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16 views12 pages

OS

Uploaded by

John Benedict Gulac
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Here’s a study guide based on the document about Operating Systems:

1. Introduction to Operating Systems (OS)

Role: OS acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and software,


managing resources such as the processor, memory, storage, and
input/output devices.

Examples: Common OS include Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS.

2. Components of Computer Hardware

Processor: Executes instructions. Types include single-core, dual-core, and


quad-core.
Main Memory (RAM/ROM): Temporary storage for data and instructions being
used.

Storage Devices: Long-term storage for data, typically using hard drives or
SSDs.

Input/Output Devices: Hardware for user interaction, such as keyboards,


mice, and printers.

3. Operating System Goals

Control and Execution: OS controls user programs and applications.


Convenience: Provides an easy interface for users.

Problem-Solving: Helps users efficiently complete tasks.

Resource Efficiency: Ensures optimal usage of hardware resources.

4. Services Provided by an OS

Program Development: Includes tools for creating programs like editors,


compilers, and debuggers.

Program Execution: Manages program loading into memory and execution.


I/O and File Access: Manages input/output operations and file handling.

System Access: Manages resource allocation, protection, and conflict


resolution.

5. Roles of an Operating System

Control Hardware: Manages all hardware components of the system.

Run Applications: Executes application software.

Manage Data and Files: Organizes and maintains data and files on the
system.
6. Computer System Components

Hardware: Physical components of the computer.

Operating System: Software that controls the hardware.

System and Application Programs: Software that performs specific tasks.

Users: Individuals interacting with the system.

7. Layers of a Computer System


End User: The person using the system.

Application Programs: Software performing specific tasks.

Utilities: Additional system programs offering extra functionality.

Operating System: Core software that manages everything.

Computer Hardware: The physical components.

8. Views of an Operating System


Resource Manager: Allocates and manages system resources.

Control Program: Manages the execution of programs and control of I/O


devices.

Command Executer: Provides user interfaces for interaction with the OS.

Virtual Machine: Creates an environment that simplifies the underlying


hardware complexities.

9. Types of Operating Systems

Single-User, Single-Task: Can handle one user doing one task at a time.
Multi-User, Multi-Task: Supports multiple users and tasks simultaneously.

Real-Time OS: Designed for systems needing immediate responses to events.

10. Bootstrap Process

ROM-Based Program: The bootstrap program is stored in ROM and starts the
system.

Loading the OS: The bootstrap program loads the OS into memory during
startup.
11. Conclusion

An operating system is critical in managing hardware and providing a user-


friendly environment, making it essential to understand the OS’s functions
and components for effective computer usage.

1. History of Operating Systems

Analytical Engine: The first digital computer designed by Charles Babbage.


Ada Lovelace was hired as the first programmer. She is credited with creating
the first algorithm for a computer.

1st Generation (1945-1955): Used vacuum tubes and plug boards. Early
computers like those by Howard Aiken, John von Neumann, and Konrad Zuse.
Programming languages and OS were not yet developed.

2nd Generation (1955-1965): Introduced transistors. Mainframe computers


were used for scientific and engineering calculations. Batch systems became
popular.
3rd Generation (1965-1980): Integrated Circuits (ICs) and multiprogramming
were introduced. IBM System/360 was a key advancement, allowing both
scientific and commercial use.

4th Generation (1980-present): Personal computers emerged with LSI circuits.


Oss like CP/M, DOS, and later Windows and UNIX dominated.

2. Types of Operating Systems

Mainframe: Large, expensive systems used in research or large-scale


computing.

Server: Handles requests from networked clients.

Multiprocessor: Systems that manage multiple processors.

Personal Computers: Used for personal use, with interfaces like Windows and
Linux.

Real-time: Designed for time-sensitive applications.

Embedded: Specialized OS used in devices like smartcards.

3. Computer Hardware

CPU: The brain of the computer, consisting of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
and Control Unit (CU).
Memory: Includes RAM (volatile), ROM, EEPROM, and Cache (fast, small
memory for frequently used data).

MMU (Memory Management Unit): Maps virtual memory addresses to


physical memory.

4. Operating System Concepts

Process: A program in execution, capable of creating child processes.

Deadlock: A situation where processes cannot proceed because each is


waiting for resources held by another.

File Systems: Organize data into hierarchical structures, e.g., directories and
files.

5. System Calls

Process Management: Includes operations like creating, scheduling, and


terminating processes.

File Management: System calls to manage files (e.g., open, read, write).

Directory Management: Managing file systems through system calls (e.g.,


mounting a drive).
Miscellaneous: Other operations that interact with the hardware or software
system.

This summary highlights the critical points of the document, offering a


concise overview of the history, concepts, and architecture of operating
systems. Let me know if you’d like further details on any section!

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