
less of the sweep direction you select. The difference is that results near the carrier are
available faster when you select the forward sweep.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:FORWard on page 482

Working with the half decade configuration table

The half decade configuration table shows the measurement characteristics for each
half decade that is part of the measurement.
The features of the table depend on the "Half Decade Config" mode:
● For the automatic mode, the table is read only, the values in the table depend on
the settings you have made for the noise measurements (RBW Factor and XCORR
Factor).
The size (number of rows) depends on the number of half decades that you have
defined.
Automatic half decade configuration is designed to yield the optimal measurement
times for each half decade.
● For the manual mode, you can define custom values for the resolution bandwidth
(RBW) and the number of cross-correlation operations.
The table contains the following values.
● Start Offset

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Start frequency offset of the half decade.

Depends on the frequency offsets you have defined.
● Stop Offset
Stop frequency offset of the half decade.
Depends on the frequency offsets you have defined.
● RBW
Resolution bandwidth applied to the corresponding half decade during the mea-
surement.
Depends on the resolution bandwidth factor you have defined.
Custom RBWs become available when you are using manual configuration mode.
● XCORR
Shows the number of cross-correlation operations applied in the corresponding half
decade.
Depends on the XCORR factor you have defined.
Custom cross-correlation operations become available when you are using manual
configuration mode.
Remote command:
Configuration mode: [SENSe:]SWEep:MODE on page 483
Start offset: [SENSe:]LIST:RANGe<ri>:FREQuency:STARt? on page 480
Stop offset: [SENSe:]LIST:RANGe<ri>:FREQuency:STOP? on page 480
RBW: [SENSe:]LIST:RANGe<ri>:BWIDth[:RESolution] on page 479
XCORR: [SENSe:]LIST:RANGe<ri>:XCOunt on page 481

9.5.4 Integrated measurement configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Noise Config" > "Integrated Measurements"

You can control the integration ranges and data source (traces) that the calculations for
integrated measurement results are based on.
For integrated measurements, the raw measurement data are used instead of the data
smoothed by the trace smoothing functionality.

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The remote commands required to configure residual calculations are described in

Chapter 14.6.6.2, "Residual calculation configuration", on page 486.
Selecting the trace for residual calculations................................................................171
Defining the integration range..................................................................................... 171
Working with weighting filters......................................................................................171
└ Applying weighting filters.............................................................................. 171
└ Managing weighting filters............................................................................ 172
└ Designing weighting filters............................................................................ 172

Selecting the trace for residual calculations

Residual calculations are only performed when you select an (active) trace that serves
as the data source (when the selected trace is inactive, residual effects are not calcula-
ted).
You can select any trace as the data source ("Trace 1" to "Trace 6" in the dropdown
menu), and define the frequency range over which the integration is performed.
When you select "None" from the dropdown menu, residuals effects are not calculated.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:EVALuation:TRACe on page 487

Defining the integration range

You can define up to 10 integration ranges on different traces.
By default, the R&S FSWP integrates over the entire frequency range defined for the
measurement (Range = "Meas"). You can, however, also define custom integration
ranges (Range = "Manual").
In that case, the input fields next to the "Range" control become available to define a
customized integration range. The application shows orange lines ("Range <x>") in the
graphical result display to indicate custom ranges.

Remote command:
State: CALCulate<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:EVALuation[:STATe] on page 487
Start: CALCulate<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:EVALuation:STARt on page 486
Stop: CALCulate<n>[:RANGe<ri>]:EVALuation:STOP on page 486

Working with weighting filters

The weighting filter feature provides functionality to correct integrated measurements
and thus compensate for external effects that affect the results in certain frequency
ranges. A weighting filter is a useful feature if you already know that this is the case
and would like to compensate for these effects.
Note that the weighting filter only has an effect on the integrated measurement results
and has no effect in the noise diagram or other numerical results.

Applying weighting filters ← Working with weighting filters

When you apply a weighting filter, the R&S FSWP takes the correction values defined
in the weighting filter into account for the calculation of integrated measurements.

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The "Weighting Filter" dropdown menu contains all weighting filters that are available
on the internal hard disk of the R&S FSWP.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>[:RANGe<j>]:EVALuation:WEIGhting on page 488

Managing weighting filters ← Working with weighting filters

The table in the "Residual Calculations" dialog box shows all currently available
weighting filter.
From this dialog box, you have the following options.
● Edit a weighting filter that already exists (➙ "Edit").
● Create a new weighting filter (➙ "New").
● Create a new weighting filter based on an existing one (➙ "Copy").
If necessary, you can delete the selected filter at any time (➙ "Delete").
Each of the options opens a dialog box that contains the functionality to characterize a
weighting filter.
Remote command:
Select a filter: [SENSe:]CORRection:WEIGhting:SELect on page 489
Delete: [SENSe:]CORRection:WEIGhting:DELete on page 488

Designing weighting filters ← Working with weighting filters

The R&S FSWP provides the following tools to design a weighting filter.
● "Name" / "Comment"
Defines a name and / or comment of the weighting filter. The name defines the
label by which the filter appears in the "Weighting Filter" dropdown menu.
● "Position" and "Value"
Define the data points of the weighting filter (including a graphical preview).
They define by which amount (dB) residual effects are corrected for specific fre-
quencies. For example, you could say that at a frequency of 100 MHz, the residual
effects are corrected by 5 dB.
● "Insert Value"
Inserts a weighting filter data point. Alternatively, you can click in the table itself to
add a new data point.
● "Delete Value"
Deletes the currently selected data point. The currently selected data point is high-
lighted blue.
● "Shift X" / "Shift Y"
Shifts all data points of the weighting filter horizontally or vertically by a certain
amount.
● "Save"
Saves and stores the weighting filter on the internal hard disk of the R&S FSWP.
A weighting filter consists of up to 625 data points. Each data point is a pair of values:
the first value describes the frequency, the second value describes the level (correction
value) for that frequency.
Frequencies must be entered in ascending order and must not overlap.
When you save the filter, the R&S FSWP uses the name of the weighting filter as the
file name. If a weighting filter of the same name already exists, the R&S FSWP asks
before it overwrites the existing file.

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Remote command:
Name: [SENSe:]CORRection:WEIGhting:NAME on page 489
Comment: [SENSe:]CORRection:WEIGhting:COMMent on page 488
Data: [SENSe:]CORRection:WEIGhting:DATA on page 488

9.5.5 Spot noise information

Access: "Overview" > "Noise Config" > "Spot Noise"

Spot noise is the phase noise measured at a certain offset frequency. The information
about spot noise is provided in the noise diagram (optionally) and in a separate spot
noise information table.
The R&S FSWP provides several features to control the spot noise information.

The remote commands required to configure spot noise measurements are described
in Chapter 14.6.6.3, "Spot noise configuration", on page 489.
Displaying spot noise information............................................................................... 173
Selecting the spot noise positions...............................................................................174

Displaying spot noise information

By default, when you perform a measurement, the R&S FSWP displays the spot noise
information in the diagram area.
You can turn off the displayed spot noise information any time, for example if you want
a better view of the measurement results.
You can also select the trace the displayed spot noise information refers to from the
"Trace" dropdown menu.
Remote command:
DISPlay:SNINfo[:STATe] on page 493
DISPlay:SNINfo:TRACe on page 493

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Selecting the spot noise positions

The R&S FSWP provides several methods to define the positions where the spot noise
is measured.
By default, it calculates the spot noise on all "Decade Edges" (10x offset frequencies) in
the measurement range. Therefore, the number of spot noise results depends on the
measurement range.
If you want to evaluate the spot noise on positions other than the decade edges, you
can add "User Defined" spot noise positions. When you turn on that feature, changes
that you make to the "Offset" input fields are considered in the current measurement
(by default, user defined spot noise positions are the decade edges).
You can define any offset frequency that is part of the measurement range as a new
spot noise position. To exclude an offset frequency, uncheck the checkbox of the cur-
rent offset.
The results for the user defined spot noise positions are displayed in the spot noise
table in addition to the decade edge spot noise results.
When you turn off the "Decade Edges" spot noise positions, the spot noise table con-
tains only the user defined spot noise positions.
Remote command:
See Chapter 14.6.6.3, "Spot noise configuration", on page 489.

9.5.6 Spur display

Access: "Overview" > "Noise Config" > "Spurious"

Spurs are (usually undesired) peak levels that can occur in the measured frequency
range. They are represented by unusually tall spikes on the trace.

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The remote commands required to configure the spur display are described in Chap-
ter 14.6.6.4, "Spur display", on page 493.

Hiding spurs
Hiding spurs is a method to remove displayed peak levels visually.
You can apply spur removal to all active traces individually (spurious removal "Hide In
Diagram"), and define a threshold (in dB) that defines when a peak level is recognized
as a spur (spurious removal "Detection Threshold").
Note: In the spot noise vs tune measurement, spur removal properties apply to all
traces.
Remote command:
State: DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:SPURs:SUPPress on page 494
Value: DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:SPURs:THReshold on page 494
State (SN vs Tune): [SENSe:]SPURs:SUPPress on page 507
Value (SN vs Tune): [SENSe:]SPURs:THReshold on page 507

Sorting spurs
The sort order of the spurs in the spurious list result display depends on the "Sort
Order" you select.
"Power" Sorts the spurs according to their power (highest to lowest power).
"Offset" Sorts the spurs according to their offset from the carrier (lowest to
highest offset).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SPURs:SORT on page 495

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Applying a spurious weighting filter

The spurious weighting filter feature provides functionality to apply a weighting filter to
spurious analysis. For more information on how to apply, manage and design weight-
ing filters, see "Working with weighting filters" on page 171.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SPURs:WEIGhting on page 495

Defining the spurious color

The spurious color feature provides functionality to enable an automatic shift of the
color of the displayed spurious lines. The color setting is not changed by a preset of
the instrument.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SPURs:COLor on page 497

Filtering spurs
Filtering spurs is a method to show or hide items of the spurious list.
Mode ● "Off": No spurious filter is applied.
● "Suppress": The spurs in the spurious filter are removed from the
spurious list, the diagram and dependent calculations.
● "Show": Only the spurs in the spurious filter are displayed in the
spurious list, the diagram and dependent calculations.
Include Har- In addition to the spurs in the defined spurious filter list, also their har-
monics monics are displayed or removed in the spurious list.
Range Defines the filter range as a multiple of the resolution bandwidth.
Name Displays the name of the currently selected spurious filter.
Spurious Filter The spurious filter configuration table provides several management
Management tools:
● "Insert": Adds a new offset frequency to the spurious filter.
● "Delete": Removes an existing offset frequency from the spurious
filter.
● "Clear": Clears the spurious filter.
● "Save": Saves the spurious filter configuration. With this function,
the name of the spurious filter can be defined.
● "Load": Loads an existing spurious filter configuration.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:MODE on page 495
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:HARMonics on page 496
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:RANGe on page 496
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:NAME? on page 496
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:OFFSet on page 496
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:CLEar on page 497
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:SAVE on page 497
[SENSe:]SPURs:FILTer:LOAD on page 497

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Output

9.5.7 Frequency stability configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Noise Config" > "Frequency Stability"

The results of the frequency stability measurements (Allan variance and deviation) are
derived from the phase noise measurement. Thus, the frequency stability measure-
ments and the phase noise measurement use the same configuration.
The "Frequency Stability" dialog contains the most important settings for the frequency
stability measurements. However, everything that you change in the phase noise con-
figuration is also applied to the frequency stability measurements, and vice versa.
● "Tau Start" and "Tau Stop"
Tau start and stop define the observation time Tau for the frequency stability mea-
surement. They are coupled to the measurement range. Tau start is the reciprocal
value of the stop frequency offset. Tau stop is the reciprocal value of the start fre-
quency offset.
For example, a measurement range from 1 mHz to 1 MHz would result in an obser-
vation time from 1 µs to 1000 s and vice versa.
● "RBW" and "XCORR"
Note that if you define the RBW and number of cross-correlation operations man-
ually, the values of the half decade configuration table are also applied to the fre-
quency stability measurements.
● "Meas BW"
The measurement bandwidth (or integration bandwidth) is the reciprocal value of
"Tau Start".

The remote commands required to configure frequency stability measurements are

described in Chapter 14.6.6.1, "Noise configuration", on page 478.

9.6 Output
The phase noise application is able to provide different kinds of output for various pur-
poses.
For more information about the available connectors, refer to the getting started man-
ual.

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● DC source configuration........................................................................................178
● Signal source configuration...................................................................................181
● Miscellaneous output............................................................................................ 185

9.6.1 DC source configuration

Access (all DC port settings): "Overview" > "Output" > "Output" > "DC Config"
Access (most relevant DC port settings): (in the toolbar)
Access (DC port state): "Overview" > (in the toolbar)
The "DC Power" settings allow you to configure the DC power supply sources available
on the front panel for different purposes.

Proper configuration of the DC ports

Setting DC voltages and currents properly is an important step during the configuration
in order not to damage the device under test (DUT) by applying too much voltage or
current!
Therefore it is recommended to connect the device under test (DUT) to the instrument
after the DC settings have been made and verified.

The remote commands required to configure the DC power output are described in
Chapter 14.6.2, "Output", on page 451.
Turning the DC output on and off................................................................................ 179
Coupling the output configuration across measurement channels............................. 179
Configuring the DC power output................................................................................179
└ Turning the output on and off........................................................................ 179

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└ Selecting the output type (Vsupply only).......................................................180

└ Defining the output level............................................................................... 180
└ Reading the actual output levels...................................................................181

Turning the DC output on and off

DC output power is only supplied when you turn on the DC power output in general
with the "DC Power" feature.
You have to turn on at least one of the individual voltage supplies Vsupply, Vtune or Vaux
(➙ Output State) before you can turn on DC output in general.
When you turn off DC power supply in general, no power is supplied, even when the
individual outputs have been turned on.
Remote command:
SOURce:VOLTage[:STATe] on page 460

Coupling the output configuration across measurement channels

You can couple the configuration of the DC power output and the (optional) signal
source output across all active measurement channels.
When you turn on coupling, all active measurement channels apply the same configu-
ration.
When you turn off coupling, you can define a different configuration for each measure-
ment channel.
Remote command:
DC power: SOURce:VOLTage:CHANnel:COUPling on page 455
Signal source: SOURce:GENerator:CHANnel:COUPling on page 461

Configuring the DC power output

The R&S FSWP features three outputs that allow you to supply external devices like
the DUT or external measurement equipment with DC power.
The outputs are labeled "Vsupply" (supply voltage), "Vtune" (tuning voltage) and "Vaux"
(auxiliary voltage). Each of the outputs has different characteristics regarding the sup-
ported voltage range and maximum output current, and is thus designed for different
purposes.
Note: If you change one of the DC power output parameters during a measurement,
the measurement is aborted and restarted.
For more information about the output connectors, refer to the getting started.
Basically, you can define the same parameters for all three outputs.
● "Turning the output on and off" on page 179
● "Selecting the output type (Vsupply only)" on page 180
● "Defining the output level" on page 180
● "Reading the actual output levels" on page 181

Turning the output on and off ← Configuring the DC power output

Apart from the general DC power output state, you can turn each individual output on
and off. Output is generated only, when the required DC output is actually turned on.
By default, all outputs are turned off. When you want to use one of the outputs, turn it
on.

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Output

Note that you have to turn on at least one of the outputs to be able to turn on the out-
put in general.
Remote command:
Vsupply: SOURce:VOLTage:POWer<i>:LEVel[:STATe] on page 459
Vtune: SOURce:VOLTage:CONTrol<i>:LEVel[:STATe] on page 457
Vaux: SOURce:VOLTage:AUX:LEVel[:STATe] on page 455

Selecting the output type (Vsupply only) ← Configuring the DC power output
The supply voltage output (Vsupply) supports variable voltages and variable current. For
this output, you can select whether you want to control the output in terms of current or
voltage.
When you select "Voltage", you can define the output in terms of the voltage that is
supplied. The supplied current is adjusted accordingly (up to the maximum current you
have allowed).
When you select "Current", you can define the output in terms of the current that is
supplied. The supplied voltage is adjusted accordingly (up to the maximum voltage you
have allowed).
The other outputs are already limited regarding the output current; only the voltage is
variable for these outputs.
Note: When you switch between "Voltage" and "Current", DC output is turned off as a
precaution. You have to turn it on again deliberately.
Remote command:
SOURce:VOLTage:POWer<i>:LEVel:MODE on page 458

Defining the output level ← Configuring the DC power output

For all three outputs, you can control the voltage that should be output to supply the
DUT or other devices. The supported voltage range is different for each output (see
data sheet for details).
In addition to the hardware limits regarding the range of output values, you can also
define soft limits. These soft limits limit the output to a range that suits your needs.
They thus help you to avoid accidentally defining an output level that is too high for the
DUT you are testing.
Note that when you change the output voltage while a measurement is running, this
measurement is aborted and restarted.
Controlling the supply current for the Vsupply output
For the supply voltage output (Vsupply), you can select whether you want to control the
output in terms of current or voltage (➙ Output Type).
If you select output type "Voltage", you can define the output level and limits in terms of
voltage (the current is adjusted, if necessary).
If you select output type "Current", you can define the output level and limits in terms of
current (the voltage is adjusted, if necessary) . In that case, the range defining the soft
limits are also defined in terms of current.
In addition, you can define the maximum output current (or voltage) that is supplied in
the "Max Curr / Volt" field.

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Output

For the other two outputs (Vtune and Vaux), the maximum current that can be drawn by
the DUT is fixed to the value supported by the hardware. The "Max Curr / Volt" infor-
mation is read-only information for these two outputs.
Remote command:
Level Vsupply: SOURce:VOLTage:POWer<i>:LEVel:AMPLitude on page 457
Level Vtune: SOURce:VOLTage:CONTrol<i>:LEVel:AMPLitude on page 456
Level Vaux: SOURce:VOLTage:AUX:LEVel:AMPLitude on page 454
Limits Vsupply: SOURce:VOLTage:POWer<i>:LEVel:LIMit:LOW on page 458 /
SOURce:VOLTage:POWer<i>:LEVel:LIMit:HIGH on page 458
Limits Vtune: SOURce:VOLTage:CONTrol<i>:LEVel:LIMit:LOW on page 456 /
SOURce:VOLTage:CONTrol<i>:LEVel:LIMit:HIGH on page 456
Limits Vaux: SOURce:VOLTage:AUX:LEVel:LIMit:LOW on page 454 / SOURce:
VOLTage:AUX:LEVel:LIMit:HIGH on page 454
Max. V: SOURce:VOLTage:POWer<i>:LIMit:HIGH on page 459
Max. A: SOURce:CURRent:POWer<i>:LIMit:HIGH on page 453

Reading the actual output levels ← Configuring the DC power output

The actual output levels (voltage and current) for each output source is displayed in the
"Results" part of the dialog box.
When the output levels are as you have defined them, the font of these result values is
green. If the voltage or current that is output differs from the values that you have
defined, the font turns red.
This may be the case , for example. If the DUT draws too much current, and the volt-
age required for that current would exceed the limits you have defined.
Remote command:
Voltage: SOURce:VOLTage:SEQuence:RESult? on page 460
Current: SOURce:CURRent:SEQuence:RESult? on page 453
Power: SOURce:POWer:SEQuence:RESult? on page 454

9.6.2 Signal source configuration

Access (all settings): "Overview" > "Output" > "Output" > "Signal Source"
Access (most relevant signal source settings): (in the toolbar)
Access (state of the signal source): (in the toolbar)
The "Signal Source" settings allow you to configure the internal signal source output.
You can use the signal source to feed a signal into the DUT. The signal is either a sine
wave or a pulse. Its frequency and level of that signal are variable.
Pulsed output signals are only supported if the "pulsed phase noise" option
R&S FSWP-K4 is installed.
In the pulse measurement application, the output signal is always a pulse.
The output is available when you have installed the optional hardware component.

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Output

Risk of damage to the instrument or DUT

Make sure that the DUT can handle the signal power that you output via the signal
source. Power levels that are too high might damage the DUT.
Make also sure that the reflected power does not exceed 30 dBm. Power levels higher
than that might damage or destroy the signal source output.

Restrictions and availability of the signal source

The signal source is available for (additive) phase noise, pulsed (additive) noise and
transient measurements.
If you are using the signal source for normal phase noise and pulsed phase noise mea-
surements, cross-correlation is no longer possible. The R&S FSWP shows a message
that cross-correlation has been turned off if you turn on the signal source in these mea-
surements. In addition, you can only use one external mixer (instead of two) if you are
using the signal source.

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Output

The remote commands required to configure the signal source output are described in
Chapter 14.6.2.2, "Signal source", on page 461.
Functions to configure the signal source output described elsewhere:
● "Coupling the output configuration across measurement channels" on page 179
Signal source state......................................................................................................183
Signal source frequency..............................................................................................183
Signal source level...................................................................................................... 183
Pulse modulation state................................................................................................183
Bypassing the DUT..................................................................................................... 184
Pulse characteristics................................................................................................... 184

Signal source state

A signal from the signal source is supplied only if you turn it on with "Source Power".
Otherwise, the signal source output remains inactive.
Remote command:
SOURce:GENerator[:STATe] on page 464

Signal source frequency

Select the "Frequency" of the signal generated at the signal source output and the
"Frequency Stepsize".
The frequency stepsize defines the stepsize with which the signal frequency is
changed.
Remote command:
Frequency: SOURce:GENerator:FREQuency on page 462
Stepsize: SOURce:GENerator:FREQuency:STEP on page 462

Signal source level

Selects the "Level" of the output signal.
When you define the signal level, make sure that your DUT can handle the power that
you have defined. Otherwise, the DUT can be damaged.
For low phase noise boards with material number 1331.6439.xx, you can define an
output level in 0.1 dB steps. For boards with a different material number, the stepsize is
1 dB.
You can check the material number of the low phase noise board in the hardware infor-
mation dialog box (column "order #, see Chapter 12.4.1, "Hardware information",
on page 321).
Remote command:
SOURce:GENerator:LEVel on page 462

Pulse modulation state

Turns the internal "Pulse Modulation" on and off.
When "Pulse Modulation" is on, the R&S FSWP generates a pulse with the defined
pulse characteristics on the signal source output.

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Output

When "Pulse Modulation" is off, the R&S FSWP generates a continuous wave signal
on the signal source output (a pulse can still be output on the trigger 1 output, however,
for example to control an external pulse modulator).
Remote command:
Pulse modulation: SOURce:GENerator:MODulation on page 463

Bypassing the DUT

The "DUT Bypass" feature measures the noise of the R&S FSWP.
This can come in handy when measuring the additive noise, and you would like to
draw a trace that shows the contribution of the R&S FSWP to the overall noise charac-
teristics.
The feature works for additive noise and pulsed additive noise measurements. It is also
available in the optional applications, Spectrum application, the I/Q Analyzer etc.
Remote command:
SOURce:GENerator:DUTBypass on page 461

Pulse characteristics
The signal source hardware allows you to generate a pulse when you perform pulsed
measurements.
The pulse with the defined characteristics is generated internally when you turn on the
Pulse Modulation feature.
● "Period"
The pulse period defines the distance between two consecutive pulses (off time of
the pulse).
● "Width"
The pulse width defines the length of the pulse (on time of the pulse).
Note: Pulse period and width apply to the pulse that is output at the signal source
as well as the pulse that is output at the trigger 1 output.
● "Trigger 1 Output"
Selects the pulse type sent to the trigger output.
You can use the signal on the trigger 1 output to control an external pulse modula-
tor, for example.
– "Off": Provides no signal at the trigger output.
– "High": Provides a (high active) pulse with the defined width and period at the
trigger output.
1
V trigger
1

0
t

– "Low": Provides a (low active) pulse with the defined width and period at the
trigger output.

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Output

2
V trigger
1

0
t

Note that the pulse at the trigger output is generated even when the "Pulse Modu-
lation" feature is turned off.
Remote command:
Period: SOURce:GENerator:PULSe:PERiod on page 463
Width: SOURce:GENerator:PULSe:WIDTh on page 464
Trigger Output: SOURce:GENerator:PULSe:TRIGger:OUTPut on page 463

9.6.3 Miscellaneous output

Access: "Overview" > "Output" > "Output"

The "General Output" dialog box contains settings that allow you to configure various
outputs available on the R&S FSWP.

The remote commands required to configure miscellaneous output are described in

Chapter 14.6.2.3, "Miscellaneous output", on page 465.
● Output for noise sources....................................................................................... 185
● Output configuration..............................................................................................186

9.6.3.1 Output for noise sources

The R&S FSWP provides a connector ([NOISE SOURCE CONTROL]) with a voltage
supply for an external noise source. By switching the supply voltage for an external
noise source on or off in the firmware, you can activate or deactive the device as
required.

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Pulsed phase noise and pulsed additive noise configuration

External noise sources are useful when you are measuring power levels that fall below
the noise floor of the R&S FSWP itself, for example when measuring the noise level of
an amplifier.
In this case, you can first connect an external noise source (whose noise power level is
known in advance) to the R&S FSWP and measure the total noise power. From this
value you can determine the noise power of the R&S FSWP. Then when you measure
the power level of the actual DUT, you can deduct the known noise level from the total
power to obtain the power level of the DUT.
The noise source is controlled in the "Output" settings, see "Noise Source Control"
on page 186

9.6.3.2 Output configuration

Noise Source Control.................................................................................................. 186

Noise Source Control

Enables or disables the 28 V voltage supply for an external noise source connected to
the "Noise source control / Power sensor") connector. By switching the supply voltage
for an external noise source on or off in the firmware, you can enable or disable the
device as required.
External noise sources are useful when you are measuring power levels that fall below
the noise floor of the R&S FSWP itself, for example when measuring the noise level of
an amplifier.
In this case, you can first connect an external noise source (whose noise power level is
known in advance) to the R&S FSWP and measure the total noise power. From this
value, you can determine the noise power of the R&S FSWP. Then when you measure
the power level of the actual DUT, you can deduct the known noise level from the total
power to obtain the power level of the DUT.
Remote command:
DIAGnostic:SERVice:NSOurce on page 465

9.7 Pulsed phase noise and pulsed additive noise config-

uration
Access (measurement): "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "Pulsed Phase Noise"
Access (measurement): "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "Pulsed Additive
Noise"
Access (settings): "Overview" > "Pulse"
When you equip the R&S FSWP with the optional pulsed phase noise measurement
application, the R&S FSWP provides functionality to measure the phase noise and
additive noise of pulsed signals.
This measurement mode only measures the noise during the time the pulse is trans-
mitted, like a gated measurement does in a spectrum analyzer. The measurement only

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Pulsed phase noise and pulsed additive noise configuration

works when the application knows the pulse characteristics, so it can open up a gate
during which it records and analyzes the signal data. The time when the gate opens is
either controlled by an internal IF power trigger or an external pulse gate.
If necessary, the application is able to detect a pulse in the frequency spectrum. When
a pulse has been found, it can also detect pulse characteristics automatically.
Of course, you can omit the signal search and automatic pulse characterisation and
instead define these parameters manually.

The remote commands required to configure pulses are described in Chapter 14.6.7,
"Pulsed Phase Noise Configuration", on page 498.
Defining preview diagram characteristics....................................................................187
Selecting the source for pulse gating.......................................................................... 187
Selecting the pulse detection mode............................................................................ 188
Defining the pulse repetition interval........................................................................... 188
Defining the gate characteristics................................................................................. 188
└ Selecting the gate type................................................................................. 189
└ Defining the shape of the gate...................................................................... 189

Defining preview diagram characteristics

The application provides some feature that scale the "Preview" diagram shown in the
dialog box.
The "Measurement Time" defines scale of the x-axis.
The "Pretrigger" defines an offset from the origin of the x-axis.
Both parameters have no effect on the actual measurement of the noise characteristics
of the pulse.
Remote command:
not supported

Selecting the source for pulse gating

You can select the source for pulse gating.

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Pulsed phase noise and pulsed additive noise configuration

When you select the "IF Power" source, the pulse gate is controlled by an internal IF
power pulse gate. The R&S FSWP opens the gate when the signal meets or exceeds a
certain IF power level. This is the default source.
When you select "Ext Trigger 1", the pulse gate is controlled by an external pulse gate.
This requires an external source connected to the trigger 1 connector on the front
panel of the R&S FSWP. The trigger level is adjustable and the pulse gate opens when
the trigger signal meets or exceeds that level.
When you are using an external pulse gate, the following restrictions apply.
● Using an external pulse gate is only possible with a phase noise digitizer board
revision 4.0 or higher.
You can check the version that you have in the hardware info dialog box.
● Defining a gate level is not possible.
● The pulse modulation in the signal source settings is always turned off.
● The trigger 1 output must be turned off.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:PULSe:GATE on page 500

Selecting the pulse detection mode

The easiest way to set up pulsed phase noise measurements is to let the application
detect the pulse characteristics and configure the measurement accordingly. This is
especially useful when you are measuring an unknown pulse.
After the pulse has been found, the application configures the following parameters:
● Pulse repetition interval
● Gate level
● Gate delay
● Gate length (for Gate Type = Edge)
You can also start the detection of the pulse characteristics deliberately with the "Auto
Detect Once" feature.
When you already know the pulse characteristics, you can also configure the measure-
ment manually by selecting "Manual" mode and entering the values as required.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:PULSe:DETection on page 499

Defining the pulse repetition interval

The "Pulse Repetition Interval" defines the time between two consecutive pulse edges
of the same polarity in seconds (requires at least two measured pulses). It thus defines
the (statistical) frequency with which a pulse is transmitted.
In the default state, when automatic pulse detection is on, the application automatically
determines the pulse repetition interval. If necessary, and you already know that value,
you can also enter it directly in the corresponding input field.
In the preview diagram, the pulse repetition interval is indicated by a turquoise bar.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:PULSe:PRI on page 500

Defining the gate characteristics

Gate characteristics define the type and shape of the gate.

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Data is only acquired when the gate is active during the ON time of a pulse. Data
transmitted during the OFF time of the pulse is ignored and thus not considered in the
noise analysis. This method makes sure that the broadband noise that is present
between pulses does not affect the noise results.

Selecting the gate type ← Defining the gate characteristics

The phase noise application supports several "Gate Types".
● Level
The gate opens and starts the measurement when the signal exceeds a certain
level, and stops when the level drops below that value.
● Edge
The gate opens and starts the measurement when the signal exceeds a certain
level, and stops after a certain time defined by the gate length.
● Off
No gate is used during the measurement, and the data during the OFF time of the
pulse is also recorded and analyzed.
You can turn off the gate, for example, when you expect only low noise with little
effect on the measurement results during the OFF time of the pulse.
Note that a lowpass filter that filters fundamentals and makes sure that only the
pulse is analyzed is still active when you turn off the gate.
The gate mode is always "Off" in case pulse modulation is on.
Note that even when automatic pulse detection is on, you still can select the gate type,
if necessary.
Remote command:
Gate type: [SENSe:]SWEep:EGATe:TYPE on page 499

Defining the shape of the gate ← Defining the gate characteristics

The shape of the gate is defined by several parameters that is visualized in the "Pre-
view" diagram.
In the default state, when automatic pulse detection is on, the gate characteristics are
determined based on the pulse characteristics. In that case, changes here not neces-
sary.
The "Gate Level" defines the signal level that opens the gate. As long as the signal
level is below the gate level, no data is recorded. When the signal level rises above the
gate level, the measurement starts. For the "Gate Type: Level", the gate level also
defines the moment when the gate closes, and data acquisition stops.
In the preview diagram, the gate level is indicated by a red horizontal line. A label also
indicates the currently defined gate level.
The "Gate Delay", defines a time offset between the moment the level rises above the
gate level (= the beginning of the pulse) and the actual start of the measurement.
When you define a gate delay, the first few measurement points after the gate opens
are not considered in the measurement results.
In the preview diagram, the gate delay is indicated by a blue bar. The actual starting
point of data acquisition is indicated by a red vertical line in the preview diagram.
The "Gate Length" defines the time period that the gate is open. It is closed when the
time define by the gate length has elapsed. The gate length is only available for "Gate
Type: Edge".

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VCO characterization configuration

In the preview diagram, the gate length is indicated by a magenta colored bar. The end
of the gate in that case is indicated by second red vertical line.

Remote command:
Level: [SENSe:]SWEep:EGATe:LEVel on page 499
Delay: [SENSe:]SWEep:EGATe:HOLDoff on page 498
Length: [SENSe:]SWEep:EGATe:LENGth on page 498

9.8 VCO characterization configuration

Access (measurement): "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "VCO Characteriza-
tion"
The VCO characterization measurement determines the characteristics of a DUT when
you apply different input voltages or current (the tuning range or sweep range). The
DUT can be, for example, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) or a YIG oscillator
whose characteristic are a function of the applied current. The measurement provides
results for characteristics like the oscillation frequency at a certain input voltage, the
output power or the sensitivity of the DUT.
VCO measurements basically provide the following measurements types.
● Normal VCO measurements
In a typical VCO measurement, the "Sweep Source" is connected to the tune port
of the DUT. The "Fix Source" is connected to the supply port of the DUT.
● Pushing measurements
Pushing measurements are possible when you connect the "Sweep Source" to the
supply port of the DUT and the "Fix Source" to the tune port of the DUT. A pushing
measurement typically measures the influence of a swept supply source on the
DUT characteristics.
You can use all available DC sources as a sweep source (tuning source) or fix source
(Vsupply, Vtune and Vaux).

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Most of the functionality for VCO characterization is the same as in the phase noise
measurement, differences and additional functionality is described in this section of the
documentation.
Refer to the following topics for more information about equivalent functionality.
● Input configuration: Chapter 9.2, "Input source", on page 135
● Amplitude configuration and diagram scale: Chapter 9.3, "Level characteristics",
on page 154
● DC source configuration: Chapter 9.6.1, "DC source configuration", on page 178
● Measurement configuration: Chapter 8.2, "Performing measurements",
on page 118
● Limit line configuration: Chapter 10.5, "Limit lines", on page 251
● Marker configuration: Chapter 10.4, "Markers", on page 241
Notable differences are the measurement configuration itself and the trace configura-
tion, as described in this topic.
● Sweep configuration..............................................................................................191
● Trace configuration............................................................................................... 193

9.8.1 Sweep configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Sweep Config"

The "Sweep Config" dialog box contains two main features: DC source configuration
and the sweep configuration (which corresponds to the tuning configuration).

DC source configuration
The functionality to configure the DC sources is basically the same as in the "DC Con-
fig" dialog box. The main difference is that the dialog box does not show all available
DC sources. Instead, you have to select the DC source you would like to use.

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● "Sweep Source"
Selects the DC source that tunes the DUT. Voltage or current change supplied by
the sweep source on each measurement point.
Remote command:
VCO characterization: CONFigure:VCO:SWEep:SOURce on page 503
Spot noise vs tune: CONFigure:SNTune:SWEep:SOURce on page 505
● "Fix Source"
Selects the DC source that is considered in the Current / Voltage result display.
Current or voltage supplied by the fix source remains on a fix value during the
measurement.
Remote command:
CONFigure:VCO:FIX:SOURce on page 501
For the other features, refer to the following topics.
● "Turning the DC output on and off" on page 179
● "Turning the output on and off" on page 179
● "Selecting the output type (Vsupply only)" on page 180
● "Defining the output level" on page 180

Sweep settings
The sweep settings define the tuning properties. They control the output of the
selected DC source over the course of a measurement: which voltage or current is
applied for each measurement, the sweep range and the measurement time for each
measurement point.
You can define sweep settings for each DC source individually.
Defining the sweep range........................................................................................... 192
Defining the settling time.............................................................................................193
Selecting the frequency resolution.............................................................................. 193

Defining the sweep range

The R&S FSWP characterizes a DUT by applying a series of (tuning) voltages or cur-
rents to the DUT. Each voltage or current is a measurement point. The number of mea-
surements performed during a VCO characterization therefore depends on the number
of measurement points.
You can define the first and last tuning value applied to the DUT with the "Start" and
"Stop" values. Within this sweep range, the voltages or currents applied to the DUT
depend on the number of "Meas Points". The measurement points not only define the
number of measurements, but also the distance between voltages or currents.

Example:
The start and stop values are 0 V and 5 V respectively. The number of measurement
points is 10.
This means that a measurement is performed on every 0.5 V of voltage:
0 V, 0.5 V, 1 V, 1.5 V, etc.

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Remote command:
Start (VCO Characteristics): CONFigure:VCO:SWEep:STARt on page 503
Stop (VCO Characteristics): CONFigure:VCO:SWEep:STOP on page 503
Points (VCO Characteristics): CONFigure:VCO:SWEep:POINts on page 502
Start (Spot Noise vs Tune): CONFigure:SNTune:SWEep:STARt on page 505
Stop (Spot Noise vs Tune): CONFigure:SNTune:SWEep:STOP on page 505
Points (Spot Noise vs Tune): CONFigure:SNTune:SWEep:POINts on page 504

Defining the settling time

When you apply a different tuning voltage (or current) to the DUT, it usually needs
some time before its characteristics become stable. This time period is the settling
time.
● The "Settling Time / Meas Point" property defines for how long you allow the DUT
to settle, before the characteristics for each applied voltage or current are mea-
sured.
● The "Initial Settling Time" property defines for how long you allow the DUT to settle,
before the characteristics of the first applied voltage or current of the tuning range
are measured.
Remote command:
Settling time (VCO Characterization): CONFigure:VCO:SWEep:DELay[:POINt]
on page 502
Settling time (Spot Noise vs Tune): CONFigure:SNTune:SWEep:DELay[:POINt]
on page 504
Initial settling time (VCO characterization): CONFigure:VCO:SWEep:DELay:
INITial on page 501
Initial settling time (Spot Noise vs Tune): CONFigure:SNTune:SWEep:DELay:
INITial on page 504

Selecting the frequency resolution

The "Frequency Resolution" defines the accuracy with which the frequency of the DUT
is measured on each measurement point.
Note that only discrete values for the frequency resolution are supported. If you enter a
frequency resolution that is not supported, the next available frequency resolution is
selected. For example, if you enter 200 Hz, which is not supported, the R&S FSWP
selects 1 kHz instead.
Remote command:
CONFigure:VCO:SWEep:FCOunter:RESolution on page 502

9.8.2 Trace configuration

In the VCO characterization measurement, you can select the Trace Mode for each
trace.

Traces in the Harmonic Power result display

In the Harmonic Power result display, each trace represents the power of one har-
monic.

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Spot noise vs tune configuration

9.9 Spot noise vs tune configuration

Access (measurement): "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "Spot Noise vs Tune"
The spot noise vs tune measurement determines the spot noise characteristics of a
DUT when you apply different input voltages or current (the tuning range or sweep
range). The DUT can be, for example, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) or a YIG
oscillator whose characteristic are a function of the applied current. The measurement
provides results for phase noise and AM noise characteristics at a certain input voltage
or current.
You can use all available DC sources as a sweep source (tuning source) or fix source
(Vsupply, Vtune and Vaux).

Most of the functionality for spot noise vs tune measurements is the same as in the
phase noise measurement. Differences and additional functionality are described in
this section of the documentation.
Refer to the following topics for more information about equivalent functionality.
● Input configuration: Chapter 9.2, "Input source", on page 135
● Amplitude configuration and diagram scale: Chapter 9.3, "Level characteristics",
on page 154
● Frequency configuration: Chapter 9.4, "Frequency", on page 158
● Noise configuration: Chapter 9.5.3, "Noise configuration", on page 164
● Spot noise configuration: Chapter 9.5.5, "Spot noise information", on page 173
● Sweep configuration: Chapter 9.8.1, "Sweep configuration", on page 191
Note: The "Fix Source" and "Frequency Resolution" settings are not available in
the spot noise vs tune measurement.
● DC source configuration: Chapter 9.6.1, "DC source configuration", on page 178
● Measurement configuration: Chapter 8.2, "Performing measurements",
on page 118
● Limit line configuration: Chapter 10.5, "Limit lines", on page 251
● Marker configuration: Chapter 10.4, "Markers", on page 241
The one notable difference is the trace configuration, as described in this topic.
● Trace configuration............................................................................................... 194

9.9.1 Trace configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Traces" > "Traces"

Trace configuration is similar to that of other measurements with the following distinc-
tive features.
● You can select the Trace Mode for each trace.
● Each trace shows the noise characteristics at a certain spot noise offset over the
tuning range. You can customize the offset frequencies that a trace shows in the
"Spot Noise Offset" input fields.

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By default, for example, trace 1 shows the noise measured for each tuning voltage
on a 1 kHz frequency offset.
Trace 2 shows the noise measured at each tuning voltage on a 10 kHz offset.
etc.
If you change the spot noise offsets for a trace, you can restore the default values
easily with the "Set Decade Offsets" feature.
Remote command:
See Chapter 14.6.6.3, "Spot noise configuration", on page 489.
● Trace smoothing and spur removal have the same effect as in other measurement,
but can only be set globally for all traces instead of for each trace separately.
Remote command:
See Chapter 14.6.9.2, "Trace configuration", on page 506.
For all other trace functionality, refer to the following topics.
● Chapter 10.3.3, "Trace export and import", on page 226
● Chapter 10.3.4, "Copying traces", on page 231
● Chapter 10.3.6, "Trace labels", on page 232
● Trace mathematics are unavailable for spot noise vs tune measurements.

9.10 PN transient analysis configuration

Access (measurement): "Overview" > "Select Measurement" > "PN Transient Analy-
sis"
Access (settings): "Overview"
The PN transient analysis measurement determines the frequency and phase charac-
teristics of a signal over time. It is thus an appropriate measurement to analyze the
transient response of a DUT and see how long it takes until the DUT reaches a stable
state.
Parts of the functionality for transient analysis are the same as in the phase noise mea-
surement, differences and additional functionality is described in this section of the
documentation.
Refer to the following topics for more information about equivalent functionality.
● Input configuration: Chapter 9.2, "Input source", on page 135
● DC source configuration: Chapter 9.6.1, "DC source configuration", on page 178
● Measurement configuration: Chapter 8.2, "Performing measurements",
on page 118
● Limit line configuration: Chapter 10.5, "Limit lines", on page 251
● Marker configuration: Chapter 10.4, "Markers", on page 241
● Frequency configuration........................................................................................196
● Trigger configuration............................................................................................. 198
● Data acquisition.....................................................................................................200
● Amplitude configuration.........................................................................................201
● Diagram scale....................................................................................................... 202

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● Settling time.......................................................................................................... 204

● Frequency deviation..............................................................................................205
● Trace configuration............................................................................................... 205
● Marker configuration............................................................................................. 206
● Limit lines.............................................................................................................. 207

9.10.1 Frequency configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Frequency"

The frequency settings define the frequency characteristics of the signal and the
amount of frequency information that is displayed.

The remote commands required to configure the frequency are described in Chap-
ter 14.6.10.1, "Frequency configuration", on page 508.
Selecting the measurement mode.............................................................................. 196
Defining the frequency range of the measurement..................................................... 197
Defining a frequency step size.................................................................................... 197

Selecting the measurement mode

Transient analysis has two measurement modes, wideband and narrowband mode.
The measurement mode selects the signal path that is used to measure the signal.
● Wideband mode ("Wide")
Select the wideband mode for measurements with a span > 40 MHz.

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Wideband mode only works in the frequency range between 256 MHz and 8 GHz.
Thus, the maximum span is 7.774 GHz. Supported center frequencies are in the
range between 276 MHz and 7.980 GHz.
● Narrowband mode ("Narrow")
Select the narrowband mode for measurements with a span < 40 MHz.
Narrowband mode works over the complete frequency range supported by your
R&S FSWP.
If you select a span > 40 MHz in the specified frequency range, the R&S FSWP auto-
matically selects the wideband mode.
If you select a span < 40 MHz, the R&S FSWP automatically selects the narrowband
mode. The R&S FSWP also selects the narrowband mode automatically if you define a
frequency that is outside of the frequency range supported by the wideband mode and
reduces the span (for example a center frequency of 100 MHz reduces the span to
40 MHz).
Remote command:
CONFigure:TRANsient:MODE on page 509

Defining the frequency range of the measurement

The frequency parameters define the scale of the y-axis of the frequency result display.
● The bottom of the diagram corresponds to the "Start Frequency".
● The top of the diagram corresponds to the "Stop Frequency".
● The middle of the diagram corresponds to the "Center Frequency".
The center frequency is the frequency of the signal you are measuring.
● The complete range of the y-axis corresponds to the selected span.
Note that changing any one of the frequency parameters can change the measurement
mode you have selected.
Remote command:
Center frequency: [SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 475
Start frequency: [SENSe:]FREQuency:STARt on page 476
Stop frequency: [SENSe:]FREQuency:STOP on page 476
Span: [SENSe:]FREQuency:SPAN on page 511

Defining a frequency step size

Defines the step size by which the center frequency is increased or decreased when
you press the arrow keys.
The "Stepsize" is a function of the span.
● "0.1 * Span": Changes the center frequency by 10 % of the current span.
● "X * Span": Changes the center frequency by custom percentage of the current
span. If you select this, you can define the percentage in the "X-Factor" input field.
● "Manual": Changes the center frequency by a custom value. If you select this, you
can define the step size in Hz in the "Value" field.
Remote command:
Stepsize: [SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP:LINK on page 510
Factor: [SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP:LINK:FACTor on page 510
Manual: [SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP on page 509

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9.10.2 Trigger configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Trigger"

Transient measurement support trigger functionality that allows you to control when a
measurement begins.

The remote commands required to configure trigger are described in Chap-

ter 14.6.10.4, "Trigger configuration", on page 512.
Selecting the trigger source........................................................................................ 198
Defining the trigger level and frequency......................................................................199
Trigger Offset.............................................................................................................. 199
Defining a trigger hysteresis........................................................................................199
Trigger Holdoff.............................................................................................................199
Defining a trigger slope............................................................................................... 199
Defining a trigger drop-out time...................................................................................200

Selecting the trigger source

The "Trigger Source" selects the type of event whose condition must be met to start
data acquisition.
The R&S FSWP supports the following trigger sources.
● "Free Run"
No trigger source is considered. You can start the measurement manually any time
and stop it as required.
● "Ext <x>"
A measurement starts when the TTL signal fed into the specified input connector
meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.
"Ext Trigger 1" and "Ext Trigger 2" select the trigger connector to which you have
connected the TTL signal. Note that the trigger connector must be configured as a
trigger input.
● "Frequency"
A measurement starts when measured signal exceeds or falls below a specified
frequency.
The frequency trigger available for transient measurements is an online trigger. An
online trigger responds to a trigger event as soon as this event occurs while it is
capturing data (a live trigger, so to speak). An offline trigger, on the other hand, first
captures data, and looks if it can find a trigger event in that data.
● "I/Q Power"

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A measurement starts when the R&S FSWP detects a rise or fall of the signal level
within the demodulation bandwidth (span).
This trigger source is only available for narrow measurement mode.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 515

Defining the trigger level and frequency

Trigger source other than the free run source initiate measurements on a certain condi-
tion.
For an external trigger, the condition is a "Level" value. The measurement starts when
the trigger signal meets or exceeds that level.
For a frequency trigger, the condition is a "Frequency" value. The measurement starts
when the input signal meets or exceeds that frequency.
Remote command:
Trigger level: TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel[:EXTernal<1|2>] on page 514
Trigger frequency: TRIGger[:SEQuence]:FREQuency on page 513

Trigger Offset
Defines the time offset between the trigger event and the start of the measurement.

Offset > 0: Start of the measurement is delayed

Offset < 0: Measurement starts earlier (pretrigger)

Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:HOLDoff[:TIME] on page 514

Defining a trigger hysteresis

The trigger "Hysteresis" is the distance in Hz to the trigger frequency that the trigger
source must exceed before a trigger event occurs. Setting a hysteresis avoids unwan-
ted trigger events caused by frequency oscillation around the trigger frequency.
The trigger hysteresis is available for the frequency trigger.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:FREQuency:HYSTeresis on page 513

Trigger Holdoff
Defines the minimum time (in seconds) that must pass between two trigger events.
Trigger events that occur during the holdoff time are ignored.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HOLDoff on page 514

Defining a trigger slope

The trigger slope defines whether triggering occurs when the signal level or frequency
rises to the trigger level or frequency or falls down to it.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SLOPe on page 515

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Defining a trigger drop-out time

The drop-out time is the minimum time period that must have passed between two
consecutive trigger events without initiating another measurement after the first trigger
event has occurred and initiated a measurement.
For the frequency trigger, the drop-out time avoids the triggering of another measure-
ment just because the frequency of the DUT is not yet stable.

Example:
The trigger event is a certain frequency on falling slope.
The first trigger event that initiates the measurement occurs. After some time, the trig-
ger frequency again falls below the trigger frequency - this happens several times, until
the DUT is stable.
Without a drop-out time, the R&S FSWP would start a measurement each time the fre-
quency falls below the trigger frequency. With a drop-out time, however, only the first
trigger event initiates a measurement. The other trigger events after the first are
ignored, because the undesired events are within the drop-out time.

Drop-out time
Drop-out time

Desired Undesired Undesired

trigger event trigger event trigger event

For the external trigger, the drop-out time defines a minimum duration that the input
signal must stay below the trigger level before triggering again. The dropout time helps
you stabilize triggering when the analyzer is triggering on undesired events.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:DTIMe on page 513

9.10.3 Data acquisition

Access: "Overview" > "Data Acquisition"

The data acquisition settings configure the signal capture. The measurement time
defines the scale of the x-axis.

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