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W 4 Shell

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8 views

W 4 Shell

Uploaded by

filizberatoglu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shell

H. Turgut Uyar

Date:
2022-09-30

Version:

1.0
Shell

interact with the O/S

many different shell programs: bash, zsh, …

runs in terminal, or "console"

prompt: waiting for command


User Information

username

userid

group id (linked to a group name)

home directory

default shell program

executed when the user logs in through a terminal


Commands

name of the executable to run

built-in shell commands


different between different shell programs

effectively a programming language

scripting: glueing programs


Command Arguments

commands can take arguments

switches for changing command behavior


short form: - followed by single character

long form: -- followed by argument name

short form arguments can be grouped to one switch

switches can have their own arguments


Displaying Text

echo: print a line of text

argument: line to print


-n: no newline at end

--help: display help


Navigation Directories

pwd: print working (current) directory

cd: change directory

argument: path of directory to change to

no argument: change to current user's home directory


Directory Listing

ls: list directory entries

argument: paths of entries to list


no argument: list entries in current directory
Directory Listing Switches

-l: long listing format

include more information (size, owner, …)


-h, --human-readable: readable size format

-R, --recursive: list subdirectories recursively

-S, --sort=size: sort by file size

-t, --sort=time: sort by time

-X, --sort=extension: sort by file extension


Directory Operations

mkdir: make directories

argument: paths of directories to create


-p, --parents: also create parent directories if needed

rmdir: remove directories

argument: paths of directories to delete

non-empty directories can not be deleted this way

-p, --parents: also remove parent directories if empty


File Contents

cat: concatenate files

print the contents of files


argument: paths of files to print

head: print the lines at the beginning

tail: print the lines at the end

-n NUM, --lines=NUM: number of lines to print


Deleting Files

rm: remove files

argument: paths of files to delete


-i: interactive (ask for confirmation)

-f: force (don't ask for confirmation)

-r: recursive (also delete subdirectories recursively)


File Operations

cp: copy files

mv: move files (also for renaming)

arguments: path of source file, destination

if destination is directory, keep original file name

-i: interactive (ask for confirmation if overwrite)

-f: force (don't ask for confirmation)

-r: recursive
File Ownership

every file has an owner and a group

chown: change owner of entries

chgrp: change group of entries

arguments: new owner / group, paths of entries to change

-R: recursive
File Permissions

user / group / other

read / write / execute

chmod: change mode of entries

arguments: new mode, paths of entries to change

-R: recursive
Processes

every running program is a process

multiple processes running the same program

ps: list running processes

kill: send a signal to a process


Environment

every program runs in an "environment"

user who started the program

current directory

current language
Environment Variables

environment data are kept in environment variables:

USER: current user

HOME: home directory of current user

PWD: current directory

LANG: current language

$ in front of name when using: $LANG


Path

PATH: in which directories to search for executables


Configuration Files

settings for programs

file name usually starts with .: "hidden" files

not hidden for security: just not listed by default

ls -a (--all)
I/O Streams

every process has standard I/O streams:

standard input (0): stdin (keyboard)

standard output (1): stdout (monitor)

standard error (2): stderr (monitor)


Redirection

I/O streams can be redirected

usually to a file

stdin: <

stdout: >

stderr: 2>
Piping

UNIX philosophy: small utilities that do one thing

connect the output of one to the input of the next: pipe

command1 | command2

command1 | command2 | command3 | ...


Pagination

more: paginate output


Program Result

successful completion: 0

failure: non-zero

$?: result of last command


Program Control

break running program: Ctrl-C

don't block the shell while the program is running


let program run in the background: &

suspend running program: Ctrl-Z (jobs, bg, fg)


Getting Help

man

info
Other Commands

du sed

df awk

tree

pstree

tee

rsync

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